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de los Santos C, Pastor JC, Calonge M. Mercury intoxication and ophthalmic involvement: An update review. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1148357. [PMID: 37063600 PMCID: PMC10102333 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1148357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human intoxication after mercury exposure is a rare condition that can cause severe damage to the central nervous, respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal, skin, and visual systems and represents a major public health concern. Ophthalmic involvement includes impaired function of the extraocular muscles and the eyelids, as well as structural changes in the ocular surface, lens, retina, and optic nerve causing a potential irreversible damage to the visual system. Although, there are many pathways for poisoning depending on the mercury form, it has been suggested that tissue distribution does not differ in experimental animals when administered as mercury vapor, organic mercury, or inorganic mercury. Additionally, visual function alterations regarding central visual acuity, color discrimination, contrast sensitivity, visual field and electroretinogram responses have also been described widely. Nevertheless, there is still controversy about whether visual manifestations occur secondary to brain damage or as a direct affectation, and which ocular structure is primarily affected. Despite the use of some imaging techniques such as in vivo confocal microscopy of the cornea, optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the retina and optic nerve, and functional tests such as electroretinography has helped to solve in part this debate, further studies incorporating other imaging modalities such as autofluorescence, OCT angiography or adaptive optics retinal imaging are needed. This review aims to summarize the published structural and functional alterations found in the visual system of patients suffering from mercury intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian de los Santos
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Cristian de los Santos,
| | - J. Carlos Pastor
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Centro en Red de Medicina Regenerativa y Terapia Celular. Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Margarita Calonge
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Centro en Red de Medicina Regenerativa y Terapia Celular. Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Decleva D, Vidal KS, Kreuz AC, de Menezes PAHL, Ventura DF. Alterations of color vision and pupillary light responses in age-related macular degeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 14:933453. [PMID: 36688155 PMCID: PMC9849391 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.933453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible central vision loss in developed countries and one of the leading causes of blindness. In this work, we evaluated color vision and the pupil light reflex (PLR) to assess visual function in patients with early and neovascular AMD (NVAMD) compared with the control group. Methods We recruited 34 early patients with dry AMD and classified them into two groups following AREDS: 13 patients with NVAMD and 24 healthy controls. Controls and patients with early dry AMD had visual acuity (VA) best or equal to 20/25 (0.098 logMAR). Color vision was assessed in controls and patients with early dry AMD using the Cambridge Color Test (CCT) 2.0 through the Trivector protocol. The PLR was evaluated using a Ganzfeld, controlled by the RETI-port system. The stimuli consisted of 1s blue (470 nm) and red (631 nm) light flashes presented alternately at 2-min intervals. To assess the cone contribution, we used a red flash at 2.4 log cd.m-2, with a blue background at 0.78 log cd.m-2. For rods, we used 470-nm flashes at -3 log cd.m-2, and for the melanopsin function of ipRGCs, we used 470 nm at 2.4 log cd.m-2. Results Patients with early dry AMD had reduced color discrimination in all three axes: protan (p = 0.0087), deutan (p = 0.0180), and tritan (p = 0.0095) when compared with the control group. The PLR has also been affected in patients with early dry AMD and patients with NVAMD. The amplitude for the melanopsin-driven response was smaller in patients with early dry AMD (p = 0.0485) and NVAMD (p = 0.0035) than in the control group. The melanopsin function was lower in patients with NVAMD (p = 0.0290) than the control group. For the rod-driven response, the latency was lower in the NVAMD group (p = 0.0041) than in the control group. No changes were found in cone-driven responses between the control and AMD groups. Conclusion Patients with early dry AMD present diffusely acquired color vision alteration detected by CCT. Rods and melanopsin contributions for PLR are affected in NVAMD. The CCT and the PLR may be considered sensitive tests to evaluate and monitor functional changes in patients with AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Decleva
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Neuroscience and Behavior Graduate Studies Program, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,*Correspondence: Diego Decleva,
| | - Kallene Summer Vidal
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Prevent Senior Health Operator, São Paulo, Brazil,Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation, Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), Institute of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Young Medical Leadership Program of National Academy of Medicine in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andre Carvalho Kreuz
- Neuroscience and Behavior Graduate Studies Program, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Dora Fix Ventura
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Neuroscience and Behavior Graduate Studies Program, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Vidal KSM, Decleva D, Barboni MTS, Nagy BV, de Menezes PAH, Aher A, Coutinho AM, Squarzoni P, Faria DDP, Duran FLDS, Buchpiguel CA, Kremers J, Filho GB, Ventura DF. The Association Between Acquired Color Deficiency and PET Imaging of Neurodegeneration in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer Disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:20. [PMID: 35579902 PMCID: PMC9123488 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.5.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate color vision changes and retinal processing of chromatic and luminance pathways in subjects with Alzheimer disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) compared with a matched control group and whether such changes are associated with impaired brain glucose metabolism and β-amyloid deposition in the brain. Methods We evaluated 13 patients with AD (72.4 ± 7.7 years), 23 patients with MCI (72.5 ± 5.5 years), and 18 controls of comparable age (P = 0.44) using Cambridge color test and the heterochromatic flicker ERG (HF-ERG). The Cambridge color test was performed using the trivector protocol to estimate the protan, deutan and tritan color confusion axes. HF-ERG responses were measured at a frequency of 12 Hz, which ERGs reflect chromatic activity, and at 36 Hz, reflecting luminance pathway. A study subsample was performed using neuropsychological assessments and positron emission tomography. Results Patients with AD presented higher mean values indicating poorer color discrimination for protan (P = 0.04) and deutan (P = 0.001) axes compared with the controls. Along the tritan axis, both patients with AD and patients with MCI showed decreased color vision (P = 0.001 and P = 0.001) compared with controls. The analyses from the HF-ERG protocol revealed no differences between the groups (P = 0.31 and P = 0.41). Diffuse color vision loss was found in individuals with signs of neurodegeneration (protan P = 0.002, deutan P = 0.003 and tritan P = 0.01), but not in individuals with signs of β-amyloid deposition only (protan P = 0.39, deutan P = 0.48, tritan P = 0.63), regardless of their clinical classification. Conclusions Here, patients with AD and patients with MCI present acquired color vision deficiency that may be linked with impaired brain metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kallene Summer Moreira Vidal
- Laboratory of Vision, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Prevent Senior Private Health Operator, São Paulo, Brazil.,Young medical Leadership Program of National Academy of Medicine in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diego Decleva
- Laboratory of Vision, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirella Telles Salgueiro Barboni
- Laboratory of Vision, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balàzs Vince Nagy
- Department of Mechatronics, Optics and Mechanical Engineering Informatics, University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Avinash Aher
- Section for Retinal Physiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Artur Martins Coutinho
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM 21), Department of Psychiatry, Medical School (FMUSP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine (LIM-43), Department of Radiology and Oncology, Medical School (FMUSP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Squarzoni
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM 21), Department of Psychiatry, Medical School (FMUSP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Neurociência Aplicada (NAPNA), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele de Paula Faria
- Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine (LIM-43), Department of Radiology and Oncology, Medical School (FMUSP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Luis de Souza Duran
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM 21), Department of Psychiatry, Medical School (FMUSP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Neurociência Aplicada (NAPNA), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Buchpiguel
- Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine (LIM-43), Department of Radiology and Oncology, Medical School (FMUSP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jan Kremers
- Section for Retinal Physiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Geraldo Busatto Filho
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM 21), Department of Psychiatry, Medical School (FMUSP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Neurociência Aplicada (NAPNA), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dora Fix Ventura
- Laboratory of Vision, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Neurociência Aplicada (NAPNA), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Fernandes Costa M, Dutra Henriques L, Côrrea Pinho O. Development of a Spatio-temporal Contrast Sensitivity Test for Clinical Use. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2022; 17:69-77. [PMID: 35194498 PMCID: PMC8850854 DOI: 10.18502/jovr.v17i1.10172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We developed a contrast sensitivity test that considers an integrative approach of spatial and temporal frequencies to evaluate the psychophysical channels in processing two-dimensional stimulus for clinical use. Our new procedure provides a more efficient isolation of the magnocellular and parvocellular visual pathways supporting spatiotemporal contrast sensitivity processing. Methods We evaluated 36 participants of both sexes aged 18–30 years with 20/20 or better best-corrected visual acuity. Two spatial frequencies (0.5 cycles per degree [cpd] and 10 cpd), being in one of the three temporal frequencies (0.5 cycle per second [cps], 7.5 cps, and 15 cps), were presented in a high-resolution gamma corrected monitor. A two-alternative forced-choice procedure was conducted, and the staircase method was used to calculate the contrast sensitivity. Reliability was assessed using a retest procedure within a month (±5 days) under the same conditions. Results Results showed statistical significance in 0.5 cpd and 10 cpd spatial frequencies for 0.5 cps (F = 77.36; p< 0.001), 7.5 cps (F = 778.37; p< 0.001), and 15 cps (F = 827.23; p < 0.001) with a very high (η² = 0.89) effect size. No statistical differences were found between the first and second sessions for all spatial frequencies. For reliability, a significantly high correlation and high internal consistency were found in all spatiotemporal conditions. The limits were calculated for normality. Conclusion We developed an approach to investigate the spatiotemporal integration of contrast sensitivity designed for clinical purposes. The relative contribution of the low spatial frequencies/high temporal frequencies and the high spatial frequencies/low temporal frequencies of the psychophysical channels can also be evaluated separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Fernandes Costa
- Laboratório da Visão, Departamento de Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Núcleo de Neurociências Aplicada, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Dutra Henriques
- Laboratório da Visão, Departamento de Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Otávio Côrrea Pinho
- Laboratório da Visão, Departamento de Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Lacerda EMDCB, Souza GDS, Cortes MIT, Rodrigues AR, Pinheiro MCN, Silveira LCDL, Ventura DF. Comparison of Visual Functions of Two Amazonian Populations: Possible Consequences of Different Mercury Exposure. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1428. [PMID: 32038136 PMCID: PMC6985551 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the visual perimetry and color vision of two Amazonian populations differently exposed to mercury. Ten riverines environmentally exposed to mercury by fish eating and 34 gold-miners occupationally exposed to mercury vapor. The visual perimetry was estimated using the Förster perimeter and the color vision was evaluated using a computerized version of Farnsworth-Munsell test. Riverine and gold-miners' hair mercury concentrations were quantified. Mercury hair concentration of the riverines was significantly higher than that from gold-miners. Riverines had lower perimetric area than the gold-miners. The errors in the hue ordering test of both Amazonian populations were larger than the controls (non-exposed subjects), but there was no difference between themselves. Riverines had significant multiple association between the visual function and hair mercury concentration, while the gold-miners has no significant association with the exposure. We concluded that the different ways of mercury exposure led to similar visual outcomes, with greater impairment in riverines (organic mercury exposed subjects).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Givago da Silva Souza
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luiz Carlos de Lima Silveira
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Dora Fix Ventura
- Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Blue–yellow dyschromatopsia in toluene-exposed workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2019; 92:699-707. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-019-01405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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7
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Fernandes TP, Silverstein SM, Almeida NL, Santos NA. Visual impairments in tobacco use disorder. Psychiatry Res 2019; 271:60-67. [PMID: 30469090 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Prior studies found small effects of chronic smoking on spatial and color vision, but they were inconclusive. This study tries to: (1) replicate and extend these previous findings, and (2) rule in that this relationship is pronounced by tobacco addiction. Data were recorded in 71 healthy controls (M = 33.5 years; SD = 5.4 years) and 63 individuals with tobacco addiction (M = 34.7 years; SD = 4.8 years). Visual processing was assessed in the forms of contrast sensitivity for linear sine-wave gratings (spatial frequencies ranging between 0.2 and 16 cycles per degree) and color discrimination (using the Ellipse and Trivector subtests). The groups were matched for age, gender and level of education. The group with heavy smokers had reduced sensitivity for all spatial frequencies (p < .001), and impairments in color discrimination for both Trivector (all p-values < .001 for Protan, Deutan and Tritan) and Ellipse (all p-values < .001). This study consistently replicates and extended previous findings, and showed that visual processing can be strongly associated with tobacco addiction. These results indicate that excessive use of cigarettes, or chronic exposure to their compounds, affects visual discrimination, supporting the existence of overall deficits in visual processing in tobacco addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Natalia L Almeida
- Perception, Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Natanael A Santos
- Perception, Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
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8
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Feitosa-Santana C, Souza GDS, Sirius EVP, Rodrigues AR, Cortes MIT, Silveira LCDL, Ventura DF. Color vision impairment with low-level methylmercury exposure of an Amazonian population – Brazil. Neurotoxicology 2018; 66:179-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Calabrese EJ, Iavicoli I, Calabrese V, Cory-Slechta DA, Giordano J. Elemental mercury neurotoxicity and clinical recovery of function: A review of findings, and implications for occupational health. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 163:134-148. [PMID: 29438899 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper assessed approximately 30 studies, mostly involving occupationally exposed subjects, concerning the extent to which those who developed elemental mercury (Hg)-induced central and/or peripheral neurotoxicities from chronic or acute exposures recover functionality and/or performance. While some recovery occurred in the vast majority of cases, the extent of such recoveries varied considerably by individual and endpoint. Factors accounting for the extensive inter-individual variation in toxicity and recovery were not specifically assessed such as age, gender, diet, environmental enrichment, chelation strategies and dose-rate. While the data indicate that psychomotor endpoints often show substantial and relatively rapid (i.e., 2-6 months) recovery and that neuropsychological endpoints display slower and less complete recovery, generalizations are difficult due to highly variable study designs, use of different endpoints measured between studies, different Hg exposures based on blood/urine concentrations and Hg dose-rates, the poor capacity for replicating findings due to the unpredictable/episodic nature of harmful exposures to elemental Hg, and the inconsistency of the initiation of studies after induced toxicities and the differing periods of follow up during recovery periods. Finally, there is strikingly limited animal model literature on the topic of recovery/reversibility of elemental Hg toxicity, a factor which significantly contributes to the overall marked uncertainties for predicting the rate and magnitude of recovery and the factors that affect it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Morrill I, N344, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Ivo Iavicoli
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomed & Biotech Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, Catania 95125, Italy.
| | - Deborah A Cory-Slechta
- Environmental Medicine, Pediatrics & Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - James Giordano
- Department of Neurology and Biochemistry, and Neuroethics Studies Program-Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20057, USA.
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dos Santos Freitas J, da Costa Brito Lacerda EM, da Silva Martins ICV, Rodrigues D, Bonci DMO, Cortes MIT, Corvelo TCO, Ventura DF, de Lima Silveira LC, da Conceição Nascimento Pinheiro M, da Silva Souza G. Cross-sectional study to assess the association of color vision with mercury hair concentration in children from Brazilian Amazonian riverine communities. Neurotoxicology 2018; 65:60-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Fernandes TMP, Andrade SM, de Andrade MJO, Nogueira RMTBL, Santos NA. Colour discrimination thresholds in type 1 Bipolar Disorder: a pilot study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16405. [PMID: 29180712 PMCID: PMC5703961 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16752-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although some studies have reported perceptual changes in psychosis, no definitive conclusions have been drawn about visual disturbances that are related to bipolar disorder (BPD). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate colour vision in BPD patients. Data were recorded from 24 participants: healthy control group (n = 12) and type 1 BPD group (n = 12). The participants were 20-45 years old and they were free from neurological disorders and identifiable ocular disease and had normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity. Colour discrimination was evaluated using the Lanthony D-15d, Trivector and Ellipse tests, using a psychophysical forced-choice method. The relationship of visual measures to mood state and cognitive function was also investigated. The results showed that BPD patients had higher colour discrimination thresholds in the D15d (p < 0.001), Trivector (p < 0.001) and Ellipse (p < 0.01) tests compared with healthy controls. Linear regression analysis showed that mood state was related to colour discrimination. BPD individuals were not impaired in cognitive tasks. The present study provided new evidence of potential links between type 1 BPD and visual processing impairments. This research suggests a new direction for studies and the need for research in this field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Monteiro Paiva Fernandes
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Behaviour Program, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil.
- Perception, Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil.
| | - Suellen Marinho Andrade
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Behaviour Program, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | | | - Natanael Antonio Santos
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Behaviour Program, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
- Perception, Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
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12
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Zachi EC, Costa TL, Barboni MTS, Costa MF, Bonci DMO, Ventura DF. Color Vision Losses in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1127. [PMID: 28713324 PMCID: PMC5492848 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by impairments in social/communication abilities and restricted behaviors. The present study aims to examine color vision discrimination in ASD children and adolescents without intellectual disability. The participants were also subdivided in order to compare color vision thresholds of autistic participants and those who achieved diagnostic criteria for Asperger Syndrome (AS). Nine subjects with autism, 11 participants with AS and 36 typically developing children and adolescents participated in the study. Color vision was assessed by the Cambridge Color Test (CCT). The Trivector protocol was administered to determine color discrimination thresholds along the protan, deutan, and tritan color confusion lines. Data from ASD participants were compared to tolerance limits for 90% of the population with 90% probability obtained from controls thresholds. Of the 20 ASD individuals examined, 6 (30%) showed color vision losses. Elevated color discrimination thresholds were found in 3/9 participants with autism and in 3/11 AS participants. Diffuse and tritan deficits were found. Mechanisms for chromatic losses may be either at the retinal level and/or reflect reduced cortical integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine C. Zachi
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Nucleus for Neuroscience and Behavior, Institute of Psychology, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago L. Costa
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Nucleus for Neuroscience and Behavior, Institute of Psychology, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory and Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian UniversitySão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirella T. S. Barboni
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Nucleus for Neuroscience and Behavior, Institute of Psychology, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F. Costa
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Nucleus for Neuroscience and Behavior, Institute of Psychology, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela M. O. Bonci
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Nucleus for Neuroscience and Behavior, Institute of Psychology, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dora F. Ventura
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Nucleus for Neuroscience and Behavior, Institute of Psychology, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Du B, Li P, Feng X, Qiu G, Zhou J, Maurice L. Mercury Exposure in Children of the Wanshan Mercury Mining Area, Guizhou, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E1107. [PMID: 27834827 PMCID: PMC5129317 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13111107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the mercury (Hg) exposure level of children located in a Hg mining area, total Hg concentrations and speciation were determined in hair and urine samples of children in the Wanshan Hg mining area, Guizhou Province, China. Rice samples consumed by these same children were also collected for total mercury (THg) and methyl-mercury (MeHg) analysis. The geometric mean concentrations of THg and MeHg in the hair samples were 1.4 (range 0.50-6.0) μg/g and 1.1 (range 0.35-4.2) μg/g, respectively, while the geometric mean concentration of urine Hg (UHg) was 1.4 (range 0.09-26) μg/g Creatinine (Cr). The average of the probable daily intake (PDI) of MeHg via rice consumption was 0.052 (0.0033-0.39) µg/kg/day, which significantly correlated with the hair MeHg concentrations (r = 0.55, p < 0.01), indicating that ingestion of rice is the main pathway of MeHg exposure for children in this area. Furthermore, 18% (26/141) of the PDIs of MeHg exceeded the USEPA Reference Dose (RfD) of 0.10 µg/kg/day, indicating that children in this area are at a high MeHg exposure level. This paper for the first time evaluates the co-exposure levels of IHg and MeHg of children living in Wanshan mining area, and revealed the difference in exposure patterns between children and adults in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buyun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China.
| | - Xinbin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China.
| | - Guangle Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China.
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Laurence Maurice
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, IRD-CNRS-Université Toulouse, 14 avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse 31400, France.
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Shinomori K, Panorgias A, Werner JS. Discrimination thresholds of normal and anomalous trichromats: Model of senescent changes in ocular media density on the Cambridge Colour Test. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2016; 33:A65-76. [PMID: 26974943 PMCID: PMC5316232 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.33.000a65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Age-related changes in chromatic discrimination along dichromatic confusion lines were measured with the Cambridge Colour Test (CCT). One hundred and sixty-two individuals (16 to 88 years old) with normal Rayleigh matches were the major focus of this paper. An additional 32 anomalous trichromats classified by their Rayleigh matches were also tested. All subjects were screened to rule out abnormalities of the anterior and posterior segments. Thresholds on all three chromatic vectors measured with the CCT showed age-related increases. Protan and deutan vector thresholds increased linearly with age while the tritan vector threshold was described with a bilinear model. Analysis and modeling demonstrated that the nominal vectors of the CCT are shifted by senescent changes in ocular media density, and a method for correcting the CCT vectors is demonstrated. A correction for these shifts indicates that classification among individuals of different ages is unaffected. New vector thresholds for elderly observers and for all age groups are suggested based on calculated tolerance limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Shinomori
- School of Information, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada-Miyanokuchi, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
- Vision and Affective Science Integrated Research Laboratory, Research Institute, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi, Japan
- Corresponding author:
| | - Athanasios Panorgias
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95813, USA
- Department of Vision Science, New England College of Optometry, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - John S. Werner
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95813, USA
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
We review the features of the S-cone system that appeal to the psychophysicist and summarize the celebrated characteristics of S-cone mediated vision. Two factors are emphasized: First, the fine stimulus control that is required to isolate putative visual mechanisms and second, the relationship between physiological data and psychophysical approaches. We review convergent findings from physiology and psychophysics with respect to asymmetries in the retinal wiring of S-ON and S-OFF visual pathways, and the associated treatment of increments and decrements in the S-cone system. Beyond the retina, we consider the lack of S-cone projections to superior colliculus and the use of S-cone stimuli in experimental psychology, for example to address questions about the mechanisms of visually driven attention. Careful selection of stimulus parameters enables psychophysicists to produce entirely reversible, temporary, "lesions," and to assess behavior in the absence of specific neural subsystems.
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Fox DA. Retinal and visual system: occupational and environmental toxicology. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2015; 131:325-40. [PMID: 26563796 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62627-1.00017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Occupational chemical exposure often results in sensory systems alterations that occur without other clinical signs or symptoms. Approximately 3000 chemicals are toxic to the retina and central visual system. Their dysfunction can have immediate, long-term, and delayed effects on mental health, physical health, and performance and lead to increased occupational injuries. The aims of this chapter are fourfold. First, provide references on retinal/visual system structure, function, and assessment techniques. Second, discuss the retinal features that make it especially vulnerable to toxic chemicals. Third, review the clinical and corresponding experimental data regarding retinal/visual system deficits produced by occupational toxicants: organic solvents (carbon disulfide, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, styrene, toluene, and mixtures) and metals (inorganic lead, methyl mercury, and mercury vapor). Fourth, discuss occupational and environmental toxicants as risk factors for late-onset retinal diseases and degeneration. Overall, the toxicants altered color vision, rod- and/or cone-mediated electroretinograms, visual fields, spatial contrast sensitivity, and/or retinal thickness. The findings elucidate the importance of conducting multimodal noninvasive clinical, electrophysiologic, imaging and vision testing to monitor toxicant-exposed workers for possible retinal/visual system alterations. Finally, since the retina is a window into the brain, an increased awareness and understanding of retinal/visual system dysfunction should provide additional insight into acquired neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A Fox
- Departments of Vision Sciences, Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Ekinci M, Ceylan E, Keleş S, Cağatay HH, Apil A, Tanyıldız B, Uludag G. Toxic effects of chronic mercury exposure on the retinal nerve fiber layer and macular and choroidal thickness in industrial mercury battery workers. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:1284-90. [PMID: 25056093 PMCID: PMC4136938 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxic effects of mercury on retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT), macular thickness (MT), and choroidal thickness (CT) by using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in battery industry workers who had been chronically exposed to mercury. Material/Methods Battery factory workers (n=31) and healthy non-factory employee controls (n=15) participated in the study. Participants were divided into 3 groups: Group 1 (n=15) was factory workers who had worked for more than 5 years in a mercury battery factory; Group 2 (n=16) was factory worker who had worked for less than 5 years in a mercury battery factory; and Group 3 (n=15) was healthy non-employees. Systemic symptoms were recorded. Ophthalmic examination included best-corrected visual acuity test, color vision test, full ophthalmologic examination, and SD-OCT of the RNLF, macula, and choroid. To determine mercury exposure, venous blood samples were collected and mercury levels were assessed. Results In our study group the most common systemic symptoms were insomnia (67.7%) and fatigue (67.7%). There were no significant differences between Group 1 and Group 2, but there were significant differences between Group 3 and both Group 1 and Group 2 in best-corrected visual acuity values (1=2<3), color vision scores, blood mercury levels, and duration (mean ±SD, range) of mercury exposure(1>2>3). OCT values of RNFLTs, MTs, and CTs of all 3 groups were statistically different from each another (1<2<3). Conclusions SD-OCT can be useful for evaluating the toxic effects of chronic exposure to mercury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metin Ekinci
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Erdinç Ceylan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erzurum Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sadullah Keleş
- Department of Ophthalmology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | | | - Aytekin Apil
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burak Tanyıldız
- Department of Ophthalmology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gunay Uludag
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ağrı State Hospital, Ağrı, Turkey
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18
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Paramei GV, Oakley B. Variation of color discrimination across the life span. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2014; 31:A375-A384. [PMID: 24695196 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.31.00a375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study, an extension of Paramei [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 29, A290, 2012], provides normative data on chromatic discrimination, using the Cambridge Colour Test, for normal trichromats aged 10-88 years. Findings are in accord with a two-phase variation across the life span: chromatic sensitivity improves in adolescence, reaches a maximum around 30 years, and then undergoes a gradual decrease. Indicative parameters are Protan (P), Deutan (D), and Tritan (T) vector lengths and major axes and axis ratios of Ellipses. Trivector data are modeled as non-monotonic combinations of power functions, with goodness-of-fits R(P)2=0.23, R(D)2=0.23, and R(T)2=0.45. For advancing age, sensitivity decline in all chromatic systems was confirmed, though with a marked acceleration after 60 years (reflected by the power function exponent >1) and more pronounced for the tritan system.
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19
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Goulart PRK, Bonci DMO, Galvão ODF, Silveira LCDL, Ventura DF. Color discrimination in the tufted capuchin monkey, Sapajus spp. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62255. [PMID: 23620819 PMCID: PMC3631197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the efficacy of an adapted version of the Mollon-Reffin test for the behavioral investigation of color vision in capuchin monkeys. Ten tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp., formerly referred to as Cebus apella) had their DNA analyzed and were characterized as the following: one trichromat female, seven deuteranope dichromats (six males and one female), and two protanope males, one of which was identified as an “ML protanope.” For their behavioral characterization, all of the subjects were tested at three regions of the Commission International de l'Eclairage (CIE) 1976 u′v′ diagram, with each test consisting of 20 chromatic variation vectors that were radially distributed around the chromaticity point set as the test background. The phenotypes inferred from the behavioral data were in complete agreement with those predicted from the genetic analysis, with the threshold distribution clearly differentiating between trichromats and dichromats and the estimated confusion lines characteristically converging for deuteranopes and the “classic” protanope. The discrimination pattern of the ML protanope was intermediate between protan and deutan, with confusion lines horizontally oriented and parallel to each other. The observed phenotypic differentiation confirmed the efficacy of the Mollon-Reffin test paradigm as a useful tool for evaluating color discrimination in nonhuman primates. Especially noteworthy was the demonstration of behavioral segregation between the “classic” and “ML” protanopes, suggesting identifiable behavioral consequences of even slight variations in the spectral sensitivity of M/L photopigments in dichromats.
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Aslan L, Aslankurt M, Bozkurt S, Aksoy A, Ozdemir M, Gizir H, Yasar I. Ophthalmic findings in acute mercury poisoning in adults: A case series study. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 31:691-5. [PMID: 23524881 DOI: 10.1177/0748233713483189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to report ophthalmic findings of acute mercury poisoning in 48 adults referred to emergency department. Full ophthalmologic examination including the best corrected visual acuity, external eye examination, reaction to light, a slit-lamp examination, funduscopy, intraocular pressure measurements, and visual field (VF) and color vision (CV) tests were performed at the presentation and repeated after 6 months. The parametric values of VF test, the mean deviation (MD), and pattern standard deviation (PSD) were recorded in order to compare patients and the 30 healthy controls. The mean parameter of color confusion index in patients was found to be statistically different than controls (p < 0.01). The MD and PSD in patients were different from controls statistically significant (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively). There was no correlation between the ocular findings and the urine and blood mercury levels. Methyl mercury, held in the school laboratory for experimental purpose, may be a source of poisoning. In this case series, we showed that acute exposure to mercury had hazardous effect on the visual system, especially CV and VF. We propose that emphasizing the public education on the potential hazards of mercury is crucial for preventive community health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Selim Bozkurt
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcuimam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
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21
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Morphological evidence of neurotoxicity in retina after methylmercury exposure. Neurotoxicology 2012; 33:407-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Paramei GV. Color discrimination across four life decades assessed by the Cambridge Colour Test. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2012; 29:A290-A297. [PMID: 22330391 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.29.00a290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Color discrimination was estimated using the Cambridge Colour Test (CCT) in 160 normal trichromats of four life decades, 20-59 years of age. For each age cohort, medians and tolerance limits of the CCT parameters are tabulated. Compared across the age cohorts (Kruskal-Wallis test), the Trivector test showed increases in the three vectors, Protan, Deutan, and Tritan, with advancing age; the Ellipses test revealed significant elongation of the major axes of all three ellipses but no changes in either the axis ratio or the angle of the ellipse major axis. Multiple comparisons (Mann-Whitney test) between the cohorts of four age decades (20+,…,50+) revealed initial benign deterioration of color discrimination in the 40+ decade, as an incremental loss of discrimination along the Deutan axis (Trivector test), and in the 50+ decade, as an elongation of the major axes of all three ellipses (Ellipses test).
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina V Paramei
- Department of Psychology, Liverpool Hope University, Hope Park, L16 9JD Liverpool, UK.
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23
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Costa TL, Nagy BV, Barboni MTS, Boggio PS, Ventura DF. Transcranial direct current stimulation modulates human color discrimination in a pathway-specific manner. Front Psychiatry 2012; 3:78. [PMID: 22988446 PMCID: PMC3439847 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research showed that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can modulate visual cortex excitability. However, there is no experiment on the effects of tDCS on color perception to date. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of tDCS on color discrimination tasks. Fifteen healthy subjects (mean age of 25.6 ± 4.4 years) were tested with Cambridge Color Test 2.0 (Trivector and ellipses protocols) and a Forced-choice Spatial Color Contrast Sensitivity task (vertical red-green sinusoidal grating) while receiving tDCS. Anodal, cathodal, and sham tDCS were delivered at Oz for 22 min using two square electrodes (25 cm(2) with a current of 1.5 mA) in sessions separated by 7 days. Anodal tDCS significantly increased tritan sensitivity (p < 0.01) and had no significant effect on protan, deutan, or red-green grating discrimination. The effects on the tritan discrimination returned to baseline after 15 min (p < 0.01). Cathodal tDCS reduced the sensitivity in the deutan axis and increased sensitivity in the tritan axis (p < 0.05). The lack of anodal tDCS effects in the protan, deutan, and red-green grating sensitivities could be explained by a "ceiling effect" since adults in this age range tend to have optimal color discrimination performance for these hues. The differential effects of cathodal tDCS on tritan and deutan sensitivities and the absence of the proposed ceiling effects for the tritan axes might be explained by Parvocellular (P) and Koniocellular (K) systems with regard to their functional, physiological, and anatomical differences. The results also support the existence of a systematic segregation of P and K color-coding cells in V1. Future research and possible clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago L Costa
- Laboratório da Visão, Experimental Psychology Department, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Fillion M, Philibert A, Mertens F, Lemire M, Passos CJS, Frenette B, Guimarães JRD, Mergler D. Neurotoxic sequelae of mercury exposure: an intervention and follow-up study in the Brazilian Amazon. ECOHEALTH 2011; 8:210-222. [PMID: 22160443 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-011-0710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Since 1995, the Caruso Project used an Ecosystem Approach to Human Health to examine mercury (Hg) exposure in fish-eating communities in the Brazilian Amazon and develop interventions to maximise nutrition from traditional diet and minimise toxic risk. In 1995, 2000 and 2006, this study followed fish consumption, Hg levels, and visual and motor functions in 31 villagers. Questionnaires gathered information on socio-demographics and diet. Hair Hg (H-Hg) levels were measured. Visual acuity, colour vision, manual dexterity and grip strength were assessed. Data was analysed using general linear models of repeated measures. Total fish consumption, similar in 1995 and 2000, decreased in 2006. Carnivorous fish consumption initially decreased and then remained stable, whereas non-carnivorous fish consumption first increased and then decreased. H-Hg declined from 17.6 to 7.8 μg/g. Visual functions showed a significant decrease over time, with those with H-Hg ≥ 20 μg/g in 1995 showing greater loss. Motor functions showed initial improvement and then returned to the 1995 performance level. Decrease in Hg exposure is attributed to the intervention and socio-economic changes in the village. While there may be a certain reversibility of motor deficits, visual capacities may decrease progressively with respect to exposure prior to the intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Fillion
- Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur la biologie, la santé, la société et l'environnement (CINBIOSE), Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
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Abstract
Apresentamos a Psicofísica como uma ciência aplicada nas investigações e nas abordagens e diagnósticos clínicos. Inicialmente, introduzimos algo dos aspectos epistemológicos e teóricos da área, passamos para as abordagens que a Psicofísica pode apresentar na aplicabilidade clínica e, por fim, discutimos os avanços recentes da aplicação clínica, apresentamos as experiências de nosso laboratório de pesquisa clínica em psicofísica, finalizando com as perspectivas de ampliação do uso da psicofísica para investigações clínicas de funções perceptuais mais complexas.
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Lima MG, Gomes BD, Ventura DF, Silveira LCDL. Métodos utilizados na avaliação psicofísica da visão de cores humana. PSICOLOGIA USP 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0103-65642011005000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A cor é um atributo perceptual que nos permite identificar e localizar padrões ambientais de mesmo brilho e constitui uma dimensão adicional na identificação de objetos, além da detecção de inúmeros outros atributos dos objetos em sua relação com a cena visual, como luminância, contraste, forma, movimento, textura, profundidade. Decorre daí a sua importância fundamental nas atividades desempenhadas pelos animais e pelos seres humanos em sua interação com o ambiente. A psicofísica visual preocupa-se com o estudo quantitativo da relação entre eventos físicos de estimulação sensorial e a resposta comportamental resultante desta estimulação, fornecendo dessa maneira meios de avaliar aspectos da visão humana, como a visão de cores. Este artigo tem o objetivo de mostrar diversas técnicas eficientes na avaliação da visão cromática humana através de métodos psicofísicos adaptativos.
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27
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Feitosa-Santana C, Paramei GV, Nishi M, Gualtieri M, Costa MF, Ventura DF. Color vision impairment in type 2 diabetes assessed by the D-15d test and the Cambridge Colour Test. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2011; 30:717-23. [PMID: 20883359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2010.00776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Color vision impairment emerges at early stages of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) and may precede diabetic retinopathy or the appearance of vascular alterations in the retina. The aim of the present study was to compare the evaluation of the color vision with two different tests - the Lanthony desaturated D-15d test (a traditional color arrangement test), and the Cambridge Colour Test (CCT) (a computerized color discrimination test) - in patients diagnosed with DM2 without clinical signs of diabetic retinopathy (DR), and in sex- and age-matched control groups. Both color tests revealed statistically significant differences between the controls and the worst eyes of the DM2 patients. In addition, the degree of color vision impairment diagnosed by both tests correlated with the disease duration. The D-15d outcomes indicated solely tritan losses. In comparison, CCT outcomes revealed diffuse losses in color discrimination: 13.3% for best eyes and 29% for worst eyes. In addition, elevation of tritan thresholds in the DM2 patients, as detected by the Trivector subtest of the CCT, was found to correlate with the level of glycated hemoglobin. Outcomes of both tests confirm that subclinical losses of color vision are present in DM2 patients at an early stage of the disease, prior to signs of retinopathy. Considering the advantages of the CCT test compared to the D-15d test, further studies should attempt to verify and/or improve the efficiency of the CCT test.
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28
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Tian W, Egeland GM, Sobol I, Chan HM. Mercury hair concentrations and dietary exposure among Inuit preschool children in Nunavut, Canada. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2011; 37:42-48. [PMID: 20673686 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
There is concern that the traditional diet is a source of mercury exposure among Inuit in the Canadian Arctic. Mercury exposure in utero and in early childhood presents a risk to neurodevelopment. The objectives of the present study were to assess the dietary mercury exposure from traditional food among Inuit children 3 to 5 years of age in Nunavut, and evaluate the association between estimated dietary mercury intake and body burden. A cross-sectional Nunavut Inuit Child Health Survey was conducted in 2007 and 2008 which included assessment of dietary habits and children's hair mercury (Hg) levels. Further, an Inuit Adult Health Survey was conducted in the same years which included assessment of dietary habits and whole blood mercury concentrations. Traditional food samples were collected during this study and previously from the Canadian Arctic. Daily mercury intake from traditional food was calculated. Body mercury burden was determined using the hair mercury concentration. The geometric mean of children's hair Hg was 0.66 μg/g and varied by region. Nearly 25% of children had hair Hg concentrations equal to or higher than 2 μg/g (WHO reference level). There was a significant correlation between mercury levels in children's hair and that of the adults in the same household. For children, beluga muktuk, narwhal muktuk, ringed seal liver, fish, caribou meat and ringed seal meat were the major dietary sources of mercury. These food items together accounted for over 95% of total daily dietary mercury intake. A positive linear regression relationship between children's hair mercury levels and estimated dietary mercury intake was observed. Estimated intake in Baffin decreased by 30% compared to 20 years ago. Some traditional food items were significant sources of mercury to Inuit children in Nunavut. Although a reduction in the consumption of these diet items may be a way to reduce mercury intake, the nutritional, social and cultural benefits of traditional food and countervailing risks must be taken into account in risk mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Tian
- Community Health Sciences Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
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29
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Feitosa-Santana C, Bimler DL, Paramei GV, Oiwa NN, Barboni MTS, Costa MF, Silveira LCL, Ventura DF. Color-space distortions following long-term occupational exposure to mercury vapor. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2010; 30:724-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2010.00764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Preliminary Findings on the Effects of Occupational Exposure to Mercury Vapor Below Safety Levels on Visual and Neuropsychological Functions. J Occup Environ Med 2009; 51:1403-12. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3181bca9ea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Zachi EC, Taub A, Faria MDAM, Ventura DF. Neuropsychological alterations in mercury intoxication persist several years after exposure. Dement Neuropsychol 2008; 2:91-95. [PMID: 29213549 PMCID: PMC5619576 DOI: 10.1590/s1980-57642009dn20200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Elemental mercury is a liquid toxic metal widely used in industry. Occupational exposure occurs mainly via inhalation. Previously, neuropsychological assessment detected deficits in former workers of a fluorescent lamp plant who had been exposed to elemental mercury vapor and were away from exposure for several years at the time of examination. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this work was to reexamine these functions after 18 months in order to evaluate their progression. METHODS Thirteen participants completed tests of attention, inhibitory control, verbal/visual memory, psychomotor speed, verbal fluency, visuomotor ability, executive function, semantic knowledge, and depression and anxiety inventories on 2 separate occasions. RESULTS At baseline, the former workers indicated slower psychomotor and information processing speed, verbal spontaneous recall memory impairment, and increased depression and anxiety symptoms compared to controls (P<0.05). Paired comparisons of neuropsychological functioning within the exposed group at baseline and 1.5 years later showed poorer immediate memory performance (P<0.05). There were no differences on other measures. CONCLUSIONS Although the literature show signs of recovery of functions, the neuropsychological effects related to mercury exposure are found to persist for many years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Cristina Zachi
- M.Sc. Departamento de Psicologia Experimental,
Núcleo de Neurociências e Comportamento, Instituto de Psicologia,
Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Anita Taub
- M.Sc. Instituto de Psiquiatria da Universidade de
São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Marcília de Araújo Medrado Faria
- Ph.D. Departamento de Medicina Legal, Ética
Médica e Medicina Social e do Trabalho, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade
de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Dora Fix Ventura
- Ph.D. Departamento de Psicologia Experimental,
Núcleo de Neurociências e Comportamento, Instituto de Psicologia,
Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil
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