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Li H, Zhang W, Song H, Zhuo L, Yao H, Sun H, Liu R, Feng R, Tang C, Lui S. Altered temporal lobe connectivity is associated with psychotic symptoms in drug-naïve adolescent patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024:10.1007/s00787-024-02485-9. [PMID: 38832962 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-024-02485-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Research on individuals with a younger onset age of schizophrenia is important for identifying neurobiological processes derived from the interaction of genes and the environment that lead to the manifestation of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia has long been recognized as a disorder of dysconnectivity, but it is largely unknown how brain connectivity changes are associated with psychotic symptoms. Twenty-one adolescent-onset schizophrenia (AOS) patients and 21 matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited and underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Regional homogeneity (ReHo) was used to investigate local brain connectivity alterations in AOS. Regions with significant ReHo changes in patients were selected as "seeds" for further functional connectivity (FC) analysis and Granger causality analysis (GCA), and associations of the obtained functional brain measures with psychotic symptoms in patients with AOS were examined. Compared with HCs, AOS patients showed significantly increased ReHo in the right middle temporal gyrus (MTG), which was positively correlated with PANSS-positive scores, PSYRATS-delusion scores and auditory hallucination scores. With the MTG as the seed, lower connectivity with the bilateral postcentral gyrus (PCG) and higher connectivity with the right precuneus were observed in patients. The reduced FC between the right MTG and bilateral PCG was significantly and positively correlated with hallucination scores. GCA indicated decreased Granger causality from the right MTG to the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and from the right MFG to the right MTG in AOS patients, but such effects did not significantly associate with psychotic symptoms. Abnormalities in the connectivity within the MTG and its connectivity with other networks were identified and were significantly correlated with hallucination and delusion ratings. This region may be a key neural substrate of psychotic symptoms in AOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Li
- Department of Radiology, and Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Department of Radiology, The Third Hospital of Mianyang/Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, and Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Song
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third Hospital of Mianyang/Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang, China
| | - Lihua Zhuo
- Department of Radiology, The Third Hospital of Mianyang/Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang, China
| | - Hongchao Yao
- Department of Radiology, The Third Hospital of Mianyang/Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Radiology, and Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruishan Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Third Hospital of Mianyang/Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang, China
| | - Ruohan Feng
- Department of Radiology, The Third Hospital of Mianyang/Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang, China
| | - Chungen Tang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Hospital of Mianyang/Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang, China
| | - Su Lui
- Department of Radiology, and Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China.
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Kim M, Choi W, Choi S, Oh H, Kim J, Lee J, An SJ, Hwang JS, Lee YS, Song IC, Moon SY, Lho SK, Cho SS, Kwon JS. In Vivo Reactive Astrocyte Imaging in Patients With Schizophrenia Using Fluorine 18-Labeled THK5351. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2410684. [PMID: 38722627 PMCID: PMC11082693 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.10684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance In vivo imaging studies of reactive astrocytes are crucial for understanding the pathophysiology of schizophrenia because astrocytes play a critical role in glutamate imbalance and neuroinflammation. Objective To investigate in vivo reactive astrocytes in patients with schizophrenia associated with positive symptoms using monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B)-binding fluorine 18 ([18F])-labeled THK5351 positron emission tomography (PET). Design, Setting, and Participants In this case-control study, data were collected from October 1, 2021, to January 31, 2023, from the internet advertisement for the healthy control group and from the outpatient clinics of Seoul National University Hospital in Seoul, South Korea, for the schizophrenia group. Participants included patients with schizophrenia and age- and sex-matched healthy control individuals. Main Outcomes and Measures Standardized uptake value ratios (SUVrs) of [18F]THK5351 in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and hippocampus as primary regions of interest (ROIs), with other limbic regions as secondary ROIs, and the correlation between altered SUVrs and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive symptom scores. Results A total of 68 participants (mean [SD] age, 32.0 [7.0] years; 41 men [60.3%]) included 33 patients with schizophrenia (mean [SD] age, 32.3 [6.3] years; 22 men [66.7%]) and 35 healthy controls (mean [SD] age, 31.8 [7.6] years; 19 men [54.3%]) who underwent [18F]THK5351 PET scanning. Patients with schizophrenia showed significantly higher SUVrs in the bilateral ACC (left, F = 5.767 [false discovery rate (FDR)-corrected P = .04]; right, F = 5.977 [FDR-corrected P = .04]) and left hippocampus (F = 4.834 [FDR-corrected P = .04]) than healthy controls. Trend-level group differences between the groups in the SUVrs were found in the secondary ROIs (eg, right parahippocampal gyrus, F = 3.387 [P = .07]). There were positive correlations between the SUVrs in the bilateral ACC and the PANSS positive symptom scores (left, r = 0.423 [FDR-corrected P = .03]; right, r = 0.406 [FDR-corrected P = .03]) in patients with schizophrenia. Conclusions and Relevance This case-control study provides novel in vivo imaging evidence of reactive astrocyte involvement in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Reactive astrocytes in the ACC may be a future target for the treatment of symptoms of schizophrenia, especially positive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minah Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woori Choi
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunah Choi
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Harin Oh
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongrak Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungha Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin An
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Seo Hwang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Chan Song
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Moon
- Department of Public Health Medical Services, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Silvia Kyungjin Lho
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Metropolitan Government–Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Soo Cho
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Soo Kwon
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University–Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Larsen B, Baller EB, Boucher AA, Calkins ME, Laney N, Moore TM, Roalf DR, Ruparel K, Gur RC, Gur RE, Georgieff MK, Satterthwaite TD. Development of Iron Status Measures during Youth: Associations with Sex, Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status, Cognitive Performance, and Brain Structure. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:121-131. [PMID: 37146760 PMCID: PMC10375461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron is essential to brain function, and iron deficiency during youth may adversely impact neurodevelopment. Understanding the developmental time course of iron status and its association with neurocognitive functioning is important for identifying windows for intervention. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to characterize developmental change in iron status and understand its association with cognitive performance and brain structure during adolescence using data from a large pediatric health network. METHODS This study included a cross-sectional sample of 4899 participants (2178 males; aged 8-22 y at the time of participation, M [SD] = 14.24 [3.7]) who were recruited from the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia network. Prospectively collected research data were enriched with electronic medical record data that included hematological measures related to iron status, including serum hemoglobin, ferritin, and transferrin (33,015 total samples). At the time of participation, cognitive performance was assessed using the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery, and brain white matter integrity was assessed using diffusion-weighted MRI in a subset of individuals. RESULTS Developmental trajectories were characterized for all metrics and revealed that sex differences emerged after menarche such that females had reduced iron status relative to males [all R2partial > 0.008; all false discovery rates (FDRs) < 0.05]. Higher socioeconomic status was associated with higher hemoglobin concentrations throughout development (R2partial = 0.005; FDR < 0.001), and the association was greatest during adolescence. Higher hemoglobin concentrations were associated with better cognitive performance during adolescence (R2partial = 0.02; FDR < 0.001) and mediated the association between sex and cognition (mediation effect = -0.107; 95% CI: -0.191, -0.02). Higher hemoglobin concentration was also associated with greater brain white matter integrity in the neuroimaging subsample (R2partial = 0.06, FDR = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS Iron status evolves during youth and is lowest in females and individuals of low socioeconomic status during adolescence. Diminished iron status during adolescence has consequences for neurocognition, suggesting that this critical period of neurodevelopment may be an important window for intervention that has the potential to reduce health disparities in at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Larsen
- Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Penn/Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | - Erica B Baller
- Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Penn/Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alexander A Boucher
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Monica E Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Penn/Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nina Laney
- Penn/Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tyler M Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Penn/Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - David R Roalf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Penn/Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Penn/Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Penn/Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Penn/Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael K Georgieff
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Theodore D Satterthwaite
- Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Penn/Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Ioakeimidis V, Haenschel C, Fett AK, Kyriakopoulos M, Dima D. Functional neurodevelopment of working memory in early-onset schizophrenia: A longitudinal FMRI study. Schizophr Res Cogn 2022; 30:100268. [PMID: 35967473 PMCID: PMC9372770 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2022.100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia, a debilitating disorder with typical manifestation of clinical symptoms in early adulthood, is characterized by cognitive impairments in executive processes such as in working memory (WM). However, there is a rare case of individuals with early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) starting before their 18th birthday, while WM and its neural substrates are still undergoing maturation. Using the WM n-back task with functional magnetic resonance imaging, we assessed the functional neurodevelopment of WM in adolescents with EOS and age- and gender-matched typically developing controls. Participants underwent neuroimaging in the same scanner twice, once at age 17 and at 21 (mean interscan interval = 4.3 years). General linear model analysis was performed to explore WM neurodevelopmental changes within and between groups. Psychopathological scores were entered in multiple regressions to detect brain regions whose longitudinal functional change was predicted by baseline symptoms in EOS. WM neurodevelopment was characterized by widespread functional reductions in frontotemporal and cingulate brain areas in patients and controls. No between-group differences were found in the trajectory of WM change. Baseline symptom scores predicted functional neurodevelopmental changes in frontal, cingulate, parietal, occipital, and cerebellar areas. The adolescent brain undergoes developmental processes such as synaptic pruning, which may underlie the refinement WM of network. Prefrontal and parietooccipital activity reduction is affected by clinical presentation of symptoms. Using longitudinal neuroimaging methods in a rare diagnostic sample of patients with EOS may help the advancement of neurodevelopmental biomarkers intended as pharmacological targets to tackle WM impairment.
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Robles DA, Boreland AJ, Pang ZP, Zahn JD. A Cerebral Organoid Connectivity Apparatus to Model Neuronal Tract Circuitry. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1574. [PMID: 34945423 PMCID: PMC8706388 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mental disorders have high prevalence, but the efficacy of existing therapeutics is limited, in part, because the pathogenic mechanisms remain enigmatic. Current models of neural circuitry include animal models and post-mortem brain tissue, which have allowed enormous progress in understanding the pathophysiology of mental disorders. However, these models limit the ability to assess the functional alterations in short-range and long-range network connectivity between brain regions that are implicated in many mental disorders, e.g., schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. This work addresses these limitations by developing an in vitro model of the human brain that models the in vivo cerebral tract environment. In this study, microfabrication and stem cell differentiation techniques were combined to develop an in vitro cerebral tract model that anchors human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cerebral organoids (COs) and provides a scaffold to promote the formation of a functional connecting neuronal tract. Two designs of a Cerebral Organoid Connectivity Apparatus (COCA) were fabricated using SU-8 photoresist. The first design contains a series of spikes which anchor the CO to the COCA (spiked design), whereas the second design contains flat supporting structures with open holes in a grid pattern to anchor the organoids (grid design); both designs allow effective media exchange. Morphological and functional analyses reveal the expression of key neuronal markers as well as functional activity and signal propagation along cerebral tracts connecting CO pairs. The reported in vitro models enable the investigation of critical neural circuitry involved in neurodevelopmental processes and has the potential to help devise personalized and targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise A. Robles
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (A.J.B.); (Z.P.P.)
| | - Andrew J. Boreland
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (A.J.B.); (Z.P.P.)
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Zhiping P. Pang
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (A.J.B.); (Z.P.P.)
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, One Robert Wood Johnson Place, MEB, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Zahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
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Saoud H, Kereselidze E, Eybrard S, Louilot A. MK-801-induced behavioral and dopaminergic responses in the shell part of the nucleus accumbens in adult male rats are disrupted after neonatal blockade of the ventral subiculum. Neurochem Int 2021; 150:105195. [PMID: 34582961 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted in the context of animal modeling of schizophrenia. It investigated in adult male rats, after transient neonatal blockade of the ventral subiculum (VSub), the impact of a very specific non-competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors (MK-801) on locomotor activity and dopaminergic (DAergic) responses in the dorsomedial shell part of the nucleus accumbens (Nacc), a striatal subregion described as the common target region for antipsychotics. The functional neonatal inactivation of the VSub was achieved by local microinjection of tetrodotoxin (TTX) at postnatal day 8 (PND8). Control pups were microinjected with the solvent phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Locomotor responses and DAergic variations in the dorsomedial shell part of the Nacc were measured simultaneously using in vivo voltammetry in awake, freely moving male animals after sc administration of MK-801. The following results were obtained: 1) a dose-dependent increase in locomotor activity in PBS and TTX animals, greater in TTX rats/PBS rats; and 2) divergent DAergic responses for PBS and TTX animals. A decrease in DA levels with a return to around basal values was observed in PBS animals. An increase in DA levels was obtained in TTX animals. The present data suggest that neonatal blockade of the VSub results in disruption in NMDA glutamatergic transmission, causing a disturbance in DA release in the dorsomedial shell in adults male rats. In the context of animal modeling of schizophrenia using the same approach it would be interesting to investigate possible changes in postsynaptic NMDA receptors-related proteins in the dorsomedial shell region in the Nacc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Saoud
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM U 1114, Faculty of Medicine, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elora Kereselidze
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM U 1114, Faculty of Medicine, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Séverine Eybrard
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM U 1114, Faculty of Medicine, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alain Louilot
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM U 1114, Faculty of Medicine, FMTS, Strasbourg, France.
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Sanford N, Woodward TS. Functional Delineation of Prefrontal Networks Underlying Working Memory in Schizophrenia: A Cross-data-set Examination. J Cogn Neurosci 2021; 33:1880-1908. [PMID: 34375420 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Working memory (WM) impairment in schizophrenia substantially impacts functional outcome. Although the dorsolateral pFC has been implicated in such impairment, a more comprehensive examination of brain networks comprising pFC is warranted. The present research used a whole-brain, multi-experiment analysis to delineate task-related networks comprising pFC. Activity was examined in schizophrenia patients across a variety of cognitive demands. METHODS One hundred schizophrenia patients and 102 healthy controls completed one of four fMRI tasks: a Sternberg verbal WM task, a visuospatial WM task, a Stroop set-switching task, and a thought generation task (TGT). Task-related networks were identified using multi-experiment constrained PCA for fMRI. Effects of task conditions and group differences were examined using mixed-model ANOVA on the task-related time series. Correlations between task performance and network engagement were also performed. RESULTS Four spatially and temporally distinct networks with pFC activation emerged and were postulated to subserve (1) internal attention, (2) auditory-motor attention, (3) motor responses, and (4) task energizing. The "energizing" network-engaged during WM encoding and diminished in patients-exhibited consistent trend relationships with WM capacity across different data sets. The dorsolateral-prefrontal-cortex-dominated "internal attention" network exhibited some evidence of hypoactivity in patients, but was not correlated with WM performance. CONCLUSIONS Multi-experiment analysis allowed delineation of task-related, pFC-anchored networks across different cognitive constructs. Given the results with respect to the early-responding "energizing" network, WM deficits in schizophrenia may arise from disruption in the "energization" process described by Donald Stuss' model of pFC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Todd S Woodward
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
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Sun Z, Wang B, Chen C, Li C, Zhang Y. 5-HT6R null mutatrion induces synaptic and cognitive defects. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13369. [PMID: 33960602 PMCID: PMC8208783 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin 6 receptor (5-HT6R) is a promising target for a variety of human diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia. However, the detailed mechanism underlying 5-HT6R activity in the central nervous system (CNS) is not fully understood. In the present study, 5-HT6R null mutant (5-HT6R-/- ) mice were found to exhibit cognitive deficiencies and abnormal anxiety levels. 5-HT6R is considered to be specifically localized on the primary cilia. We found that the loss of 5-HT6R affected the Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway in the primary cilia. 5-HT6R-/- mice showed remarkable alterations in neuronal morphology, including dendrite complexity and axon initial segment morphology. Neurons lacking 5-HT6R exhibited increased neuronal excitability. Our findings highlight the complexity of 5-HT6R functions in the primary ciliary and neuronal physiology, supporting the theory that this receptor modulates neuronal morphology and transmission, and contributes to cognitive deficits in a variety of human diseases, such as AD, schizophrenia, and ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane BiologyCollege of Life SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Bingjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane BiologyCollege of Life SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Chenjian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane BiologyCollege of Life SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane BiologyCollege of Life SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina,PKU/IDG McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchBeijingChina
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Adolescent Neurodevelopment and Vulnerability to Psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:184-193. [PMID: 32896384 PMCID: PMC9397132 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is characterized by significant changes in several domains, including brain structure and function, puberty, and social and environmental factors. Some of these changes serve to increase the likelihood of psychosis onset during this period, while others may buffer this risk. This review characterizes our current knowledge regarding the unique aspects of adolescence that may serve as risk factors for schizophrenia spectrum disorders. In addition, we provide potential future directions for research into adolescent-specific developmental mechanisms that impart vulnerability to psychosis and the possibility of interventions that capitalize on adolescents' unique characteristics. Specifically, we explore the ways in which gray and white matter develop throughout adolescence in typically developing youth as well as in those with psychosis spectrum disorders. We also discuss current views on the function that social support and demands, as well as role expectations, play in risk for psychosis. We further highlight the importance of considering biological factors such as puberty and hormonal changes as areas of unique vulnerability for adolescents. Finally, we discuss cannabis use as a factor that may have a unique impact during adolescent neurodevelopment, and subsequently potentially impact psychosis onset. Throughout, we include discussion of resilience factors that may provide unique opportunities for intervention during this dynamic life stage.
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Xu X, Luo S, Wen X, Wang X, Yin J, Luo X, He B, Liang C, Xiong S, Zhu D, Fu J, Lv D, Dai Z, Lin J, Li Y, Lin Z, Chen W, Luo Z, Wang Y, Ma G. Genetic Contribution of Synapse-Associated Protein 97 to Orbitofrontal-Striatal-Thalamic Circuitry Connectivity Changes in First-Episode Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:691007. [PMID: 34349683 PMCID: PMC8326367 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.691007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional and structural disturbances in the orbitofrontal-striatal-thalamic circuitry are thought to be associated with mental symptoms and neurocognitive impairments in schizophrenia. This study tested whether synapse-associated protein 97 (SAP97), a reasonable candidate gene for schizophrenia, is related to orbitofrontal-striatal-thalamic connection changes in first-episode schizophrenia (FES) patients and the clinical performance of schizophrenic patients by affecting this integrity. Fifty-two FES patients and 52 matched healthy controls were recruited. All subjects underwent genotyping via the improved multiplex ligation detection reaction technique and scanning with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to provide orbitofrontal-striatal-thalamic functional and structural imaging data. A two-way analysis of covariance model was employed to examine abnormal brain connectivities, and Spearman correlations were applied to estimate the relationships between brain connectivity and clinical manifestations. In the FES group, those with the SAP97 rs3915512 TT genotype showed lower structural and functional connectivity than A allele carriers between the orbitofrontal gyrus and striatum/thalamus. In the FES group, negative correlations were found between resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) in the orbitofrontal gyrus and thalamus, and positive symptoms between structural connections in the orbitofrontal gyrus and striatum and cognitive functions, and positive correlations were suggested between RSFC in the orbitofrontal gyrus and thalamus and negative symptoms. Our findings suggested that the SAP97 rs3915512 polymorphism may be involved in mental symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in FES patients by influencing structural and functional connectivity of the orbitofrontal-striatal and orbitofrontal-thalamic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xusan Xu
- Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.,Maternal and Children's Health Research Institute, Shunde Women and Children's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Shucun Luo
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xia Wen
- Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jingwen Yin
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xudong Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Bin He
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Chunmei Liang
- Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Susu Xiong
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Dongjian Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jiawu Fu
- Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Dong Lv
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhun Dai
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Juda Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - You Li
- Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhixiong Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Wubiao Chen
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zebin Luo
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Maternal and Children's Health Research Institute, Shunde Women and Children's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Guoda Ma
- Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.,Maternal and Children's Health Research Institute, Shunde Women and Children's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
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11
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Wang H, Zhao P, Huang Q, Chi Y, Dong S, Fan J. Bisphenol-A induces neurodegeneration through disturbance of intracellular calcium homeostasis in human embryonic stem cells-derived cortical neurons. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 229:618-630. [PMID: 31102917 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a representative exogenous endocrine disruptor, which is extensively composed in plastic products. Due to the capability of passing through the blood-brain barrier, evidence has linked BPA exposure with multiple neuropsychological dysfunctions, neurobehavioral disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the underlying mechanism by which BPA induces neurodegeneration still remains unclear. Our study used human embryonic stem cells-derived human cortical neurons (hCNs) as a cellular model to investigate the adverse neurotoxic effects of BPA. hCNs were treated with 0, 0.1, 1 and 10 μM BPA for 14 days. Impacts of BPA exposure on cell morphology, cell viability and neural marker (MAP2) were measured for evaluating the neurodegeneration. The intracellular calcium homeostasis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and organelle functions were also taken into consideration. Results revealed that chronic exposure of BPA damaged the neural morphology, induced neuronal apoptosis and decreased MAP2 expression at the level of both transcription and translation. The intracellular calcium levels were elevated in hCNs after BPA exposure through NMDARs-nNOS-PSD-95 mediating. Meanwhile, BPA led to oxidative stress by raising the ROS generation and attenuating the antioxidant defense in hCNs. Furthermore, BPA triggered ER stress and increased cytochrome c release by impairing the mitochondrial function. Ultimately, BPA triggered the cell apoptosis by regulating Bcl-2 family and caspase-dependent signaling pathway. Taken together, BPA exerted neurotoxic effects on hCNs by eliciting apoptosis, which might due to the intracellular calcium homeostasis perturbation and cell organellar dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongou Wang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peiqiang Zhao
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiansheng Huang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yulang Chi
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Sijun Dong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Jianglin Fan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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12
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Ding Y, Ou Y, Su Q, Pan P, Shan X, Chen J, Liu F, Zhang Z, Zhao J, Guo W. Enhanced Global-Brain Functional Connectivity in the Left Superior Frontal Gyrus as a Possible Endophenotype for Schizophrenia. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:145. [PMID: 30863277 PMCID: PMC6399149 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The notion of dysconnectivity in schizophrenia has been put forward for many years and results in substantial attempts to explore altered functional connectivity (FC) within different networks with inconsistent results. Clinical, demographical, and methodological heterogeneity may contribute to the inconsistency. Forty-four patients with first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenia, 42 unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients and 44 healthy controls took part in this study. Global-brain FC (GFC) was employed to analyze the imaging data. Compared with healthy controls, patients with schizophrenia and unaffected siblings shared enhanced GFC in the left superior frontal gyrus (SFG). In addition, patients had increased GFC mainly in the thalamo-cortical network, including the bilateral thalamus, bilateral posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)/precuneus, left superior medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), right angular gyrus, and right SFG/middle frontal gyrus and decreased GFC in the left ITG/cerebellum Crus I. No other altered GFC values were observed in the siblings group relative to the control group. Further ROC analysis showed that increased GFC in the left SFG could separate the patients or the siblings from the controls with acceptable sensitivities. Our findings suggest that increased GFC in the left SFG may serve as a potential endophenotype for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudan Ding
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yangpan Ou
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qinji Su
- Mental Health Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Pan Pan
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Shan
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jindong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhikun Zhang
- Mental Health Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jingping Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenbin Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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13
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Hagenmuller F, Heekeren K, Roser P, Haker H, Theodoridou A, Walitza S, Rössler W, Kawohl W. Early Somatosensory Processing Over Time in Individuals at Risk to Develop Psychosis. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:47. [PMID: 30890966 PMCID: PMC6413704 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) enable the investigation of thalamocortical and early cortical processing. Previous studies reported alterations of SEPs in patients with schizophrenia as well as in individuals in the prodromal stage. Moreover, cannabis use as an environmental risk factor for the development of schizophrenia has been demonstrated to influence SEP parameters in individuals at risk to develop psychosis. The aim of this study was to explore the course of SEP changes and the impact of concomitant cannabis use in individuals at risk to develop psychosis who sought medical help. Methods: Median nerve SEPs including high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) superimposed on the primary cortical response (N20) were investigated using multichannel EEG in individuals (n = 54 at baseline) remaining at risk to develop psychosis at follow-up after 1 year (high-risk: n = 19; ultra-high-risk: n = 27) vs. subjects with conversion to psychosis (n = 8) and a healthy control group (n = 35). Longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses of SEP components as estimated by dipole source analysis were performed. Results: The longitudinal development of the N20 strength depended on cannabis use. In cannabis non-users, a greater decrease of N20 strengths over time was associated with more negative symptoms at baseline. At baseline, converters did not differ from subjects remaining at risk. At follow-up, converters showed increased low- and high-frequency activity than at-risk subjects and did not differ from controls. Conclusion: The results of this study lead to the suggestion that the deficits in early somatosensory processing in individuals at risk to develop psychosis may not represent a marker for a genetic risk for psychosis but rather reflect state-dependent factors such as negative symptoms. On the other hand, the transition to psychosis seems to represent an interstage between reduced sensory registration from the at-risk state and gating deficits in the chronic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Hagenmuller
- The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karsten Heekeren
- The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Roser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Services Aargau, Academic Hospital of the University of Zurich, Brugg, Switzerland
| | - Helene Haker
- The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anastasia Theodoridou
- The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Walitza
- The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wulf Rössler
- The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM 27), Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfram Kawohl
- The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Services Aargau, Academic Hospital of the University of Zurich, Brugg, Switzerland
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14
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Larsen B, Luna B. Adolescence as a neurobiological critical period for the development of higher-order cognition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 94:179-195. [PMID: 30201220 PMCID: PMC6526538 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The transition from adolescence to adulthood is characterized by improvements in higher-order cognitive abilities and corresponding refinements of the structure and function of the brain regions that support them. Whereas the neurobiological mechanisms that govern early development of sensory systems are well-understood, the mechanisms that drive developmental plasticity of association cortices, such as prefrontal cortex (PFC), during adolescence remain to be explained. In this review, we synthesize neurodevelopmental findings at the cellular, circuit, and systems levels in PFC and evaluate them through the lens of established critical period (CP) mechanisms that guide early sensory development. We find remarkable correspondence between these neurodevelopmental processes and the mechanisms driving CP plasticity, supporting the hypothesis that adolescent development is driven by CP mechanisms that guide the rapid development of neurobiology and cognitive ability during adolescence and their subsequent stability in adulthood. Critically, understanding adolescence as a CP not only provides a mechanism for normative adolescent development, it provides a framework for understanding the role of experience and neurobiology in the emergence of psychopathology that occurs during this developmental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Larsen
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States.
| | - Beatriz Luna
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States
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15
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Chen B. Abnormal cortical region and subsystem complexity in dynamical functional connectivity of chronic schizophrenia: A new graph index for fMRI analysis. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 311:28-37. [PMID: 30316890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Schizophrenia is a predominant product of pathological alterations distributed throughout interconnected neural systems. Designing new objectively diagnostic methods are burning questions. Dynamical functional connectivity (DFCs) methodology based on fMRI data is an effective lever to investigate changeability evolution in macroscopic neural activity patterns underlying critical aspects of cognition and behavior. However, region properties of brain architecture have been less investigated by special indexes of dynamical graph in general mental disorders. METHODS Embracing the network dynamics concept, we introduce topology entropy index (TE-scores) which is focused on time-varying aspects of FCs, hence develop a new framework for researching the dysfunctional roots of schizophrenia in holism significance. In this work, the important process is to uncover noticeable regions endowed with antagonistic stance in TE-scores of between morbid and normal DFCs of 63 healthy controls (HCs) and 57 chronic schizophrenia patients (SZs). RESULTS For the whole brain region levels, right olfactory, right hippocampus, left parahippocampal gyrus, right parahippocampal gyrus, left amygdala, and left cuneus in SZs are endowed with significantly different TE-scores. At brain subsystems level, TE-scores in DMN are abnormal in the SZs. Comparison with existing method(s): Topology entropy in DFCs is introduced to explore the dynamical information organization of diverse regions and their abnormal changes in mental illness. Several classical graph indexes (such as degree strength, betweenness, centrality) in the static brain network measure the region importance of FCs under senses of information integration and separation process. Although highly related to degree strength by comparing the corresponding values, topology entropy further explores the regions' aberrant adaptability of functional contact and function switching. CONCLUSION TE-scores of abnormal regions in SZs are associated to the passive apathetic social withdrawal, unusual thought content, disturbance of volition, preoccupation, active social avoidance and hallucinatory symptoms. Thought the strict contrastive study, it is worth stressing that topology entropy is a meaningful biological marker to excavating schizophrenic psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- School of Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, PR China.
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16
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Jiang Y, Duan M, Chen X, Zhang X, Gong J, Dong D, Li H, Yi Q, Wang S, Wang J, Luo C, Yao D. Aberrant Prefrontal-Thalamic-Cerebellar Circuit in Schizophrenia and Depression: Evidence From a Possible Causal Connectivity. Int J Neural Syst 2018; 29:1850032. [PMID: 30149746 DOI: 10.1142/s0129065718500326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have suggested the presence of abnormalities in the prefrontal-thalamic-cerebellar circuit in schizophrenia (SCH) and depression (DEP). However, the common and distinct structural and causal connectivity abnormalities in this circuit between the two disorders are still unclear. In the current study, structural and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were acquired from 20 patients with SCH, 20 depressive patients and 20 healthy controls (HC). Voxel-based morphometry analysis was first used to assess gray matter volume (GMV). Granger causality analysis, seeded at regions with altered GMVs, was subsequently conducted. To discover the differences between the groups, ANCOVA and post hoc tests were performed. Then, the relationships between the structural changes, causal connectivity and clinical variables were investigated. Finally, a leave-one-out resampling method was implemented to test the consistency. Statistical analyses showed the GMV and causal connectivity changes in the prefrontal-thalamic-cerebellar circuit. Compared with HC, both SCH and DEP exhibited decreased GMV in middle frontal gyrus (MFG), and a lower GMV in MFG and medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) in SCH than DEP. Compared with HC, both patient groups showed increased causal flow from the right cerebellum to the MPFC (common causal connectivity abnormalities). And distinct causal connectivity abnormalities (increased causal connectivity from the left thalamus to the MPFC in SCH than HC and DEP, and increased causal connectivity from the right cerebellum to the left thalamus in DEP than HC and SCH). In addition, the structural deficits in the MPFC and its causal connectivity from the cerebellum were associated with the negative symptom severity in SCH. This study found common/distinct structural deficits and aberrant causal connectivity patterns in the prefrontal-thalamic-cerebellar circuit in SCH and DEP, which may provide a potential direction for understanding the convergent and divergent psychiatric pathological mechanisms between SCH and DEP. Furthermore, concomitant structural and causal connectivity deficits in the MPFC may jointly contribute to the negative symptoms of SCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Jiang
- * The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Mingjun Duan
- * The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu P. R. China.,† Department of psychiatry, Chengdu Mental Health Center, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- * The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- * The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Jinnan Gong
- * The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Debo Dong
- * The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- * The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu P. R. China.,† Department of psychiatry, Chengdu Mental Health Center, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Qizhong Yi
- ‡ Psychological Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang, Medical University, Urumqi, P. R. China
| | - Shuya Wang
- § Biology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jijun Wang
- ¶ Department of EEG Source Imaging, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Luo
- * The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Dezhong Yao
- * The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu P. R. China
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17
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Guo W, Zhang F, Liu F, Chen J, Wu R, Chen DQ, Zhang Z, Zhai J, Zhao J. Cerebellar abnormalities in first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenia at rest. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2018; 276:73-79. [PMID: 29628269 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum plays a crucial role in higher cortical functions through a cerebellar-cerebral circuit. However, the specific mechanisms through which the cerebellum contributes to the neurobiology of schizophrenia remain unclear. Forty-nine first-episode, drug-naive patients with schizophrenia and 50 healthy controls underwent structural and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). The MRI data were analyzed using voxel-based morphometry, amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF), cerebellum homogeneity (CH), and seed-based functional connectivity (FC). Patients with schizophrenia did not have anatomical and CH alterations in the cerebellum compared with healthy controls. However, they exhibited decreased ALFF in the right Crus I and abnormal cerebellar FC with brain regions within the dorsal attention network, default-mode network, and ventral attention network. The findings indicate that cerebellar abnormalities in first-episode schizophrenia are mainly in the cerebellar-cerebral connectivities, which may contribute to the neurobiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Fengyu Zhang
- The Global Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jindong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Renrong Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Danny Q Chen
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhikun Zhang
- Mental Health Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jinguo Zhai
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Jingping Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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18
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Guo W, Liu F, Chen J, Wu R, Li L, Zhang Z, Chen H, Zhao J. Using short-range and long-range functional connectivity to identify schizophrenia with a family-based case-control design. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2017; 264:60-67. [PMID: 28463748 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal short-range and long-range functional connectivities (FCs) have been implicated in the neurophysiology of schizophrenia. This study was conducted to examine the potential of short-range and long-range FCs for differentiating the patients from the controls with a family-based case-control design. Twenty-eight first-episode, drug-naive patients with schizophrenia, 28 unaffected siblings of the patients (family-based controls, FBCs), and 40 healthy controls (HCs) underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans. The data were analyzed by short-range and long-range FC analyses, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and support vector machine (SVM). Compared with the FBCs/HCs, the patients exhibit increased short-range positive FC strength (spFCS) and/or long-range positive FC strength (lpFCS) in the default-mode network (DMN) and decreased spFCS and lpFCS in the sensorimotor circuits. Furthermore, a combination of the spFCS values in the right superior parietal lobule and the lpFCS values in the left fusiform gyrus/cerebellum VI can differentiate the patients from the FBCs with high sensitivity and specificity. The findings highlight the importance of the DMN and sensorimotor circuits in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Combining with family-based case-control design may be a viable option to limit the confounding effects of environmental risk factors in neuroimaging studies of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Guo
- Department of Psychiatry of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jindong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Renrong Wu
- Department of Psychiatry of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lehua Li
- Department of Psychiatry of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhikun Zhang
- Mental Health Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Huafu Chen
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingping Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Mitsogiannis MD, Little GE, Mitchell KJ. Semaphorin-Plexin signaling influences early ventral telencephalic development and thalamocortical axon guidance. Neural Dev 2017; 12:6. [PMID: 28438183 PMCID: PMC5402653 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-017-0083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sensory processing relies on projections from the thalamus to the neocortex being established during development. Information from different sensory modalities reaching the thalamus is segregated into specialized nuclei, whose neurons then send inputs to cognate cortical areas through topographically defined axonal connections. Developing thalamocortical axons (TCAs) normally approach the cortex by extending through the subpallium; here, axonal navigation is aided by distributed guidance cues and discrete cell populations, such as the corridor neurons and the internal capsule (IC) guidepost cells. In mice lacking Semaphorin-6A, axons from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) bypass the IC and extend aberrantly in the ventral subpallium. The functions normally mediated by Semaphorin-6A in this system remain unknown, but might depend on interactions with Plexin-A2 and Plexin-A4, which have been implicated in other neurodevelopmental processes. Methods We performed immunohistochemical and neuroanatomical analyses of thalamocortical wiring and subpallial development in Sema6a and Plxna2; Plxna4 null mutant mice and analyzed the expression of these genes in relevant structures. Results In Plxna2; Plxna4 double mutants we discovered TCA pathfinding defects that mirrored those observed in Sema6a mutants, suggesting that Semaphorin-6A − Plexin-A2/Plexin-A4 signaling might mediate dLGN axon guidance at subpallial level. In order to understand where and when Semaphorin-6A, Plexin-A2 and Plexin-A4 may be required for proper subpallial TCA guidance, we then characterized their spatiotemporal expression dynamics during early TCA development. We observed that the thalamic neurons whose axons are misrouted in these mutants normally express Semaphorin-6A but not Plexin-A2 or Plexin-A4. By contrast, all three proteins are expressed in corridor cells and other structures in the developing basal ganglia. This finding could be consistent with an hypothetical action of Plexins as guidance signals through Sema6A as a receptor on dLGN axons, and/or with their indirect effect on TCA guidance due to functions in the morphogenesis of subpallial intermediate targets. In support of the latter possibility, we observed that in both Plxna2; Plxna4 and Sema6a mutants some IC guidepost cells abnormally localize in correspondence of the ventral path misrouted TCAs elongate into. Conclusions These findings implicate Semaphorin-6A − Plexin-A2/Plexin-A4 interactions in dLGN axon guidance and in the spatiotemporal organization of guidepost cell populations in the mammalian subpallium. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13064-017-0083-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela D Mitsogiannis
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Graham E Little
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J Mitchell
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,Developmental Neurogenetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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20
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Jimenez AM, Lee J, Green MF, Wynn JK. Functional connectivity when detecting rare visual targets in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2017; 261:35-43. [PMID: 28126618 PMCID: PMC5333783 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia demonstrate difficulties in attending to important stimuli (e.g., targets) and ignoring distractors (e.g., non-targets). We used a visual oddball task during fMRI to examine functional connectivity within and between the ventral and dorsal attention networks to determine the relative contribution of each network to detection of rare visual targets in schizophrenia. The sample comprised 25 schizophrenia patients and 27 healthy controls. Psychophysiological interaction analysis was used to examine whole-brain functional connectivity in response to targets. We used the right temporo parietal junction (TPJ) as the seed region for the ventral network and the right medial intraparietal sulcus (IPS) as the seed region for the dorsal network. We found that connectivity between right IPS and right anterior insula (AI; a component of the ventral network) was significantly greater in controls than patients. Expected patterns of within- and between-network connectivity for right TPJ were observed in controls, and not significantly different in patients. These findings indicate functional connectivity deficits between the dorsal and ventral attention networks in schizophrenia that may create problems in processing relevant versus irrelevant stimuli. Understanding the nature of network disruptions underlying cognitive deficits of schizophrenia may help shed light on the pathophysiology of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Jimenez
- Desert Pacific MIRECC, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Junghee Lee
- Desert Pacific MIRECC, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael F Green
- Desert Pacific MIRECC, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan K Wynn
- Desert Pacific MIRECC, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Guo W, Liu F, Chen J, Wu R, Li L, Zhang Z, Chen H, Zhao J. Hyperactivity of the default-mode network in first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenia at rest revealed by family-based case-control and traditional case-control designs. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6223. [PMID: 28353559 PMCID: PMC5380243 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal regional activity and functional connectivity of the default-mode network (DMN) have been reported in schizophrenia. However, previous studies may have been biased by unmatched case-control design. To limit such bias, the present study used both the family-based case-control design and the traditional case-control design to investigate abnormal regional activity of the DMN in patients with schizophrenia at rest.Twenty-eight first-episode, drug-naive patients with schizophrenia, 28 age-, sex-matched unaffected siblings of the patients (family-based controls, FBC), and 40 healthy controls (HC) underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans. The group-independent component analysis and fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) methods were used to analyze the data.Patients with schizophrenia show increased fALFF in an overlapped region of the right superior medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) relative to the FBC and the HC. Compared with the HC, the patients and the FBC exhibit increased fALFF in an overlapped region of the left posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus (PCC/PCu). Furthermore, the z values of the 2 overlapped regions can separate the patients from the FBC/HC, and separate the patients/FBC from the HC with relatively high sensitivity and specificity.Both the family-based case-control and traditional case-control designs reveal hyperactivity of the DMN in first-episode, drug-naive patients with paranoid schizophrenia, which highlights the importance of the DMN in the neurobiology of schizophrenia. Family-based case-control design can limit the confounding effects of environmental factors in schizophrenia. Combination of the family-based case-control and traditional case-control designs may be a viable option for the neuroimaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Sheng
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan
| | - Jindong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Sheng
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Renrong Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Sheng
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lehua Li
- Department of Psychiatry, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Sheng
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhikun Zhang
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huafu Chen
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan
| | - Jingping Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Sheng
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
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22
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Cardoso MABS, do Nascimento TJ, Bernardo GP, Bernardo LP, Barbosa MMFL, Neto PJN, de Sousa DF, Júnior AGT, de Lima MAP, Moreira MM, de Sousa Gregório D, do Nascimento Santos LC, Rolim Neto ML. Are There Schizophrenia Genetic Markers and Mutations? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. Health (London) 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2017.95058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Xiao B, Wang S, Liu J, Meng T, He Y, Luo X. Abnormalities of localized connectivity in schizophrenia patients and their unaffected relatives: a meta-analysis of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13:467-475. [PMID: 28243099 PMCID: PMC5317331 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s126678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The localized dysfunction of specialized brain regions in schizophrenia patients and their unaffected relatives has been identified in a large-scale brain network; however, evidence is inconsistent. We aimed to identify abnormalities in the localized connectivity in schizophrenia patients and their relatives by conducting a meta-analysis of regional homogeneity (ReHo) studies. METHODS Fourteen studies on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, with 316 schizophrenia patients, 342 healthy controls, and 66 unaffected relatives, were included in the meta-analysis. This analysis was performed using anisotropic effect-size-based signed differential mapping software. RESULTS Schizophrenia patients showed increased ReHo in right superior frontal gyrus and right superior temporal gyrus, as well as decreased ReHo in left fusiform gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus, left postcentral gyrus, and right precentral gyrus. Unaffected relatives showed decreased ReHo in right insula and right superior temporal gyrus. These results remained widely unchanged in both sensitivity and subgroup analyses. CONCLUSION Schizophrenia patients and their unaffected relatives had extensive abnormal localized connectivity in cerebrum, especially in superior temporal gyrus, which were the potential diagnostic markers and expounded the pathophysiological hypothesis for the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiao
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center on Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center on Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Liu
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center on Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiantian Meng
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center on Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqiong He
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center on Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuerong Luo
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center on Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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24
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Benros ME, Trabjerg BB, Meier S, Mattheisen M, Mortensen PB, Mors O, Børglum AD, Hougaard DM, Nørgaard-Pedersen B, Nordentoft M, Agerbo E. Influence of Polygenic Risk Scores on the Association Between Infections and Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:609-16. [PMID: 27364036 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have suggested an important role of infections in the etiology of schizophrenia; however, shared genetic liability toward infections and schizophrenia could influence the association. We therefore investigated the possible effect of polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for schizophrenia on the association between infections and the risk of schizophrenia. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study on a Danish population-based sample born after 1981 comprising of 1692 cases diagnosed with schizophrenia between 1994 and 2008 and 1724 matched controls. All individuals were linked utilizing nationwide population-based registers with virtually complete registration of all hospital contacts for infections. PRSs were calculated using discovery effect size estimates weights from an independent meta-analysis (34,600 cases and 45,968 control individuals). RESULTS A prior hospital contact with infection had occurred in 41% of the individuals with schizophrenia and increased the incidence rate ratio (IRR) of schizophrenia by 1.43 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22-1.67). Adding PRS, which was robustly associated with schizophrenia (by an IRR of 1.46 [95% CI = 1.34-1.60] per standard deviation of the score), did not alter the association with infections and the increased risk of schizophrenia remained (IRR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.20-1.66). Furthermore, there were no interactions between PRS and infections on the risk of developing schizophrenia (p = .554). Neither did PRS affect the risk of acquiring infections among patients with schizophrenia (odds ratio = 1.00; 95% CI = 0.89-1.12) nor among controls (odds ratio = 1.09; 95% CI: 0.96-1.24). CONCLUSIONS PRS and a history of infections have independent effects on the risk for schizophrenia, and the common genetic risk measured by PRS did not account for the association with infection in this sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Benros
- Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen; National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research iPSYCH, Copenhagen.
| | - Betina B Trabjerg
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research iPSYCH, Copenhagen
| | - Sandra Meier
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research iPSYCH, Copenhagen
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research iPSYCH, Copenhagen; Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus
| | - Preben B Mortensen
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research iPSYCH, Copenhagen
| | - Ole Mors
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research iPSYCH, Copenhagen; Research Department P, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov
| | - Anders D Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research iPSYCH, Copenhagen; Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus
| | - David M Hougaard
- Danish Centre for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bent Nørgaard-Pedersen
- Danish Centre for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research iPSYCH, Copenhagen
| | - Esben Agerbo
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research iPSYCH, Copenhagen; CIRRAU-Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus
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25
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Noble S, Scheinost D, Finn ES, Shen X, Papademetris X, McEwen SC, Bearden CE, Addington J, Goodyear B, Cadenhead KS, Mirzakhanian H, Cornblatt BA, Olvet DM, Mathalon DH, McGlashan TH, Perkins DO, Belger A, Seidman LJ, Thermenos H, Tsuang MT, van Erp TGM, Walker EF, Hamann S, Woods SW, Cannon TD, Constable RT. Multisite reliability of MR-based functional connectivity. Neuroimage 2016; 146:959-970. [PMID: 27746386 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed an increasing number of multisite MRI functional connectivity (fcMRI) studies. While multisite studies provide an efficient way to accelerate data collection and increase sample sizes, especially for rare clinical populations, any effects of site or MRI scanner could ultimately limit power and weaken results. Little data exists on the stability of functional connectivity measurements across sites and sessions. In this study, we assess the influence of site and session on resting state functional connectivity measurements in a healthy cohort of traveling subjects (8 subjects scanned twice at each of 8 sites) scanned as part of the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS). Reliability was investigated in three types of connectivity analyses: (1) seed-based connectivity with posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), right motor cortex (RMC), and left thalamus (LT) as seeds; (2) the intrinsic connectivity distribution (ICD), a voxel-wise connectivity measure; and (3) matrix connectivity, a whole-brain, atlas-based approach to assessing connectivity between nodes. Contributions to variability in connectivity due to subject, site, and day-of-scan were quantified and used to assess between-session (test-retest) reliability in accordance with Generalizability Theory. Overall, no major site, scanner manufacturer, or day-of-scan effects were found for the univariate connectivity analyses; instead, subject effects dominated relative to the other measured factors. However, summaries of voxel-wise connectivity were found to be sensitive to site and scanner manufacturer effects. For all connectivity measures, although subject variance was three times the site variance, the residual represented 60-80% of the variance, indicating that connectivity differed greatly from scan to scan independent of any of the measured factors (i.e., subject, site, and day-of-scan). Thus, for a single 5min scan, reliability across connectivity measures was poor (ICC=0.07-0.17), but increased with increasing scan duration (ICC=0.21-0.36 at 25min). The limited effects of site and scanner manufacturer support the use of multisite studies, such as NAPLS, as a viable means of collecting data on rare populations and increasing power in univariate functional connectivity studies. However, the results indicate that aggregation of fcMRI data across longer scan durations is necessary to increase the reliability of connectivity estimates at the single-subject level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Noble
- Yale University, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Dustin Scheinost
- Yale University, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Emily S Finn
- Yale University, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xilin Shen
- Yale University, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xenophon Papademetris
- Yale University, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sarah C McEwen
- University of California, Los Angeles, Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- University of California, Los Angeles, Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jean Addington
- University of Calgary, Department of Psychiatry, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bradley Goodyear
- University of Calgary, Departments of Radiology, Clinical Neurosciences and Psychiatry, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kristin S Cadenhead
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Heline Mirzakhanian
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Barbara A Cornblatt
- Zucker Hillside Hospital, Department of Psychiatry Research, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Doreen M Olvet
- Zucker Hillside Hospital, Department of Psychiatry Research, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Daniel H Mathalon
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Diana O Perkins
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aysenil Belger
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Department of Psychiatry, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Larry J Seidman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heidi Thermenos
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ming T Tsuang
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Theo G M van Erp
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Elaine F Walker
- Emory University, Department of Psychology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephan Hamann
- Emory University, Department of Psychology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Scott W Woods
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tyrone D Cannon
- Yale University, Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - R Todd Constable
- Yale University, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, New Haven, CT, USA
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Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a clinically heterogeneous group of disorders that ultimately result from dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. There is some evidence to suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a role in neuropsychiatric illness; however, the data are inconclusive. This article summarizes the available literature published in the area of neuropsychiatric manifestations in both children and adults with primary mitochondrial disease, with a focus on autism spectrum disorder in children and mood disorders and schizophrenia in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E Marin
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive #0935, La Jolla, CA 92093-0935, USA
| | - Russell P Saneto
- Department of Neurology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, 4800 Sand Point Way Northeast, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, 4800 Sand Point Way Northeast, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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Patients with first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenia and subjects at ultra-high risk of psychosis shared increased cerebellar-default mode network connectivity at rest. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26124. [PMID: 27188233 PMCID: PMC4870637 DOI: 10.1038/srep26124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased cerebellar-default mode network (DMN) connectivity has been observed in first-episode, drug-naive patients with schizophrenia. However, it remains unclear whether increased cerebellar-DMN connectivity starts earlier than disease onset. Thirty-four ultra-high risk (UHR) subjects, 31 first-episode, drug-naive patients with schizophrenia and 37 healthy controls were enrolled for a resting-state scan. The imaging data were analyzed using the seed-based functional connectivity (FC) method. Compared with the controls, UHR subjects and patients with schizophrenia shared increased connectivity between the right Crus I and bilateral posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus and between Lobule IX and the left superior medial prefrontal cortex. There are positive correlations between the right Crus I-bilateral precuneus connectivity and clinical variables (Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes/Positive and Negative Symptom Scale negative symptoms/total scores) in the UHR subjects. Increased cerebellar-DMN connectivity shared by the UHR subjects and the patients not only highlights the importance of the DMN in the pathophysiology of psychosis but also may be a trait alteration for psychosis.
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Neonatal ventral hippocampus lesion changes nuclear restricted protein/brain (NRP/B) expression in hippocampus, cortex and striatum in developmental periods of rats. Neuroscience 2016; 319:59-68. [PMID: 26812035 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is conceptualized as a neurodevelopmental disorder in which developmental alterations in immature brain systems are not clear. Rats with neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions (NVHL) can exhibit schizophrenia-like behaviors, and these rats have been widely used to study the developmental mechanisms of schizophrenia. The nuclear restricted protein/brain (NRP/B) is a nuclear matrix protein that is critical for the normal development of the neuronal system. This study assessed the effect of NVHL induced by the administration of ibotenic acid on the protein expression of NRP/B in the hippocampus, cortex and striatum in pre- and post-pubertal rats. The expressions of NeuN in various developmental periods were assessed accordingly. Sprague-Dawley rat pups were administered ibotenic acid at postnatal day (PD) 7. Western blotting and an immunofluorescence staining analysis showed that the expression of NRP/B was significantly decreased in the hippocampus, cortex and striatum of the NVHL rats at PD14, 28 and 42. The expressions of NeuN were decreased accordingly. In vitro experiment showed the NRP/B knockdown can decrease the Tuj1 expression in cultured cortical neurons. The data suggest that NVHL induces a change in NRP/B expression that affects neurons in the developmental period.
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Multimodal neuroimaging as a window into the pathological physiology of schizophrenia: Current trends and issues. Neurosci Res 2016; 102:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Resting-state cerebellar-cerebral networks are differently affected in first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenia patients and unaffected siblings. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17275. [PMID: 26608842 PMCID: PMC4660304 DOI: 10.1038/srep17275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysconnectivity hypothesis posits that schizophrenia is a disorder with dysconnectivity of the cortico-cerebellar-thalamic-cortical circuit (CCTCC). However, it remains unclear to the changes of the cerebral connectivity with the cerebellum in schizophrenia patients and unaffected siblings. Forty-nine patients with first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenia patients, 46 unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients and 46 healthy controls participated in the study. Seed-based resting-state functional connectivity approach was employed to analyze the data. Compared with the controls, the patients and the siblings share increased default-mode network (DMN) seed – right Crus II connectivity. The patients have decreased right dorsal attention network (DAN) seed – bilateral cerebellum 4,5 connectivity relative to the controls. By contrast, the siblings exhibit increased FC between the right DAN seed and the right cerebellum 6 and right cerebellum 4,5 compared to the controls. No other abnormal connectivities (executive control network and salience network) are observed in the patients/siblings relative to the controls. There are no correlations between abnormal cerebellar-cerebral connectivities and clinical variables. Cerebellar-cerebral connectivity of brain networks within the cerebellum are differently affected in first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenia patients and unaffected siblings. Increased DMN connectivity with the cerebellum may serve as potential endophenotype for schizophrenia.
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Guo W, Liu F, Zhang Z, Liu G, Liu J, Yu L, Xiao C, Zhao J. Increased Cerebellar Functional Connectivity With the Default-Mode Network in Unaffected Siblings of Schizophrenia Patients at Rest. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41:1317-25. [PMID: 25956897 PMCID: PMC4601712 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The default-mode network (DMN) is vital in the neurobiology of schizophrenia, and the cerebellum participates in the high-order cognitive network such as the DMN. However, the specific contribution of the cerebellum to the DMN abnormalities remains unclear in unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients. Forty-six unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients and 46 healthy controls were recruited for a resting-state scan. The images were analyzed using the functional connectivity (FC) method. The siblings showed significantly increased FCs between the left Crus I and the left superior medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), as well as between the lobule IX and the bilateral MPFC (orbital part) and right superior MPFC compared with the controls. No significantly decreased FC was observed in the siblings relative to the controls. The analyses were replicated in 49 first-episode, drug-naive patients with schizophrenia, and the results showed that the siblings and the patients shared increased FCs between the left Crus I and the left superior MPFC, as well as between the lobule IX and the left MPFC (orbital part) compared with the controls. These findings suggest that increased cerebellar-DMN connectivities emerge earlier than illness onset, which highlight the contribution of the cerebellum to the DMN alterations in unaffected siblings. The shared increased cerebellar-DMN connectivities between the patients and the siblings may be used as candidate endophenotypes for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Guo
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China;
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China
| | - Zhikun Zhang
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University; Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Guiying Liu
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University; Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Jianrong Liu
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University; Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Liuyu Yu
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University; Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Changqing Xiao
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University; Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Jingping Zhao
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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Tang S, Xie M, Cao N, Ding S. Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Disease Modeling and Phenotypic Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2015; 59:2-15. [PMID: 26322868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In vitro cell models are invaluable tools for studying diseases and discovering drugs. Human induced pluripotent stem cells, particularly derived from patients, are an advantageous resource for generating ample supplies of cells to create unique platforms that model disease. This manuscript will review recent developments in modeling a variety of diseases (including their cellular phenotypes) with induced pluripotent stem cells derived from patients. It will also describe how researchers have exploited these models to validate drugs as potential therapeutics for these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibing Tang
- Gladstone Institutes , 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Min Xie
- Gladstone Institutes , 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Nan Cao
- Gladstone Institutes , 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Sheng Ding
- Gladstone Institutes , 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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Guo W, Liu F, Xiao C, Liu J, Yu M, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Zhao J. Increased short-range and long-range functional connectivity in first-episode, medication-naive schizophrenia at rest. Schizophr Res 2015; 166:144-50. [PMID: 25982002 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Schizophrenia is conceived as a disconnection syndrome and anatomical distance may affect functional connectivity (FC) in schizophrenia patients. However, whether and how anatomical distance affects FC remains unclear in first-episode, medication-naive schizophrenia at rest. METHODS Forty-nine schizophrenia patients and 50 age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy controls underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. Regional FC strength was computed for each voxel in the brain, which was further divided into short-range and long-range FC strength. RESULTS The patients exhibited increased short-range positive FC strength in the left superior medial frontal gyrus, and increased long-range positive FC strength in the right angular gyrus and bilateral posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)/precuneus compared with the controls. Further seed-based FC analysis showed that the left superior medial frontal gyrus had increased short-range FC with the right inferior frontal gyrus, while the right angular gyrus and bilateral PCC/precuneus had increased long-range FC with the prefrontal gyrus. No significant correlation was observed between abnormal FC strength and clinical variables in the patient group. CONCLUSIONS The findings reveal a pattern of increased anatomical distance affecting FC in the patients, with the results of increased short-range positive FC strength in the anterior default-mode network (DMN) and increased long-range positive FC strength in the posterior DMN in schizophrenia, and highlight the importance of the DMN in the neurobiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Guo
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China
| | - Changqing Xiao
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Jianrong Liu
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Miaoyu Yu
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Zhikun Zhang
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Jingping Zhao
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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Early-course unmedicated schizophrenia patients exhibit elevated prefrontal connectivity associated with longitudinal change. J Neurosci 2015; 35:267-86. [PMID: 25568120 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2310-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Strong evidence implicates prefrontal cortex (PFC) as a major source of functional impairment in severe mental illness such as schizophrenia. Numerous schizophrenia studies report deficits in PFC structure, activation, and functional connectivity in patients with chronic illness, suggesting that deficient PFC functional connectivity occurs in this disorder. However, the PFC functional connectivity patterns during illness onset and its longitudinal progression remain uncharacterized. Emerging evidence suggests that early-course schizophrenia involves increased PFC glutamate, which might elevate PFC functional connectivity. To test this hypothesis, we examined 129 non-medicated, human subjects diagnosed with early-course schizophrenia and 106 matched healthy human subjects using both whole-brain data-driven and hypothesis-driven PFC analyses of resting-state fMRI. We identified increased PFC connectivity in early-course patients, predictive of symptoms and diagnostic classification, but less evidence for "hypoconnectivity." At the whole-brain level, we observed "hyperconnectivity" around areas centered on the default system, with modest overlap with PFC-specific effects. The PFC hyperconnectivity normalized for a subset of the sample followed longitudinally (n = 25), which also predicted immediate symptom improvement. Biologically informed computational modeling implicates altered overall connection strength in schizophrenia. The initial hyperconnectivity, which may decrease longitudinally, could have prognostic and therapeutic implications.
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Path from schizophrenia genomics to biology: gene regulation and perturbation in neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells and genome editing. Neurosci Bull 2015; 31:113-27. [PMID: 25575480 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-014-1488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a devastating mental disorder afflicting 1% of the population. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of SZ have identified >100 risk loci. However, the causal variants/genes and the causal mechanisms remain largely unknown, which hinders the translation of GWAS findings into disease biology and drug targets. Most risk variants are noncoding, thus likely regulate gene expression. A major mechanism of transcriptional regulation is chromatin remodeling, and open chromatin is a versatile predictor of regulatory sequences. MicroRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation plays an important role in SZ pathogenesis. Neurons differentiated from patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide an experimental model to characterize the genetic perturbation of regulatory variants that are often specific to cell type and/or developmental stage. The emerging genome-editing technology enables the creation of isogenic iPSCs and neurons to efficiently characterize the effects of SZ-associated regulatory variants on SZ-relevant molecular and cellular phenotypes involving dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic neurotransmissions. SZ GWAS findings equipped with the emerging functional genomics approaches provide an unprecedented opportunity for understanding new disease biology and identifying novel drug targets.
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Littow H, Huossa V, Karjalainen S, Jääskeläinen E, Haapea M, Miettunen J, Tervonen O, Isohanni M, Nikkinen J, Veijola J, Murray G, Kiviniemi VJ. Aberrant Functional Connectivity in the Default Mode and Central Executive Networks in Subjects with Schizophrenia - A Whole-Brain Resting-State ICA Study. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:26. [PMID: 25767449 PMCID: PMC4341512 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurophysiological changes of schizophrenia are currently linked to disturbances in connectivity between functional brain networks. Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies on schizophrenia have focused on a few selected networks. Also previously, it has not been possible to discern whether the functional alterations in schizophrenia originate from spatial shifting or amplitude alterations of functional connectivity. In this study, we aim to discern the differences in schizophrenia patients with respect to spatial shifting vs. signal amplitude changes in functional connectivity in the whole-brain connectome. We used high model order-independent component analysis to study some 40 resting-state networks (RSN) covering the whole cortex. Group differences were analyzed with dual regression coupled with y-concat correction for multiple comparisons. We investigated the RSNs with and without variance normalization in order to discern spatial shifting from signal amplitude changes in 43 schizophrenia patients and matched controls from the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort. Voxel-level correction for multiple comparisons revealed 18 RSNs with altered functional connectivity, 6 of which had both spatial and signal amplitude changes. After adding the multiple comparison, y-concat correction to the analysis for including the 40 RSNs as well, we found that four RSNs showed still changes. These robust changes actually seem encompass parcellations of the default mode network and central executive networks. These networks both have spatially shifted connectivity and abnormal signal amplitudes. Interestingly the networks seem to mix their functional representations in areas like left caudate nucleus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These changes overlapped with areas that have been related to dopaminergic alterations in patients with schizophrenia compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harri Littow
- Department of Radiology, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital , Oulu , Finland
| | - Ville Huossa
- Department of Radiology, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital , Oulu , Finland
| | - Sami Karjalainen
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital , Oulu , Finland
| | - Erika Jääskeläinen
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital , Oulu , Finland
| | - Marianne Haapea
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital , Oulu , Finland
| | - Jouko Miettunen
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital , Oulu , Finland
| | - Osmo Tervonen
- Department of Radiology, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital , Oulu , Finland
| | - Matti Isohanni
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital , Oulu , Finland
| | - Juha Nikkinen
- Department of Oncology, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital , Oulu , Finland
| | - Juha Veijola
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital , Oulu , Finland
| | - Graham Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Vesa J Kiviniemi
- Department of Radiology, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital , Oulu , Finland
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Peters BD, Karlsgodt KH. White matter development in the early stages of psychosis. Schizophr Res 2015; 161:61-9. [PMID: 24893908 PMCID: PMC4250450 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been conceptualized as a disorder of both neurodevelopment and a disorder of connectivity. One important aspect of the neurodevelopmental hypothesis is that schizophrenia is no longer thought to have discrete illness time points, but rather a long trajectory of brain changes, spanning many years, across a series of stages of the disease including the prodrome, first episode, and chronic period. As the disease progresses, there is a complex relationship between age related changes and disease related changes. Therefore, neural changes, and specifically white matter based connectivity changes, in schizophrenia may be best conceptualized based on a lifespan trajectory. In this selective review, we discuss healthy changes in white matter integrity that occur with age, as well as changes that occur across illness stages. We further propose a set of models that might explain lifespan changes in white matter integrity in schizophrenia, with the conclusion that the evidence most strongly supports a pattern of disrupted maturation during adolescence, with the potential for later changes that may be a result of disease neurotoxicity, abnormal or excessive aging effects, as well as medication, cohort or other effects. Thus, when considering white matter integrity in psychosis, it is critical to consider age in addition to other contributing factors including disease specific effects. Discovery of the factors driving healthy white matter development across the lifespan and deviations from the normal developmental trajectory may provide insights relevant to the discovery of early treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart D. Peters
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, NorthShore-LIJ Health System, Glen Oaks, NY
| | - Katherine H. Karlsgodt
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, NorthShore-LIJ Health System, Glen Oaks, NY,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY,Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra NorthShore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY
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Guo W, Liu F, Liu J, Yu L, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Xiao C, Zhai J, Zhao J. Abnormal causal connectivity by structural deficits in first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenia at rest. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41:57-65. [PMID: 25170032 PMCID: PMC4266300 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Anatomical deficits and resting-state functional connectivity (FC) alterations in prefrontal-thalamic-cerebellar circuit have been implicated in the neurobiology of schizophrenia. However, the effect of structural deficits in schizophrenia on causal connectivity of this circuit remains unclear. This study was conducted to examine the causal connectivity biased by structural deficits in first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenia patients. Structural and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were obtained from 49 first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenia patients and 50 healthy controls. Data were analyzed by voxel-based morphometry and Granger causality analysis. The causal connectivity of the integrated prefrontal-thalamic (limbic)-cerebellar (sensorimotor) circuit was partly affected by structural deficits in first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenia as follows: (1) unilateral prefrontal-sensorimotor connectivity abnormalities (increased driving effect from the left medial prefrontal cortex [MPFC] to the sensorimotor regions); (2) bilateral limbic-sensorimotor connectivity abnormalities (increased driving effect from the right anterior cingulate cortex [ACC] to the sensorimotor regions and decreased feedback from the sensorimotor regions to the right ACC); and (3) bilateral increased and decreased causal connectivities among the sensorimotor regions. Some correlations between the gray matter volume of the seeds, along with their causal effects and clinical variables (duration of untreated psychosis and symptom severity), were also observed in the patients. The findings indicated the partial effects of structural deficits in first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenia on the prefrontal-thalamic (limbic)-cerebellar (sensorimotor) circuit. Schizophrenia may reinforce the driving connectivities from the left MPFC or right ACC to the sensorimotor regions and may disrupt bilateral causal connectivities among the sensorimotor regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Guo
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China;
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianrong Liu
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Liuyu Yu
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhikun Zhang
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Changqing Xiao
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinguo Zhai
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Jingping Zhao
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Zhao Z, Li Y, Chen H, Lu J, Thompson PM, Chen J, Wang Z, Xu J, Xu C, Li X. PD_NGSAtlas: a reference database combining next-generation sequencing epigenomic and transcriptomic data for psychiatric disorders. BMC Med Genomics 2014; 7:71. [PMID: 25551368 PMCID: PMC4308070 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-014-0071-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BP) are projected to lead the global disease burden within the next decade. Several lines of evidence suggest that epigenetic- or genetic-mediated dysfunction is frequently present in these disorders. To date, the inheritance patterns have been complicated by the problem of integrating epigenomic and transcriptomic factors that have yet to be elucidated. Therefore, there is a need to build a comprehensive database for storing epigenomic and transcriptomic data relating to psychiatric disorders. Description We have developed the PD_NGSAtlas, which focuses on the efficient storage of epigenomic and transcriptomic data based on next-generation sequencing and on the quantitative analyses of epigenetic and transcriptional alterations involved in psychiatric disorders. The current release of the PD_NGSAtlas contains 43 DNA methylation profiles and 37 transcription profiles detected by MeDIP-Seq and RNA-Seq, respectively, in two distinct brain regions and peripheral blood of SZ, BP and non-psychiatric controls. In addition to these data that were generated in-house, we have included, and will continue to include, published DNA methylation and gene expression data from other research groups, with a focus on psychiatric disorders. A flexible query engine has been developed for the acquisition of methylation profiles and transcription profiles for special genes or genomic regions of interest of the selected samples. Furthermore, the PD_NGSAtlas offers online tools for identifying aberrantly methylated and expressed events involved in psychiatric disorders. A genome browser has been developed to provide integrative and detailed views of multidimensional data in a given genomic context, which can help researchers understand molecular mechanisms from epigenetic and transcriptional perspectives. Moreover, users can download the methylation and transcription data for further analyses. Conclusions The PD_NGSAtlas aims to provide storage of epigenomic and transcriptomic data as well as quantitative analyses of epigenetic and transcriptional alterations involved in psychiatric disorders. The PD_NGSAtlas will be a valuable data resource and will enable researchers to investigate the pathophysiology and aetiology of disease in detail. The database is available at http://bioinfo.hrbmu.edu.cn/pd_ngsatlas/. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12920-014-0071-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhao
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Yongsheng Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Jianping Lu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Peter M Thompson
- Southwest Brain Bank, Department of Psychiatry, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Juan Chen
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Zishan Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Juan Xu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Chun Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, El Paso, TX, USA.
| | - Xia Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
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Keshavan MS, Giedd J, Lau JYF, Lewis DA, Paus T. Changes in the adolescent brain and the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders. Lancet Psychiatry 2014; 1:549-58. [PMID: 26361314 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(14)00081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a time of extensive neuroanatomical, functional, and chemical reorganisation of the brain which parallels substantial maturational changes in cognition and affect regulation. This period is characterised by stabilisation of synapses to diminish redundancy and increase efficiency of neural function, fine-tuning of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter systems, beginning of integration between late maturing and early maturing brain structures, and development of effective connections. In effect, these so-called moving parts create a state of dynamic change that might underlie adolescent behaviours. Imbalances or changes in timing of these developmental processes clearly increase the risk for psychiatric disorders. Genetic, environmental, and epigenetic factors that shape brain development and hormonal changes that affect stress reactivity could be reasons why some, but not all, adolescents are at a heightened risk of developing a psychopathological disorder. In this Series paper, we assess the neurobiology of the changing adolescent brain, implications of this knowledge, and future research in major psychiatric disorders, particularly for psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matcheri S Keshavan
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Jay Giedd
- Brain Imaging Section, Child Psychiatry Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - David A Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Jalbrzikowski M, Villalon-Reina JE, Karlsgodt KH, Senturk D, Chow C, Thompson PM, Bearden CE. Altered white matter microstructure is associated with social cognition and psychotic symptoms in 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:393. [PMID: 25426042 PMCID: PMC4227518 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
22q11.2 Microdeletion Syndrome (22q11DS) is a highly penetrant genetic mutation associated with a significantly increased risk for psychosis. Aberrant neurodevelopment may lead to inappropriate neural circuit formation and cerebral dysconnectivity in 22q11DS, which may contribute to symptom development. Here we examined: (1) differences between 22q11DS participants and typically developing controls in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures within white matter tracts; (2) whether there is an altered age-related trajectory of white matter pathways in 22q11DS; and (3) relationships between DTI measures, social cognition task performance, and positive symptoms of psychosis in 22q11DS and typically developing controls. Sixty-four direction diffusion weighted imaging data were acquired on 65 participants (36 22q11DS, 29 controls). We examined differences between 22q11DS vs. controls in measures of fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD), using both a voxel-based and region of interest approach. Social cognition domains assessed were: Theory of Mind and emotion recognition. Positive symptoms were assessed using the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes. Compared to typically developing controls, 22q11DS participants showed significantly lower AD and RD in multiple white matter tracts, with effects of greatest magnitude for AD in the superior longitudinal fasciculus. Additionally, 22q11DS participants failed to show typical age-associated changes in FA and RD in the left inferior longitudinal fasciculus. Higher AD in the left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFO) and left uncinate fasciculus was associated with better social cognition in 22q11DS and controls. In contrast, greater severity of positive symptoms was associated with lower AD in bilateral regions of the IFO in 22q11DS. White matter microstructure in tracts relevant to social cognition is disrupted in 22q11DS, and may contribute to psychosis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jalbrzikowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julio E Villalon-Reina
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Katherine H Karlsgodt
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Manhasset, NY, USA ; Division of Psychiatric Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital Glen Oaks, NY, USA ; Psychiatry, Hofstra Northshore-LIJ School of Medicine Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Damla Senturk
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn Chow
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Mittal VA, Dean DJ, Bernard JA, Orr JM, Pelletier-Baldelli A, Carol EE, Gupta T, Turner J, Leopold DR, Robustelli BL, Millman ZB. Neurological soft signs predict abnormal cerebellar-thalamic tract development and negative symptoms in adolescents at high risk for psychosis: a longitudinal perspective. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:1204-15. [PMID: 24375457 PMCID: PMC4193696 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbt199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is an emerging consensus that neurological soft signs (NSS) may not be "soft" at all but rather may reflect neuropathy, particularly in the cerebellum and thalamus. However, our understanding of connective tract abnormalities is limited, and to date, there have been no investigations examining NSS and longitudinal white matter development during the prodrome. Mapping the correlates of NSS in ultrahigh-risk (UHR) youth offers potential for highlighting a viable biomarker as well as for advancing understanding of pathogenic processes during the adolescent risk period. METHODS A total of 68 (33 UHR and 35 healthy control) adolescents were assessed with an NSS inventory, structured interviews, and diffusion tensor imaging. Fractional anisotropy (FA) of theoretically relevant cerebellar-thalamic tracts was calculated (left/right superior cerebellar peduncles [SCPs]). Twelve months later, a subset of 30 (15 UHR and 15 control) participants returned for follow-up diffusion tension imaging/clinical assessments. RESULTS UHR youth exhibited elevated NSS across domains. While there were no group differences in the integrity of the SCPs at baseline, controls showed a normative increase while the UHR group showed a decrease in FA over 12 months. NSS predicted a longitudinal decrease in cerebellar-thalamic FA and elevations in negative but not positive symptoms 12 months later. DISCUSSION Findings of abnormal white matter development provide direct empirical evidence to support prominent neurodevelopmental theories. The predictive relationships between NSS and longitudinal cerebellar-thalamic tract integrity and negative symptom course provide insight into the role of cognitive dysmetria in the high-risk period and inform on a unique biomarker tied to core features underlying psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay A. Mittal
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO;,Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO;,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, US; tel: 310-923-2822, fax: 303-492-4616, e-mail:
| | - Derek J. Dean
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO;,Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Jessica A. Bernard
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Joseph M. Orr
- Institute for Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Andrea Pelletier-Baldelli
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO;,Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Emily E. Carol
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Tina Gupta
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Jessica Turner
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Daniel R. Leopold
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO;,Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Briana L. Robustelli
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Zachary B. Millman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
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Russell TA, Blizinsky KD, Cobia DJ, Cahill ME, Xie Z, Sweet RA, Duan J, Gejman PV, Wang L, Csernansky JG, Penzes P. A sequence variant in human KALRN impairs protein function and coincides with reduced cortical thickness. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4858. [PMID: 25224588 PMCID: PMC4166532 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spine pathology is a key feature of several neuropsychiatric disorders. The Rac1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor kalirin-7 is critical for spine morphogenesis on cortical pyramidal neurons. Here we identify a rare coding variant in the KALRN gene region that encodes the catalytic domain, in a schizophrenia patient and his sibling with major depressive disorder. The D1338N substitution significantly diminished the protein's ability to catalyse the activation of Rac1. Contrary to wild-type kalirin-7, kalirin-7-D1338N failed to increase spine size and density. Both subjects carrying the polymorphism displayed reduced cortical volume in the superior temporal sulcus (STS), a region implicated in schizophrenia. Consistent with this, mice with reduced kalirin expression showed reduced neuropil volume in the rodent homologue of the STS. These data suggest that single amino acid changes in proteins involved in dendritic spine function can have significant effects on the structure and function of the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theron A Russell
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Katherine D Blizinsky
- 1] Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA [2] Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Derin J Cobia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Michael E Cahill
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Zhong Xie
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Robert A Sweet
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA [2] Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Jubao Duan
- 1] Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA [2] Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Pablo V Gejman
- 1] Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA [2] Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- 1] Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA [2] Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - John G Csernansky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Peter Penzes
- 1] Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA [2] Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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45
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Abstract
Psychotic disorders continue to be among the most disabling and scientifically challenging of all mental illnesses. Accumulating research findings suggest that the etiologic processes underlying the development of these disorders are more complex than had previously been assumed. At the same time, this complexity has revealed a wider range of potential options for preventive intervention, both psychosocial and biological. In part, these opportunities result from our increased understanding of the dynamic and multifaceted nature of the neurodevelopmental mechanisms involved in the disease process, as well as the evidence that many of these entail processes that are malleable. In this article, we review the burgeoning research literature on the prodrome to psychosis, based on studies of individuals who meet clinical high risk criteria. This literature has examined a range of factors, including cognitive, genetic, psychosocial, and neurobiological. We then turn to a discussion of some contemporary models of the etiology of psychosis that emphasize the prodromal period. These models encompass the origins of vulnerability in fetal development, as well as postnatal stress, the immune response, and neuromaturational processes in adolescent brain development that appear to go awry during the prodrome to psychosis. Then, informed by these neurodevelopmental models of etiology, we turn to the application of new research paradigms that will address critical issues in future investigations. It is expected that these studies will play a major role in setting the stage for clinical trials aimed at preventive intervention.
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46
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Reciprocal social behavior in youths with psychotic illness and those at clinical high risk. Dev Psychopathol 2014; 25:1187-97. [PMID: 24229557 DOI: 10.1017/s095457941300045x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Youths at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis typically exhibit significant social dysfunction. However, the specific social behaviors associated with psychosis risk have not been well characterized. We administer the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), a measure of autistic traits that examines reciprocal social behavior, to the parents of 117 adolescents (61 CHR individuals, 20 age-matched adolescents with a psychotic disorder [AOP], and 36 healthy controls) participating in a longitudinal study of psychosis risk. AOP and CHR individuals have significantly elevated SRS scores relative to healthy controls, indicating more severe social deficits. Mean scores for AOP and CHR youths are typical of scores obtained in individuals with high functioning autism (Constantino & Gruber, 2005). SRS scores are significantly associated with concurrent real-world social functioning in both clinical groups. Finally, baseline SRS scores significantly predict social functioning at follow-up (an average of 7.2 months later) in CHR individuals, over and above baseline social functioning measures (p < .009). These findings provide novel information regarding impairments in domains critical for adolescent social development, because CHR individuals and those with overt psychosis show marked deficits in reciprocal social behavior. Further, the SRS predicts subsequent real-world social functioning in CHR youth, suggesting that this measure may be useful for identifying targets of treatment in psychosocial interventions.
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47
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Corominas-Roso M, Roncero C, Eiroa-Orosa FJ, Ribasés M, Barral C, Daigre C, Martínez-Luna N, Sánchez-Mora C, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Casas M. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and cocaine-induced transient psychotic symptoms. Neuropsychobiology 2014; 68:146-55. [PMID: 24051573 DOI: 10.1159/000353259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocaine-induced psychosis (CIP) is among the most serious adverse effects of cocaine. Reduced serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels have been reported in schizophrenia and psychosis; however, studies assessing the involvement of BDNF in CIP are lacking. METHODS A total of 22 cocaine-dependent patients (aged 33.65 ± 6.85) who had never experienced psychotic symptoms under the influence of cocaine (non-CIP) and 18 patients (aged 34.18 ± 8.54) with a history of CIP completed a 2-week detoxification program in an inpatient facility. Two serum samples were collected from each patient at baseline and at the end of the protocol. Demographic, consumption and clinical data were recorded for all patients. A paired group of healthy controls was also included. RESULTS At the beginning of the detoxification treatment, serum BDNF levels were similar in both the non-CIP and the CIP groups. During early abstinence, the non-CIP group exhibited a significant increase in serum BDNF levels (p = 0.030), whereas the CIP group exhibited a decrease. Improvements in depression (Beck Depression Inventory, BDI, p = 0.003) and withdrawal symptoms (Cocaine Selective Severity Assessment, CSSA, p = 0.013) show a significant positive correlation with serum BDNF levels in the non-CIP group, whereas no correlation between the same variables was found in the CIP group. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that BDNF plays a role in the transient psychotic symptoms associated with cocaine consumption. In the non-CIP group, the increase in serum BDNF appears to be driven by the effects of chronic cocaine consumption and withdrawal. In contrast, patients with CIP share some of the neurotrophic deficiencies that characterize schizophrenia and psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Corominas-Roso
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Biomedical Network Research Center on Mental Health (CIBERSAM) Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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48
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Haut KM, van Erp TGM, Knowlton B, Bearden CE, Subotnik K, Ventura J, Nuechterlein KH, Cannon TD. Contributions of Feature Binding During Encoding and Functional Connectivity of the Medial Temporal Lobe Structures to Episodic Memory Deficits Across the Prodromal and First-Episode Phases of Schizophrenia. Clin Psychol Sci 2014; 3:159-174. [PMID: 25750836 DOI: 10.1177/2167702614533949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Patients with and at risk for psychosis may have difficulty using associative strategies to facilitate episodic memory encoding and recall. In parallel studies, patients with first-episode schizophrenia (n = 27) and high psychosis risk (n = 28) compared with control participants (n = 22 and n = 20, respectively) underwent functional MRI during a remember-know memory task. Psychophysiological interaction analyses, using medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures as regions of interest, were conducted to measure functional connectivity patterns supporting successful episodic memory. During encoding, patients with first-episode schizophrenia demonstrated reduced functional coupling between MTL regions and regions involved in stimulus representations, stimulus selection, and cognitive control. Relative to control participants and patients with high psychosis risk who did not convert to psychosis, patients with high psychosis risk who later converted to psychosis also demonstrated reduced connectivity between MTL regions and auditory-verbal and visual-association regions. These results suggest that episodic memory deficits in schizophrenia are related to inefficient recruitment of cortical connections involved in associative memory formation; such deficits precede the onset of psychosis among those individuals at high clinical risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theo G M van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine
| | | | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles ; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Kenneth Subotnik
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Joseph Ventura
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Keith H Nuechterlein
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles ; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Tyrone D Cannon
- Department of Psychology, Yale University ; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University
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49
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Sasamoto A, Miyata J, Kubota M, Hirao K, Kawada R, Fujimoto S, Tanaka Y, Hazama M, Sugihara G, Sawamoto N, Fukuyama H, Takahashi H, Murai T. Global association between cortical thinning and white matter integrity reduction in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:420-7. [PMID: 23461997 PMCID: PMC3932083 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbt030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous neuroimaging studies have revealed that both gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) are altered in several morphological aspects in schizophrenia patients. Although several studies reported associations between GM and WM alterations in restricted regions, the existence of a global association between GM and WM pathologies is unknown. Considering the wide distribution of GM morphological changes and the profound genetic background of WM abnormalities, it would be natural to postulate a global association between pathologies of GM and WM in schizophrenia. In this investigation, we studied 35 schizophrenia patients and 35 healthy control subjects using T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and investigated the association between GM thickness and WM fractional anisotropy (FA) as a proxy of pathology in each tissue. To investigate cortical thickness, surface-based analysis was used. The mean cortical thickness for the whole brain was computed for each hemisphere, and group comparisons were performed. For DTI data, mean FA for the whole brain was calculated, and group comparisons were performed. Subsequently, the correlation between mean cortical thickness and mean FA was investigated. Results showed that the mean cortical thickness was significantly thinner, and the mean FA was significantly lower in schizophrenia patients. Only in the patient group the mean cortical thickness and mean FA showed significant positive correlations in both hemispheres. This correlation remained significant even after controlling for demographic and clinical variables. Thus, our results indicate that the GM and WM pathologies of schizophrenia are intertwined at the global level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Sasamoto
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed; 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; tel: +81 75 751 3386, fax: +81 75 751 3246, e-mail:
| | - Jun Miyata
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan;,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Kyoto 606–8507, Japan; tel: +81 75 751 3386, fax: +81 75 751 3246, e-mail:
| | - Manabu Kubota
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Hirao
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan;,Department of Clinical Psychology, Kyoto Bunkyo University, Uji, Japan
| | - Ryosaku Kawada
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Fujimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tanaka
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaaki Hazama
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Genichi Sugihara
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobukatsu Sawamoto
- Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidenao Fukuyama
- Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiya Murai
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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50
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Abstract
The proper formation and morphogenesis of dendrites is fundamental to the establishment of neural circuits in the brain. Following cell cycle exit and migration, neurons undergo organized stages of dendrite morphogenesis, which include dendritic arbor growth and elaboration followed by retraction and pruning. Although these developmental stages were characterized over a century ago, molecular regulators of dendrite morphogenesis have only recently been defined. In particular, studies in Drosophila and mammalian neurons have identified numerous cell-intrinsic drivers of dendrite morphogenesis that include transcriptional regulators, cytoskeletal and motor proteins, secretory and endocytic pathways, cell cycle-regulated ubiquitin ligases, and components of other signaling cascades. Here, we review cell-intrinsic drivers of dendrite patterning and discuss how the characterization of such crucial regulators advances our understanding of normal brain development and pathogenesis of diverse cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidharth V Puram
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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