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Côrtes N, Lira A, Prates-Syed W, Dinis Silva J, Vuitika L, Cabral-Miranda W, Durães-Carvalho R, Balan A, Cabral-Marques O, Cabral-Miranda G. Integrated control strategies for dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya virus infections. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1281667. [PMID: 38196945 PMCID: PMC10775689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1281667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are a major threat to public health in tropical regions, encompassing over 534 distinct species, with 134 capable of causing diseases in humans. These viruses are transmitted through arthropod vectors that cause symptoms such as fever, headache, joint pains, and rash, in addition to more serious cases that can lead to death. Among the arboviruses, dengue virus stands out as the most prevalent, annually affecting approximately 16.2 million individuals solely in the Americas. Furthermore, the re-emergence of the Zika virus and the recurrent outbreaks of chikungunya in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas, with one million cases reported annually, underscore the urgency of addressing this public health challenge. In this manuscript we discuss the epidemiology, viral structure, pathogenicity and integrated control strategies to combat arboviruses, and the most used tools, such as vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, treatment, etc., in addition to presenting future perspectives for the control of arboviruses. Currently, specific medications for treating arbovirus infections are lacking, and symptom management remains the primary approach. However, promising advancements have been made in certain treatments, such as Chloroquine, Niclosamide, and Isatin derivatives, which have demonstrated notable antiviral properties against these arboviruses in vitro and in vivo experiments. Additionally, various strategies within vector control approaches have shown significant promise in reducing arbovirus transmission rates. These encompass public education initiatives, targeted insecticide applications, and innovative approaches like manipulating mosquito bacterial symbionts, such as Wolbachia. In conclusion, combatting the global threat of arbovirus diseases needs a comprehensive approach integrating antiviral research, vaccination, and vector control. The continued efforts of research communities, alongside collaborative partnerships with public health authorities, are imperative to effectively address and mitigate the impact of these arboviral infections on public health worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Côrtes
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- The Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology of the University of São Paulo, the Butantan Institute and the Technological Research Institute of the State of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Lira
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- The Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology of the University of São Paulo, the Butantan Institute and the Technological Research Institute of the State of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wasim Prates-Syed
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- The Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology of the University of São Paulo, the Butantan Institute and the Technological Research Institute of the State of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Dinis Silva
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- The Graduate Program in Pathophysiology and Toxicology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Vuitika
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Durães-Carvalho
- São Paulo School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Balan
- The Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology of the University of São Paulo, the Butantan Institute and the Technological Research Institute of the State of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Applied Structural Biology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Otavio Cabral-Marques
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- The Graduate Program in Pathophysiology and Toxicology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Cabral-Miranda
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- The Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology of the University of São Paulo, the Butantan Institute and the Technological Research Institute of the State of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- The Graduate Program in Pathophysiology and Toxicology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Reinhardt NP, Köster J, Thomas A, Arnold J, Fux R, Straubinger RK. Bacterial and Viral Pathogens with One Health Relevance in Invasive Raccoons ( Procyon lotor, Linné 1758) in Southwest Germany. Pathogens 2023; 12:389. [PMID: 36986312 PMCID: PMC10054312 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In Europe, raccoons are invasive neozoons with their largest population in Germany. Globally, this mesocarnivore acts as a wildlife reservoir for many (non-)zoonotic (re-)emerging pathogens, but very little epidemiological data is available for southwest Germany. This exploratory study aimed to screen free-ranging raccoons in Baden-Wuerttemberg (BW, Germany) for the occurrence of selected pathogens with One Health relevance. Organ tissue and blood samples collected from 102 animals, obtained by hunters in 2019 and 2020, were subsequently analysed for two bacterial and four viral pathogens using a qPCR approach. Single samples were positive for the carnivore protoparvovirus-1 (7.8%, n = 8), canine distemper virus (6.9%, n = 7), pathogenic Leptospira spp. (3.9%, n = 4) and Anaplasma phagocytophilum (15.7%, n = 16). West Nile virus and influenza A virus were not detected. Due to their invasive behaviour and synanthropic habit, raccoons may increase the risk of infections for wildlife, domestic animals, zoo animals and humans by acting as a link between them. Therefore, further studies should be initiated to evaluate these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico P. Reinhardt
- Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Judith Köster
- Aulendorf State Veterinary Diagnostic Centre (STUA), 88326 Aulendorf, Germany
| | - Astrid Thomas
- Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Janosch Arnold
- Wildlife Research Unit, Agricultural Centre Baden-Wuerttemberg (LAZBW), 88326 Aulendorf, Germany
| | - Robert Fux
- Virology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard K. Straubinger
- Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
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Pao HN, Jackson E, Yang TS, Tsai JS, Hwang YT, Sung WHT, Pfeiffer DU. The attitude-behaviour gap in biosecurity: Applying social theories to understand the relationships between commercial chicken farmers' attitudes and behaviours. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1070482. [PMID: 36846249 PMCID: PMC9947856 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1070482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Traditionally, it is believed that people's behaviours align with their attitudes; however, during COVID-19 pandemic, an attitude-behaviour gap in relation to preventive measures has been observed in recent studies. As such, the mixed-methods research was used to examine the relationships between farmers' biosecurity attitudes and behaviours in Taiwan's chicken industry based on the cognitive consistency theory. Methods Content analysis of face-to-face interviews with 15 commercial chicken farmers identified their biosecurity responses to infectious disease threats. Results The results indicated the mismatch of farmers' attitudes and behaviours towards specific biosecurity measures, in that they act differently than they think. The findings of the qualitative research allowed the research team to conduct the subsequent quantitative, confirmatory assessment to investigate the mismatch of farmers' attitudes and behaviours in 303 commercial broiler farmers. Survey data were analyzed to discover the relationships between farmers' attitudes and behaviours in relation to 29 biosecurity measures. The results show a mixed picture. The percentage of the farmers who had the attitude-behaviour gap towards 29 biosecurity measures ranged from 13.9 to 58.7%. Additionally, at the 5% significant level, there is an association between farmers' attitudes and behaviours for 12 biosecurity measures. In contrast, a significant association does not exist for the other 17 biosecurity measures. Specifically, out of the 17 biosecurity measures, the disconnection of farmers' attitudes and behaviours was observed in three specific biosecurity measures such as using a carcass storage area. Discussion Based on a fairly large sample of farmers in Taiwan, this study confirms the existence of an attitude-behaviour gap in context and applies social theories to provide an in-depth understanding of how infectious diseases are managed in the animal health context. As the results demonstrate the necessity of tailoring biosecurity strategies to address the gap, it is time to reconsider the current approach by understanding farmers' real attitudes and behaviours in relation to biosecurity for the success of animal disease prevention and control at the farm level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-ni Pao
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Hai-ni Pao ✉
| | - Elizabeth Jackson
- School of Management and Marketing, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Jyan-syung Tsai
- Department of Finance and Cooperative Management, National Taipei University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-ting Hwang
- Department of Statistics, National Taipei University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Dirk U. Pfeiffer
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom,Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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4
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Evershed RP, Davey Smith G, Roffet-Salque M, Timpson A, Diekmann Y, Lyon MS, Cramp LJE, Casanova E, Smyth J, Whelton HL, Dunne J, Brychova V, Šoberl L, Gerbault P, Gillis RE, Heyd V, Johnson E, Kendall I, Manning K, Marciniak A, Outram AK, Vigne JD, Shennan S, Bevan A, Colledge S, Allason-Jones L, Amkreutz L, Anders A, Arbogast RM, Bălăşescu A, Bánffy E, Barclay A, Behrens A, Bogucki P, Carrancho Alonso Á, Carretero JM, Cavanagh N, Claßen E, Collado Giraldo H, Conrad M, Csengeri P, Czerniak L, Dębiec M, Denaire A, Domboróczki L, Donald C, Ebert J, Evans C, Francés-Negro M, Gronenborn D, Haack F, Halle M, Hamon C, Hülshoff R, Ilett M, Iriarte E, Jakucs J, Jeunesse C, Johnson M, Jones AM, Karul N, Kiosak D, Kotova N, Krause R, Kretschmer S, Krüger M, Lefranc P, Lelong O, Lenneis E, Logvin A, Lüth F, Marton T, Marley J, Mortimer R, Oosterbeek L, Oross K, Pavúk J, Pechtl J, Pétrequin P, Pollard J, Pollard R, Powlesland D, Pyzel J, Raczky P, Richardson A, Rowe P, Rowland S, Rowlandson I, Saile T, Sebők K, Schier W, Schmalfuß G, Sharapova S, Sharp H, Sheridan A, Shevnina I, Sobkowiak-Tabaka I, Stadler P, Stäuble H, Stobbe A, Stojanovski D, Tasić N, van Wijk I, Vostrovská I, Vuković J, Wolfram S, Zeeb-Lanz A, Thomas MG. Dairying, diseases and the evolution of lactase persistence in Europe. Nature 2022; 608:336-345. [PMID: 35896751 PMCID: PMC7615474 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In European and many African, Middle Eastern and southern Asian populations, lactase persistence (LP) is the most strongly selected monogenic trait to have evolved over the past 10,000 years1. Although the selection of LP and the consumption of prehistoric milk must be linked, considerable uncertainty remains concerning their spatiotemporal configuration and specific interactions2,3. Here we provide detailed distributions of milk exploitation across Europe over the past 9,000 years using around 7,000 pottery fat residues from more than 550 archaeological sites. European milk use was widespread from the Neolithic period onwards but varied spatially and temporally in intensity. Notably, LP selection varying with levels of prehistoric milk exploitation is no better at explaining LP allele frequency trajectories than uniform selection since the Neolithic period. In the UK Biobank4,5 cohort of 500,000 contemporary Europeans, LP genotype was only weakly associated with milk consumption and did not show consistent associations with improved fitness or health indicators. This suggests that other reasons for the beneficial effects of LP should be considered for its rapid frequency increase. We propose that lactase non-persistent individuals consumed milk when it became available but, under conditions of famine and/or increased pathogen exposure, this was disadvantageous, driving LP selection in prehistoric Europe. Comparison of model likelihoods indicates that population fluctuations, settlement density and wild animal exploitation-proxies for these drivers-provide better explanations of LP selection than the extent of milk exploitation. These findings offer new perspectives on prehistoric milk exploitation and LP evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Evershed
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | | | - Adrian Timpson
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Yoan Diekmann
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthew S Lyon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lucy J E Cramp
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emmanuelle Casanova
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jessica Smyth
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Helen L Whelton
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Julie Dunne
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Veronika Brychova
- Department of Dairy, Fat and Cosmetics, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Nuclear Dosimetry Department, Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucija Šoberl
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Pascale Gerbault
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Rosalind E Gillis
- Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnement (UMR 7209), CNRS-Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle-Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
- ICArEHB, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Volker Heyd
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Cultures, Section of Archaeology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emily Johnson
- Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Archaeology South-East, UCL Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Iain Kendall
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Katie Manning
- Department of Geography, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Alan K Outram
- Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jean-Denis Vigne
- Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnement (UMR 7209), CNRS-Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle-Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Stephen Shennan
- UCL Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Bevan
- UCL Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sue Colledge
- UCL Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Luc Amkreutz
- National Museum of Antiquities, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Anders
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Adrian Bălăşescu
- Department of Bioarchaeology, 'Vasile Pârvan' Institute of Archaeology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Eszter Bánffy
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Centre of Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Römisch-Germanische Kommission, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Anja Behrens
- German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Bogucki
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ángel Carrancho Alonso
- Área de Prehistoria, Departamento de Historia, Geografía y Comunicación, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - José Miguel Carretero
- Laboratorio Evolución Humana, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
- Centro Mixto UCM-ISCIII de Evolución y Comportamiento Humana, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Erich Claßen
- LVR-State Service for Archaeological Heritage, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hipolito Collado Giraldo
- Patrimonio & Arte Research Group, Extremadura University, Badajoz and Cáceres, Badajoz, Spain
- Geosciences Centre, Coimbra University, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | | - Lech Czerniak
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maciej Dębiec
- Institute of Archaeology, University Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Julia Ebert
- Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher Evans
- Cambridge Archaeological Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Detlef Gronenborn
- Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Leibniz Research Institute for Archaeology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabian Haack
- Archaeological Department, Landesmuseum Württemberg, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Caroline Hamon
- UMR 8215, Trajectoires, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Roman Hülshoff
- State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology, Saxony Anhalt/State Museum of Prehistory, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Michael Ilett
- UMR 8215, Trajectoires, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Eneko Iriarte
- Laboratorio Evolución Humana, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - János Jakucs
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Centre of Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Andy M Jones
- Cornwall Archaeological Unit, Cornwall Council, Truro, UK
| | | | - Dmytro Kiosak
- 'I.I. Mechnikov', Odessa National University, Odessa, Ukraine
- Ca' Foscari, University of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Nadezhda Kotova
- Institute of Archaeology of Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Rüdiger Krause
- Prehistory Department, Institut of Archaeology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Marta Krüger
- Department of Archaeology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Philippe Lefranc
- UMR 7044, INRAP Grand-Est Sud, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivia Lelong
- GUARD Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Eunomia Research & Consulting, Bristol, UK
| | - Eva Lenneis
- Department of Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Tibor Marton
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Centre of Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Luiz Oosterbeek
- Geosciences Centre, Coimbra University, Coimbra, Portugal
- Polytechnic Institute of Tomar, Tomar, Portugal
- Terra e Memória Institute, Mação, Portugal
| | - Krisztián Oross
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Centre of Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Joachim Pechtl
- Kelten Römer Museum Manching, Manching, Germany
- Department of Archaeology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pierre Pétrequin
- MSHE C.N. Ledoux, CNRS & University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Joshua Pollard
- Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Joanna Pyzel
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Pál Raczky
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Peter Rowe
- Tees Archaeology, Hartlepool, UK
- North Yorkshire County Council HER, Northallerton, UK
| | | | | | - Thomas Saile
- Institute of History, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katalin Sebők
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Wolfram Schier
- Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Helen Sharp
- Leicestershire County Council Museums, Leicestershire, UK
| | | | | | - Iwona Sobkowiak-Tabaka
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Faculty of Archaeology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Peter Stadler
- Department of Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Astrid Stobbe
- Prehistory Department, Institut of Archaeology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Darko Stojanovski
- Geology Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Humanistic Studies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Ivo van Wijk
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ivana Vostrovská
- Institute of Archaeology and Museology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of History, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Andrea Zeeb-Lanz
- Generaldirektion Kulturelles Erbe Rheinland-Pfalz, Dir. Landesarchäologie, Speyer, Germany
| | - Mark G Thomas
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK.
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González MA, Bravo-Barriga D, Alarcón-Elbal PM, Álvarez-Calero JM, Quero C, Ferraguti M, López S. Development of Novel Management Tools for Phortica variegata (Diptera: Drosophilidae), Vector of the Oriental Eyeworm, Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida: Thelaziidae), in Europe. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:328-336. [PMID: 34748016 PMCID: PMC8755994 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lachryphagous males of Phortica variegata (Fallén, 1823) are gaining increasing attention in Europe, as they act as vectors of the nematode Thelazia callipaeda Railliet & Henry, 1910, causal agent of thelaziosis, an emergent zoonotic disease. Currently, there are no effective control strategies against the vector, and surveillance and monitoring rely on time-consuming and nonselective sampling methods. Our aim was to improve the knowledge about the population dynamics and the chemical ecology of the species. A total of 5,726 P. variegata flies (96.4% males and 3.6% females, mostly gravid) were collected in field experiments during June-September of 2020 in an oak forest in northern Spain. Our results indicate that 1) by means of sweep netting a significantly higher number of captures were found both around the collector´s body and in the air than at ground level; 2) a positive relationship was detected between the abundance of Phortica flies and temperature, with two significant peaks of abundance at 24 and 33°C; 3) the blend of red wine and cider vinegar was the most attractive bait; 4) yellow traps captured fewer flies compared to black and transparent traps; and 5) a significant reduction toward vinegar and wine was detected in presence of the phenolic monoterpenoid carvacrol. In addition, all the males (n = 690) analyzed by both molecular detection and dissection resulted negative for the presence of T. callipaeda larvae. Overall, these findings provide a better understanding of the vector in terms of monitoring and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A González
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and Global Health (IMTSAG), Universidad Iberoamericana (UNIBE), Avenida Francia 129, 10203, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - D Bravo-Barriga
- Universidad de Extremadura, Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Parasitología, Avda. Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, España
| | - P M Alarcón-Elbal
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Universidad Agroforestal Fernando Arturo de Meriño (UAFAM), 41000, Jarabacoa, Dominican Republic
| | - J M Álvarez-Calero
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Quero
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Ferraguti
- Department of Theoretical and Computational Ecology (TCE), Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S López
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Efstratiou A, Karanis G, Karanis P. Tick-Borne Pathogens and Diseases in Greece. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081732. [PMID: 34442811 PMCID: PMC8399993 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are recognized as a serious and growing public health epidemic in Europe, and are a cause of major losses in livestock production worldwide. This review is an attempt to present a summary of results from studies conducted over the last century until the end of the year 2020 regarding ticks, tick-borne pathogens, and tick-borne diseases in Greece. We provide an overview of the tick species found in Greece, as well as the most important tick-borne pathogens (viruses, bacteria, protozoa) and corresponding diseases in circulation. We also consider prevalence data, as well as geographic and climatic conditions. Knowledge of past and current situations of TBDs, as well as an awareness of (risk) factors affecting future developments will help to find approaches to integrated tick management as part of the ‘One Health Concept’; it will assist in avoiding the possibility of hotspot disease emergencies and intra- and intercontinental transmission. Increased surveillance in Greece is required to ensure clear and effective policies for TBD control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemis Efstratiou
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan;
| | - Gabriele Karanis
- Orthopädische Rehabilitationsklinik, Eisenmoorbad Bad Schmiedeberg Kur GmbH, 06905 Bad Schmiedeberg, Germany;
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- Medical Faculty and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, 21 Ilia Papakyriakou, 2414 Engomi. P.O. Box 24005, Nicosia CY-1700, Cyprus
- Correspondence:
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7
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Christopher M, Kooloth-Valappil P, Sreeja-Raju A, Sukumaran RK. Repurposing proteases: An in-silico analysis of the binding potential of extracellular fungal proteases with selected viral proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 15:100756. [PMID: 34226889 PMCID: PMC8245309 DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2021.100756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteases have long been the target of many drugs, but their potential as therapeutic agents is a well-known, but under-explored area. Due to the heightened threat from new and emerging infectious agents, it is worthwhile to tap into the vast microbial protease resource to identify potential therapeutics. By docking proteases of the fungus Penicillium janthinellum NCIM 1366 with the proteins encoded by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the enzymes that have the potential to bind with, and thereby degrade viral proteins were identified. In-silico docking analysis revealed that both fungal and commercially available proteases belonging to the A1A, M20A, S10, S8A and T1A families were able to bind the viral spike, envelope, ORF-7a and Nsp2 proteins (binding energy < -50 kJ/mol), thereby opening up the possibility of developing additional therapeutic applications for these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Christopher
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate P.O., Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Prajeesh Kooloth-Valappil
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate P.O., Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Athiraraj Sreeja-Raju
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate P.O., Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Rajeev K Sukumaran
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate P.O., Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
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Ferraguti M, Martínez-de la Puente J, Figuerola J. Ecological Effects on the Dynamics of West Nile Virus and Avian Plasmodium: The Importance of Mosquito Communities and Landscape. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071208. [PMID: 34201673 PMCID: PMC8310121 DOI: 10.3390/v13071208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans and wildlife are at risk from certain vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, and West Nile and yellow fevers. Factors linked to global change, including habitat alteration, land-use intensification, the spread of alien species, and climate change, are operating on a global scale and affect both the incidence and distribution of many vector-borne diseases. Hence, understanding the drivers that regulate the transmission of pathogens in the wild is of great importance for ecological, evolutionary, health, and economic reasons. In this literature review, we discuss the ecological factors potentially affecting the transmission of two mosquito-borne pathogens circulating naturally between birds and mosquitoes, namely, West Nile virus (WNV) and the avian malaria parasites of the genus Plasmodium. Traditionally, the study of pathogen transmission has focused only on vectors or hosts and the interactions between them, while the role of landscape has largely been ignored. However, from an ecological point of view, it is essential not only to study the interaction between each of these organisms but also to understand the environmental scenarios in which these processes take place. We describe here some of the similarities and differences in the transmission of these two pathogens and how research into both systems may facilitate a greater understanding of the dynamics of vector-borne pathogens in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Ferraguti
- Department of Theoretical and Computational Ecology (TCE), Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (J.M.-d.l.P.)
| | - Josué Martínez-de la Puente
- Department of Parasitology, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (J.M.-d.l.P.)
| | - Jordi Figuerola
- Doñana Biological Station (EBD-CSIC), E-41092 Seville, Spain;
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
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9
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Ferraguti M, Martínez-de la Puente J, Jiménez–Clavero MÁ, Llorente F, Roiz D, Ruiz S, Soriguer R, Figuerola J. A field test of the dilution effect hypothesis in four avian multi-host pathogens. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009637. [PMID: 34161394 PMCID: PMC8221496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dilution Effect Hypothesis (DEH) argues that greater biodiversity lowers the risk of disease and reduces the rates of pathogen transmission since more diverse communities harbour fewer competent hosts for any given pathogen, thereby reducing host exposure to the pathogen. DEH is expected to operate most intensely in vector-borne pathogens and when species-rich communities are not associated with increased host density. Overall, dilution will occur if greater species diversity leads to a lower contact rate between infected vectors and susceptible hosts, and between infected hosts and susceptible vectors. Field-based tests simultaneously analysing the prevalence of several multi-host pathogens in relation to host and vector diversity are required to validate DEH. We tested the relationship between the prevalence in house sparrows (Passer domesticus) of four vector-borne pathogens-three avian haemosporidians (including the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium and the malaria-like parasites Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon) and West Nile virus (WNV)-and vertebrate diversity. Birds were sampled at 45 localities in SW Spain for which extensive data on vector (mosquitoes) and vertebrate communities exist. Vertebrate censuses were conducted to quantify avian and mammal density, species richness and evenness. Contrary to the predictions of DEH, WNV seroprevalence and haemosporidian prevalence were not negatively associated with either vertebrate species richness or evenness. Indeed, the opposite pattern was found, with positive relationships between avian species richness and WNV seroprevalence, and Leucocytozoon prevalence being detected. When vector (mosquito) richness and evenness were incorporated into the models, all the previous associations between WNV prevalence and the vertebrate community variables remained unchanged. No significant association was found for Plasmodium prevalence and vertebrate community variables in any of the models tested. Despite the studied system having several characteristics that should favour the dilution effect (i.e., vector-borne pathogens, an area where vector and host densities are unrelated, and where host richness is not associated with an increase in host density), none of the relationships between host species diversity and species richness, and pathogen prevalence supported DEH and, in fact, amplification was found for three of the four pathogens tested. Consequently, the range of pathogens and communities studied needs to be broadened if we are to understand the ecological factors that favour dilution and how often these conditions occur in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Ferraguti
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Doñana Biological Station (EBD–CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Josué Martínez-de la Puente
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Doñana Biological Station (EBD–CSIC), Seville, Spain
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Jiménez–Clavero
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA–CISA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Llorente
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA–CISA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Roiz
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Doñana Biological Station (EBD–CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Santiago Ruiz
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Diputación de Huelva, Área de Medio Ambiente, Servicio de Control de Mosquitos, Huelva, Spain
| | - Ramón Soriguer
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Ethology & Biodiversity Conservation, Doñana Biological Station (EBD–CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Jordi Figuerola
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Doñana Biological Station (EBD–CSIC), Seville, Spain
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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10
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Damrongsukij P, Doemlim P, Kusolsongkhrokul R, Tanee T, Petcharat P, Siriporn B, Piratae S, Pumipuntu N. One Health Approach of Melioidosis and Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections from Macaca fascicularis to Human at Kosumpee Forest Park, Maha Sarakham, Thailand. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:2213-2223. [PMID: 34163186 PMCID: PMC8214530 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s299797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Gastrointestinal parasitic and melioidosis infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality from infectious disease in rural areas, especially in northeastern Thailand. Both diseases are zoonotic giving rise to health problems in both long-tailed macaques and in humans. In Thailand, macaques have adapted to live and share space with humans and can spread some zoonoses to humans. Therefore, this research aimed to measure the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic infections and melioidosis in long-tailed macaques at Kosumpee Forest Park and measure associated risk factors of their diseases among people in this area. Methods This study was conducted at Kosumpee Forest Park, Maha Sarakham, Thailand. Twenty-eight blood samples and 135 fecal samples were collected from free-ranging long-tailed macaques. Blood samples were tested by indirect hemagglutination test and fecal samples were analyzed by formalin–ethyl acetate concentration technique. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 350 respondents who were involved with the Forest Park using a multi-stage stratified random sampling method and performed to measure knowledge, attitude, and practice toward the zoonoses among the respondents. Results It was found that seroprevalence of melioidosis was 57.1% from macaque samples. The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites infection was 35.11% from fecces samples, including Strongyloides spp. (15.27%), Trichuris spp. (22.9%), hookworm (4.58%) and Ascarid spp. (1.53%). KAP study indicated that the level of knowledge related to melioidosis and gastrointestinal parasites of people in the area was very low and moderate, respectively. The attitude of respondents who were aware of the diseases was at a moderate level for melioidosis and a high level for parasitic infection. Conclusion The study therefore emphasizes the importance of one health approach for diagnosis, surveillance and management of zoonotic diseases to promote the development of hygiene measures and to educate people in the community around Kosumpee Forest Park.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panitporn Damrongsukij
- One Health Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | - Papichchaya Doemlim
- One Health Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | - Ratchanon Kusolsongkhrokul
- One Health Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | - Tawatchai Tanee
- Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | - Pitchakorn Petcharat
- Farm Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Pak Chong Animal Hospital, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30130, Thailand
| | - Bunnada Siriporn
- Stress and Oxidative Stress Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand.,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | - Supawadee Piratae
- One Health Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand.,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | - Natapol Pumipuntu
- One Health Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand.,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand
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11
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Vandekerckhove O, De Buck E, Van Wijngaerden E. Lyme disease in Western Europe: an emerging problem? A systematic review. Acta Clin Belg 2021; 76:244-252. [PMID: 31739768 DOI: 10.1080/17843286.2019.1694293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Lyme borreliosis is the most common zoonotic disease in Europe and causes an estimated total burden of 10.55 disability-adjusted life years (DALY) per 100 000 population. Its incidence in Western Europe is assumed to be increasing, yet this remains to be confirmed. The aim of this study was to assess the emergence of Lyme disease in Western Europe by performing a systematic review of the scientific literature.Methods: Pubmed, Embase and grey literature were searched from database inception until August 2018 for articles reporting the incidence of Lyme borreliosis in Western European countries. We included observational studies in English that reported data on a random sample of the population and fulfilled our definition of Lyme disease diagnosis. Annual population-weighted averages and the evolution of Lyme borreliosis incidence were extracted or calculated for every Western European country.Results: Our review identified 1514 and included 18 studies next to seven surveillance reports reporting data from 16 Western European countries. Incidence of Lyme borreliosis ranged from 0.001 (Italy) to 632 (Sweden, Blekinge county) cases/100 000/year. Iceland reported the strongest emergence with an average yearly increase of 21.15% over a 12-year period, whereas Italy reported the strongest average yearly decrease of 52.71% over a 5-year period. Very limited high-quality data were available on Lyme borreliosis incidence in the southern Western European countries.Conclusion: Diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis is on the rise in some Western European countries, mostly in the northern and central part. Better surveillance in the southern countries is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmy De Buck
- Department for Evidence-Based Practice, Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Mechelen, Belgium
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Alauddin M, Khan F, Imtiaz S, Ahmed S, Amyotte P. Pandemic risk management using engineering safety principles. PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION : TRANSACTIONS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS, PART B 2021; 150:416-432. [PMID: 33879978 PMCID: PMC8049212 DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The containment of infectious diseases is challenging due to complex transmutation in the biological system, intricate global interactions, intense mobility, and multiple transmission modes. An emergent disease has the potential to turn into a pandemic impacting millions of people with loss of life, mental health, and severe economic impairment. Multifarious approaches to risk management have been explored for combating an epidemic spread. This work presents the implementation of engineering safety principles to pandemic risk management. We have assessed the pandemic risk using Paté-Cornell's six levels of uncertainty. The susceptible, exposed, infected, quarantined, recovered, deceased (SEIQRD), an advanced mechanistic model, along with the Monte Carlo simulation, has been used to estimate the fatality risk. The risk minimization strategies have been categorized into hierarchical safety measures. We have developed an event tree model of pandemic risk management for distinct risk-reducing strategies realized due to natural evolution, government interventions, societal responses, and individual practices. The roles of distinct interventions have also been investigated for an infected individual's survivability with the existing healthcare facilities. We have studied the Corona Virus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) for pandemic risk management using the proposed framework. The results highlight effectiveness of the proposed strategies in containing a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Alauddin
- Centre for Risk, Integrity, and Safety Engineering (C-RISE), Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Faisal Khan
- Centre for Risk, Integrity, and Safety Engineering (C-RISE), Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Syed Imtiaz
- Centre for Risk, Integrity, and Safety Engineering (C-RISE), Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Salim Ahmed
- Centre for Risk, Integrity, and Safety Engineering (C-RISE), Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Paul Amyotte
- Centre for Risk, Integrity, and Safety Engineering (C-RISE), Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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13
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Presence of Helicobacter pylori and H. suis DNA in Free-Range Wild Boars. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051269. [PMID: 33925029 PMCID: PMC8146769 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Helicobacter pylori and H. suis are associated with gastric pathologies in humans. To obtain better insights into the potential role of wild boars as reservoirs of these pathogens, gastric samples of 14 animals were tested for the presence of H. pylori and H. suis DNA. Two wild boars were found PCR-positive for H. pylori and one for H. suis. This indicates that these microorganisms may colonize the stomach of wild boars. Abstract Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a Gram-negative bacterium that infects half of the human population worldwide, causing gastric disorders, such as chronic gastritis, gastric or duodenal ulcers, and gastric malignancies. Helicobacter suis (H. suis) is mainly associated with pigs, but can also colonize the stomach of humans, resulting in gastric pathologies. In pigs, H. suis can induce gastritis and seems to play a role in gastric ulcer disease, seriously affecting animal production and welfare. Since close interactions between domestic animals, wildlife, and humans can increase bacterial transmission risk between species, samples of gastric tissue of 14 free range wild boars (Sus scrofa) were evaluated for the presence of H. pylori and H. suis using PCR. Samples from the antral gastric mucosa from two animals were PCR-positive for H. pylori and another one for H. suis. These findings indicate that these microorganisms were able to colonize the stomach of wild boars and raise awareness for their putative intervention in Helicobacter spp. transmission cycle.
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Keyte S, Abdullah S, James K, Newbury H, Helps C, Tasker S, Wall R. Prevalence and distribution of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks collected from dogs in the United Kingdom. Vet Rec 2021; 188:e12. [PMID: 33818768 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaplasma phagocytophilum is the etiological agent of canine granulocytic anaplasmosis in dogs and causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA). Tick-borne anaplasmosis has been recognised as an emerging zoonotic health concern worldwide. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of A. phagocytophilum in ticks collected from dogs in the UK and map its distribution. Routine surveillance of tick-borne disease is essential as part of a "One Health" approach to infectious disease management. METHODS Tick DNA samples collected in 2015 as part of a large-scale tick surveillance programme were analysed using a previously validated diagnostic quantitative PCR for A. phagocytophilum. RESULTS PCR analysis indicated that 138 out of 2994 tick DNA samples analysed were positive for A. phagocytophilum, a prevalence of 4.6% (95% CI: 3.89-5.42). Among these 138 tick DNA samples, 131 were from Ixodes ricinus, six were from Ixodes hexagonus and one was from Ixodes canisuga. Three of the I. ricinus tick DNA samples positive for A. phagocytophilum DNA were also positive for Borrelia spp. DNA and one was positive for Babesia spp. DNA, indicating co-infection. The ticks positive for the pathogen DNA were found widely distributed throughout the UK. CONCLUSIONS These data provide important information on the prevalence and wide distribution of A. phagocytophilum in ticks infesting dogs within the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Keyte
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Swaid Abdullah
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kate James
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Diagnostic Laboratories, Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Chris Helps
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Diagnostic Laboratories, Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Diagnostic Laboratories, Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard Wall
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Rasheed MEH, Youseffi M, Jamil MMA, Rahman NAA, Abd-Alhameed R. Analysis of why Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) groups in the UK are harder hit by COVID-19, and how to minimise the risks. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FOOD SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (FSAB 2021) 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0074093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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16
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Seo HJ, Noh J, Kim HC, Chong ST, Klein TA, Park CU, Choi CY, Kwon YS, Kim M, Min S, Park Y, Yoo MS, Cho YS. Molecular Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Anaplasma and Borrelia Species in Ticks Collected from Migratory Birds at Heuksan, Hong, and Nan Islands, Republic of Korea. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 21:20-31. [PMID: 33202197 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The extended distribution and potential introduction of exotic ticks and associated tick-borne pathogens along the northern and southern routes of migratory birds pose zoonotic tick-borne disease risks to wild and domestic animals and incidentally to humans. A knowledge of bird migratory patterns, species of attached ticks, and associated pathogens during their migrations to and from their feeding and nesting grounds is central to understanding associated tick-borne disease risks. Tick-borne disease surveillance was conducted from 2010 to 2011 and 2016 at Hong-do (do = island), Heuksan-do, and Nan-do, major stopovers for migratory birds in Republic of Korea (ROK), as part of the Migratory Birds Research Center bird-banding program for studying bird migration patterns in the ROK. A total of 877 ticks belonging to three genera and nine species were collected, Ixodes turdus (576, 65.7%), Haemaphysalis flava (134, 15.3%), H. longicornis (91, 10.4%), I. nipponensis (56, 6.4%), H. formosensis (7, 0.8%), H. ornithophila (6, 0.7%), H. phasiana (5, 0.6%), H. concinna (1, 0.1%), and Amblyomma testudinarium (1, 0.1%) were collected from 274 birds belonging to 20 genera and 41 species. A total of 15/380 pools (3.95%) were positive for Borrelia species (14 pools of I. turdus and 1 pool of H. flava), while only 1/380 pools (0.26%) was positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum (1 pool of I. nipponensis). Our findings support the role of migratory birds as possible vectors for the introduction of tick-borne pathogens, which requires continuous monitoring for the potential introduction of ticks and their associated tick-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ji Seo
- Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Division, Parasitic and Honeybee Disease Laboratory, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyeong Noh
- Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Division, Parasitic and Honeybee Disease Laboratory, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- Unit 15281, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, APO, AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- Unit 15281, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, APO, AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Terry A Klein
- Unit 15281, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, APO, AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Chang-Uk Park
- Migratory Bird Research Center, Korea National Park Research Institute, Korea National Park Service, Sinan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Yong Choi
- Migratory Bird Research Center, Korea National Park Research Institute, Korea National Park Service, Sinan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Soo Kwon
- Migratory Bird Research Center, Korea National Park Research Institute, Korea National Park Service, Sinan, Republic of Korea
| | - Miran Kim
- Migratory Bird Research Center, Korea National Park Research Institute, Korea National Park Service, Sinan, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Min
- Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Division, Parasitic and Honeybee Disease Laboratory, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeojin Park
- Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Division, Parasitic and Honeybee Disease Laboratory, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Yoo
- Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Division, Parasitic and Honeybee Disease Laboratory, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Sang Cho
- Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Division, Parasitic and Honeybee Disease Laboratory, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
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Ferraguti M, Heesterbeek H, Martínez-de la Puente J, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ, Vázquez A, Ruiz S, Llorente F, Roiz D, Vernooij H, Soriguer R, Figuerola J. The role of different Culex mosquito species in the transmission of West Nile virus and avian malaria parasites in Mediterranean areas. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:920-930. [PMID: 32748497 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases, especially those transmitted by mosquitoes, have severe impacts on public health and economy. West Nile virus (WNV) and avian malaria parasites of the genus Plasmodium are mosquito-borne pathogens that may produce severe disease and illness in humans and birds, respectively, and circulate in an endemic form in southern Europe. Here, we used field-collected data to identify the impact of Culex pipiens, Cx. perexiguus and Cx. modestus, on the circulation of both WNV and Plasmodium in Andalusia (SW Spain) using mathematical modelling of the basic reproduction number (R0 ). Models were calibrated with field-collected data on WNV seroprevalence and Plasmodium infection in wild house sparrows, presence of WNV and Plasmodium in mosquito pools, and mosquito blood-feeding patterns. This approach allowed us to determine the contribution of each vector species to pathogen amplification. Overall, 0.7% and 29.6% of house sparrows were positive to WNV antibodies and Plasmodium infection, respectively. In addition, the prevalence of Plasmodium was higher in Cx. pipiens (2.0%), followed by Cx. perexiguus (1.8%) and Cx. modestus (0.7%). Three pools of Cx. perexiguus were positive to WVN. Models identified Cx. perexiguus as the most important species contributing to the amplification of WNV in southern Spain. For Plasmodium models, R0 values were higher when Cx. pipiens was present in the population, either alone or in combination with the other mosquito species. These results suggest that the transmission of these vector-borne pathogens depends on different Culex species, and consequently, their transmission niches will present different spatial and temporal patterns. For WNV, targeted surveillance and control of Cx. perexiguus populations appear as the most effective measure to reduce WNV amplification. Also, preventing Culex populations near human settlements, or reducing the abundance of these species, are potential strategies to reduce WNV spillover into human populations in southern Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans Heesterbeek
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Josué Martínez-de la Puente
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CISA), Valdeolmos, Spain
| | - Ana Vázquez
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio de Arbovirus y Enfermedades Víricas Importadas, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Ruiz
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Control de Mosquitos, Área de Medio Ambiente, Huelva, Spain
| | - Francisco Llorente
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CISA), Valdeolmos, Spain
| | - David Roiz
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Hans Vernooij
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ramón Soriguer
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Figuerola
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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18
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Gyawali N, Murphy AK, Hugo LE, Devine GJ. A micro-PRNT for the detection of Ross River virus antibodies in mosquito blood meals: A useful tool for inferring transmission pathways. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229314. [PMID: 32706777 PMCID: PMC7380888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Many arboviruses of public health significance are maintained in zoonotic cycles with complex transmission pathways. The presence of serum antibody against arboviruses in vertebrates provides evidence of their historical exposure but reveals nothing about the vector-reservoir relationship. Moreover, collecting blood or tissue samples from vertebrate hosts is ethically and logistically challenging. We developed a novel approach for screening the immune status of vertebrates against Ross River virus that allows us to implicate the vectors that form the transmission pathways for this commonly notified Australian arboviral disease. Methods A micro-plaque reduction neutralisation test (micro-PRNT) was developed and validated on koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) sera against a standard PRNT. The ability of the micro-PRNT to detect RRV antibodies in mosquito blood meals was then tested using two mosquito models. Laboratory-reared Aedes aegypti were fed, via a membrane, on sheep blood supplemented with RRV seropositive and seronegative human sera. Aedes notoscriptus were fed on RRV seropositive and seronegative human volunteers. Blood-fed mosquitoes were harvested at various time points after feeding and their blood meals analysed for the presence of RRV neutralising antibodies using the micro-PRNT. Results There was significant agreement of the plaque neutralisation resulting from the micro-PRNT and standard PRNT techniques (R2 = 0.65; P<0.0001) when applied to RRV antibody detection in koala sera. Sensitivity and specificity of the micro-PRNT assay were 88.2% and 96%, respectively, in comparison with the standard PRNT. Blood meals from mosquitoes fed on sheep blood supplemented with RRV antibodies, and on blood from RRV seropositive humans neutralised the virus by ≥50% until 48 hr post feeding. The vertebrate origin of the blood meal was also ascertained for the same samples, in parallel, using established molecular techniques. Conclusions The small volumes of blood present in mosquito abdomens can be used to identify RRV antibodies and therefore host exposure to arbovirus infection. In tandem with the accurate identification of the mosquito, and diagnostics for the host origin of the blood meal, this technique has tremendous potential for exploring RRV transmission pathways. It can be adapted for similar studies on other mosquito borne zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Gyawali
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Amanda K. Murphy
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Leon E. Hugo
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gregor J. Devine
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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19
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Ou X, Liu Y, Lei X, Li P, Mi D, Ren L, Guo L, Guo R, Chen T, Hu J, Xiang Z, Mu Z, Chen X, Chen J, Hu K, Jin Q, Wang J, Qian Z. Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1620. [PMID: 32221306 PMCID: PMC7100515 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15562-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2171] [Impact Index Per Article: 542.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2002, beta coronaviruses (CoV) have caused three zoonotic outbreaks, SARS-CoV in 2002-2003, MERS-CoV in 2012, and the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019. However, little is currently known about the biology of SARS-CoV-2. Here, using SARS-CoV-2 S protein pseudovirus system, we confirm that human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) is the receptor for SARS-CoV-2, find that SARS-CoV-2 enters 293/hACE2 cells mainly through endocytosis, that PIKfyve, TPC2, and cathepsin L are critical for entry, and that SARS-CoV-2 S protein is less stable than SARS-CoV S. Polyclonal anti-SARS S1 antibodies T62 inhibit entry of SARS-CoV S but not SARS-CoV-2 S pseudovirions. Further studies using recovered SARS and COVID-19 patients' sera show limited cross-neutralization, suggesting that recovery from one infection might not protect against the other. Our results present potential targets for development of drugs and vaccines for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyuan Ou
- NHC Key laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100176, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- NHC Key laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100176, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Lei
- NHC Key laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100176, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Li
- NHC Key laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100176, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Mi
- NHC Key laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100176, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Ren
- NHC Key laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100176, Beijing, China
| | - Li Guo
- NHC Key laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100176, Beijing, China
| | - Ruixuan Guo
- NHC Key laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100176, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Chen
- NHC Key laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100176, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Hu
- NHC Key laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100176, Beijing, China
| | - Zichun Xiang
- NHC Key laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100176, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixia Mu
- NHC Key laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100176, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), 151 Malianwa Road North, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, China
| | | | - Keping Hu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), 151 Malianwa Road North, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Jin
- NHC Key laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100176, Beijing, China.
| | - Jianwei Wang
- NHC Key laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100176, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhaohui Qian
- NHC Key laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100176, Beijing, China.
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Swei A, Couper LI, Coffey LL, Kapan D, Bennett S. Patterns, Drivers, and Challenges of Vector-Borne Disease Emergence. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:159-170. [PMID: 31800374 PMCID: PMC7640753 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases are emerging at an increasing rate and comprise a disproportionate share of all emerging infectious diseases. Yet, the key ecological and evolutionary dimensions of vector-borne disease that facilitate their emergence have not been thoroughly explored. This study reviews and synthesizes the existing literature to explore global patterns of emerging vector-borne zoonotic diseases (VBZDs) under changing global conditions. We find that the vast majority of emerging VBZDs are transmitted by ticks (Ixodidae) and mosquitoes (Culicidae) and the pathogens transmitted are dominated by Rickettsiaceae bacteria and RNA viruses (Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae, and Togaviridae). The most common potential driver of these emerging zoonoses is land use change, but for many diseases, the driver is unknown, revealing a critical research gap. While most reported VBZDs are emerging in the northern latitudes, after correcting for sampling bias, Africa is clearly a region with the greatest share of emerging VBZD. We highlight critical gaps in our understanding of VBZD emergence and emphasize the importance of interdisciplinary research and consideration of deeper evolutionary processes to improve our capacity for anticipating where and how such diseases have and will continue to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Swei
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California
| | - Lisa I. Couper
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Lark L. Coffey
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Durrell Kapan
- Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California
| | - Shannon Bennett
- Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California
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21
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An update on Toscana virus distribution, genetics, medical and diagnostic aspects. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 26:1017-1023. [PMID: 31904562 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toscana virus is an arbovirus transmitted by sand flies within the Mediterranean area where it can cause febrile illness and neuroinvasive infections during the seasonal circulation period of the vector. Although it is an important cause of meningitis and encephalitis, it remains a neglected virus with limited published data, as demonstrated by <250 peer-reviewed articles since the 1970s. OBJECTIVE The last review article on Toscana virus was published in 2012. The aim was to compile peer-reviewed articles to provide an updated review highlighting recent findings to complement previous review articles. SOURCES PubMed database was searched using the 'Toscana virus' keyword from 2010 to present. A total of 152 articles were retrieved and identified studies were assessed for novel information on virus genetics, and geographic and medical aspects compared with existing knowledge reported in previous review articles. CONTENT Studies addressing medical, veterinary and entomological aspects have provided evidence that Toscana virus is present in North Africa, in the Balkan Peninsula, and in most of the Mediterranean islands. Besides the two previously recognized genetic lineages, a novel evolutionary lineage has been identified in the Balkan Peninsula. Co-circulation of two genetic lineages has been demonstrated in France, in Turkey and in Croatia. In addition to meningitis and meningo-encephalitis, which have been reported for 40 years, various neuroinvasive forms have been recently reported such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, hydrocephalus, myositis, fasciitis, polymyeloradiculopathy, deafness and facial paralysis. IMPLICATION Because it is endemic in countries bordering the Mediterranean, physicians should include Toscana virus in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with febrile illness and/or neurological manifestations.
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22
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Zhou M, Zhang N, Zhang M, Ma G. Culture, eating behavior, and infectious disease control and prevention. JOURNAL OF ETHNIC FOODS 2020; 7:40. [PMCID: PMC7686948 DOI: 10.1186/s42779-020-00076-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Humans need to obtain nutrients from foods for survival and health. Culture and belief play important roles in food selection and intake. Throughout human history, dietary factor has been one of the important factors inducing and causing outbreaks of infectious diseases. If unhealthy eating behavior, like eating raw/undercooked food or meat and products from wild animals, are not abandoned, foodborne infectious diseases will remain an important risk factor of outbreaks and epidemics. The misconception of dietary culture is one of the important factors that triggers unhealthy eating behavior. Therefore, it is vital to change people’s conceptions and knowledge about what is healthy to eat, in order to completely eliminate unhealthy eating behavior and prevent the recurrence of foodborne infectious diseases. Meanwhile, many factors such as family, society, region, and religion should be involved in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100191 China
- Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100191 China
- Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Man Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100191 China
- Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Guansheng Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100191 China
- Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100191 China
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Kubiak K, Dziekońska-Rynko J, Szymańska H, Kubiak D, Dmitryjuk M, Dzika E. Questing Ixodes ricinus ticks (Acari, Ixodidae) as a vector of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Borrelia miyamotoi in an urban area of north-eastern Poland. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2019; 78:113-126. [PMID: 31102133 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-019-00379-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Green areas located within large cities, as natural ecotypes, are a convenient habitat for ticks and their use as recreational areas is associated with the potential risk of acquiring tick-borne diseases. This study estimated the I. ricinus tick density, prevalence of infection with Borrelia species and the diversity of these bacteria in a green urban area (Olsztyn) of north-eastern Poland, an endemic region of tick-borne diseases. The ticks were collected during spring and autumn of 2015, at sites differing in the degree of human pressure and habitat. Borrelia species detection, typing and a molecular phylogenetic analysis were carried out based on the sequenced flaB gene. The overall mean abundance of I. ricinus was 2.0 ± 1.55 ticks per 100 m2. The density of I. ricinus did not vary significantly between sites. According to semi-qualitative tick abundance categories, the collection sites were classified as 'very low' and 'low' tick abundance category. The overall infection rate of I. ricinus with Borrelia spirochaetes was 27.4%. The infection rate of adult ticks (42.0%) was three times higher than with nymphs (14.3%). Based on the restriction patterns and sequencing, B. afzelii (93.1%; 27/29), B. valaisiana 3.5% (1/29) and B. miyamotoi (3.5%; 1/29), related to the relapsing fever (RF) spirochaetes, were detected. No co-infections were found. Borrelia miyamotoi, detected for the first time in ticks in the north-eastern urban areas of Poland, was identical to isolates described as European-type. The Borrelia spirochaete infection rate of I. ricinus ticks in an urban area indicated a high risk of LB. Physicians should also be aware of B. miyamotoi infections among patients with a history of tick-bites in north-eastern Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kubiak
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Zolnierska 14c, 10-561, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Janina Dziekońska-Rynko
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 2, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Hanna Szymańska
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Zolnierska 14c, 10-561, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dariusz Kubiak
- Department of Microbiology and Mycology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 2, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Dmitryjuk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ewa Dzika
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Zolnierska 14c, 10-561, Olsztyn, Poland
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Gozdas HT. Evaluation of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever suspected cases admitted to a secondary care hospital in Kastamonu, Turkey between 2014-2017. Afr Health Sci 2019; 19:1433-1440. [PMID: 31148970 PMCID: PMC6531986 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v19i1.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an endemic zoonosis in Kastamonu, Turkey. Clinical and laboratory findings may not be specific in the early phase of the disease, hence bringing a challenge to the clinician. Objective We aimed to distinguish CCHF cases among all suspected cases by comparing them with non-CCHF cases with respect to characteristics during admission. Methods Cases with a presumptive diagnosis of CCHF at a secondary care hospital in Kastamonu in between 2014–2017 were evaluated, retrospectively. CCHF and non-CCHF cases were compared with respect to their clinical, laboratory and epidemiological characteristics during admission. Results Among 76 suspected patients, CCHF was found in 46.1% of them. Four-year fatality rate was 9.6% in CCHF cases. The frequency of headache, nausea/vomiting, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia less than 50x109/L, AST-ALT and LDH elevation, tick bites and contact with blood or body fluids of animals in CCHF cases were significantly higher than in non-CCHF cases (p<0.05). Conclusion Headache and nausea/vomiting accompanied with leukopenia, thrombocytopenia less than 50x109/L, AST-ALT and LDH elevations raise the possibility of CCHF in endemic regions especially when there is a history of tick bite and contact with blood or body fluids of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Tahsin Gozdas
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Kastamonu State Hospital, Kastamonu, Turkey
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25
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Toepp AJ, Monteiro GRG, Coutinho JFV, Lima AL, Larson M, Wilson G, Grinnage-Pulley T, Bennett C, Mahachi K, Anderson B, Ozanne MV, Anderson M, Fowler H, Parrish M, Willardson K, Saucier J, Tyrell P, Palmer Z, Buch J, Chandrashekar R, Brown GD, Oleson JJ, Jeronimo SMB, Petersen CA. Comorbid infections induce progression of visceral leishmaniasis. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:54. [PMID: 30674329 PMCID: PMC6345068 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a vector borne zoonotic disease endemic in humans and dogs in Brazil. Due to the increased risk of human infection secondary to the presence of infected dogs, public health measures in Brazil mandate testing and culling of infected dogs. Despite this important relationship between human and canine infection, little is known about what makes the dog reservoir progress to clinical illness, significantly tied to infectiousness to sand flies. Dogs in endemic areas of Brazil are exposed to many tick-borne pathogens, which are likely to alter the immune environment and thus control of L. infantum. RESULTS A cross-sectional study of 223 dogs from an area of Natal, in the Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, were studied to determine the association between comorbid tick-borne disease and Leishmania infection in this endemic area. The risk of Leishmania seropositivity was 1.68× greater in dogs with tick-borne disease seropositivity compared to those without (Adjusted RR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.09-2.61, P = 0.019). A longitudinal study of 214 hunting dogs in the USA was conducted to determine the causal relationship between infection with tick-borne diseases and progression of VL. Hunting dogs were evaluated three times across a full tick season to detect incident infection with tick-borne diseases. A logistic regression model with generalized estimating equations to estimate the parameters was used to determine how exposure to tick-borne disease altered VL progression over these three time points when controlling for other variables. Dogs infected with three or more tick-borne diseases were 11× more likely to be associated with progression to clinical VL than dogs with no tick-borne disease (Adjusted RR: 11.64, 95% CI: 1.22-110.99, P = 0.03). Dogs with exposure to both Leishmania spp. and tick-borne diseases were five times more likely to die during the study period (RR: 4.85, 95% CI: 1.65-14.24, P = 0.0051). CONCLUSIONS Comorbid tick-borne diseases dramatically increased the likelihood that a dog had clinical L. infantum infection, making them more likely to transmit infection to sand flies and people. As an important consequence, reduction of tick-borne disease exposure through topical or oral insecticides may be an important way to reduce progression and transmissibility of Leishmania infection from the canine reservoir to people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J. Toepp
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa 52241 USA
| | - Glória R. G. Monteiro
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970 Brazil
| | - José F. V. Coutinho
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970 Brazil
| | - Adam Leal Lima
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa 52241 USA
| | - Mandy Larson
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa 52241 USA
| | - Geneva Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa 52241 USA
| | - Tara Grinnage-Pulley
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa 52241 USA
| | - Carolyne Bennett
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa 52241 USA
| | - Kurayi Mahachi
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa 52241 USA
| | - Bryan Anderson
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa 52241 USA
| | - Marie V. Ozanne
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
| | - Michael Anderson
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa 52241 USA
| | - Hailie Fowler
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
- Immunology Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
| | - Molly Parrish
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa 52241 USA
| | - Kelsey Willardson
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa 52241 USA
| | - Jill Saucier
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, Maine 04092 USA
| | - Phyllis Tyrell
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, Maine 04092 USA
| | - Zachary Palmer
- Department of Geographical and Sustainability Sciences, College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
| | - Jesse Buch
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, Maine 04092 USA
| | | | - Grant D. Brown
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
| | - Jacob J. Oleson
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
| | - Selma M. B. Jeronimo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970 Brazil
| | - Christine A. Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa 52241 USA
- Immunology Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
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Gomez MD, Goijman AP, Coda J, Serafini V, Priotto J. Small mammal responses to farming practices in central Argentinian agroecosystems: The use of hierarchical occupancy models. AUSTRAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María daniela Gomez
- GIEPCO; Departamento de Ciencias Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Casilla de correo N° 3 Río Cuarto Córdoba 5800 Argentina
| | - Andrea Paula Goijman
- Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; CIRN; Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA); Hurlingham Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - José Coda
- GIEPCO; Departamento de Ciencias Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Casilla de correo N° 3 Río Cuarto Córdoba 5800 Argentina
| | - Vanesa Serafini
- GIEPCO; Departamento de Ciencias Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Casilla de correo N° 3 Río Cuarto Córdoba 5800 Argentina
| | - José Priotto
- GIEPCO; Departamento de Ciencias Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Casilla de correo N° 3 Río Cuarto Córdoba 5800 Argentina
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Bokhari H. Exploitation of microbial forensics and nanotechnology for the monitoring of emerging pathogens. Crit Rev Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29513060 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1444013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases remain among the leading causes of global mortality. Traditional laboratory diagnostic approaches designed to detect and track infectious disease agents provide a framework for surveillance of bio threats. However, surveillance and outbreak investigations using such time-consuming approaches for early detection of pathogens remain the major pitfall. Hence, reasonable real-time surveillance systems to anticipate threats to public health and environment are critical for identifying specific aetiologies and preventing the global spread of infectious disease. The current review discusses the growing need for monitoring and surveillance of pathogens with the same zeal and approach as adopted by microbial forensics laboratories, and further strengthening it by integrating with the innovative nanotechnology for rapid detection of microbial pathogens. Such innovative diagnostics platforms will help to track pathogens from high risk areas and environment by pre-emptive approach that will minimize damages. The various scenarios with the examples are discussed where the high risk associated human pathogens in particular were successfully detected using various nanotechnology approaches with potential future prospects in the field of microbial forensics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Bokhari
- a Microbiology & Public Health Lab, Department of Biosciences , COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Islamabad , Pakistan
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28
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Chattu VK, Kumar R, Kumary S, Kajal F, David JK. Nipah virus epidemic in southern India and emphasizing "One Health" approach to ensure global health security. J Family Med Prim Care 2018; 7:275-283. [PMID: 30090764 PMCID: PMC6060941 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_137_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) encephalitis first reported in "Sungai Nipah" in Malaysia in 1999 has emerged as a global public health threat in the Southeast Asia region. From 1998 to 2018, more than 630 cases of NiV human infections were reported. NiV is transmitted by zoonotic (from bats to humans, or from bats to pigs, and then to humans) as well as human-to-human routes. Deforestation and urbanization of some areas have contributed to greater overlap between human and bat habitats resulting in NiV outbreaks. Common symptoms of NiV infection in humans are similar to that of influenza such as fever and muscle pain and in some cases, the inflammation of the brain occurs leading to encephalitis. The recent epidemic in May 2018 in Kerala for the first time has killed over 17 people in 7 days with high case fatality and highlighted the importance of One Health approach. The diagnosis is often not suspected at the time of presentation and creates challenges in outbreak detection, timely control measures, and outbreak response activities. Currently, there are no drugs or vaccines specific for NiV infection although this is a priority disease on the World Health Organization's agenda. Antivirals (Ribavirin, HR2-based fusion inhibitor), biologicals (convalescent plasma, monoclonal antibodies), immunomodulators, and intensive supportive care are the mainstay to treat severe respiratory and neurologic complications. There is a great need for strengthening animal health surveillance system, using a One Health approach, to detect new cases and provide early warning for veterinary and human public health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Chattu
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad And Tobago
| | - Raman Kumar
- Academy of Family Physicians of India, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Fnu Kajal
- Global Health Researcher, University of San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joseph K David
- Medical Laboratory Specialist, Etobicoke, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abou Abdallah R, Raoult D, Fournier PE. A concise overview on tick-borne human infections in Europe: a focus on Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne Rickettsia spp. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/ma18065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are blood-feeding external parasites of mammals. Almost all ticks belong to one of two major families, the Ixodidae or hard ticks, and the Argasidae or soft ticks. Ticks are responsible of transmitting many diseases called ‘tick-borne diseases'. Borrelia and Rickettsia spp., are the most important tick-transmitted bacterial pathogens circulating in Europe. In this review we will focus on the two tick-borne diseases caused by these bacterial pathogens, their vector, epidemiology, clinical diagnosis and symptoms.
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Mtshali K, Nakao R, Sugimoto C, Thekisoe O. Occurrence of <i>Coxiella burnetii</i>, <i>Ehrlichia canis</i>, <i>Rickettsia</i> species and <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i>-like bacterium in ticks collected from dogs and cats in South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2017; 88:e1-e6. [PMID: 28582983 PMCID: PMC6138182 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v88i0.1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are major vectors of arthropod-borne infections and transmit a wide variety of zoonotic pathogens. This study was conducted mainly to determine the occurrence of canine tick-borne bacterial and rickettsial pathogens especially those with zoonotic potential. We examined 276 Rhipicephalus sanguineus, 38 Haemaphysalis elliptica and 4 Amblyomma hebraeum ticks from 90 dogs and 4 cats from the Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, North West and Mpumalanga provinces. DNA of Coxiella burnetii (41%), Ehrlichia or Anaplasma (18%), Rickettsia spp. (37%), Anaplasma phagocytophilum-like bacterium (18%) and Ehrlichia canis (19%) was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from a total of 147 pooled DNA samples. All samples were negative for the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA. Ehrlichia canis was detected in samples from all the provinces except the North West; A. phagocytophilum was absent in KwaZulu-Natal samples, whereas Rickettsia species and C. burnetii were detected in all sampled provinces. The PCR-positive samples were confirmed by direct sequencing of the product. Data from this study calls for a joint effort by both veterinary and medical sectors to conduct epidemiological studies of the zoonotic pathogens in both animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Oriel Thekisoe
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State; Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University.
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Picascia A, Pagliuca C, Sommese L, Colicchio R, Casamassimi A, Labonia F, Pastore G, Pagliarulo C, Cicatiello AG, Castaldo F, Schiano C, Maiello C, Mezza E, D'Armiento FP, Salvatore P, Napoli C. Seroprevalence of Bartonella henselae in patients awaiting heart transplant in Southern Italy. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2017; 50:239-244. [PMID: 26051222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bartonella henselae is the etiologic agent of cat-scratch disease. B. henselae infections are responsible for a widening spectrum of human diseases, although often symptomless, ranging from self-limited to life-threatening and show different courses and organ involvement due to the balance between host and pathogen. The role of the host immune response to B. henselae is critical in preventing progression to systemic disease. Indeed in immunocompromised patients, such as solid organ transplant patients, B. henselae results in severe disseminated disease and pathologic vasoproliferation. The purpose of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of B. henselae in patients awaiting heart transplant compared to healthy individuals enrolled in the Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology of Second University of Naples. METHODS Serum samples of 38 patients awaiting heart transplant in comparison to 50 healthy donors were examined using immunfluorescence assay. RESULTS We found a B. henselae significant antibody positivity rate of 21% in patients awaiting heart transplant (p = 0.002). There was a positive rate of 8% (p > 0.05) for immunoglobulin (Ig)M and a significant value of 13% (p = 0.02) for IgG, whereas controls were negative both for IgM and IgG antibodies against B. henselae. The differences in comorbidity between cases and controls were statistically different (1.41 ± 0.96 vs 0.42 ± 0.32; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Although this study was conducted in a small number of patients, we suggest that the identification of these bacteria should be included as a routine screening analysis in pretransplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Picascia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University Medical School, Naples, Italy; U.O.C. Division of Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology, Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
| | - Chiara Pagliuca
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University Medical School, Naples, Italy; Department of Integrated Activities of Laboratory Medicine, Federico II University Medical School, Naples, Italy
| | - Linda Sommese
- U.O.C. Division of Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology, Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Colicchio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University Medical School, Naples, Italy; Institute of Diagnostic and Nuclear Development (SDN), Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Naples, Italy
| | - Amelia Casamassimi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Labonia
- Department of Integrated Activities of Laboratory Medicine, Federico II University Medical School, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabiria Pastore
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Caterina Pagliarulo
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Castaldo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University Medical School, Naples, Italy
| | - Concetta Schiano
- Institute of Diagnostic and Nuclear Development (SDN), Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Maiello
- Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, Monaldi Hospital, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ernesto Mezza
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Section of Pathology, Federico II University Medical School, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo D'Armiento
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Section of Pathology, Federico II University Medical School, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Salvatore
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University Medical School, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- U.O.C. Division of Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology, Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Institute of Diagnostic and Nuclear Development (SDN), Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Naples, Italy
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Tsiodras S, Spanakis N, Spanakos G, Pervanidou D, Georgakopoulou T, Campos E, Petra T, Kanellopoulos P, Georgiadis G, Antalis E, Kontos V, Giannopoulos LA, Tselentis Y, Papa A, Tsakris A, Saroglou G. Fatal human anaplasmosis associated with macrophage activation syndrome in Greece and the Public Health response. J Infect Public Health 2017; 10:819-823. [PMID: 28189511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is a tick-borne disease caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum that has the potential to spread in new geographical areas. The first fatal case of HGA in Greece is presented. Fever of unknown origin, renal and respiratory insufficiency and development of macrophage activation syndrome characterized the clinical presentation. Amplification and sequencing of a fragment of the groEL gene revealed the presence of A. phagocytophilum. The epidemiological and clinical features were collected during an epidemiological investigation. Public health measures were instituted by the Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. The Public Health intervention required the collaboration of epidemiologists, veterinarians and microbiologists. Emphasis was given to communication activities and misconceptions concerning canines and their role in the disease. The emergence of human anaplasmosis in a new geographical area highlights the importance of disease awareness and of the need for continued support for tick and tick-borne disease surveillance networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Tsiodras
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital "Attikon", National & Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; The Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikos Spanakis
- Department of Microbiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory Spanakos
- The Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece
| | - Danai Pervanidou
- The Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Emmanouil Antalis
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital "Attikon", National & Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassileios Kontos
- Department of Parasitology, Entomology and Tropical Diseases, National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Yiannis Tselentis
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographic Medicine, WHO Collaborating Center for Mediterranean Zoonoses, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Anna Papa
- Department of Microbiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanassios Tsakris
- Department of Microbiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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Medlock J, Jameson L. Ecological approaches to informing public health policy and risk assessments on emerging vector-borne zoonoses. EMERGING HEALTH THREATS JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.3402/ehtj.v3i0.7095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jolyon Medlock
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Microbial Risk Assessment, Health Protection Agency, Salisbury, UK
| | - Lisa Jameson
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Microbial Risk Assessment, Health Protection Agency, Salisbury, UK
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Sándor AD, Kalmár Z, Matei I, Ionică AM, Mărcuţan ID. Urban Breeding Corvids as Disseminators of Ticks and Emerging Tick-Borne Pathogens. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 17:152-154. [PMID: 27922802 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.2054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Crows (Corvidae) are common city dwellers worldwide and are increasingly important subjects of epidemiology studies. Although their importance as hosts and transmitters of a number of zoonotic parasites and pathogens is well known, there are no studies on their importance as tick hosts. After mosquitoes, ticks are the most important vectors of zoonotic pathogens, especially for those causing emerging zoonotic diseases. Pathogenic bacteria, especially Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp., and Anaplasma spp., vectored by ticks, are the cause for most vector-borne diseases in Europe. Here we report on ticks and tick-borne pathogens harbored by urban breeding crows. A total of 36 birds (33.33%, n = 108) hosted ticks, with 91 individual ticks belonging to 6 species (Haemaphysalis concinna, Haemaphysalis parva, Haemaphysalis punctata, Hyalomma marginatum, Ixodes arboricola, and Ixodes ricinus). Rickettsia spp. DNA was found in 6.6% of ticks and 1.9% of bird tissues, whereas Anaplasma phagocytophilum was found in 5.9% of ticks and 0.9% of birds. Two rickettsial genospecies were located, Rickettsia helvetica and Rickettsia monacensis. This is the first study to determine such a diverse tick spectrum feeding on urban corvids, while highlighting their importance as tick hosts and raising concerns about their potential risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila D Sándor
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine , Cluj Napoca, Cluj, Romania
| | - Zsuzsa Kalmár
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine , Cluj Napoca, Cluj, Romania
| | - Ioana Matei
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine , Cluj Napoca, Cluj, Romania
| | - Angela Monica Ionică
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine , Cluj Napoca, Cluj, Romania
| | - Ioan-Daniel Mărcuţan
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine , Cluj Napoca, Cluj, Romania
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Jiao Y, Qi X, Liu D, Zeng X, Han Y, Guo X, Shi Z, Wang H, Zhou M. Experimental and Natural Infections of Goats with Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus: Evidence for Ticks as Viral Vector. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004092. [PMID: 26485390 PMCID: PMC4618997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), the causative agent for the fatal life-threatening infectious disease, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), was first identified in the central and eastern regions of China. Although the viral RNA was detected in free-living and parasitic ticks, the vector for SFTSV remains unsettled. Methodology/Principal Findings Firstly, an experimental infection study in goats was conducted in a bio-safety level-2 (BSL-2) facility to investigate virus transmission between animals. The results showed that infected animals did not shed virus to the outside through respiratory or digestive tract route, and the control animals did not get infected. Then, a natural infection study was carried out in the SFTSV endemic region. A cohort of naïve goats was used as sentinel animals in the study site. A variety of daily samples including goat sera, ticks and mosquitoes were collected for viral RNA and antibody (from serum only) detection, and virus isolation. We detected viral RNA from free-living and parasitic ticks rather than mosquitoes, and from goats after ticks’ infestation. We also observed sero-conversion in all members of the animal cohort subsequently. The S segment sequences of the two recovered viral isolates from one infected goat and its parasitic ticks showed a 100% homology at the nucleic acid level. Conclusions/Significance In our natural infection study, close contact between goats does not appear to transmit SFTSV, however, the naïve animals were infected after ticks’ infestation and two viral isolates derived from an infected goat and its parasitic ticks shared 100% of sequence identity. These data demonstrate that the etiologic agent for goat cohort’s natural infection comes from environmental factors. Of these, ticks, especially the predominant species Haemaphysalis longicornis, probably act as vector for this pathogen. The findings in this study may help local health authorities formulate and focus preventive measures to contain this infection. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), a newly identified bunyavirus, has been found to circulate in mainland China, South Korea, and Japan since 2009. This virus is the etiologic agent for an emerging fatal hemorrhagic fever, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) with high fatality. Although ticks have been implicated as the primary host vector indicated by epidemiological surveys, their role in transmitting this virus to the susceptible hosts, including humans, has not been validated. In this study, we conducted experimental and natural infections of goats with SFTSV to explore the role of ticks for this pathogen’s transmission. In the experimental infection study, we have not found any viral transmission within the cohort by close contact between animals. However, in the natural infection study, every member of a naïve goat cohort was observed to get infected sequentially when they were farmed in a SFTSV-endemic site. We detected viral RNA from free-living and parasitic ticks rather than mosquitoes, and from goats after ticks’ infestation. We also observed sero-conversion in all members of the animal cohort subsequently. More importantly, in the natural infection study, two virus strains isolated from one infected goat and its parasitic ticks showed identical S segment sequences of the viral genome. All these findings indicate that ticks, especially the dominant species Haemaphysalis longicornis, probably act as viral vector for this emerging pathogen, SFTSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Jiao
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Xian Qi
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Dapeng Liu
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zeng
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Yewu Han
- Xuyi County Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Huai-an, China
| | - Xiling Guo
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyang Shi
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Minghao Zhou
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry Health, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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Rolim MF, Oliveira FCRD, Graça FAS, Brasil FDC. SEROLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF EXPOSURE TO Anaplasma phagocytophilum IN HORSES FROM THE RIO DE JANEIRO STATE MOUNTED POLICE BRED IN THE URBAN ZONE. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1089-6891v16i319865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
<title>Abstract</title><p><italic>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</italic> is an emergent hemoparasite in regions where ticks are regularly found. In order to investigate the rate of anti-<italic>A. phagocytophilum</italic> antibody in horses of the Mounted Police of Rio de Janeiro state and therefore the presence of this agent, 41 horses from the Cavalry Squadron (CS) and 50 from the Regiment of Mounted Police (RMP) were selected. For the serologic diagnosis the Indirect Fluorescent Antibody test was performed. In the present work, among 91 equine sera samples anti-<italic>A. phagocytophilum</italic> antibodies, with titer ≥ 1:80, were detected in 11 animals (12%), being five (5%) from males and six (7%) females, with no statistical difference. The adult animals with ages varying between five and 14 years presented the highest rate of positive reaction, although antibodies were detected in animals of all ages. We did not observe statistic differences in relation to the presence of anti-<italic>A. phagocytophilum</italic> antibodies among the animals bred in the CS and RMP. The presence of anti-<italic>A.phagocytophilim</italic> antibodies in horses of the Mounted Police with no clinical signs is indicative that the parasite is present in the enzootic form among the horses of the urban area. The circulation of the parasite among the animals is not dependent of the presence of tick infestations.</p>
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Quarsten H, Skarpaas T, Fajs L, Noraas S, Kjelland V. Tick-borne bacteria in Ixodes ricinus collected in southern Norway evaluated by a commercial kit and established real-time PCR protocols. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2015; 6:538-44. [PMID: 25985721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are important vectors of human pathogens. The knowledge of disease causing agents harboured by ticks in Norway is limited. The focus of this study was (a) to detect the bacteria of medical importance in ticks collected from the vegetation at locations in the southern part of the country and (b) to evaluate a novel commercially available multiplex PCR based method by comparing results with conventional established real-time PCR protocols. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was confirmed to be the most prevalent pathogen detected (31%) among one hundred individually analysed adult ticks. Borrelia miyamotoi, a spirochete associated with relapsing fever, was detected in one sample. Anaplasma phagocytophilum was found in 4% of the ticks, followed by Rickettsia helvetica which was detected in one sample. Similar pathogen prevalence was also detected in 500 ticks analysed in pools. This is the first report of the spotted fever group Rickettsia in Norway. Francisella tularensis, Bartonella species or Coxiella burnetti was not detected. However, due to the low number of ticks analysed, the possible presence of these pathogens in the region cannot be ruled out. All isolates were screened by at least two different molecular methods for each bacterial target; one commercially available multiplex PCR based tick-borne bacteria flow chip system (Master Diagnostica) and corresponding real-time PCR protocols. The comparison of methods verified that most findings were detected by both methods (71 Borrelia, 15 Anaplasma and 2 Rickettsia), whereas two additional Borrelia and Anaplasma infected samples were detected by the real-time protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Quarsten
- Sørlandet Hospital Health Enterprise, Department of Medical Microbiology, PO Box 416, NO-4604 Kristiansand, Norway.
| | - T Skarpaas
- Sørlandet Hospital Health Enterprise, Department of Medical Microbiology, PO Box 416, NO-4604 Kristiansand, Norway
| | - L Fajs
- University of Ljubljana, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zaloška 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - S Noraas
- Sørlandet Hospital Health Enterprise, Department of Medical Microbiology, PO Box 416, NO-4604 Kristiansand, Norway
| | - V Kjelland
- Sørlandet Hospital Health Enterprise, Research Unit, PO Box 416, NO-4604 Kristiansand, Norway; University of Agder, Department of Engineering and Science, Institute of Natural Sciences, Gimlemoen 25, NO-4630 Kristiansand, Norway
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Hekimoğlu HC, Demirci NA. Evaluation of cases with a preliminary diagnosis of Crimean- Congo hemorrhagic fever and comparison of characteristics in patients admitted to a secondary care hospital in Kastamonu, Turkey. Afr Health Sci 2014; 14:873-81. [PMID: 25834496 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v14i4.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an endemic disease in Turkey. The clinical presentation and laboratory findings are not specific especially in cases without hemorrhagic findings. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate CCHF cases and compare them with non-CCHF cases in terms of their characteristics during admission. METHODS Cases with a preliminary diagnosis of CCHF at a secondary care hospital in Kastamonu in 2013 were evaluated, retrospectively. Cases testing RNA/IgM positive were considered as CCHF. Cases testing both RNA and IgM negative were considered as non-CCHF. The two groups were then compared in terms of their clinical, laboratory and epidemiological characteristics during admission. RESULTS A total of 41 cases were tested and CCHF was found in 46.3% of cases. Fatality was 5.3% in CCHF cases. The frequency of tick bites and CK elevation in CCHF cases was significantly higher than non-CCHF cases (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding other characteristics (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS In cases with a preliminary diagnosis of CCHF, especially in cases without a history of tick bite and with normal CK levels during admission, performing tests for the differential diagnosis may be advisable without waiting for the results of tests for CCHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Can Hekimoğlu
- Kastamonu Dr. Münif Islamoğlu Hospital, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Department
| | - Neşe Ateş Demirci
- Kastamonu Dr. Münif Islamoğlu Hospital, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Department
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A Survey of Dutch Expert Opinion on Climatic Drivers of Infectious Disease Risk in Western Europe. CLIMATE 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/cli2040310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cantas L, Suer K. Review: the important bacterial zoonoses in "one health" concept. Front Public Health 2014; 2:144. [PMID: 25353010 PMCID: PMC4196475 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED An infectious disease that is transmitted from animals to humans, sometimes by a vector, is called zoonosis. The focus of this review article is on the most common emerging and re-emerging bacterial zoonotic diseases. The role of "One Health" approach, public health education, and some measures that can be taken to prevent zoonotic bacterial infections are discussed. KEY POINTS A zoonotic bacterial disease is a disease that can be very commonly transmitted between animals and humans. Global climate changes, overuse of antimicrobials in medicine, more intensified farm settings, and closer interactions with animals facilitate emergence or re-emergence of bacterial zoonotic infections.The global "One Health" approach, which requires interdisciplinary collaborations and communications in all aspects of health care for humans, animals, and the environment, will support public health in general.New strategies for continuous dissemination of multidisciplinary research findings related to zoonotic bacterial diseases are hence needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Cantas
- Norwegian Private Veterinary Services, MicroLab, Hammerfest, Norway
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kaya Suer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Rebaudo F, Costa J, Almeida CE, Silvain JF, Harry M, Dangles O. Simulating population genetics of pathogen vectors in changing landscapes: guidelines and application with Triatoma brasiliensis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3068. [PMID: 25102068 PMCID: PMC4125301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the mechanisms that influence the population dynamics and spatial genetic structure of the vectors of pathogens infecting humans is a central issue in tropical epidemiology. In view of the rapid changes in the features of landscape pathogen vectors live in, this issue requires new methods that consider both natural and human systems and their interactions. In this context, individual-based model (IBM) simulations represent powerful yet poorly developed approaches to explore the response of pathogen vectors in heterogeneous social-ecological systems, especially when field experiments cannot be performed. Methodology/Principal Findings We first present guidelines for the use of a spatially explicit IBM, to simulate population genetics of pathogen vectors in changing landscapes. We then applied our model with Triatoma brasiliensis, originally restricted to sylvatic habitats and now found in peridomestic and domestic habitats, posing as the most important Trypanosoma cruzi vector in Northeastern Brazil. We focused on the effects of vector migration rate, maximum dispersal distance and attraction by domestic habitat on T. brasiliensis population dynamics and spatial genetic structure. Optimized for T. brasiliensis using field data pairwise fixation index (FST) from microsatellite loci, our simulations confirmed the importance of these three variables to understand vector genetic structure at the landscape level. We then ran prospective scenarios accounting for land-use change (deforestation and urbanization), which revealed that human-induced land-use change favored higher genetic diversity among sampling points. Conclusions/Significance Our work shows that mechanistic models may be useful tools to link observed patterns with processes involved in the population genetics of tropical pathogen vectors in heterogeneous social-ecological landscapes. Our hope is that our study may provide a testable and applicable modeling framework to a broad community of epidemiologists for formulating scenarios of landscape change consequences on vector dynamics, with potential implications for their surveillance and control. Worldwide, humans are modifying landscapes at an unprecedented rate. These modifications have an influence on the ecology of pathogen vectors, yet this issue has received relatively little input from modeling research. The current study presents guidelines for the use of a modeling framework for the representation of the dynamics and spatial genetic structure of pathogen vectors. It allows considering spatiotemporal landscape modifications explicitly, to represent human-altered modifications and consequences. We applied this modeling framework to Triatoma brasiliensis, vector of the pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi responsible for the Chagas disease, in the semi-arid Northeastern Brazil. Using field data of pairwise fixation index (FST) from microsatellite loci, we found that migration rate, maximum dispersal distance and attraction by domestic habitat were all key parameters to understand vector spatial genetic structure at the landscape level. At the interface across disciplines, this study provides to the community of epidemiologists a testable and applicable framework to foresee landscape modification consequences on vector dynamics and genetic structure, with potential implications for their surveillance and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Rebaudo
- BEI-UR072, IRD, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- LEGS-UPR9034, CNRS-UPSud11, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Jane Costa
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Carlos E. Almeida
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, Sao Paolo, Brasil
| | - Jean-Francois Silvain
- BEI-UR072, IRD, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- LEGS-UPR9034, CNRS-UPSud11, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Myriam Harry
- LEGS-UPR9034, CNRS-UPSud11, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Dangles
- BEI-UR072, IRD, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- LEGS-UPR9034, CNRS-UPSud11, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Instituto de Ecología, Campus Cotacota, Universidad Mayor San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
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Ceballos LA, Pintore MD, Tomassone L, Pautasso A, Bisanzio D, Mignone W, Casalone C, Mannelli A. Habitat and occurrence of ixodid ticks in the Liguria region, northwest Italy. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2014; 64:121-135. [PMID: 24682615 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-014-9794-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Questing ticks were collected during monthly dragging sessions (March-August 2011) in three provinces of the Liguria region, north-western Italy, to evaluate the species occurrence, spatial distribution and relative abundance. A total of 1,464 specimens were collected in 94 dragging sites. Ixodes ricinus was the most abundant species (81.3 % of collected ticks), followed by Haemaphysalis punctata (10.9 %), Dermacentor marginatus (5.5 %), Ixodes frontalis (1.3 %), and Rhipicephalus spp. (0.9 %). Ixodes frontalis is reported for the first time in Liguria. An aggregation of I. ricinus positive sites was observed in inland areas characterized by dense forests dominated by deciduous trees (Castanetum and Fagetum phytoclimatic zones), especially in the west of the region where the differences in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were higher between inland and coastal sites. Random-effect logistic regression was used to model the associations of NDVI and season with the probability of finding host-seeking I. ricinus nymphs [corrected]. The NDVI was a good predictor of I. ricinus nymphs abundance, and confirmed its utility in discriminating habitat suitability for this vector in north-western coastal Italy, where dry habitat conditions may limit the distribution of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo A Ceballos
- Department of Veterinary Sciencies, University of Turin, Via L. da Vinci 44, 10095, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
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Carvalho CL, Lopes de Carvalho I, Zé-Zé L, Núncio MS, Duarte EL. Tularaemia: a challenging zoonosis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 37:85-96. [PMID: 24480622 PMCID: PMC7124367 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, several emerging zoonotic vector-borne infections with potential impact on human health have been identified in Europe, including tularaemia, caused by Francisella tularensis. This remarkable pathogen, one of the most virulent microorganisms currently known, has been detected in increasingly new settings and in a wide range of wild species, including lagomorphs, rodents, carnivores, fish and invertebrate arthropods. Also, a renewed concern has arisen with regard to F. tularensis: its potential use by bioterrorists. Based on the information published concerning the latest outbreaks, the aim of this paper is to review the main features of the agent, its biology, immunology and epidemiology. Moreover, special focus will be given to zoonotic aspects of the disease, as tularaemia outbreaks in human populations have been frequently associated with disease in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Carvalho
- Institute of Mediterranean Agricultural and Environmental Science (ICAAM), School of Science and Technology ECT, University of Évora, Portugal; Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Águas de Moura, Portugal
| | - I Lopes de Carvalho
- Emergency Response and Bio-preparedness Unit, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - L Zé-Zé
- Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Águas de Moura, Portugal
| | - M S Núncio
- Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Águas de Moura, Portugal
| | - E L Duarte
- Institute of Mediterranean Agricultural and Environmental Science (ICAAM), School of Science and Technology ECT, University of Évora, Portugal.
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Calderaro A, Gorrini C, Piccolo G, Montecchini S, Buttrini M, Rossi S, Piergianni M, Arcangeletti MC, De Conto F, Chezzi C, Medici MC. Identification of Borrelia species after creation of an in-house MALDI-TOF MS database. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88895. [PMID: 24533160 PMCID: PMC3923052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lyme borreliosis (LB) is a multisystemic disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl) complex transmitted to humans by Ixodes ticks. B. burgdorferi sl complex, currently comprising at least 19 genospecies, includes the main pathogenic species responsible for human disease in Europe: B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (ss), B. afzelii, and B. garinii. In this study, for the first time, MALDI-TOF MS was applied to Borrelia spp., supplementing the existing database, limited to the species B. burgdorferi ss, B.spielmanii and B. garinii, with the species B. afzelii, in order to enable the identification of all the species potentially implicated in LB in Europe. Moreover, we supplemented the database also with B. hermsii, which is the primary cause of tick-borne relapsing fever in western North America, B. japonica, circulating in Asia, and another reference strain of B. burgdorferi ss (B31 strain). The dendrogram obtained by analyzing the protein profiles of the different Borrelia species reflected Borrelia taxonomy, showing that all the species included in the Borrelia sl complex clustered in a unique branch, while Borrelia hermsii clustered separately. In conclusion, in this study MALDI-TOF MS proved a useful tool suitable for identification of Borrelia spp. both for diagnostic purpose and epidemiological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Calderaro
- Unit of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Chiara Gorrini
- Unit of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giovanna Piccolo
- Unit of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Montecchini
- Unit of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Mirko Buttrini
- Unit of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Sabina Rossi
- Unit of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Maddalena Piergianni
- Unit of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Arcangeletti
- Unit of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Flora De Conto
- Unit of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Chezzi
- Unit of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Medici
- Unit of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Lledó L, Gegúndez MI, Giménez-Pardo C, Álamo R, Fernández-Soto P, Nuncio MS, Saz JV. A seventeen-year epidemiological surveillance study of Borrelia burgdorferi infections in two provinces of northern Spain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:1661-72. [PMID: 24487455 PMCID: PMC3945560 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110201661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports a 17-year seroepidemiological surveillance study of Borrelia burgdorferi infection, performed with the aim of improving our knowledge of the epidemiology of this pathogen. Serum samples (1,179) from patients (623, stratified with respect to age, sex, season, area of residence and occupation) bitten by ticks in two regions of northern Spain were IFA-tested for B. burgdorferi antibodies. Positive results were confirmed by western blotting. Antibodies specific for B. burgdorferi were found in 13.3% of the patients; 7.8% were IgM positive, 9.6% were IgG positive, and 4.33% were both IgM and IgG positive. Five species of ticks were identified in the seropositive patients: Dermacentor marginatus (41.17% of such patients) Dermacentor reticulatus (11.76%), Rhiphicephalus sanguineus (17.64%), Rhiphicephalus turanicus (5.88%) and Ixodes ricinus (23.52%). B. burgdorferi DNA was sought by PCR in ticks when available. One tick, a D. reticulatus male, was found carrying the pathogen. The seroprevalence found was similar to the previously demonstrated in similar studies in Spain and other European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Lledó
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotecnology, Alcalá University, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; E-Mails: (M.I.G.); (C.G.-P.); (J.V.S.)
| | - María Isabel Gegúndez
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotecnology, Alcalá University, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; E-Mails: (M.I.G.); (C.G.-P.); (J.V.S.)
| | - Consuelo Giménez-Pardo
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotecnology, Alcalá University, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; E-Mails: (M.I.G.); (C.G.-P.); (J.V.S.)
| | - Rufino Álamo
- Territorial Health Service and Social Welfare of the Junta de Castilla y León, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Pedro Fernández-Soto
- Department of Parasitology, Salamanca University, 37008 Salamanca, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - María Sofia Nuncio
- Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge (National Institute of Health), 2965-575 Aguas de Moura, Portugal; E-Mail:
| | - José Vicente Saz
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotecnology, Alcalá University, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; E-Mails: (M.I.G.); (C.G.-P.); (J.V.S.)
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Adamson SW, Browning RE, Chao CC, Bateman RC, Ching WM, Karim S. Molecular characterization of tick salivary gland glutaminyl cyclase. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:781-93. [PMID: 23770496 PMCID: PMC3740044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Glutaminyl cyclase (QC) catalyzes the cyclization of N-terminal glutamine residues into pyroglutamate. This post-translational modification extends the half-life of peptides and, in some cases, is essential in binding to their cognate receptor. Due to its potential role in the post-translational modification of tick neuropeptides, we report the molecular, biochemical and physiological characterization of salivary gland QC during the prolonged blood feeding of the black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis) and the gulf-coast tick (Amblyomma maculatum). QC sequences from I. scapularis and A. maculatum showed a high degree of amino acid identity to each other and other arthropods and residues critical for zinc binding/catalysis (D159, E202, and H330) or intermediate stabilization (E201, W207, D248, D305, F325, and W329) are conserved. Analysis of QC transcriptional gene expression kinetics depicts an upregulation during the bloodmeal of adult female ticks prior to fast-feeding phases in both I. scapularis and A. maculatum suggesting a functional link with bloodmeal uptake. QC enzymatic activity was detected in saliva and extracts of tick salivary glands and midguts. Recombinant QC was shown to be catalytically active. Furthermore, knockdown of QC transcript by RNA interference resulted in lower enzymatic activity, and small, unviable egg masses in both studied tick species as well as lower engorged tick weights for I. scapularis. These results suggest that the post-translational modification of neurotransmitters and other bioactive peptides by QC is critical to oviposition and potentially other physiological processes. Moreover, these data suggest that tick-specific QC-modified neurotransmitters/hormones or other relevant parts of this system could potentially be used as novel physiological targets for tick control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W. Adamson
- Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive # 5018, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Rebecca E. Browning
- Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive # 5018, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Chien-Chung Chao
- Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20892
| | - Robert C. Bateman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, William Carey University, 498 Tuscan Avenue, Hattiesburg, MS 39401, USA
| | - Wei-Mei Ching
- Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20892
| | - Shahid Karim
- Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive # 5018, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
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Tack W, Madder M, Baeten L, Vanhellemont M, Verheyen K. Shrub clearing adversely affects the abundance of Ixodes ricinus ticks. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2013; 60:411-420. [PMID: 23344639 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-013-9655-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to get a better understanding of the importance of vertical forest structure as a component of Ixodes ricinus tick habitat, an experiment was set up in a coniferous forest on sandy soils in northern Belgium. Ticks were sampled in six control and six treatment plots on various sampling occasions in 2008-2010. In the course of the study period, a moderate thinning was carried out in all plots and shrub clearing was performed in the treatment plots. Thinning had no effect on tick abundance, while shrub clearing had an adverse affect on the abundance of all three life stages (larva, nymph, adult) up to 2 years post-clearing. Our findings are especially relevant in the light of the ongoing efforts to improve vertical forest structure in Belgium and many other parts of Europe, which might create suitable habitats for ticks and change the epidemiology of tick-borne diseases. Also, our results indicate that shrub clearing could be applied as a tick control measure in recreational areas where there is a high degree of human-tick contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Tack
- Forest and Nature Lab, Department of Forest and Water Management, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090 Melle-Gontrode, Belgium.
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Fabbro SD, Nazzi F. From Chemistry to Behavior. Molecular Structure and Bioactivity of Repellents against Ixodes ricinus Ticks. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67832. [PMID: 23805329 PMCID: PMC3689731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne zoonoses are considered as emerging diseases. Tick repellents represent an effective tool for reducing the risk of tick bite and pathogens transmission. Previous work demonstrated the repellent activity of the phenylpropanoid eugenol against Ixodes ricinus; here we investigate the relationship between molecular structure and repellency in a group of substances related to that compound. We report the biological activity of 18 compounds varying for the presence/number of several moieties, including hydroxyl and methoxy groups and carbon side-chain. Each compound was tested at different doses with a bioassay designed to measure repellency against individual tick nymphs. Both vapor pressure and chemical features of the tested compounds appeared to be related to repellency. In particular, the hydroxyl and methoxy groups as well as the side-chain on the benzene ring seem to play a role. These results are discussed in light of available data on chemical perception in ticks. In the course of the study new repellent compounds were identified; the biological activity of some of them (at least as effective as the “gold standard” repellent DEET) appears to be very promising from a practical point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Del Fabbro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Francesco Nazzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
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The seroprevalance of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in people living in the same environment with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever patients in an endemic region in Turkey. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 142:239-45. [PMID: 23688370 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268813001155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is endemic in Turkey, and since 2004 many cases have been reported from different regions of Turkey. There are limited data about the seroprevalence of the disease in household members of patients or persons sharing the same environment. We evaluated seroprevalence of CCHF in the immediate neighbourhood and in household members of patients living in the same environment as confirmed cases of CCHF in an endemic area of Turkey. A total of 625 healthy subjects [mean (s.d.) age: 42·3 (18·4) years, 58·7% females] without a past history of CCHF infection included in this case-control, retrospective study were evaluated in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, risk factors for CCHF via a study questionnaire, while serum analysis for CCHF virus (CCHFV) IgG antibodies was performed by ELISA. Anti-CCHFV IgG antibodies were positive in 85 (13·6%) participants. None of the seropositive individuals had a history of symptomatic infection. Regression analysis revealed that animal husbandry [odds ratio (OR) 1·84, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·09-3·11], contact with animals (OR 2·31, 95% CI 1·08-5·10), contact with ticks (OR 3·45, 95% CI 1·87-6·46), removing ticks from animals by hand (OR 2·48, 95% CI 1·48-4·18) and living in a rural area (OR 4·05, 95% CI 1·65-10·56) were associated with increased odds of having IgG seropositivity, while being a household member of a patient with prior CCHF infection had no influence on seropositivity rates. This result also supports the idea that CCHF is not transmitted person-to-person by the airborne route.
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Mencke N. Future challenges for parasitology: vector control and 'One health' in Europe: the veterinary medicinal view on CVBDs such as tick borreliosis, rickettsiosis and canine leishmaniosis. Vet Parasitol 2013; 195:256-71. [PMID: 23680539 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The medical as well as the veterinary importance of parasitic arthropods or ectoparasites in general terms, is characterized by the primary or secondary impact on the health of humans and companion animals alike. The parasitic arthropods addressed here are those ectoparasites belong to the class of insects, such as fleas and sand flies, or the subclass of acarids, such as ticks. These parasitic arthropods interact intensively with their hosts by blood feeding. Fleas, sand flies and ticks hold the vector capacity to transmit pathogens such as virus, bacteria or protozoa to cats, dogs and humans. The diseases caused by these pathogens are summarized under the terms canine vector-borne diseases (CVBD), feline vector-borne diseases (FVBD) or metazoonoses. In small animal practice, it is important to understand that the transmitted pathogen may either lead to a disease with clinical signs, or more often to asymptomatic, clinically healthy, or silent infections. Blocking of the vector-host interactions, the blood feeding and subsequently the transmission of pathogens during blood feeding is a key element of CVBD control. The focus of this review is on the current knowledge of the epidemiology of parasitic vectors and three important CVBDs they transmit; rickettsiosis, tick borreliosis and canine leishmaniosis from a European perspective, and how veterinary medicine may contribute to the challenges of CVBDs and their control. Prevention of CVBDs is fundamentally based on ectoparasite control. Ectoparasite management in cats and dogs is important not only for the health and well-being of the individual companion animal but for public health in general and is therefore a perfect example of the 'One health' approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Mencke
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee 50, 51373 Leverkusen, Germany.
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