1
|
Sonego AB, Prado DS, Uliana DL, Cunha TM, Grace AA, Resstel LBM. Pioglitazone attenuates behavioral and electrophysiological dysfunctions induced by two-hit model of schizophrenia in adult rodent offspring. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2024; 89:28-40. [PMID: 39332147 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
Maternal infection and stress exposure, especially during childhood and adolescence, have been implicated as risk factors for schizophrenia. Both insults induce an exacerbated inflammatory response, which could mediate disturbance of neurodevelopmental processes and, ultimately, malfunctioning of neural systems observed in this disorder. Thus, anti-inflammatory drugs, such as PPARγ agonists, may potentially be used to prevent the development of schizophrenia. Microglia culture was prepared from the offspring of saline or poly(I:C)-injected mice. The cells were pretreated with pioglitazone and then, stimulated by LPS. Proinflammatory mediators and phagocytic activity were measured. Also, pregnant rats were injected with saline or poly(I:C) on GD17. The offspring were subjected to footshock during adolescence and subsequently injected with pioglitazone or vehicle. At adulthood, behavior and dopaminergic activity were evaluated. Pioglitazone reduced proinflammatory mediators induced by poly(I:C) microglia stimulated by LPS without affecting their decreased phagocytic activity. The PPARγ agonist also prevented the emergence of social and cognitive impairments, as well as attenuated the increased number of spontaneously active dopamine neurons in the VTA, observed in both males and females from poly(I:C) and stress group. Therefore, pioglitazone could potentially prevent the emergence of the schizophrenia-like alterations induced by the two-hit model via reduction of microglial activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreza B Sonego
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, A210 Langley Hall, 15260, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Douglas S Prado
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, The Assembly Building, 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniela L Uliana
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, A210 Langley Hall, 15260, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Anthony A Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, A210 Langley Hall, 15260, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Leonardo B M Resstel
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lv H, Guo M, Guo C, He K. The Interrelationships between Cytokines and Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8477. [PMID: 39126046 PMCID: PMC11313682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) imposes a significant burden on patients and their families because of its high prevalence rate and disabling nature. Given the lack of definitive conclusions regarding its pathogenesis, physicians heavily rely on patients' subjective symptom descriptions for diagnosis because reliable diagnostic biomarkers are currently unavailable. The role of the inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of SCZ has been supported by some studies. The findings of these studies showed abnormal changes in the levels of inflammatory factors, such as cytokines (CKs), in both peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) among individuals affected by SCZ. The findings imply that inflammatory factors could potentially function as risk indicators for the onset of SCZ. Consequently, researchers have directed their attention towards investigating the potential utility of CKs as viable biomarkers for diagnosing SCZ. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing disease-specific components exhibit remarkable stability and abundance, making them promising candidates for biomarker discovery across various diseases. CKs encapsulated within EVs secreted by immune cells offer valuable insights into disease progression. This review presents a comprehensive analysis summarizing the relationship between CKs and SCZ and emphasizes the vital role of CKs encapsulated within EVs in the pathogenesis and development of SCZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibing Lv
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China; (H.L.); (C.G.)
| | - Meng Guo
- Finance Office, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China;
| | - Chuang Guo
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China; (H.L.); (C.G.)
| | - Kuanjun He
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China; (H.L.); (C.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lu X, Sun Q, Wu L, Liao M, Yao J, Xiu M. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in first-episode medication-naïve patients with schizophrenia: A 12-week longitudinal follow-up study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 131:110959. [PMID: 38311095 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.110959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation has been related to schizophrenia (SZ). The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an inexpensive inflammatory marker, however, its potential predictive value in patients with SZ has not been extensively investigated. This study aimed to examine whether NLR could predict the clinical response to antipsychotics in this population. One hundred and ninety-five medication-naïve first-episode schizophrenia (MNFES) patients were recruited and received treatment with risperidone for 12 weeks in the present study. Clinical symptoms were evaluated at week 0 and the end of 12 weeks of treatment using the PANSS scales. Complete blood counts were determined at baseline. We found that baseline NEU counts and NLR were positively associated with improvements in clinical symptoms in patients. In addition, MNFES patients with higher baseline NLR values showed a better treatment response to antipsychotics. Linear regression analysis revealed a predictive role of baseline NLR for the improvements of clinical symptoms in SZ patients. Our findings demonstrate that higher NLR was related to better improvements in symptoms after 12 weeks of treatment with antipsychotics, which renders it a promising biomarker of the response to antipsychotics in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Lu
- Department of Nutritional and Metabolic Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Ling Wu
- Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Meisi Liao
- North University of China, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jing Yao
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Meihong Xiu
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Monet MC, Quan N. Complex Neuroimmune Involvement in Neurodevelopment: A Mini-Review. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:2979-2991. [PMID: 37489149 PMCID: PMC10363380 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s410562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly evident that cells and molecules of the immune system play significant roles in neurodevelopment. As perinatal infection is associated with the development of neurodevelopmental disorders, previous research has focused on demonstrating that the induction of neuroinflammation in the developing brain is capable of causing neuropathology and behavioral changes. Recent studies, however, have revealed that immune cells and molecules in the brain can influence neurodevelopment without the induction of overt inflammation, identifying neuroimmune activities as integral parts of normal neurodevelopment. This mini-review describes the shift in literature that has moved from emphasizing the intrusion of inflammatory events as a main culprit of neurodevelopmental disorders to evaluating the deviation of the normal neuroimmune activities in neurodevelopment as a potential pathogenic mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne C Monet
- Stiles-Nicholson Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Ning Quan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Jupiter, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Itai T, Jia P, Dai Y, Chen J, Chen X, Zhao Z. De novo mutations disturb early brain development more frequently than common variants in schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2023; 192:62-70. [PMID: 36863698 PMCID: PMC11270591 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Investigating functional, temporal, and cell-type expression features of mutations is important for understanding a complex disease. Here, we collected and analyzed common variants and de novo mutations (DNMs) in schizophrenia (SCZ). We collected 2,636 missense and loss-of-function (LoF) DNMs in 2,263 genes across 3,477 SCZ patients (SCZ-DNMs). We curated three gene lists: (a) SCZ-neuroGenes (159 genes), which are intolerant to LoF and missense DNMs and are neurologically important, (b) SCZ-moduleGenes (52 genes), which were derived from network analyses of SCZ-DNMs, and (c) SCZ-commonGenes (120 genes) from a recent GWAS as reference. To compare temporal gene expression, we used the BrainSpan dataset. We defined a fetal effect score (FES) to quantify the involvement of each gene in prenatal brain development. We further employed the specificity indexes (SIs) to evaluate cell-type expression specificity from single-cell expression data in cerebral cortices of humans and mice. Compared with SCZ-commonGenes, SCZ-neuroGenes and SCZ-moduleGenes were highly expressed in the prenatal stage, had higher FESs, and had higher SIs in fetal replicating cells and undifferentiated cell types. Our results suggested that gene expression patterns in specific cell types in early fetal stages might have impacts on the risk of SCZ during adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Itai
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peilin Jia
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yulin Dai
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jingchun Chen
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Xiangning Chen
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Baroreflex sensitivity is associated with markers of hippocampal gliosis and dysmyelination in patients with psychosis. Clin Auton Res 2023; 33:101-110. [PMID: 36877302 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-023-00929-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hippocampal dysfunction plays a key role in the pathology of psychosis. Given hippocampal sensitivity to changes in cerebral perfusion, decreased baroreflex function could contribute to psychosis pathogenesis. This study had two aims: (1) To compare baroreflex sensitivity in participants with psychosis to two control groups: participants with a nonpsychotic affective disorder and participants with no history of psychiatric disease; (2) to examine the relationship between hippocampal neurometabolites and baroreflex sensitivities in these three groups. We hypothesized that baroreflex sensitivity would be reduced and correlated with hippocampal neurometabolite levels in participants with psychosis, but not in the control groups. METHODS We assessed baroreflex sensitivity during the Valsalva maneuver separated into vagal and adrenergic components. Metabolite concentrations for cellular processes were quantitated in the entire multivoxel hippocampus using H1-MR spectroscopic (MRS) imaging and were compared with baroreflex sensitivities in the three groups. RESULTS Vagal baroreflex sensitivity (BRS-V) was reduced in a significantly larger proportion of participants with psychosis compared with patients with nonpsychotic affective disorders, whereas participants with psychosis had increased adrenergic baroreflex sensitivity (BRS-A) compared with participants with no history of psychiatric disease. Only in psychotic cases were baroreflex sensitivities associated with hippocampal metabolite concentrations. Specifically, BRS-V was inversely correlated with myo-inositol, a marker of gliosis, and BRS-A was positively correlated with energy dependent dysmyelination (choline, creatine) and excitatory activity (GLX). CONCLUSIONS Abnormal baroreflex sensitivity is common in participants with psychosis and is associated with MRS markers of hippocampal pathology. Future longitudinal studies are needed to examine causality.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ren X, Mao A, Tan S, Liu J, Wei X. Analysis of the association between MICA gene polymorphisms and schizophrenia. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24721. [PMID: 36196481 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has been implicated in schizophrenia. This study aimed to explore the correlation between the major histocompatibility complex class I polypeptide-related sequence A (MICA) polymorphisms and schizophrenia. METHODS A total of 220 Han schizophrenia patients, 47 Han healthy controls, 155 Li schizophrenia patients, and 48 Li controls were selected from Hainan Province, China. The diagnosis was made according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, criteria. Sequencing-based-typing (PCR-SBT) technology was used for MICA allele typing, and the correlation analyses of MICA gene polymorphism and schizophrenia were performed. RESULTS In the Han group, the three allele frequencies of MICA*002:01, MICA*A4, and MICA*A9 in the schizophrenia group were significantly higher than those in the healthy control group, and the differences were statistically significant (pc < 0.05; pc values were 0.024, 0.030, and 0.031, respectively). Yet, there was no difference in the MICA gene between the schizophrenia group and the healthy controls group in the Li population. CONCLUSION We found MICA*002:01, MICA*A4, and MICA*A9 may be susceptibility alleles for schizophrenia in the Han population, while the MICA allele polymorphism in the Li population is not associated with schizophrenia in Chinese.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Ren
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Aiyou Mao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Shumin Tan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Jiaxiu Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaobin Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Spironolactone alleviates schizophrenia-related reversal learning in Tcf4 transgenic mice subjected to social defeat. SCHIZOPHRENIA 2022; 8:77. [PMID: 36171421 PMCID: PMC9519974 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCognitive deficits are a hallmark of schizophrenia, for which no convincing pharmacological treatment option is currently available. Here, we tested spironolactone as a repurposed compound in Tcf4 transgenic mice subjected to psychosocial stress. In this ‘2-hit’ gene by environment mouse (GxE) model, the animals showed schizophrenia-related cognitive deficits. We had previously shown that spironolactone ameliorates working memory deficits and hyperactivity in a mouse model of cortical excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) dysbalance caused by an overactive NRG1-ERBB4 signaling pathway. In an add-on clinical study design, we used spironolactone as adjuvant medication to the standard antipsychotic drug aripiprazole. We characterized the compound effects using our previously established Platform for Systematic Semi-Automated Behavioral and Cognitive Profiling (PsyCoP). PsyCoP is a widely applicable analysis pipeline based on the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework aiming at facilitating translation into the clinic. In addition, we use dimensional reduction to analyze and visualize overall treatment effect profiles. We found that spironolactone and aripiprazole improve deficits of several cognitive domains in Tcf4tg x SD mice but partially interfere with each other’s effect in the combination therapy. A similar interaction was detected for the modulation of novelty-induced activity. In addition to its strong activity-dampening effects, we found an increase in negative valence measures as a side effect of aripiprazole treatment in mice. We suggest that repurposed drug candidates should first be tested in an adequate preclinical setting before initiating clinical trials. In addition, a more specific and effective NRG1-ERBB4 pathway inhibitor or more potent E/I balancing drug might enhance the ameliorating effect on cognition even further.
Collapse
|
9
|
Cheslack-Postava K, Brown AS. Prenatal infection and schizophrenia: A decade of further progress. Schizophr Res 2022; 247:7-15. [PMID: 34016508 PMCID: PMC8595430 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have provided evidence that prenatal exposure to maternal infection is associated with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia in the offspring. Research over the past decade has added further to our understanding of the role of prenatal infection in schizophrenia risk. These investigations include several well-powered designs, and like some earlier studies, measured maternal antibodies to specific infectious agents in stored serum samples and large registers to identify clinically diagnosed infections during pregnancy. Convergent findings from antibody studies suggest that prenatal maternal infection with Toxoplasma gondii is associated with increased schizophrenia risk in the offspring, while associations with HSV-2 infection are likely attributable to confounding. Maternal influenza infection remains a viable candidate for schizophrenia, based on an early serological study, though there has been only one attempt to replicate this finding, with a differing methodology. A prior association between maternal serologically confirmed cytomegalovirus infections require further study. Clinically diagnosed maternal infection, particularly bacterial infection, also appears to be associated with increased risk of offspring schizophrenia, and heterogeneity in these findings is likely due to methodological differences between studies. Further clarification may be provided by future studies that address the timing, type, and clinical features of infections. Important insight may be gained by examining the long-term offspring outcomes in emerging epidemics such as Zika virus and COVID-19, and by investigating the interaction between exposure to prenatal infection and other risk or protective factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keely Cheslack-Postava
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Alan S Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Structural and Functional Deviations of the Hippocampus in Schizophrenia and Schizophrenia Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105482. [PMID: 35628292 PMCID: PMC9143100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a grave neuropsychiatric disease which frequently onsets between the end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood. It is characterized by a variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities which are categorized into positive, negative and cognitive symptoms. Most therapeutical strategies address the positive symptoms by antagonizing D2-dopamine-receptors (DR). However, negative and cognitive symptoms persist and highly impair the life quality of patients due to their disabling effects. Interestingly, hippocampal deviations are a hallmark of schizophrenia and can be observed in early as well as advanced phases of the disease progression. These alterations are commonly accompanied by a rise in neuronal activity. Therefore, hippocampal formation plays an important role in the manifestation of schizophrenia. Furthermore, studies with animal models revealed a link between environmental risk factors and morphological as well as electrophysiological abnormalities in the hippocampus. Here, we review recent findings on structural and functional hippocampal abnormalities in schizophrenic patients and in schizophrenia animal models, and we give an overview on current experimental approaches that especially target the hippocampus. A better understanding of hippocampal aberrations in schizophrenia might clarify their impact on the manifestation and on the outcome of this severe disease.
Collapse
|
11
|
The Complement System in the Central Nervous System: From Neurodevelopment to Neurodegeneration. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020337. [PMID: 35204837 PMCID: PMC8869249 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of the complement system to both innate and adaptive immunity through opsonization, cell lysis, and inflammatory activities are well known. In contrast, the role of complement in the central nervous system (CNS) which extends beyond immunity, is only beginning to be recognized as important to neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. In addition to protecting the brain against invasive pathogens, appropriate activation of the complement system is pivotal to the maintenance of normal brain function. Moreover, overactivation or dysregulation may cause synaptic dysfunction and promote excessive pro-inflammatory responses. Recent studies have provided insights into the various responses of complement components in different neurological diseases and the regulatory mechanisms involved in their pathophysiology, as well as a glimpse into targeting complement factors as a potential therapeutic modality. However, there remain significant knowledge gaps in the relationship between the complement system and different brain disorders. This review summarizes recent key findings regarding the role of different components of the complement system in health and pathology of the CNS and discusses the therapeutic potential of anti-complement strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions.
Collapse
|
12
|
Barch DM. Introduction to Special Issue on COVID-19 and Mental Health. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 1:241-243. [PMID: 36325502 PMCID: PMC9616326 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M. Barch
- Departments of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Psychiatry, and Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Aflouk Y, Inoubli O, Saoud H, Zaafrane F, Gaha L, Bel Hadj Jrad B. Association between TLR2 polymorphisms (- 196-174 Ins/Del, R677W, R753Q, and P631H) and schizophrenia in a Tunisian population. Immunol Res 2021; 69:541-552. [PMID: 34546527 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-021-09238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Since immune dysregulation has been well studied in schizophrenia pathophysiology, recent studies showed a potent role of TLR2 in neuroinflammation process underlying schizophrenia pathogenesis. However, the genetic predisposition is still unclear. Thus, we hypothesized that TLR2 polymorphisms - 196-174 Ins/Del (rs111200466), R753Q (rs5743708), R677W (rs121917864), and P631H (rs5743704) could be involved in schizophrenia predisposition. A case-control study was performed on a Tunisian population composed of 250 healthy controls and 250 patients genotyped by PCR-RFLP. Genotype and allele distribution were evaluated with sex, schizophrenia subtypes, and other clinical features. We also assessed a haplotype analysis for TLR2 polymorphisms with schizophrenia. Our results showed higher ins/del genotype frequency in healthy women compared to patients (p = 0.006; OR = 0.2). In the other hand, logistic regression showed higher ins/del genotype frequency in controls compared to paranoid patients (p = 0.05; OR = 0.48, adjusted). Frequencies of CT and T allele of R677W were significantly higher in patients compared to controls (p < 10-4, OR = 10.39; p < 10-4, OR = 4, adjusted, respectively). R753Q polymorphism was exclusively detected in patients (GA + AA = 2.5%) particularly in men with disorganized subtype. P631H did not show any association with schizophrenia. Finally, haplotype analysis showed that InsGTC and delGTC were associated with higher risk of schizophrenia (p = 0.0001, OR = 8.58; p = 0.04, OR = 5.01, respectively). In the Tunisian population, our results suggested that TLR2 R677W could be associated with susceptibility for schizophrenia, while - 196-174 Ins/Del suggested a trend of protection in women. Otherwise, R753Q could have an effect on schizophrenia especially for disorganized subgroup.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Aflouk
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bioresources GBVB (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir (ISBM), University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Oumaima Inoubli
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bioresources GBVB (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir (ISBM), University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hana Saoud
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bioresources GBVB (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir (ISBM), University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ferid Zaafrane
- Department of Psychiatry and Vulnerability to Psychoses Laboratory-CHU Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Lotfi Gaha
- Department of Psychiatry and Vulnerability to Psychoses Laboratory-CHU Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Besma Bel Hadj Jrad
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bioresources GBVB (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir (ISBM), University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Carthy E, Ellender T. Histamine, Neuroinflammation and Neurodevelopment: A Review. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:680214. [PMID: 34335160 PMCID: PMC8317266 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.680214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The biogenic amine, histamine, has been shown to critically modulate inflammatory processes as well as the properties of neurons and synapses in the brain, and is also implicated in the emergence of neurodevelopmental disorders. Indeed, a reduction in the synthesis of this neuromodulator has been associated with the disorders Tourette's syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder, with evidence that this may be through the disruption of the corticostriatal circuitry during development. Furthermore, neuroinflammation has been associated with alterations in brain development, e.g., impacting synaptic plasticity and synaptogenesis, and there are suggestions that histamine deficiency may leave the developing brain more vulnerable to proinflammatory insults. While most studies have focused on neuronal sources of histamine it remains unclear to what extent other (non-neuronal) sources of histamine, e.g., from mast cells and other sources, can impact brain development. The few studies that have started exploring this in vitro, and more limited in vivo, would indicate that non-neuronal released histamine and other preformed mediators can influence microglial-mediated neuroinflammation which can impact brain development. In this Review we will summarize the state of the field with regard to non-neuronal sources of histamine and its impact on both neuroinflammation and brain development in key neural circuits that underpin neurodevelopmental disorders. We will also discuss whether histamine receptor modulators have been efficacious in the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders in both preclinical and clinical studies. This could represent an important area of future research as early modulation of histamine from neuronal as well as non-neuronal sources may provide novel therapeutic targets in these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elliott Carthy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tommas Ellender
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Childhood disadvantage, neurocognitive development and neuropsychiatric disorders: Evidence of mechanisms. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2021; 34:306-323. [PMID: 33587493 PMCID: PMC9458466 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Children living in socioeconomically disadvantaged households have excess risks of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric problems. The purpose of this review is to synthesize evidence for mechanisms that may contribute to these excess risks. RECENT FINDINGS The majority of the 60 studies included in our review focused on children's neurocognitive development and behavioural problems. About half conducted mediation analyses of factors in the family and neighbourhood environments, including access to resources (e.g. cognitive inputs within the home environment) and exposure to stressors (e.g. negative parenting practices), as well as neurobiological embedding of childhood disadvantage. In addition, many studies conducted moderation analyses of factors that were hypothesized to interact with (i.e. exacerbate or mitigate) the harmful effects of childhood disadvantage. SUMMARY Many of the factors that contribute to the excess risk of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric problems among children in disadvantaged households are potentially modifiable (e.g. cognitively stimulating materials, parental language input, cultural resources, parental stress and psychopathology, negative parenting, neighbourhood violence). If their causality is ultimately established, they could be targets for the prevention and reduction of disparities. The continued search for mechanisms should not detract from work to reduce and hopefully eliminate children's exposure to disadvantage.
Collapse
|
16
|
Contribution of Pro-Inflammatory Molecules Induced by Respiratory Virus Infections to Neurological Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040340. [PMID: 33917837 PMCID: PMC8068239 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurobehavioral alterations and cognitive impairment are common phenomena that represent neuropsychiatric disorders and can be triggered by an exacerbated immune response against pathogens, brain injury, or autoimmune diseases. Pro-inflammatory molecules, such as cytokines and chemokines, are produced in the brain by resident cells, mainly by microglia and astrocytes. Brain infiltrating immune cells constitutes another source of these molecules, contributing to an impaired neurological synapse function, affecting typical neurobehavioral and cognitive performance. Currently, there is increasing evidence supporting the notion that behavioral alterations and cognitive impairment can be associated with respiratory viral infections, such as human respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, and SARS-COV-2, which are responsible for endemic, epidemic, or pandemic outbreak mainly in the winter season. This article will review the brain′s pro-inflammatory response due to infection by three highly contagious respiratory viruses that are the leading cause of acute respiratory illness, morbidity, and mobility in infants, immunocompromised and elderly population. How these respiratory viral pathogens induce increased secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules and their relationship with the alterations at a behavioral and cognitive level will be discussed.
Collapse
|
17
|
Cruz-Carrillo G, Camacho-Morales A. Metabolic Flexibility Assists Reprograming of Central and Peripheral Innate Immunity During Neurodevelopment. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:703-718. [PMID: 33006752 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Central innate immunity assists time-dependent neurodevelopment by recruiting and interacting with peripheral immune cells. Microglia are the major player of central innate immunity integrating peripheral signals arising from the circumventricular regions lacking the blood-brain barrier (BBB), via neural afferent pathways such as the vagal nerve and also by choroid plexus into the brain ventricles. Defective and/or unrestrained activation of central and peripheral immunity during embryonic development might set an aberrant connectome establishment and brain function, leading to major psychiatric disorders in postnatal stages. Molecular candidates leading to central and peripheral innate immune overactivation identified metabolic substrates and lipid species as major contributors of immunological priming, supporting the role of a metabolic flexibility node during trained immunity. Mechanistically, trained immunity is established by an epigenetic program including DNA methylation and histone acetylation, as the major molecular epigenetic signatures to set immune phenotypes. By definition, immunological training sets reprogramming of innate immune cells, enhancing or repressing immune responses towards a second challenge which potentially might contribute to neurodevelopment disorders. Notably, the innate immune training might be set during pregnancy by maternal immune activation stimuli. In this review, we integrate the most valuable scientific evidence supporting the role of metabolic cues assisting metabolic flexibility, leading to innate immune training during development and its effects on aberrant neurological phenotypes in the offspring. We also add reports supporting the role of methylation and histone acetylation signatures as a major epigenetic mechanism regulating immune training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Cruz-Carrillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica. Facultad de Medicina,, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
- Neurometabolism Unit, Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - Alberto Camacho-Morales
- Departamento de Bioquímica. Facultad de Medicina,, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico.
- Neurometabolism Unit, Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Volkmann P, Stephan M, Krackow S, Jensen N, Rossner MJ. PsyCoP - A Platform for Systematic Semi-Automated Behavioral and Cognitive Profiling Reveals Gene and Environment Dependent Impairments of Tcf4 Transgenic Mice Subjected to Social Defeat. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 14:618180. [PMID: 33519394 PMCID: PMC7841301 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.618180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, hundreds of risk genes associated with psychiatric disorders have been identified. These are thought to interact with environmental stress factors in precipitating pathological behaviors. However, the individual phenotypes resulting from specific genotype by environment (G×E) interactions remain to be determined. Toward a more systematic approach, we developed a novel standardized and partially automatized platform for systematic behavioral and cognitive profiling (PsyCoP). Here, we assessed the behavioral and cognitive disturbances in Tcf4 transgenic mice (Tcf4tg) exposed to psychosocial stress by social defeat during adolescence using a "two-hit" G×E mouse model. Notably, TCF4 has been repeatedly identified as a candidate risk gene for different psychiatric diseases and Tcf4tg mice display behavioral endophenotypes such as fear memory impairment and hyperactivity. We use the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) concept as framework to categorize phenotyping results in a translational approach. We propose two methods of dimension reduction, clustering, and visualization of behavioral phenotypes to retain statistical power and clarity of the overview. Taken together, our results reveal that sensorimotor gating is disturbed by Tcf4 overexpression whereas both negative and positive valence systems are primarily influenced by psychosocial stress. Moreover, we confirm previous reports showing that deficits in the cognitive domain are largely dependent on the interaction between Tcf4 and psychosocial stress. We recommend that the standardized analysis and visualization strategies described here should be applied to other two-hit mouse models of psychiatric diseases and anticipate that this will help directing future preclinical treatment trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Volkmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marius Stephan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Krackow
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niels Jensen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz J Rossner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rollins CPE, Garrison JR, Arribas M, Seyedsalehi A, Li Z, Chan RCK, Yang J, Wang D, Liò P, Yan C, Yi ZH, Cachia A, Upthegrove R, Deakin B, Simons JS, Murray GK, Suckling J. Evidence in cortical folding patterns for prenatal predispositions to hallucinations in schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:387. [PMID: 33159044 PMCID: PMC7648757 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01075-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
All perception is a construction of the brain from sensory input. Our first perceptions begin during gestation, making fetal brain development fundamental to how we experience a diverse world. Hallucinations are percepts without origin in physical reality that occur in health and disease. Despite longstanding research on the brain structures supporting hallucinations and on perinatal contributions to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, what links these two distinct lines of research remains unclear. Sulcal patterns derived from structural magnetic resonance (MR) images can provide a proxy in adulthood for early brain development. We studied two independent datasets of patients with schizophrenia who underwent clinical assessment and 3T MR imaging from the United Kingdom and Shanghai, China (n = 181 combined) and 63 healthy controls from Shanghai. Participants were stratified into those with (n = 79 UK; n = 22 Shanghai) and without (n = 43 UK; n = 37 Shanghai) hallucinations from the PANSS P3 scores for hallucinatory behaviour. We quantified the length, depth, and asymmetry indices of the paracingulate and superior temporal sulci (PCS, STS), which have previously been associated with hallucinations in schizophrenia, and constructed cortical folding covariance matrices organized by large-scale functional networks. In both ethnic groups, we demonstrated a significantly shorter left PCS in patients with hallucinations compared to those without, and to healthy controls. Reduced PCS length and STS depth corresponded to focal deviations in their geometry and to significantly increased covariance within and between areas of the salience and auditory networks. The discovery of neurodevelopmental alterations contributing to hallucinations establishes testable models for these enigmatic, sometimes highly distressing, perceptions and provides mechanistic insight into the pathological consequences of prenatal origins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen P. E. Rollins
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jane R. Garrison
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maite Arribas
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Aida Seyedsalehi
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK ,grid.450563.10000 0004 0412 9303Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zhi Li
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Raymond C. K. Chan
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junwei Yang
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Duo Wang
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pietro Liò
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chao Yan
- grid.22069.3f0000 0004 0369 6365Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng-hui Yi
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Arnaud Cachia
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France ,Université de Paris, IPNP, INSERM, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Rachel Upthegrove
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Bill Deakin
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jon S. Simons
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Graham K. Murray
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,grid.450563.10000 0004 0412 9303Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Suckling
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wegrzyn D, Manitz MP, Kostka M, Freund N, Juckel G, Faissner A. Poly I:C-induced maternal immune challenge reduces perineuronal net area and raises spontaneous network activity of hippocampal neurons in vitro. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:3920-3941. [PMID: 32757397 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the maternal immune system (MIA) during gestation is linked to neuropsychiatric diseases like schizophrenia. While many studies address behavioural aspects, less is known about underlying cellular mechanisms. In the following study, BALB/c mice received intraperitoneal injections of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) (20 µg/ml) or saline (0.9%) at gestation day (GD) 9.5 before hippocampal neurons were isolated and cultured from embryonic mice for further analysis. Interestingly, strongest effects were observed when the perineuronal net (PNN) wearing subpopulation of neurons was analysed. Here, a significant reduction of aggrecan staining intensity, area and soma size could be detected. Alterations of PNNs are often linked to neuropsychiatric diseases, changes in synaptic plasticity and in electrophysiology. Utilizing multielectrode array analysis (MEA), we observed a remarkable increase of the spontaneous network activity in neuronal networks after 21 days in vitro (DIV) when mother mice suffered a prenatal immune challenge. As PNNs are associated with GABAergic interneurons, our data indicate that this neuronal subtype might be stronger affected by a prenatal MIA. Degradation or damage of this subtype might cause the hyperexcitability observed in the whole network. In addition, embryonic neurons of the Poly I:C condition developed significantly shorter axons after five days in culture, while dendritic parameters and apoptosis rate remained unchanged. Structural analysis of synapse numbers revealed an increase of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) puncta after 14 DIV and an increase of presynaptic vesicular glutamate transporter (vGlut) puncta after 21 DIV, while inhibitory synaptic proteins were not altered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Wegrzyn
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marie-Pierre Manitz
- Division of Experimental and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Kostka
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nadja Freund
- Division of Experimental and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Georg Juckel
- Department of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jena A, Montoya CA, Mullaney JA, Dilger RN, Young W, McNabb WC, Roy NC. Gut-Brain Axis in the Early Postnatal Years of Life: A Developmental Perspective. Front Integr Neurosci 2020; 14:44. [PMID: 32848651 PMCID: PMC7419604 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2020.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that alterations in the development of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract during the early postnatal period can influence brain development and vice-versa. It is increasingly recognized that communication between the GI tract and brain is mainly driven by neural, endocrine, immune, and metabolic mediators, collectively called the gut-brain axis (GBA). Changes in the GBA mediators occur in response to the developmental changes in the body during this period. This review provides an overview of major developmental events in the GI tract and brain in the early postnatal period and their parallel developmental trajectories under physiological conditions. Current knowledge of GBA mediators in context to brain function and behavioral outcomes and their synthesis and metabolism (site, timing, etc.) is discussed. This review also presents hypotheses on the role of the GBA mediators in response to the parallel development of the GI tract and brain in infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Jena
- School of Food & Advanced Technology, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Food Nutrition & Health, Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carlos A Montoya
- The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Food Nutrition & Health, Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jane A Mullaney
- The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Food Nutrition & Health, Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ryan N Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Wayne Young
- The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Food Nutrition & Health, Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Warren C McNabb
- The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicole C Roy
- The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand.,Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chand GB, Dwyer DB, Erus G, Sotiras A, Varol E, Srinivasan D, Doshi J, Pomponio R, Pigoni A, Dazzan P, Kahn RS, Schnack HG, Zanetti MV, Meisenzahl E, Busatto GF, Crespo-Facorro B, Pantelis C, Wood SJ, Zhuo C, Shinohara RT, Shou H, Fan Y, Gur RC, Gur RE, Satterthwaite TD, Koutsouleris N, Wolf DH, Davatzikos C. Two distinct neuroanatomical subtypes of schizophrenia revealed using machine learning. Brain 2020; 143:1027-1038. [PMID: 32103250 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurobiological heterogeneity in schizophrenia is poorly understood and confounds current analyses. We investigated neuroanatomical subtypes in a multi-institutional multi-ethnic cohort, using novel semi-supervised machine learning methods designed to discover patterns associated with disease rather than normal anatomical variation. Structural MRI and clinical measures in established schizophrenia (n = 307) and healthy controls (n = 364) were analysed across three sites of PHENOM (Psychosis Heterogeneity Evaluated via Dimensional Neuroimaging) consortium. Regional volumetric measures of grey matter, white matter, and CSF were used to identify distinct and reproducible neuroanatomical subtypes of schizophrenia. Two distinct neuroanatomical subtypes were found. Subtype 1 showed widespread lower grey matter volumes, most prominent in thalamus, nucleus accumbens, medial temporal, medial prefrontal/frontal and insular cortices. Subtype 2 showed increased volume in the basal ganglia and internal capsule, and otherwise normal brain volumes. Grey matter volume correlated negatively with illness duration in Subtype 1 (r = -0.201, P = 0.016) but not in Subtype 2 (r = -0.045, P = 0.652), potentially indicating different underlying neuropathological processes. The subtypes did not differ in age (t = -1.603, df = 305, P = 0.109), sex (chi-square = 0.013, df = 1, P = 0.910), illness duration (t = -0.167, df = 277, P = 0.868), antipsychotic dose (t = -0.439, df = 210, P = 0.521), age of illness onset (t = -1.355, df = 277, P = 0.177), positive symptoms (t = 0.249, df = 289, P = 0.803), negative symptoms (t = 0.151, df = 289, P = 0.879), or antipsychotic type (chi-square = 6.670, df = 3, P = 0.083). Subtype 1 had lower educational attainment than Subtype 2 (chi-square = 6.389, df = 2, P = 0.041). In conclusion, we discovered two distinct and highly reproducible neuroanatomical subtypes. Subtype 1 displayed widespread volume reduction correlating with illness duration, and worse premorbid functioning. Subtype 2 had normal and stable anatomy, except for larger basal ganglia and internal capsule, not explained by antipsychotic dose. These subtypes challenge the notion that brain volume loss is a general feature of schizophrenia and suggest differential aetiologies. They can facilitate strategies for clinical trial enrichment and stratification, and precision diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh B Chand
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Dominic B Dwyer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Guray Erus
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Aristeidis Sotiras
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
| | - Erdem Varol
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Dhivya Srinivasan
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Jimit Doshi
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Raymond Pomponio
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Alessandro Pigoni
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Hugo G Schnack
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus V Zanetti
- Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eva Meisenzahl
- LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Geraldo F Busatto
- Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- University of Cantabria; IDIVAL-CIBERSAM, Cantabria, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, University of Sevilla, Spain
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Australia
| | - Stephen J Wood
- Orygen, National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Chuanjun Zhuo
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics and Co-morbidity Laboratory (PNGC-Lab), Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Russell T Shinohara
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Haochang Shou
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Yong Fan
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Theodore D Satterthwaite
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Nikolaos Koutsouleris
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel H Wolf
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zamberletti E, Rubino T. Impact of Endocannabinoid System Manipulation on Neurodevelopmental Processes Relevant to Schizophrenia. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2020; 6:616-626. [PMID: 32855107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia has received much support from epidemiological and neuropathological studies and provides a framework to explain how early developmental abnormalities might manifest as psychosis in early adulthood. According to this theory, the onset of schizophrenia is likely the result of a complex interplay between a genetic predisposition and environmental factors whose respective influence might contribute to the etiology and progression of the disorder. The two most sensitive windows for neurodevelopment are the prenatal/perinatal and the adolescent windows, both of which are characterized by specific processes impinging upon brain structure and functionality, whose alterations may contribute to the onset of schizophrenia. An increasing number of articles suggest the involvement of the endocannabinoid system in the modulation of at least some of these processes, especially in the prenatal/perinatal window. Thus, it is not surprising that disturbing the physiological role of endocannabinoid signaling in these sensitive windows might alter the correct formation of neuronal networks, eventually predisposing to neuropsychiatric diseases later in life. We review the most recent preclinical studies that evaluated the impact of endocannabinoid system modulation in the two sensitive developmental windows on neurodevelopmental processes that possess a specific relevance to schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Zamberletti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences and Neuroscience Center, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio, Varese, Italy
| | - Tiziana Rubino
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences and Neuroscience Center, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio, Varese, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Schmidt-Kastner R, Guloksuz S, Kietzmann T, van Os J, Rutten BPF. Analysis of GWAS-Derived Schizophrenia Genes for Links to Ischemia-Hypoxia Response of the Brain. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:393. [PMID: 32477182 PMCID: PMC7235330 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstetric complications (OCs) can induce major adverse conditions for early brain development and predispose to mental disorders, including schizophrenia (SCZ). We previously hypothesized that SCZ candidate genes respond to ischemia-hypoxia as part of OCs which impacts neurodevelopment. We here tested for an overlap between SCZ genes from genome-wide association study (GWAS) (n=458 genes from 145 loci of the most recent GWAS dataset in SCZ) and gene sets for ischemia-hypoxia response. Subsets of SCZ genes were related to (a) mutation-intolerant genes (LoF database), (b) role in monogenic disorders of the nervous system (OMIM, manual annotations), and (c) synaptic function (SynGO). Ischemia-hypoxia response genes of the brain (IHR genes, n=1,629), a gene set from RNAseq in focal brain ischemia (BH, n=2,449) and genes from HypoxiaDB (HDB, n=2,289) were overlapped with the subset of SCZ genes and tested for enrichment with Chi-square tests (p < 0.017). The SCZ GWAS dataset was enriched for LoF (n=112; p=0.0001), and the LoF subset was enriched for IHR genes (n=25; p=0.0002), BH genes (n=35; p=0.0001), and HDB genes (n=23; p=0.0005). N=96 genes of the SCZ GWAS dataset (21%) could be linked to a monogenic disorder of the nervous system whereby IHR genes (n=19, p=0.008) and BH genes (n=23; p=0.002) were found enriched. N=46 synaptic genes were found in the SCZ GWAS gene set (p=0.0095) whereby enrichments for IHR genes (n=20; p=0.0001) and BH genes (n=13; p=0.0064) were found. In parallel, detailed annotations of SCZ genes for a role of the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) identified n=33 genes of high interest. Genes from SCZ GWAS were enriched for mutation-intolerant genes which in turn were strongly enriched for three sets of genes for the ischemia-hypoxia response that may be invoked by OCs. A subset of one fifth of SCZ genes has established roles in monogenic disorders of the nervous system which was enriched for two gene sets related to ischemia-hypoxia. SCZ genes related to synaptic functions were also related to ischemia-hypoxia. Variants of SCZ genes interacting with ischemia-hypoxia provide a specific starting point for functional and genomic studies related to OCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainald Schmidt-Kastner
- Integrated Medical Science Department, C.E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University (FAU), Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Sinan Guloksuz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Thomas Kietzmann
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bart P. F. Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhu S, Zhao L, Fan Y, Lv Q, Wu K, Lang X, Li Z, Yi Z, Geng D. Interaction between TNF-α and oxidative stress status in first-episode drug-naïve schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 114:104595. [PMID: 32036201 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There has been evidence that the disturbances of TNF-α and the oxidative stress (OxS) status are involved in the mechanism of schizophrenia. However, the results of their levels in schizophrenia are still controversial, and their interactions have not yet been examined, especially in first-episode drug-naïve (FEDN) patients. We therefore applied Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) method to compare peripheral blood serum TNF-α, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in 119 FEDN patients with schizophrenia and 135 healthy controls. We found that TNF-α and MDA were higher, whereas GSH-Px was lower, in FEDN patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls (TNF-α, 2.21 ± 0.33 vs. 2.11 ± 0.36, Bonferroni p = 0.04; MDA, 2.95 ± 0.87 vs. 2.68 ± 0.76, Bonferroni p = 0.04, GSH-Px, 177.33 ± 28.84 vs. 188.32 ± 29.34, Bonferroni p = 0.03). Furthermore, TNF-α levels had an independent positive association with negative symptoms (r = 0.37, Bonferroni p < 0.001). Finally, GSH-Px levels were negatively associated with the presence of schizophrenia (B =-0.014, Wald statistic = 9.22, p = 0.002, 95 %CI = 0.97-0.99), while the interaction of TNF-α with MDA was a risk factor for schizophrenia (B = 0.22, Wald statistic = 10.06, p = 0.002, 95 %CI = 1.09-1.43). Our results suggest that TNF-α and disturbance of oxidative stress status as well as their interaction may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiguang Zhu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
| | - Lei Zhao
- Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Yong Fan
- Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Qinyu Lv
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Kang Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaoe Lang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Zezhi Li
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhenghui Yi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Deqin Geng
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Allswede DM, Yolken RH, Buka SL, Cannon TD. Cytokine concentrations throughout pregnancy and risk for psychosis in adult offspring: a longitudinal case-control study. Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7:254-261. [PMID: 32035031 PMCID: PMC8287973 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia has been associated with pregnancy and birth complications and fetal exposure to inflammation is thought to be a common underlying mechanism. However, whether the risk is specific to particular phases of pregnancy is unclear. The aim of this study was to characterise and compare longitudinal patterns of maternal serum concentrations of cytokines across pregnancy between offspring who were later ascertained to have a psychotic disorder, non-psychotic siblings of these cases, and unrelated, non-psychotic individuals who served as controls. METHODS The National Collaborative Perinatal Project was a large-scale prospective longitudinal study that assessed the effects of perinatal factors on infant and child development. At sites across the USA, over 50 000 pregnant women were enrolled during prenatal clinical visits between 1959 and 1965. The present study draws from the Philadelphia cohort, which includes 9236 surviving offspring of 6753 pregnant women. Psychotic disorder diagnoses in adulthood were assessed with review of medical records and were confirmed with a validation study. Concentrations of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-17a were assessed using a multiplex bead assay in archived maternal serum samples collected across prenatal visits and birth. We characterized cytokine patterns with linear mixed models. FINDINGS Our final sample comprised 90 cases, 79 siblings (of 40 cases), and 273 matched controls. Concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 were significantly higher in maternal serum of offspring who later developed psychosis compared with maternal serum of matched controls. These differences were greatest in the first half of pregnancy (7-20 weeks), with no difference observed during the second half of pregnancy. INTERPRETATION Our results suggest that exposure to high maternal proinflammatory cytokine concentrations in early pregnancy might play a part in psychosis. These findings place the timing of risk associated with maternal inflammation much earlier in prenatal development than previously documented in humans and provide insight into a potential developmental pathway to the disorder. FUNDING National Institute of Mental Health (P50) Silvio O Conte Center at Johns Hopkins, Stanley Foundation, March of Dimes, Yale University, National Science Foundation, and National Institute of Child Health and Human Development/Division of Intramural Population Health Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Allswede
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Robert H Yolken
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen L Buka
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Tyrone D Cannon
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lee JD, Coulthard LG, Woodruff TM. Complement dysregulation in the central nervous system during development and disease. Semin Immunol 2019; 45:101340. [PMID: 31708347 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The complement cascade is an important arm of the immune system that plays a key role in protecting the central nervous system (CNS) from infection. Recently, it has also become clear that complement proteins have fundamental roles in the developing and aging CNS that are distinct from their roles in immunity. During neurodevelopment, complement signalling is involved in diverse processes including neural tube closure, neural progenitor proliferation and differentiation, neuronal migration, and synaptic pruning. In acute neurotrauma and ischamic brain injury, complement drives inflammation and neuronal death, but also neuroprotection and regeneration. In diseases of the aging CNS including dementias and motor neuron disease, chronic complement activation is associated with glial activation, and synapse and neuron loss. Proper regulation of complement is thus essential to allow for an appropriately developed CNS and prevention of excessive damage following neurotrauma or during neurodegeneration. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the evidence for functional roles of complement in brain formation, and its dysregulation during acute and chronic disease. We also provide working models for how complement can lead to neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia and autism, and either protect, or propagate neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John D Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Liam G Coulthard
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Karlsgodt KH. Using Advanced Diffusion Metrics to Probe White Matter Microstructure in Individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 2019; 176:777-779. [PMID: 31569992 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19080808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H Karlsgodt
- Department of Psychology and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Szepesi Z, Manouchehrian O, Bachiller S, Deierborg T. Bidirectional Microglia-Neuron Communication in Health and Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:323. [PMID: 30319362 PMCID: PMC6170615 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are ramified cells that exhibit highly motile processes, which continuously survey the brain parenchyma and react to any insult to the CNS homeostasis. Although microglia have long been recognized as a crucial player in generating and maintaining inflammatory responses in the CNS, now it has become clear, that their function are much more diverse, particularly in the healthy brain. The innate immune response and phagocytosis represent only a little segment of microglia functional repertoire that also includes maintenance of biochemical homeostasis, neuronal circuit maturation during development and experience-dependent remodeling of neuronal circuits in the adult brain. Being equipped by numerous receptors and cell surface molecules microglia can perform bidirectional interactions with other cell types in the CNS. There is accumulating evidence showing that neurons inform microglia about their status and thus are capable of controlling microglial activation and motility while microglia also modulate neuronal activities. This review addresses the topic: how microglia communicate with other cell types in the brain, including fractalkine signaling, secreted soluble factors and extracellular vesicles. We summarize the current state of knowledge of physiological role and function of microglia during brain development and in the mature brain and further highlight microglial contribution to brain pathologies such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, brain ischemia, traumatic brain injury, brain tumor as well as neuropsychiatric diseases (depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Szepesi
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oscar Manouchehrian
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Bachiller
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|