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Kumar KV, M S, Bokade PP, S S, V B, Govindaraj G, Hemadri D, Shome BR, Balamurugan V. Mapping serogroup distribution and seroprevalence of leptospirosis in livestock of Assam, Northeastern State of India: Unveiling uncommon Leptospira serogroups. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 111:102215. [PMID: 39002175 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a significant zoonotic disease affecting livestock, leading to reproductive issues and economic losses. Despite its endemic status in India, research has predominantly focused on coastal regions, leaving the North Eastern Region (NER) underexplored. This study aims to investigate the seroprevalence and serogroup distribution of leptospirosis in livestock across Assam, a major state in the North Eastern Region (NER) of India. Serum samples (n=811) from cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and pigs were collected between 2016 and 2019 and screened using the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) for 24 serogroups. The overall seroprevalence was 22.9 % (186/811), with highest prevalence in cattle (26.2 %) and buffalo (25 %), followed by small ruminants (19.8 %) and pigs (18.6 %) . Notably, uncommon serovars such as Mini (28.8 %), Manhao (12.4 %), and Cynopteri (7.5 %) were identified, indicating a unique epidemiological pattern in Assam. High seroprevalence was observed in districts like Bongaigaon (66.7 %), Kamrup Metropolitan (50.0 %), and Nalbari (40.0 %), emphasizing the need for targeted intervention strategies. The presence of these uncommon serogroups, typically found in neighbouring countries and other regions, suggests potential transboundary transmission from these countries. This study provides valuable insights into the seroprevalence and serogroup distribution of leptospirosis in Assam's livestock, highlighting the need for region-specific surveillance and control measures. These findings underscore the importance of understanding the local epidemiological landscape to develop effective disease management and prevention strategies, ultimately reducing the impact of leptospirosis in the NER of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vinod Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - Swathi M
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - Prajakta P Bokade
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - Sowjanyakumari S
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - Bharath V
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - G Govindaraj
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - Divakar Hemadri
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - B R Shome
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - V Balamurugan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India.
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Selim A, Marzok M, Gattan HS, Abdelhady A, Salem M, Hereba AM. Seroprevalence and associated risk factors for bovine leptospirosis in Egypt. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4645. [PMID: 38409338 PMCID: PMC10897380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54882-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is caused by pathogenic bacteria of the genus Leptospira and is one of causative agents of reproductive problems leading to negative economic impact on bovine worldwide. The goal of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. in cattle in some governorates of Egypt's Nile Delta and assess the risk factors for infection. A total of 410 serum samples were collected from cattle and examined using microscopic agglutination test. The overall seroprevalence was 10.2% and the most prevalent serovars were Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona and Canicola. In addition, the potential risk factors were associated Leptospira spp. infection were age, herd size, history of abortion, presence of dogs and rodent control. Thus, leptospirosis is common in dairy cattle in the Nile Delta and the presence of rodents in feed and dog-accessible pastures increases the risk of Leptospira spp. infection among animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelfattah Selim
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, 13736, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Marzok
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt.
| | - Hattan S Gattan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelhamed Abdelhady
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Salem
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12613, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdelrahman M Hereba
- Department of Biomedical Physics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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Chinchilla D, Nieves C, Gutiérrez R, Sordoillet V, Veyrier FJ, Picardeau M. Phylogenomics of Leptospira santarosai, a prevalent pathogenic species in the Americas. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011733. [PMID: 37917733 PMCID: PMC10645364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is a complex zoonotic disease mostly caused by a group of eight pathogenic species (L. interrogans, L. borgpetersenii, L. kirschneri, L. mayottensis, L. noguchii, L. santarosai, L. weilii, L. alexanderi), with a wide spectrum of animal reservoirs and patient outcomes. Leptospira interrogans is considered as the leading causative agent of leptospirosis worldwide and it is the most studied species. However, the genomic features and phylogeography of other Leptospira pathogenic species remain to be determined. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we investigated the genome diversity of the main pathogenic Leptospira species based on a collection of 914 genomes from strains isolated around the world. Genome analyses revealed species-specific genome size and GC content, and an open pangenome in the pathogenic species, except for L. mayottensis. Taking advantage of a new set of genomes of L. santarosai strains isolated from patients in Costa Rica, we took a closer look at this species. L. santarosai strains are largely distributed in America, including the Caribbean islands, with over 96% of the available genomes originating from this continent. Phylogenetic analysis showed high genetic diversity within L. santarosai, and the clonal groups identified by cgMLST were strongly associated with geographical areas. Serotype identification based on serogrouping and/or analysis of the O-antigen biosynthesis gene loci further confirmed the great diversity of strains within the species. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, we report a comprehensive genome analysis of pathogenic Leptospira species with a focus on L. santarosai. Our study sheds new light onto the genomic diversity, evolutionary history, and epidemiology of leptospirosis in America and globally. Our findings also expand our knowledge of the genes driving O-antigen diversity. In addition, our work provides a framework for understanding the virulence and spread of L. santarosai and for improving its surveillance in both humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Chinchilla
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Bacteriología, Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), La Unión, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Cecilia Nieves
- Bacterial Symbionts Evolution, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Ricardo Gutiérrez
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Bacteriología, Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), La Unión, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Vallier Sordoillet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biology of Spirochetes Unit, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric J. Veyrier
- Bacterial Symbionts Evolution, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Picardeau
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biology of Spirochetes Unit, Paris, France
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Pérez-Gil R, Rivera-Pirela S. Leptospirosis genital incidental en machos Bubalus bubalis del estado Portuguesa, Venezuela. REVISTA CIENTÍFICA DE LA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS VETERINARIAS 2023. [DOI: 10.52973/rcfcv-e33208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
La leptospirosis constituye una importante causa de infertilidad en bóvidos. En Bubalus bubalis, Leptospira spp. infecta el tejido renal, así como los órganos sexuales, por lo que puede excretarse, tanto en orina como en semen. Solo un número limitado de estudios en todo el mundo han investigado la seroprevalencia de la enfermedad en machos bovinos y los riesgos reproductivos relacionados con la eliminación del patógeno en el semen. Se reportan aquí los resultados de la evaluación serológica, microbiológica, seminal e histopatológica de machos bufalinos adultos del municipio Esteller, estado Portuguesa, Venezuela, infectados naturalmente con Leptospira spp. Se evaluaron 17 búfalos mestizos Murrah de 40 meses de edad, previo al beneficio, con 500 kilos de peso promedio, no vacunados, a los cuales se les tomaron muestra de suero sanguíneo, orina, semen y se midió circunferencia escrotal junto a otros parámetros reproductivos. Exclusivamente 15 animales mostraron títulos entre 50 y 200 en la MAT, exclusivamente para L. hebdomadis. Los 2 animales negativos a MAT resultaron positivos en cultivo bacteriológico de orina o semen a Leptospira spp. De 6 animales beneficiados, MAT y bacteriológicamente positivos a leptospira en semen y orina, se extrajeron riñones, testículos y epidídimos para examen histopatológico. De epidídimos y riñónes se aislaron Leptospira spp., no así de testículos. Sin embargo, el diagnóstico histopatológico en testículo y epidídimo indicó degeneración de células seminíferas compatible con infección bacteriana. El riñón presentó nefritis intersticial crónica. Hubo disminución en el promedio de la circunferencia escrotal, baja intención de monta, baja concentración espermática, ausencia de ondas, pocos espermatozoides móviles, baja motilidad espermática y más de 30 % de mortalidad espermática de las muestras de semen evaluadas, indicando baja calidad del eyaculado. Las anomalías seminales mayores y menores superaron las escalas recomendadas para la especie. Se reportan aquí resultados exclusivos de búfalos machos infectados individualmente con L. hebdomadis, excretada por orina y semen, responsable de afectar el tracto reproductivo de manera incidental, ocasionando daños espermáticos, del epidídimo y daño renal, en una explotación mixta arrocera, con presencia de roedores, potenciales transmisores de la leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaura Pérez-Gil
- Centro Diagnóstico Veterinario Rosaura Pérez-Gil. Araure, Portuguesa, Venezuela
| | - Sergio Rivera-Pirela
- Universidad del Zulia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Maracaibo, Zulia, Venezuela
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de Oliveira MD, da Costa Barnabé NN, Soares RR, Azevedo SS, de Limeira CH, Alves CJ. Efficacy of leptospirosis vaccination in small ruminants: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Small Rumin Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2023.106931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Mazzanti M, Scialfa E, Rivero M, Passucci J. Epidemiology of Leptospira spp. infection in a beef cattle area of Argentina. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1083024. [PMID: 36896293 PMCID: PMC9989276 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1083024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira that affect humans and animals. This disease is complex and non-eradicable in nature. Therefore, the understanding of it is epidemiology in different environments is crucial to implement prevention and control measures. The prevalence of Leptospira infection in beef cattle farms is affected by multiple environmental, management and individual factors. In this study, a cross-sectional serological survey was carried on to estimate the prevalence of Leptospira antibodies in beef cattle in Tandil and Ayacucho Departments (Buenos Aires Province) and to identify risk factors and spatial clusters associated with seropositivity. Using a probabilistic two-stage sampling, 25 farms and 15 animals per farm were selected. The Microagglutination Test was used to analize all serum samples. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Seventy-three out of 375 cows were seropositive, representing a positivity rate of 19.47% (95% CI: 10.51-28.42), with Sejroe and Pomona being the most reactive serogroups: 9.33% (95% CI: 6.26-12.41) and 8.27% (95% CI: 5.35-11.19), respectively. The prevalence in Ayacucho was 23.11% (95% CI: 10.05-36.17), and in Tandil, 14% (95% CI: 3.25-24.75). The animals from Ayacucho presented 2.01 (1.16-3.49) more chances of being positive compared with those from Tandil (p < 0.01). After the Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) with random effect of farm-level risk, the presence of lagoons (OR: 7.32, 95% CI: 1.68-31.8, p < 0.05) and undulating terrain (OR: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.07-0.74, p < 0.05) were associated with bovine leptospirosis. Four spatial clusters with higher rates of seropositivity were detected. A new GLMM was performed with the significant variables detected in the first GLMM and a new variable, "being inside the spatial cluster," being the only one that remained significant (OR: 9.58, 95% CI: 3.39-27.08, p < 0.0001). The animals inside the clusters belonged to farms with a greater presence of creeks (OR: 9.03, 95% CI: 3.37-24.18, p < 0.0001), higher accumulated rainfall (OR: 1.01, 95% CI: 1-1.01, p < 0.0001) and less undulating terrain (OR: 0.18, 95% CI: 0.10-0.35, p < 0.0001). We conclude that Leptospira is seroprevalent in beef cattle in Tandil and Ayacucho Departments, especially in the latter, where the largest cattle farms are located. Prevalence of seropositivity animals was associated with selected environmental risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Mazzanti
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Exequiel Scialfa
- Departamento Zoonosis Rurales Azul, Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Rivero
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, SAMP, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Passucci
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, SAMP, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Pumipuntu N, Tanee T, Kyes P, Thamsenanupap P, Karaket A, Kyes RC. Leptospira Seroprevalence in Free-Ranging Long-Tailed Macaques ( Macaca fascicularis) at Kosumpee Forest Park, Maha Sarakham, Thailand. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 15:16-23. [PMID: 36648856 PMCID: PMC9844273 DOI: 10.3390/idr15010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that is ubiquitously distributed and is classified as a re-emerging infectious disease in humans and animals. Many serovars are carried by wildlife; all of them are capable of causing illness in humans. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Leptospirosis in wild long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) at Kosumpee Forest Park, Mahasarakham, Thailand. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted at the park. Blood samples were collected via saphenous vein from 30 free-ranging long-tailed macaques. All samples were tested by the microscopic agglutination test. The LipL32 gene was used to detect pathogenic Leptospira in blood samples by conventional polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Screening of the 30 wild macaques showed an overall Leptospira seroreactivity of 13.33%. Three of 30 macaques reacted against Leptospira serovar Shermani and one macaque was infected with Leptospira serovar Sejroe. None of the macaques presented clinical signs of leptospirosis. None of the blood samples showed the detection of the LipL32 gene. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the long-tailed macaques at Kosumpee Forest Park may act as natural reservoirs for Leptospirosis. Further, the results provide evidence-based information indicating that several pathogenic Leptospira serovars are circulating in the wild macaques in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natapol Pumipuntu
- One Health Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
- Veterinary Infectious Disease Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
- Correspondence:
| | - Tawatchai Tanee
- One Health Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
- Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Pensri Kyes
- Department of Psychology, Center for Global Field Study, and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Penkhae Thamsenanupap
- One Health Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
- Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Apichat Karaket
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Randall C. Kyes
- Departments of Psychology, Global Health, and Anthropology, Center for Global Field Study, and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Prapong S, Tansiri Y, Sritrakul T, Sripattanakul S, Sopitthummakhun A, Katzenmeier G, Hsieh CL, McDonough SP, Prapong T, Chang YF. Leptospira borgpetersenii Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins Provide Strong Protective Efficacy as Novel Leptospiral Vaccine Candidates. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 8:tropicalmed8010006. [PMID: 36668913 PMCID: PMC9863753 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins are advocated for being assessed in vaccine development. Leptospiral LRR proteins were identified recently in silico from the genome of Leptospira borgpetersenii serogroup Sejroe, the seroprevalence of leptospiral infections of cattle in Thailand. Two LRR recombinant proteins, rKU_Sej_LRR_2012M (2012) and rhKU_Sej_LRR_2271 (2271), containing predicted immunogenic epitopes, were investigated for their cross-protective efficacies in an acute leptospirosis model with heterologous Leptospira serovar Pomona, though, strains from serogroup Sejroe are host-adapted to bovine, leading to chronic disease. Since serovar Pomona is frequently reported as seropositive in cattle, buffaloes, pigs, and dogs in Thailand and causes acute and severe leptospirosis in cattle by incidental infection, the serogroup Sejroe LRR proteins were evaluated for their cross-protective immunity. The protective efficacies were 37.5%, 50.0%, and 75.0% based on the survival rate for the control, 2012, and 2271 groups, respectively. Sera from 2012-immunized hamsters showed weak bactericidal action compared to sera from 2271-immunized hamsters (p < 0.05). Therefore, bacterial tissue clearances, inflammatory responses, and humoral and cell-mediated immune (HMI and CMI) responses were evaluated only in 2271-immunized hamsters challenged with virulent L. interrogans serovar Pomona. The 2271 protein induced prompt humoral immune responses (p < 0.05) and leptospiral tissue clearance, reducing tissue inflammation in immunized hamsters. In addition, protein 2271 and its immunogenic peptides stimulated splenocyte lymphoproliferation and stimulated both HMI and CMI responses by activating Th1 and Th2 cytokine gene expression in vaccinated hamsters. Our data suggest that the immunogenic potential renders rhKU_Sej_LRR_2271 protein a promising candidate for the development of a novel cross-protective vaccine against animal leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriwan Prapong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, The Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food (CASAF), Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-871-264-148
| | - Yada Tansiri
- Faculty of Medicine, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Tepyuda Sritrakul
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaengsaen Campus, Nakorn Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Sineenat Sripattanakul
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, The Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Aukkrimapann Sopitthummakhun
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food (CASAF), Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Gerd Katzenmeier
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Chin-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sean P. McDonough
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Teerasak Prapong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Ibrahim NA, Alrashdi BM, Elnaker YF, Elmahallawy EK, Alblihed MA, Daib MS, Abd Elmoety AM, Abo Elfadl EA, Badawy BM, Elbaz E. Serological Investigation and Epidemiological Analysis of Bovine Leptospirosis in Egypt. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7090208. [PMID: 36136619 PMCID: PMC9503585 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7090208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease of worldwide distribution. Little information is available regarding the occurrence of the disease in the Nile Delta provinces, Egypt. The present study investigated the seroprevalence of leptospirosis among cattle from Dakahlia province, Northern Egypt, and identified the individual variables factors associated with infection. To this end, a total of 600 serum samples from cattle of small stakeholders with various clinical manifestations possibly associated with leptospirosis were collected from different localities across Dakahlia province, Egypt. Sera were examined serologically via ELISA to investigate the occurrence of the disease among animals. Chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression analyses were applied to determine the association between hypothesized risk factors and the disease. Interestingly, our findings showed that 39.33% of the examined sera were positive for Leptospira antibodies, with significant differences among different localities. In addition, statistical analysis showed significant differences among age groups. Notably, the highest prevalence rate (22%) was observed in those aged between 3 and 5 years (p < 0.0001), whereas the lowest prevalence (2.66%) was reported in cattle <1 year old (p < 0.0001). Moreover, females had a significantly higher prevalence rate (35.33%) than males (4%) (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, our results showed significant differences in the occurrence of infection and reported clinical signs (p < 0.0001). Multivariable logistic regression identified repeated breeder and drop milk yield as the best predictors for prediction of ELISA results and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) model showed that overall classification accuracy of ELISA result using clinical signs and demographic data as predictors was 70.7%. The current study concluded a relative high prevalence of leptospirosis among cows bred in movable herds and households in the studied area and that age, repeated breeder and drop milk yield can be considered major risk factors associated with infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermin Awade Ibrahim
- Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Barakat M. Alrashdi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser Fathi Elnaker
- Animal Medicine Department (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El Kharga 72511, Egypt
| | - Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Mohamed A. Alblihed
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box. 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed said Daib
- Animal Hygiene and Zoonosis Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El Kharga 72511, Egypt
| | - Amany M. Abd Elmoety
- Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Eman A. Abo Elfadl
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Basma M. Badawy
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Elzahara Elbaz
- Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases and Fish Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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10
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Saechan V, Tongthainan D, Fungfuang W, Tulayakul P, Ieamsaard G, Ngasaman R. Natural infection of leptospirosis and melioidosis in long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Thailand. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:700-706. [PMID: 35387956 PMCID: PMC9177388 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the incidence of leptospirosis and melioidosis in long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Thailand. Serum samples from 223 monkeys were subjected to the Lepto Latex Test and indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test to detect antibodies against Leptospira spp. and Burkholderia pseudomallei. The microagglutination test (MAT) was used to identify serovars of Leptospira spp. Conventional PCR for the LipL32 gene of L. interogans and the BPSS0120 and btfc-orf18 genes of B. pseudomallei was used for molecular detection. The overall seroprevalence of leptospirosis and melioidosis was 2.69% (95% CI: 0.99-5.76%) and 14.35% (95% CI: 10.03-19.65%), respectively. Six samples that showed positive MAT results were also positive for IHA. The serovars of Leptospira were Ranarum (5/6), Shermani (6/6), and both (5/6). Conventional PCR for the LipL32 gene of Leptospira spp. was positive in 10.31% of the samples (95% CI: 5.56-13.51%). However, there were no positive results for BPSS0120 and btfc-orf18 in B. pseudomallei. Active infection was detected only for leptospirosis; however, it can be assumed that pathogen exposure occurred in this group of animals because immunity could be detected. The routes of infection and elimination pathways of both bacteria remain unclear, and the mechanism of protection in non-human primates needs to be elucidated in further studies. Moreover, this health issue should be considered to prevent human infections in monkeys and their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daraka Tongthainan
- Bio-Veterinary Science Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University
| | | | - Phitsanu Tulayakul
- Department of Veterinary Public Heath, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University
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11
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Goosen W, Moseley MH, Kerr TJ, Potts A, Miller M. The Seroepidemiology of a Neglected Zoonotic and Livestock Pathogen in Free-Ranging Bovids: Leptospirosis in African Buffaloes ( Syncerus caffer). Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091072. [PMID: 34578105 PMCID: PMC8469302 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-host pathogens are challenging to control and are responsible for some of the most important diseases of humans, livestock, and wildlife. Leptospira spp. are some of the most common multi-host pathogens and represent an important cause of zoonotic infections and livestock productivity loss in the developing world, where contact with wildlife species is common. Although there is increasing evidence that cattle in Africa harbour a broad diversity of Leptospira genotypes and serovars, little is known about the epidemiology of these pathogens in wild bovids, such as African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer). Using microscopic agglutination testing (MAT) on serum samples collected from free-ranging buffaloes (n = 98) captured in the Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park (HiP), South Africa, we demonstrated an overall seroprevalence of 21% with seropositivity almost exclusively limited to serovar Tarassovi (serogroup Tarassovi). Moreover, we found no evidence of seropositivity in unweaned calves and showed temporal- or herd-specific variation in exposure risk, and increased probability of seropositivity (OR = 5.44, 95% CI = 1.4–27) in female buffaloes. Together, these findings demonstrate that free-ranging African buffaloes are exposed to Leptospira spp. infections, providing insights into the epidemiology of an emerging Leptospira serovar in herds with an absence of any disease control and minimal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wynand Goosen
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (W.G.); (T.J.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Mark Hamish Moseley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Tanya Jane Kerr
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (W.G.); (T.J.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Andrew Potts
- Agricultural Research Council—Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa;
| | - Michele Miller
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (W.G.); (T.J.K.); (M.M.)
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12
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The effects of flooding and weather conditions on leptospirosis transmission in Thailand. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1486. [PMID: 33452273 PMCID: PMC7810882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79546-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemic of leptospirosis in humans occurs annually in Thailand. In this study, we have developed mathematical models to investigate transmission dynamics between humans, animals, and a contaminated environment. We compared different leptospire transmission models involving flooding and weather conditions, shedding and multiplication rate in a contaminated environment. We found that the model in which the transmission rate depends on both flooding and temperature, best-fits the reported human data on leptospirosis in Thailand. Our results indicate that flooding strongly contributes to disease transmission, where a high degree of flooding leads to a higher number of infected individuals. Sensitivity analysis showed that the transmission rate of leptospires from a contaminated environment was the most important parameter for the total number of human cases. Our results suggest that public education should target people who work in contaminated environments to prevent Leptospira infections.
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13
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Krairojananan P, Thaipadungpanit J, Leepitakrat S, Monkanna T, Wanja EW, Schuster AL, Costa F, Poole-Smith BK, McCardle PW. Low Prevalence of Leptospira Carriage in Rodents in Leptospirosis-Endemic Northeastern Thailand. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5040154. [PMID: 33008058 PMCID: PMC7720114 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5040154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonotic disease affecting mostly the world's tropical regions. The rural people of northeastern Thailand suffer from a large number of leptospirosis infections, and their abundant rice fields are optimal rodent habitats. To evaluate the contribution of diversity and carriage rate of pathogenic Leptospira in rodent reservoirs to leptospirosis incidence, we surveyed rodents, between 2011 and 2012, in four provinces in northeastern Thailand with the highest incidence rates of human leptospirosis cases. We used lipL32 real-time PCR to detect pathogenic Leptospira in rodent kidneys, partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing to classify the infecting Leptospira species, and whole 16S rDNA sequencing to classify species of isolated Leptospira. Overall prevalence of Leptospira infection was 3.6% (18/495). Among infected rodents, Bandicotaindica (14.3%), Rattusexulans (3.6%), and R. rattus (3.2%) had renal carriage. We identified two pathogenic Leptospira species: L. interrogans (n = 15) and L. borgpetersenii (n = 3). In addition, an L. wolffii (LS0914U) isolate was recovered from the urine of B. indica. Leptospira infection was more prevalent in low density rodent populations, such as B. indica. In contrast, there was a lower prevalence of Leptospira infection in high density rodent populations of R. exulans and R. rattus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panadda Krairojananan
- Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.L.); (T.M.); (B.K.P.-S.); (P.W.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-662-696-2700 (ext. 4741)
| | - Janjira Thaipadungpanit
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Surachai Leepitakrat
- Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.L.); (T.M.); (B.K.P.-S.); (P.W.M.)
| | - Taweesak Monkanna
- Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.L.); (T.M.); (B.K.P.-S.); (P.W.M.)
| | - Elizabeth W. Wanja
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| | | | - Federico Costa
- The Institute of Collective Health (ISC), Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Rua Basílio da Gama, 316, Canela, Salvador CEP 40110-040, Brazil;
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - B. Katherine Poole-Smith
- Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.L.); (T.M.); (B.K.P.-S.); (P.W.M.)
| | - Patrick W. McCardle
- Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.L.); (T.M.); (B.K.P.-S.); (P.W.M.)
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14
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Guedes IB, de Souza GO, de Oliveira LAR, Castro JFDP, de Souza Filho AF, Maia ALP, Heinemann MB. Prevalence of Leptospira serogroups in buffaloes from the Brazilian Amazon. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:433-440. [PMID: 32319231 PMCID: PMC7397922 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Brazil has one of the largest buffalo populations in the Americas, buffalo leptospirosis is still poorly explored when compared to that in bovines; thus, the aim of this research was to carry out a large serological study for leptospirosis in this species in the Brazilian Amazon. For this, we collected 1,405 serum samples from buffaloes raised in the Amazon delta region, which is considered a major area of buffalo production in Brazil. The test used was a microscopic agglutination test (MAT) adopting 34 Leptospira antigens, some of which have never been tested for buffaloes in Brazil, including autochthonous strains; in total, 20 serogroups were evaluated. From the total of 1,405 serum samples, 894 (63.6%) reacted in the MAT to at least one of the 20 serogroups, and 511 (36.4%) did not react. The serogroups Sejroe, Autumnalis and Pomona were the most prevalent, with titres ranging from 100 to 12,800, and the autochthonous strains used were not significant in relation to the reference serovars. Leptospirosis in buffaloes seems to have a serological profile similar to leptospirosis in cattle, mainly due to the prevalence of the Sejroe serogroup; however, the results of this study suggested that in the Brazilian Amazon, Leptospira strains that are serologically distinct from the autochthonous strains isolated in the southeastern region of Brazil may be circulating in these animals. Other serovars could also be inserted into the panel of antigens used in MAT for serological studies on buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel B Guedes
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele O de Souza
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lilian A R de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana F de P Castro
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio F de Souza Filho
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anderson L P Maia
- Médico Veterinário, Auditor Fiscal Agropecuário, Agência de Defesa e Inspeção Agropecuária do Estado do Amapá, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Prompiram P, Poltep K, Sangkaew N. Antibody reaction of leptospirosis in asymptomatic feral boars, Thailand. Vet World 2019; 12:1884-1887. [PMID: 32009771 PMCID: PMC6925046 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1884-1887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to determine the proportion of exposure to leptospirosis and evaluate the degree of serovar antibody reaction in feral boars. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 58 sera obtained from feral boars in Khao Prathab Chang Wildlife Breeding Center, Ratchaburi, Thailand, were screened for leptospirosis exposure by microscopic agglutination test, conducted with a reference panel of 23 pathogenic serovars and a non-pathogenic serovar. RESULTS Overall exposure rate of 62.07% was found in the studied population. An antibody reaction presented in 18 of 24 leptospiral serovars. Among the seropositive, Ballum serovar showed predominant exposure in the feral boar population. CONCLUSION The results show a relatively high exposure to leptospirosis and the predominant serovar was Ballum followed by Canicola, the first finding in feral boars in Thailand. It has been revealed that feral boars act as a natural reservoir host of leptospirosis. There should be more concern about public health problems in leptospirosis arising where feral boars appear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phirom Prompiram
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonthon 4 Rd., Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Kanaporn Poltep
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonthon 4 Rd., Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Nongluck Sangkaew
- Veterinary Research and Development Center Lower Northern Region, 9 Moo15 Phitsanulok-Lomsak Rd., Wangthong, Phitsanulok 65130, Thailand
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16
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Olmo L, Reichel MP, Nampanya S, Khounsy S, Wahl LC, Clark BA, Thomson PC, Windsor PA, Bush RD. Risk factors for Neospora caninum, bovine viral diarrhoea virus, and Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo infection in smallholder cattle and buffalo in Lao PDR. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220335. [PMID: 31393897 PMCID: PMC6687104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Smallholder large ruminant production in Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos) is characterised by low reproductive efficiency. To determine if common abortifacient bovid infectious diseases are involved, a serological investigation was conducted. Sera was collected from stored and fresh cattle (n = 390) and buffalo (n = 130) samples from 2016-18 from, and then examined for associations in a retrospective risk factor study of 71 herds. The sera were assayed for antibodies to Neospora caninum, bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo and Brucella abortus using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. These pathogens were detected in buffalo samples at 78.5% (95% CI 71.4-85.6), 0%, 2.3% (95% CI 0-4.9) and 0%, respectively, and in cattle at 4.4% (95% CI 2.4-6.4), 7.7% (95% CI 3.1-12.3), 12.8% (95% CI 9.5-16.1) and 0.26% (95% CI 0-0.8), respectively. Exposure of buffalo to N. caninum was positively associated with buffalo age, with a predicted seropositivity at birth of 52.8%, increasing to 97.2% by 12 years of age (p = 0.037). Exposure of cattle to L. interrogans serovar Hardjo was more prevalent in females compared to males, was associated with higher titres of BVDV, and was more prevalent in the wet season compared to the dry season. Exposure of cattle to BVDV was more prevalent in males compared to females, the wet and dry seasons were comparable, and was associated with rising antibody titres against N. caninum and L. interrogans serovar Hardjo. The risk factor survey identified that the probability of herds being N. caninum positive increased with farmer age, if farmers believed there were rodents on farm, and if farmers weren't aware that canids or rodents could contaminate bovid feed on their farm. The probability of a herd being positive to L. interrogans serovar Hardjo increased on farms where multiple cows shared the same bull, where farmers had lower husbandry knowledge, and on farms that used water troughs. The probability of a herd being BVDV seropositive increased with increasing herd size and increasing titres to N. caninum. The benchmarking of bovid exposure to emerging abortifacient pathogens and identification of their risk factors potentially informs disease prevention strategies, supporting efforts to establish a biosecure beef supply for enhanced smallholder livestock productivity, public health and food security in Laos and surrounding countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Olmo
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael P Reichel
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sonevilay Nampanya
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia.,Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Syseng Khounsy
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Lloyd C Wahl
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bethanie A Clark
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter C Thomson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter A Windsor
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Russell D Bush
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
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17
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Yatbantoong N, Chaiyarat R. Factors Associated with Leptospirosis in Domestic Cattle in Salakphra Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16061042. [PMID: 30909452 PMCID: PMC6466321 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16061042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis found in cattle (Bos taurus indicus) has potentially increased in economic impact. The objective was to investigate the factors associated with leptospirosis in cattle in the protected area. We investigated the seroprevalence of leptospirosis in cattle in Salakphra Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. Serum was collected to investigate the seroprevalence by agglutination test and their associated factors. From a total of 513 samples, antibodies against Leptospira were detected in 92.2% of samples. Within a total of 42 herds, the serovar with the highest prevalence was L interrogans serovar Tarassovi (92.9%). Most leptospirosis was found in medium-sized herds with the highest concentrations in cattle farms close to cities (52.4%, p < 0.05). Seroprevalence was associated with herd size, raising pattern in the dry and wet seasons, grazing distance, number of years that cattle were kept in the farm, the introduction of new cattle into the farm, and keeping some pets in the farm. The results of the study suggest that keeping cattle in larger herds, raising pattern and distance, keeping period, and introducing new cattle and having pets impart potential risk of increasing leptospirosis exposure. These results indicate that cattle are important hosts of Leptospira in Thailand and may act as sentinels of Leptospira infection for wildlife and people in the protected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nantawan Yatbantoong
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampheangsean Campus, Kampheangsean 73140, Thailand.
| | - Rattanawat Chaiyarat
- Wildlife and Plant Research Center, Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom 73170, Thailand.
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18
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Chadsuthi S, Chalvet-Monfray K, Wiratsudakul A, Suwancharoen D, Cappelle J. A remotely sensed flooding indicator associated with cattle and buffalo leptospirosis cases in Thailand 2011-2013. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:602. [PMID: 30497412 PMCID: PMC6267035 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3537-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease worldwide, caused by spirochetes bacteria of the genus Leptospira. In Thailand, cattle and buffalo used in agriculture are in close contact with human beings. During flooding, bacteria can quickly spread throughout an environment, increasing the risk of leptospirosis infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of several environmental factors with cattle and buffalo leptospirosis cases in Thailand, with a focus on flooding. METHOD A total of 3571 urine samples were collected from cattle and buffalo in 107 districts by field veterinarians from January 2011 to February 2013. All samples were examined for the presence of leptospirosis infection by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Environmental data, including rainfall, percentage of flooded area (estimated by remote sensing), average elevation, and human and livestock population density were used to build a generalized linear mixed model. RESULTS A total of 311 out of 3571 (8.43%) urine samples tested positive by the LAMP technique. Positive samples were recorded in 51 out of 107 districts (47.66%). Results showed a significant association between the percentage of the area flooded at district level and leptospirosis infection in cattle and buffalo (p = 0.023). Using this data, a map with a predicted risk of leptospirosis can be developed to help forecast leptospirosis cases in the field. CONCLUSIONS Our model allows the identification of areas and periods when the risk of leptospirosis infection is higher in cattle and buffalo, mainly due to a seasonal flooding. The increased risk of leptospirosis infection can also be higher in humans too. These areas and periods should be targeted for leptospirosis surveillance and control in both humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarat Chadsuthi
- Department of Physics, Research Center for Academic Excellence in Applied Physics, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
| | - Karine Chalvet-Monfray
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université de Lyon, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, 63122, Saint Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Anuwat Wiratsudakul
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, and the Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Duangjai Suwancharoen
- National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Julien Cappelle
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université de Lyon, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, 63122, Saint Genès Champanelle, France.,ASTRE, CIRAD, INRA, Université de Montpellier, 34398, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 34398, Montpellier, France
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19
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Daud A, Fuzi NMHM, Arshad MM, Kamarudin S, Mohammad WMZW, Amran F, Ismail N. Leptospirosis seropositivity and its serovars among cattle in Northeastern Malaysia. Vet World 2018; 11:840-844. [PMID: 30034179 PMCID: PMC6048083 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.840-844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that infects human and livestock which causes economic losses to the farmers. It has been reported as one of the causes of reproductive failure in cattle and other ruminants, determining abortions, stillbirth, weak newborns, and decrease in their growth rate and milk production. Aim: The objectives of this study were to determine the leptospirosis seroprevalence and to identify the predominant infecting serovars among cattle. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 420 cattle from six randomly selected districts in Kelantan was conducted. A serological test using the microscopic agglutination test was conducted in the Institute of Medical Research with a cutoff titer for seropositivity of ≥1:100. Results: The overall prevalence of leptospirosis seropositivity among cattle in this study was 81.7% (95% confidence interval: 63.5, 80.1). The most common reaction obtained with the sera tested was from the serovar Sarawak with 78.8%. Conclusion: A high seroprevalence of leptospiral antibodies was found among cattle in Northeastern Malaysia. These findings urge that more studies are required to determine the reasons for the high seroprevalence among the cattle along with its transmission and pathogenicity of the local serovar Sarawak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziah Daud
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nik Mohd Hafiz Mohd Fuzi
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Mokhtar Arshad
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Taman Bendahara, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Suratan Kamarudin
- Department of Veterinary Services Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Wan Mohd Zahiruddin Wan Mohammad
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Fairuz Amran
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nabilah Ismail
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Olmo L, Dye M, Reichel M, Young J, Nampanya S, Khounsy S, Thomson P, Windsor P, Bush R. Investigation of infectious reproductive pathogens of large ruminants: Are neosporosis, brucellosis, leptospirosis and BVDV of relevance in Lao PDR? Acta Trop 2018; 177:118-126. [PMID: 29024616 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
N. caninum, bovine viral diarrhoea virus, Brucella abortus and Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo are globally significant reproductive pathogens that cause abortion and reproductive loss in large ruminants. Prevalence information is lacking in Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos) despite the poor reproductive performance of cattle and buffalo. Serological examination of frozen cattle (n=90) and buffalo (n=61) sera by commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays provided the first reported screening of some of these pathogens in Laos. Seroprevalence differed amongst these large ruminant species, with N. caninum, BVDV and L. interrogans serovar Hardjo antibodies found in 68.9% (95% CI±11.6), 4.9% (95% CI±5.4) and 3.3% (95% CI±4.5) of buffalo sera, respectively, and in 7.8% (95% CI±5.5), 10.0% (95% CI±6.2) and 22.2% (95% CI±8.6) of cattle sera, respectively. Buffalo sera had a significantly higher seroprevalence of N. caninum compared to cattle (p<0.001) and cattle sera had a significantly higher seroprevalence of L. interrogans serovar Hardjo compared to buffalo (p=0.003). Variability was also observed across provinces for N. caninum in buffalo (p=0.007) and for L. interrogans serovar Hardjo in cattle (p=0.071), suggesting provincial risk factors conducive to pathogen transmission. BVDV and N. caninum seropositivity were negatively associated in buffalo (p=0.018) and cattle (p=0.003). In buffalo, L. interrogans serovar Hardjo and BVDV seropositivity were associated (p=0.035, p=0.039). The identification of antibodies against three major abortifacient pathogens in Laos prompts further research to determine if infection is associated with low reproductive efficiency and the risk factors for infection. This is needed for the development of evidence based prevention strategies for improved large ruminant reproductive management among smallholders in Laos.
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21
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Romero-Salas D, Alvarado-Esquivel C, Domínguez-Aguilar G, Cruz-Romero A, Ibarra-Priego N, Barrientos-Salcedo C, Aguilar-Domínguez M, Canseco-Sedano R, Espín-Iturbe LT, Sánchez-Anguiano LF, Hernández-Tinoco J, de León AAP. Seroepidemiology of Infection with Neospora Caninum, Leptospira, and Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 in Water Buffaloes (Bubalus Bubalis) in Veracruz, Mexico. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2017; 7:278-283. [PMID: 29403656 PMCID: PMC5793697 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2017.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to determine the seroprevalence of infection with Neospora caninum, Leptospira, and bovine herpesvirus type 1 and risk factors associated with these infections in water buffaloes in Veracruz State, Mexico. Through a cross-sectional study, 144 water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) raised in 5 ranches of Veracruz were examined for anti-N. caninum and anti-bovine herpesvirus type 1 antibodies by enzyme immunoassays, and anti-Leptospira interrogans antibodies by microscopic agglutination test. Of the 144 buffaloes studied, 35 (24.3%) were positive for N. caninum, 50 (34.7%) for Leptospira, and 83 (57.6%) for bovine herpes virus. The frequencies of leptospiral serovars in buffaloes were as follows: 18.7% for Muenchen (n = 27), 10.4% for Hardjo LT (n = 15), 9.0% for Pyrogenes (n = 13), and 4.8% for Icterohaemorrhagiae (n = 7). Seropositive buffaloes were found in all 5 ranches studied. Logistic regression showed that cohabitation of buffaloes with cows was associated with infection with Leptospira (odds ratio [OR], 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04–4.5; P = 0.03) and bovine herpesvirus (OR, 12.0; 95% CI, 4.0–36.2; P < 0.01). This is the first study that provides serological evidence of N. caninum, Leptospira, and bovine herpesvirus type 1 infections in water buffaloes in Mexico. Our findings could be used to enhance preventive measures against these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Romero-Salas
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Circunvalación y Yáñez S/N, C.P. 91710, Veracruz, México
| | - Cosme Alvarado-Esquivel
- Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina y Nutrición, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000 Durango, México
| | - Gladys Domínguez-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Circunvalación y Yáñez S/N, C.P. 91710, Veracruz, México
| | - Anabel Cruz-Romero
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Circunvalación y Yáñez S/N, C.P. 91710, Veracruz, México
| | - Nelly Ibarra-Priego
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Circunvalación y Yáñez S/N, C.P. 91710, Veracruz, México
| | - Carolina Barrientos-Salcedo
- Laboratorio de Química Médica y Quimiogenómica, Facultad de Bioanálisis Región Veracruz, Agustín de Iturbide Esq. Carmen Serdán S/N, Col. Centro, C.P. 91700 México
| | - Mariel Aguilar-Domínguez
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Circunvalación y Yáñez S/N, C.P. 91710, Veracruz, México
| | - Rodolfo Canseco-Sedano
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Circunvalación y Yáñez S/N, C.P. 91710, Veracruz, México
| | - Luz Teresa Espín-Iturbe
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Circunvalación y Yáñez S/N, C.P. 91710, Veracruz, México
| | - Luis Francisco Sánchez-Anguiano
- Instituto de Investigación Científica "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm", Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000 Durango, México
| | - Jesús Hernández-Tinoco
- Instituto de Investigación Científica "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm", Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000 Durango, México
| | - Adalberto A Pérez de León
- US Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, Kerrville, Texas, 78028, USA
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22
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Pinto PS, Pestana C, Medeiros MA, Lilenbaum W. Plurality of Leptospira strains on slaughtered animals suggest a broader concept of adaptability of leptospires to cattle. Acta Trop 2017; 172:156-159. [PMID: 28472618 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis in bovines is in majority determined by the host-adapted serovars, mainly Hardjo (types Hardjoprajitno and Hardjobovis), that belong to the serogroup Sejroe. Members of other serogroups as Pomona and Tarassovi have been eventually reported, mainly when outbreaks occurs. Nevertheless, the real role of other strains (non-Hardjo) on determining disease or being transmitted by cattle free of apparent clinical signs of acute infection remains to be elucidated. In that context, the aim of the present study was to investigate the hypothesis that strains of serovars/serogroups other than Hardjo may also be maintained and shed by cattle free of clinical signs. Samples of urine and/or vaginal fluid were collected from 697 bovines from a slaughterhouse located close to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Culturing yielded 19 isolates what represents the largest number ever obtained in Brazil on similar studies. These strains were serogrouped and genetically characterized. Fifteen of those were described in other papers and four are first described on the present study. Isolates belong to three different species (Leptospira santarosai, L. alstonii and L. interrogans) and five serogroups (Sarmin, Tarassovi, Shermani, Grippotyphosa and Sejroe). The majority (84.2%) of the isolates belongs to the species L. santarosai, the most prevalent species on cattle in the studied region. Non-Hardjo (non-Sejroe) strains represent 57.9% of the isolates, what indicates an unexpected high diversity of serogroups obtained from these cattle. This suggest that non-Hardjo (non-Sejroe) strains may also be maintained and shed by cattle and that finding must be considered in the epidemiology and control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila S Pinto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, 101 Prof. Hernani Mello Street, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Pestana
- Laboratory of Recombinant Technology, Bio-Manguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazil
| | - Marco A Medeiros
- Laboratory of Recombinant Technology, Bio-Manguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazil
| | - Walter Lilenbaum
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, 101 Prof. Hernani Mello Street, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Kurilung A, Chanchaithong P, Lugsomya K, Niyomtham W, Wuthiekanun V, Prapasarakul N. Molecular detection and isolation of pathogenic Leptospira from asymptomatic humans, domestic animals and water sources in Nan province, a rural area of Thailand. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:146-154. [PMID: 28384550 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease that is often associated with animal carriers and contamination of the environment via infected urine. This study aimed to assess pathogenic leptospiral carriage in Nan province, a rural area of Thailand where leptospirosis is endemic. Samples from 20 villages were obtained during the period 2013 to 2016, comprising urine samples collected from asymptomatic people (n=37) and domestic animals (n=342), and environmental water samples (n=14). Leptospira were cultured in Ellinghauson McCullough Johnson and Harris (EMJH) media. An rrs nested PCR identified 9.92% (95% confidence interval (CI) 6.96-12.88) of the urine and water samples as being positive for Leptospira spp., and phylogenetic analysis was conducted on the 443bp amplicons. Leptospira weilii, which has not previously been identified in Thailand, was recovered from 13 cattle, 9 pigs, 2 dogs, 2 water samples and 1 goat. L. interrogans was found in 4 dogs, 3 pigs, 3 cattle, 1 human and 1 water sample. Four leptospiral strains were isolated and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis was performed on these. Three novel sequence types were identified, including two singletons of L. interrogans in ST26 and ST33, and one of L. weilii in ST94, with this having a close relationship to previous isolates from cases of human leptospirosis in Laos and China. Our results revealed that pathogenic Leptospira occur commonly in asymptomatic domestic animals, humans and environmental water samples in Nan Province, and emphasize the high potential for zoonotic transmission in the province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alongkorn Kurilung
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pattrarat Chanchaithong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kittitat Lugsomya
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Waree Niyomtham
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Vanaporn Wuthiekanun
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Nuvee Prapasarakul
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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24
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Chadsuthi S, Bicout DJ, Wiratsudakul A, Suwancharoen D, Petkanchanapong W, Modchang C, Triampo W, Ratanakorn P, Chalvet-Monfray K. Investigation on predominant Leptospira serovars and its distribution in humans and livestock in Thailand, 2010-2015. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005228. [PMID: 28182662 PMCID: PMC5325611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic bacterial disease caused by infection with leptospires. Leptospirosis in humans and livestock is an endemic and epidemic disease in Thailand. Livestock may act as reservoirs for leptospires and source for human infection. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Data on leptospirosis infection in humans and livestock (Buffaloes, Cattle, and Pigs) species during 2010 to 2015 were analyzed. Serum samples were examined using Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) to identify antibodies against Leptospira serovars using a cut-off titer ≥ 1:100. The seroprevalence was 23.7% in humans, 24.8% in buffaloes, 28.1% in cattle, and 11.3% in pigs. Region specific prevalence among humans and livestock was found in a wide range. The most predominant serovars were Shermani, followed by Bratislava, Panama, and Sejroe in human, Shermani, Ranarum, and Tarassovi in buffaloes, and Shermani and Ranarum in cattle and pigs. Equally highest MAT titers against multiple serovars per one sample were found mainly in buffaloes and cattle showing equally titers against Ranarum and Shermani. The correlations of distribution of serovars across Thailand's regions were found to be similar in pattern for cattle but not for buffaloes. In humans, the serovar distribution in the south differed from other regions. By logistic regression, the results indicated that livestock is more susceptible to infection by serovar Shermani when compared to humans. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study gives a detailed picture of the predominance of Leptospira serovars in relation to region, humans and typical livestock. The broad spatial distribution of seroprevalence was analyzed across and within species as well as regions in Thailand. Our finding may guide public health policy makers to implement appropriate control measures and help to reduce the impact of leptospirosis in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarat Chadsuthi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Dominique J. Bicout
- Biomathematics & Epidemiology, EPHP–TIMC Lab, UMR 5525 CNRS Univ Grenoble Alpes, VetAgro Sup, 69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Anuwat Wiratsudakul
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, and the Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Duangjai Suwancharoen
- National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wimol Petkanchanapong
- National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nontaburi, Thailand
| | - Charin Modchang
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence in Mathematics, CHE, 328, Si Ayutthaya Road, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wannapong Triampo
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence in Mathematics, CHE, 328, Si Ayutthaya Road, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Parntep Ratanakorn
- Department of Clinical Science and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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25
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Exact inference for the risk ratio with an imperfect diagnostic test. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 145:187-193. [PMID: 27608542 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816002028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk ratio quantifies the risk of disease in a study population relative to a reference population. Standard methods of estimation and testing assume a perfect diagnostic test having sensitivity and specificity of 100%. However, this assumption typically does not hold, and this may invalidate naive estimation and testing for the risk ratio. We propose procedures that control for sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic test, given the risks are measured by proportions, as it is in cross-sectional studies or studies with fixed follow-up times. These procedures provide an exact unconditional test and confidence interval for the true risk ratio. The methods also cover the case when sensitivity and specificity differ in the two groups (differential misclassification). The resulting test and confidence interval may be useful in epidemiological studies as well as in clinical and vaccine trials. We illustrate the method with real-life examples which demonstrate that ignoring sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic test may lead to considerable bias in the estimated risk ratio.
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26
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Suwancharoen D, Limlertvatee S, Chetiyawan P, Tongpan P, Sangkaew N, Sawaddee Y, Inthakan K, Wiratsudakul A. A nationwide survey of pathogenic leptospires in urine of cattle and buffaloes by Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method in Thailand, 2011-2013. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1495-1500. [PMID: 27302016 PMCID: PMC5059378 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a worldwide distributed zoonosis which has long been endemic in
Thailand. Cattle and buffaloes are important livestock species that live in close contact
with humans, especially in rural areas. These animals may, therefore, act as long-term
carriers of leptospirosis for humans and other livestock species. The present study
employed loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method to detect pathogenic
leptospiral 16S rDNA in the urine of cattle and buffaloes for assessing associations
between uroprevalence and species, sex, age and spatial distribution. A total of 3,657
urine samples were collected for laboratory diagnosis, and 312 of which turned positive to
the test (true prevalence 5.90%; 95% CI 4.98–6.91). The highest true uroprevalence was
found in lower northern region at 19.80% (95% CI 15.83–24.32) followed by upper and lower
northeastern regions at 15.22% and 6.25%, respectively. However, the highest true
uroprevalence in beef cattle, the majority of cattle in Thailand, was recorded in
northeastern region which is the endemic area of human leptospirosis. The uroprevalence
was not statistically different among species and types of examined animals. Male animals
were over twice more likely to be infected compared to females. Excluding animals younger
than one year of age due to small sample size, the uroprevalence upraised with increasing
age. A collaborative investigation between veterinary and public health sectors is
required to holistically explore the link between leptospirosis in humans and livestock,
especially in high prevalent areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duangjai Suwancharoen
- National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, 50/2 Kasetklang, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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27
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A systematic review on the microscopic agglutination test seroepidemiology of bovine leptospirosis in Latin America. Trop Anim Health Prod 2015; 48:239-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0954-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
We studied the temporal and spatial patterns of leptospirosis, its association with flooding and animal census data in Thailand. Flood data from 2010 to 2012 were extracted from spatial information taken from satellite images. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) was used to determine the relationship between spatio-temporal flooding patterns and the number of human leptospirosis cases. In addition, the area of flood coverage, duration of waterlogging, time lags between flood events, and a number of potential animal reservoirs were considered in a sub-analysis. There was no significant temporal trend of leptospirosis over the study period. Statistical analysis showed an inconsistent relationship between IRR and flooding across years and regions. Spatially, leptospirosis occurred repeatedly and predominantly in northeastern Thailand. Our findings suggest that flooding is less influential in leptospirosis transmission than previously assumed. High incidence of the disease in the northeastern region is explained by the fact that agriculture and animal farming are important economic activities in this area. The periodic rise and fall of reported leptospirosis cases over time might be explained by seasonal exposure from rice farming activities performed during the rainy season when flood events often occur. We conclude that leptospirosis remains an occupational disease in Thailand.
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de Carvalho SM, Mineiro ALBB, Castro V, Genovez ME, Azevedo SS, Costa FAL. Leptospirosis seroprevalence and risk factors for sheep in Maranhão state, Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2013; 46:491-4. [PMID: 24326771 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-013-0505-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine leptospirosis seroprevalence in sheep and their spatial distribution as well as identify risk factors associated with seropositivity in sheep from 37 herds and 11 municipalities in the Presidente Dutra microregion, Maranhão state, Brazil. We analyzed 379 blood serum samples using a Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). The individual seroprevalence was 32%. Of the 37 herds studied, 30 (81%, 95% CI 69-94%) had at least one seropositive animal. In seven municipalities, we observed infection in 100% of the herds. The serovars recorded were Grippotyphosa (67%), Wollfi with Hardjo (9%), Bratislava (9%), Hardjo (5%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (5%), Pomona (2%), Castellonis (2%) and Copenhageni (0.8%). We concluded that the Leptospira spp. in sheep is widespread in the area of sheep farms in Maranhão state, and a risk factor is the animals' water source.
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30
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Martins G, Lilenbaum W. Leptospirosis in sheep and goats under tropical conditions. Trop Anim Health Prod 2013; 46:11-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-013-0480-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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