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Wooten T, Sansevere KS, Siqueira S, McWilliams T, Peach S, Hussey EK, Brunyé T, Ward N. Evaluating the efficacy of cranial electrotherapy stimulation in mitigating anxiety-induced cognitive deficits. Int J Psychophysiol 2024; 202:112388. [PMID: 38944283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2024.112388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) is a form of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) that has demonstrated potential to modulate neural activity in a manner that may be conducive to improved cognitive performance. While other forms of NIBS, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), have received attention in the field as potential acute cognitive enhancers, CES remains relatively unexplored. The current study aimed to assess the efficacy of CES in improving acute cognitive performance under normal experimental conditions, as well as during sessions of induced situational anxiety (threat of shock or ToS). To study this question, participants completed a cognitive battery assessing processing speed and distinct aspects of executive functioning (working memory, inhibition, and task switching) in two separate sessions in which they received active and sham CES. Participants were randomly assigned to between subject groups of either situational anxiety (ToS) or control condition (no ToS). We predicted that active CES would improve performance on assessments of executive functioning (working memory, inhibition, and task switching) relative to sham CES under ToS. We did not find any significant effects of ToS, CES, or an interaction between ToS and CES for any measures of executive functioning or processing speed. These findings suggest that a single dose of CES does not enhance executive functioning or processing speed under normal conditions or during ToS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wooten
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States.
| | - Kayla S Sansevere
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Sara Siqueira
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Thomas McWilliams
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Sidney Peach
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | | | - Tad Brunyé
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States; U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Nathan Ward
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
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2
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Jones É, Vlachou S. Cannabidiol Does Not Cause Significant Changes to Working Memory Performance in the N-Back Task. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1165. [PMID: 34832947 PMCID: PMC8623009 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis use can be traced back to several centuries before the Common Era, when it was used for industrial, medicinal and recreational purposes. More recently, over 100 different cannabinoid compounds have been identified, one of which is cannabidiol (CBD), a compound widely used for anti-inflammatory and anxiolytic treatment. The literature surrounding the cognitive effects of CBD is limited, with most studies focusing on the effects of other cannabinoids on cognition. To expand this literature, this study investigated whether CBD causes significant differences to working memory (WM) functioning, as measured by the N-back task. It was hypothesised that CBD does not cause statistically significant differences to WM. In all, 54 participants, 33 females and 21 males, were recruited, with a mean age of 32.63 years. Of these 54 participants, 26 reported using CBD and no other cannabinoids, while 28 reported not using any cannabinoid. The participants were instructed to answer a short online survey to gather basic demographic data and to complete an online N-back task to measure WM. For the computerised N-back task, the participants completed a practice and three test blocks, where they were instructed to respond to whether a series of letter stimuli were presented one trial back (1-back), two trials back (2-back) or three trials back (3-back). Multivariate analysis of covariance yielded no statistically significant difference on either response time or response accuracy data between groups after controlling for how long the participants use CBD and for what reason they use CBD. These results support our hypothesis that CBD does not cause significant changes to WM functioning. Further research is greatly needed to investigate the long-term effects of CBD use on WM and on general cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Styliani Vlachou
- Neuropsychopharmacology Division, Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, D09 Y074 Dublin, Ireland;
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3
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Neural correlates of individual variation in two-back working memory and the relationship with fluid intelligence. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9980. [PMID: 33976306 PMCID: PMC8113462 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89433-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory has been examined extensively using the N-back task. However, less is known about the neural bases underlying individual variation in the accuracy rate (AR) and reaction time (RT) as metrics of N-back performance. Whereas AR indexes the overall performance, RT may more specifically reflect the efficiency in updating target identify. Further, studies have associated fluid intelligence (Gf) with working memory, but the cerebral correlates shared between Gf and N-back performance remain unclear. We addressed these issues using the Human Connectome Project dataset. We quantified the differences in AR (critical success index or CSI) and RT between 2- and 0-backs (CSI2–0 and RT2–0) and identified the neural correlates of individual variation in CSI2–0, RT2–0, and Gf, as indexed by the number of correct items scored in the Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM) test. The results showed that CSI2–0 and RT2–0 were negatively correlated, suggesting that a prolonged response time did not facilitate accuracy. At voxel p < 0.05, FWE-corrected, the pre-supplementary motor area (preSMA), bilateral frontoparietal cortex (biFPC) and right anterior insula (rAI) showed activities in negative correlation with CSI2–0 and positive correlation with RT2–0. In contrast, a cluster in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) bordering the SMA showed activities in positive correlation with CSI2–0 and negative correlation with RT2–0. Further, path analyses showed a significant fit of the model dACC → RT2–0 → CSI2–0, suggesting a critical role of target switching in determining performance accuracy. Individual variations in RT2–0 and Gf were positively correlated, although the effect size was small (f2 = 0.0246). RT2–0 and Gf shared activities both in positive correlation with the preSMA, biFPC, rAI, and dorsal precuneus. These results together suggest inter-related neural substrates of individual variation in N-back performance and highlight a complex relationship in the neural processes supporting 2-back and RSPM performance.
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4
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Taş Dölek G, Tugba Ozel-Kizil E, Bastug G, Baran Z, Colak B. Impaired auditory and visual time reproduction in adult patients with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2021; 43:176-186. [PMID: 33779502 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2021.1898549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Although impaired time perception is associated with significant disturbance in the everyday functioning of adult patients with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), it is not very well studied. The present study aimed to evaluate both visual and auditory time reproduction (TR) by using eight time intervals in adult ADHD patients compared to healthy controls (HC).Method: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-R (WAIS-R), Adult Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale (ASRS), Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS), Hyperfocusing Scale (HS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and a 2-back task were administered to participants. In TR tasks, participants reproduced the same duration of the auditory/visual stimulus by pressing a key and absolute discrepancy scores (ADS) were calculated. A 2 (Group) x 2 (Task Modality) x 8 (Time Interval: 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 6000, 8000, 12000 and 16000 msec) mixed-design ANOVA was performed.Results: All clinical scores of ADHD group were higher than HC (p < .001) while WAIS-R and 2-back performances of the groups were similar. Mixed-design ANOVA yielded significant Group and Time Interval main effects as well as a Group X Time Interval effect (both p < .001). ADHD patients had larger ADS than HC and as time intervals increased, error levels increased. Errors for time intervals >8000 msec were more prominent in patients. For both TR tasks, ASRS-hyperactivity/impulsivity scores were the main predictor of ADS in the linear regression analysis, while ASRS-attention deficit and HS scores were excluded.Conclusion: Results of the present study indicate significant TR impairment in adult ADHD regardless of task modality (visual or auditory), depressive symptoms and working memory performances. Longer time intervals in TR tasks differentiated patients better and TR impairment was associated with hyperactivity/impulsivity. These findings should be replicated in larger samples and underlying neurobiological components of impaired TR need to be examined in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Taş Dölek
- School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Gulbahar Bastug
- Vocational School of Health Services, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeynel Baran
- Department of Psychology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burcin Colak
- School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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5
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Drake R, Parker K, Clifton KL, Allen S, Adderson J, Mountain A, Eskes GA. Ankle-foot orthoses improve walking but do not reduce dual-task costs after stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil 2020; 28:463-473. [PMID: 33063635 DOI: 10.1080/10749357.2020.1834271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive-motor interference, as measured by dual-task walking (performing a mental task while walking), affects many clinical populations. Ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) are lower-leg splints prescribed to provide stability to the foot and ankle, as well as prevent foot drop, a gait deficit common after stroke. AFO use has been shown to improve gait parameters such as speed and step time, which are often negatively impacted by dual-task walking. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to establish whether AFOs could protect against cognitive-motor interference, as measured by dual-task walking, following post-stroke hemiplegia. METHODS A total of 21 individuals with post-stroke hemiplegia that use an AFO completed a dual-task walking paradigm in the form of a 2 (walking with vs. without a concurrent cognitive task) by 2 (walking with vs. without an AFO) repeated-measures design. Changes to both motor and cognitive performance were analyzed. RESULTS The results suggest that the use of an AFO improves gait overall in both single- and dual-task walking, particularly with respect to stride regularity, but there were no interactions to suggest that AFOs reduce the cognitive-motor dual-task costs themselves. A lack of differences in cognitive performance during dual-task walking with and without the AFO suggests that the AFO's benefit to motor performance cannot be attributed to task prioritization. CONCLUSIONS These data support the use of AFOs to improve certain gait parameters for post-stroke hemiplegia, but AFOs do not appear to protect against cognitive-motor interference during dual-task walking. Future research should pursue alternate therapeutics for ameliorating task-specific declines under cognitively demanding circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Drake
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Kim Parker
- Assistive Technology, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Canada.,Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | | | - Stefan Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - James Adderson
- Assistive Technology, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Canada
| | - Anita Mountain
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Gail A Eskes
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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Ghavidel F, Fadardi JS, Gatto NM, Sedaghat F, Tabibi Z. Feasibility of using a computer-assisted working memory training program for healthy older women. Cogn Process 2020; 21:383-390. [DOI: 10.1007/s10339-020-00975-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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Baker JG, Willer BS, Dwyer MG, Leddy JJ. A preliminary investigation of cognitive intolerance and neuroimaging among adolescents returning to school after concussion. Brain Inj 2020; 34:818-827. [PMID: 32324445 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2020.1749932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE To introduce the concept of cognitive intolerance. A test is proposed to measure this concept and pilot data are presented to support this measure and future research to develop this concept into a construct. Research design: Three-group comparison to protect larger study blinding. Methods and procedures: Two groups of student athletes (n = 13, n = 13) between 13 and 17 (mean 15.1 ± 1.1 years; 58% male) who sustained a sport-related concussion within 10 days and one group (n = 13) of age-matched healthy controls were recruited for a comparison of correlations between self and observer ratings of cognitive difficulties and DTI fractional anisotropy (FA) using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) analysis at two time points. Main outcomes and results: Significant negative only associations (higher cognitive difficulty and lower FA) with DTI FA were found in white matter tracts. These included the anterior corpus callosum, frontal-parietal longitudinal fasciculi, and cortical-subcortical pathways at only the second time point. Several working memory networks would likely involve connections using the above-identified white matter tracts. Conclusions: Cognitive intolerance can be defined as symptom exacerbation from prolonged cognitive activity. Cognitive intolerance could be measured by the n-back working memory task and time to symptom exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Baker
- Departments of UBMD Orthopedics and Sports Medicine and Nuclear Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Barry S Willer
- Department of Psychiatry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Michael G Dwyer
- Department of Neurology, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - John J Leddy
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York, USA
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Morat M, Faude O, Hanssen H, Ludyga S, Zacher J, Eibl A, Albracht K, Donath L. Agility Training to Integratively Promote Neuromuscular, Cognitive, Cardiovascular and Psychosocial Function in Healthy Older Adults: A Study Protocol of a One-Year Randomized-Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1853. [PMID: 32178430 PMCID: PMC7143005 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17061853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training effectively mitigates aging-induced health and fitness impairments. Traditional training recommendations for the elderly focus separately on relevant physiological fitness domains, such as balance, flexibility, strength and endurance. Thus, a more holistic and functional training framework is needed. The proposed agility training concept integratively tackles spatial orientation, stop and go, balance and strength. The presented protocol aims at introducing a two-armed, one-year randomized controlled trial, evaluating the effects of this concept on neuromuscular, cardiovascular, cognitive and psychosocial health outcomes in healthy older adults. Eighty-five participants were enrolled in this ongoing trial. Seventy-nine participants completed baseline testing and were block-randomized to the agility training group or the inactive control group. All participants undergo pre- and post-testing with interim assessment after six months. The intervention group currently receives supervised, group-based agility training twice a week over one year, with progressively demanding perceptual, cognitive and physical exercises. Knee extension strength, reactive balance, dual task gait speed and the Agility Challenge for the Elderly (ACE) serve as primary endpoints and neuromuscular, cognitive, cardiovascular, and psychosocial meassures serve as surrogate secondary outcomes. Our protocol promotes a comprehensive exercise training concept for older adults, that might facilitate stakeholders in health and exercise to stimulate relevant health outcomes without relying on excessively time-consuming physical activity recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Morat
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Oliver Faude
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320 B, 4052 Basel, Switzerland; (O.F.); (H.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Henner Hanssen
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320 B, 4052 Basel, Switzerland; (O.F.); (H.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Sebastian Ludyga
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320 B, 4052 Basel, Switzerland; (O.F.); (H.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Jonas Zacher
- Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (J.Z.); (A.E.)
| | - Angi Eibl
- Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (J.Z.); (A.E.)
| | - Kirsten Albracht
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Lars Donath
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany;
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9
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Sierk A, Manthey A, King J, Brewin CR, Bisby JA, Walter H, Burgess N, Daniels JK. Allocentric spatial memory performance predicts intrusive memory severity in posttraumatic stress disorder. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 166:107093. [PMID: 31536787 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by distressing trauma-related memories. According to the dual representation theory, intrusive memories arise from strengthened egocentric encoding and a poor contextual encoding, with spatial context requiring allocentric processing. Contextualization of mental imagery is proposed to be formed hierarchically through the ventral visual stream (VVS) to the hippocampal formation. Here, we tested this notion by investigating whether neuronal aberrations in structures of the VVS or in the hippocampus, as well as allocentric memory performance are associated with intrusive memory severity. METHODS The sample comprised 33 women with PTSD due to childhood trauma. Allocentric memory performance was measured with the virtual Town Square Task and T1-weighted images acquired on a 3T Siemens Scanner. Intrusive memories were evoked by presenting an audio script describing parts of their trauma (script-driven imagery). RESULTS Using hierarchical linear regression analysis, we found a significant association between lower intrusive memory severity and higher allocentric spatial memory, controlling for age, working memory, and general visuospatial ability. No significant association was found between cortical thickness of VVS structures, hippocampal volume and intrusive memory severity. Post hoc exploratory analyses revealed a negative correlation between years since index trauma and left hippocampal volume. LIMITATIONS Our results are based on correlational analyses, causality cannot be inferred. CONCLUSION This study supports the dual representation theory, which emphasizes the role of allocentric spatial memory for the contextualization of mental imagery in PTSD. Clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Sierk
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antje Manthey
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - John King
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris R Brewin
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James A Bisby
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Henrik Walter
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Neil Burgess
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Judith K Daniels
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Psychologische Hochschule Berlin, Germany.
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Marx I, Reis O, Berger C. Perceptual timing in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as measured by computer-based experiments versus real-life tasks: protocol for a cross-sectional experimental study in an ambulatory setting. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e027651. [PMID: 31028043 PMCID: PMC6502000 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The goal of this study is to get a better understanding of the fundamentals of perceptual timing deficits, that is, difficulties with estimating durations of explicitly attended temporal intervals, in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Whereas these deficits were repeatedly demonstrated in laboratory studies using computer-based timing tasks, we will additionally implement a more practical task reflecting real-life activity. In doing so, the research questions of the planned study follow a hierarchically structured path 'from lab to life': Are the timing abilities of children with ADHD really disturbed both in the range of milliseconds and in the range of seconds? What causes these deficits? Do children with ADHD rather display a global perceptual timing deficit, or do different 'timing types' exist? Are timing deficits present during real-life activities as well, and are they based on the same mechanisms as in computerised tasks? METHODS AND ANALYSES A quasi-experimental study with two groups of male children aged 8-12 years (ADHD; controls) and with a cross-sectional design will be used to address our research questions. Statistical analyses of the dependent variables will comprise (repeated) measures analyses of variance, stepwise multiple regression analyses and latent class models. With an estimated dropout rate of 25%, power analysis indicated a sample size of 140 subjects (70 ADHD, 70 controls) to detect medium effect sizes. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval was obtained from the ethics committee of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Rostock. Results will be disseminated to researcher, clinician and patient communities in peer-reviewed journals and at scientific conferences, at a meeting of the local ADHD competence network and on our web page which will summarise the study results in an easily comprehensible manner. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER DRKS00015760.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Marx
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Olaf Reis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christoph Berger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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11
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Kearney-Ramos TE, Dowdle LT, Mithoefer OJ, Devries W, George MS, Hanlon CA. State-Dependent Effects of Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Continuous Thetaburst Stimulation on Cocaine Cue Reactivity in Chronic Cocaine Users. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:317. [PMID: 31133897 PMCID: PMC6517551 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cue-induced craving is a significant barrier to obtaining abstinence from cocaine. Neuroimaging research has shown that cocaine cue exposure evokes elevated activity in a network of frontal-striatal brain regions involved in drug craving and drug seeking. Prior research from our laboratory has demonstrated that when targeted at the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS), an inhibitory form of non-invasive brain stimulation, can decrease drug cue-related activity in the striatum in cocaine users and alcohol users. However, it is known that there are individual differences in response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), with some individuals being responders and others non-responders. There is some evidence that state-dependent effects influence response to rTMS, with baseline neural state predicting rTMS treatment outcomes. In this single-blind, active sham-controlled crossover study, we assess the striatum as a biomarker of treatment response by determining if baseline drug cue reactivity in the striatum influences striatal response to mPFC cTBS. The brain response to cocaine cues was measured in 19 cocaine-dependent individuals immediately before and after real and sham cTBS (110% resting motor threshold, 3600 total pulses). Group independent component analysis (ICA) revealed a prominent striatum network comprised of bilateral caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens, which was modulated by the cocaine cue reactivity task. Baseline drug cue reactivity in this striatal network was inversely related to change in striatum reactivity after real (vs. sham) cTBS treatment (ρ = -.79; p < .001; R 2 Adj = .58). Specifically, individuals with a high striatal response to cocaine cues at baseline had significantly attenuated striatal activity after real but not sham cTBS (t 9 = -3.76; p ≤ .005). These data demonstrate that the effects of mPFC cTBS on the neural circuitry of craving are not uniform and may depend on an individual's baseline frontal-striatal reactivity to cues. This underscores the importance of assessing individual variability as we develop brain stimulation treatments for addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonisha E Kearney-Ramos
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Logan T Dowdle
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Oliver J Mithoefer
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - William Devries
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Mark S George
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Ralph S. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Colleen A Hanlon
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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12
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Barrett FS, Carbonaro TM, Hurwitz E, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR. Double-blind comparison of the two hallucinogens psilocybin and dextromethorphan: effects on cognition. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2915-2927. [PMID: 30062577 PMCID: PMC6162157 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4981-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Classic psychedelics (serotonin 2A receptor agonists) and dissociative hallucinogens (NMDA receptor antagonists), though differing in pharmacology, may share neuropsychological effects. These drugs, however, have undergone limited direct comparison. This report presents data from a double-blind, placebo-controlled within-subjects study comparing the neuropsychological effects of multiple doses of the classic psychedelic psilocybin with the effects of a single high dose of the dissociative hallucinogen dextromethorphan (DXM). METHODS Twenty hallucinogen users (11 females) completed neurocognitive assessments during five blinded drug administration sessions (10, 20, and 30 mg/70 kg psilocybin; 400 mg/70 kg DXM; and placebo) in which participants and study staff were informed that a large range of possible drug conditions may have been administered. RESULTS Global cognitive impairment, assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination during peak drug effects, was not observed with psilocybin or DXM. Orderly and dose-dependent effects of psilocybin were observed on psychomotor performance, working memory, episodic memory, associative learning, and visual perception. Effects of DXM on psychomotor performance, visual perception, and associative learning were in the range of effects of a moderate to high dose (20 to 30 mg/70 kg) of psilocybin. CONCLUSIONS This was the first study of the dose effects of psilocybin on a large battery of neurocognitive assessments. Evidence of delirium or global cognitive impairment was not observed with either psilocybin or DXM. Psilocybin had greater effects than DXM on working memory. DXM had greater effects than all psilocybin doses on balance, episodic memory, response inhibition, and executive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick S Barrett
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Theresa M Carbonaro
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Ethan Hurwitz
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Matthew W Johnson
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Roland R Griffiths
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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13
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Browndyke JN, Berger M, Smith PJ, Harshbarger TB, Monge ZA, Panchal V, Bisanar TL, Glower DD, Alexander JH, Cabeza R, Welsh-Bohmer K, Newman MF, Mathew JP. Task-related changes in degree centrality and local coherence of the posterior cingulate cortex after major cardiac surgery in older adults. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 39:985-1003. [PMID: 29164774 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Older adults often display postoperative cognitive decline (POCD) after surgery, yet it is unclear to what extent functional connectivity (FC) alterations may underlie these deficits. We examined for postoperative voxel-wise FC changes in response to increased working memory load demands in cardiac surgery patients and nonsurgical controls. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Older cardiac surgery patients (n = 25) completed a verbal N-back working memory task during MRI scanning and cognitive testing before and 6 weeks after surgery; nonsurgical controls with cardiac disease (n = 26) underwent these assessments at identical time intervals. We measured postoperative changes in degree centrality, the number of edges attached to a brain node, and local coherence, the temporal homogeneity of regional functional correlations, using voxel-wise graph theory-based FC metrics. Group × time differences were evaluated in these FC metrics associated with increased N-back working memory load (2-back > 1-back), using a two-stage partitioned variance, mixed ANCOVA. PRINCIPAL OBSERVATIONS Cardiac surgery patients demonstrated postoperative working memory load-related degree centrality increases in the left dorsal posterior cingulate cortex (dPCC; p < .001, cluster p-FWE < .05). The dPCC also showed a postoperative increase in working memory load-associated local coherence (p < .001, cluster p-FWE < .05). dPCC degree centrality and local coherence increases were inversely associated with global cognitive change in surgery patients (p < .01), but not in controls. CONCLUSIONS Cardiac surgery patients showed postoperative increases in working memory load-associated degree centrality and local coherence of the dPCC that were inversely associated with postoperative global cognitive outcomes and independent of perioperative cerebrovascular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Browndyke
- Geriatric Behavioral Health Division, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina.,Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Duke Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Miles Berger
- Division of Neuroanesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Patrick J Smith
- Behavioral Medicine Division, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Todd B Harshbarger
- Duke Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Zachary A Monge
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Viral Panchal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tiffany L Bisanar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Donald D Glower
- Cardiovascular & Thoracic Division, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - John H Alexander
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Roberto Cabeza
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Duke Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kathleen Welsh-Bohmer
- Geriatric Behavioral Health Division, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Mark F Newman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Joseph P Mathew
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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14
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James GA, Thostenson JD, Brown G, Carter G, Hayes H, Tripathi SP, Dobry DJ, Govindan RB, Dornhoffer JL, Williams DK, Kilts CD, Mennemeier MS. Neural activity during attentional conflict predicts reduction in tinnitus perception following rTMS. Brain Stimul 2017. [PMID: 28629874 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjective idiopathic tinnitus is an intrusive, distracting, and potentially disabling disorder characterized by phantom perception of sounds. Although tinnitus has no approved pharmacologic treatment, recent evidence supports the use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to alleviate tinnitus symptoms. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS Repetitive TMS delivered over the middle superior temporal gyrus (STG) may alter ratings of tinnitus awareness and annoyance more than loudness due to change in attentional processing. STG has reciprocal connections to regions of the prefrontal cortex that mediate attention. To probe the hypothesized influence of STG stimulation on attention, a subset of patients with tinnitus enrolled in an rTMS clinical trial [n = 12, 9 male, mean (sd) age = 49 (15) years] underwent an attentional conflict task before and after rTMS treatment in a repeated-measures functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. METHODS The Multi-Source Interference Task (MSIT), a Stroop-based visual attentional conflict fMRI task, was used to map participants' neural processing of attentional conflict prior to rTMS intervention (Baseline) and after three rTMS intervention arms: Sham, 1 Hz, and 10 Hz (four sessions per arm, 1800 pulses per session, delivered @110% of the motor threshold over the posterior superior temporal gyrus). RESULTS All measures of tinnitus severity (awareness, loudness, and annoyance) improved with 1 Hz rTMS intervention; however, the greatest and most robust changes were observed for ratings of tinnitus awareness (mean 16% reduction in severity from Baseline, p < 0.01). The MSIT elicited a similar pattern of neural activation among tinnitus participants at Baseline compared to an independent sample of 43 healthy comparison adults (r = 0.801, p = 0.001). Linear regression with bootstrap resampling showed that greater recruitment of bilateral prefrontal and bilateral parietal regions by MSIT at Baseline corresponded with poorer treatment response. Individual regions' activities explained 37-67% variance in participant treatment response, with left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex's MSIT activity at Baseline explaining the greatest reduction in tinnitus awareness following 1 Hz stimulation. Although left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity at Baseline also predicted reduction in tinnitus loudness and annoyance (∼50% variance explained), these symptoms were more strongly predicted by right middle occipital cortex (∼70% variance explained) - suggesting that the neural predictors of symptom-specific treatment outcomes may be dissociable. CONCLUSION These candidate neural reactivity markers of treatment response have potential clinical value in identifying tinnitus sufferers who would or would not therapeutically benefit from rTMS intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A James
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St #554, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, United States.
| | - J D Thostenson
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St #554, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, United States
| | - G Brown
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St #554, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, United States
| | - G Carter
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St #554, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, United States
| | - H Hayes
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St #554, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, United States
| | - S P Tripathi
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St #554, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, United States
| | - D J Dobry
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St #554, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, United States
| | - R B Govindan
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St #554, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, United States
| | - J L Dornhoffer
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St #554, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, United States
| | - D K Williams
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St #554, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, United States
| | - C D Kilts
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St #554, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, United States
| | - M S Mennemeier
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St #554, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, United States
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15
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Finc K, Bonna K, Lewandowska M, Wolak T, Nikadon J, Dreszer J, Duch W, Kühn S. Transition of the functional brain network related to increasing cognitive demands. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:3659-3674. [PMID: 28432773 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Network neuroscience provides tools that can easily be used to verify main assumptions of the global workspace theory (GWT), such as the existence of highly segregated information processing during effortless tasks performance, engagement of multiple distributed networks during effortful tasks and the critical role of long-range connections in workspace formation. A number of studies support the assumptions of GWT by showing the reorganization of the whole-brain functional network during cognitive task performance; however, the involvement of specific large scale networks in the formation of workspace is still not well-understood. The aims of our study were: (1) to examine changes in the whole-brain functional network under increased cognitive demands of working memory during an n-back task, and their relationship with behavioral outcomes; and (2) to provide a comprehensive description of local changes that may be involved in the formation of the global workspace, using hub detection and network-based statistic. Our results show that network modularity decreased with increasing cognitive demands, and this change allowed us to predict behavioral performance. The number of connector hubs increased, whereas the number of provincial hubs decreased when the task became more demanding. We also found that the default mode network (DMN) increased its connectivity to other networks while decreasing connectivity between its own regions. These results, apart from replicating previous findings, provide a valuable insight into the mechanisms of the formation of the global workspace, highlighting the role of the DMN in the processes of network integration. Hum Brain Mapp 38:3659-3674, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Finc
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Kamil Bonna
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Monika Lewandowska
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wolak
- Bioimaging Research Center, World Hearing Center of Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Warsaw/Kajetany, Poland
| | - Jan Nikadon
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Faculty of Humanities, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Joanna Dreszer
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Faculty of Humanities, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Włodzisław Duch
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Simone Kühn
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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16
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Wilcox CE, Claus ED. The importance of standardization of stimuli for functional MRI tasks to evaluate substance use disorder pathology. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2017; 43:625-627. [PMID: 28345966 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2017.1299745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Wilcox
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Eric D Claus
- b Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
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17
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Gillis MM, Garcia S, Hampstead BM. Working memory contributes to the encoding of object location associations: Support for a 3-part model of object location memory. Behav Brain Res 2016; 311:192-200. [PMID: 27233825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A recent model by Postma and colleagues posits that the encoding of object location associations (OLAs) requires the coordination of several cognitive processes mediated by ventral (object perception) and dorsal (spatial perception) visual pathways as well as the hippocampus (feature binding) [1]. Within this model, frontoparietal network recruitment is believed to contribute to both the spatial processing and working memory task demands. The current study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test each step of this model in 15 participants who encoded OLAs and performed standard n-back tasks. As expected, object processing resulted in activation of the ventral visual stream. Object in location processing resulted in activation of both the ventral and dorsal visual streams as well as a lateral frontoparietal network. This condition was also the only one to result in medial temporal lobe activation, supporting its role in associative learning. A conjunction analysis revealed areas of shared activation between the working memory and object in location phase within the lateral frontoparietal network, anterior insula, and basal ganglia; consistent with prior working memory literature. Overall, findings support Postma and colleague's model and provide clear evidence for the role of working memory during OLA encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Meredith Gillis
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, 1441 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sarah Garcia
- Department of Psychiatry-Neuropsychology Section, University of Michigan Health System, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Benjamin M Hampstead
- Rehabilitation R&D Center of Excellence, Atlanta VAMC, 1670 Clairmont Road (151R), Decatur, GA 30033, USA; Mental Health Service, VA Ann Arbor Health Care System, 2215 Fuller Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, 1441 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Psychiatry-Neuropsychology Section, University of Michigan Health System, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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18
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Murray L, Salis C, Martin N, Dralle J. The use of standardised short-term and working memory tests in aphasia research: a systematic review. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2016; 28:309-351. [PMID: 27143500 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2016.1174718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Impairments of short-term and working memory (STM, WM), both verbal and non-verbal, are ubiquitous in aphasia. Increasing interest in assessing STM and WM in aphasia research and clinical practice as well as a growing evidence base of STM/WM treatments for aphasia warrant an understanding of the range of standardised STM/WM measures that have been utilised in aphasia. To date, however, no previous systematic review has focused on aphasia. Accordingly, the goals of this systematic review were: (1) to identify standardised tests of STM and WM utilised in the aphasia literature, (2) to evaluate critically the psychometric strength of these tests, and (3) to appraise critically the quality of the investigations utilising these tests. Results revealed that a very limited number of standardised tests, in the verbal and non-verbal domains, had robust psychometric properties. Standardisation samples to elicit normative data were often small, and most measures exhibited poor validity and reliability properties. Studies using these tests inconsistently documented demographic and aphasia variables essential to interpreting STM/WM test outcomes. In light of these findings, recommendations are provided to foster, in the future, consistency across aphasia studies and confidence in STM/WM tests as assessment and treatment outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Murray
- a Department of Speech & Hearing Sciences , Indiana University , Bloomington , IN , USA
| | - Christos Salis
- b Speech & Language Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Nadine Martin
- c Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Jenny Dralle
- d Department of Neurology , Brandenburgklinik , Bernau bei Berlin , Germany
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19
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James GA, Kearney-Ramos TE, Young JA, Kilts CD, Gess JL, Fausett JS. Functional independence in resting-state connectivity facilitates higher-order cognition. Brain Cogn 2016; 105:78-87. [PMID: 27105037 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that intrinsic functional connectivity (i.e. highly structured patterns of communication between brain regions during wakeful rest) may encode cognitive ability. However, the generalizability of these findings is limited by between-study differences in statistical methodology and cognitive domains evaluated. To address this barrier, we evaluated resting-state neural representations of multiple cognitive domains within a relatively large normative adult sample. Forty-four participants (mean(sd) age=31(10) years; 18 male and 26 female) completed a resting-state functional MRI scan and neuropsychological assessments spanning motor, visuospatial, language, learning, memory, attention, working memory, and executive function performance. Robust linear regression related cognitive performance to resting-state connectivity among 200 a priori determined functional regions of interest (ROIs). Only higher-order cognitions (such as learning and executive function) demonstrated significant relationships between brain function and behavior. Additionally, all significant relationships were negative - characterized by moderately positive correlations among low performers and weak to moderately negative correlations among high performers. These findings suggest that functional independence among brain regions at rest facilitates cognitive performance. Our interpretation is consistent with graph theoretic analyses which represent the brain as independent functional nodes that undergo dynamic reorganization with task demand. Future work will build upon these findings by evaluating domain-specific variance in resting-state neural representations of cognitive impairment among patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Andrew James
- Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, United States.
| | | | - Jonathan A Young
- Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, United States
| | - Clinton D Kilts
- Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, United States
| | - Jennifer L Gess
- Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, United States
| | - Jennifer S Fausett
- Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, United States
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20
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Westfall DR, West JD, Bailey JN, Arnold TW, Kersey PA, Saykin AJ, McDonald BC. Increased brain activation during working memory processing after pediatric mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). J Pediatr Rehabil Med 2015; 8:297-308. [PMID: 26684070 PMCID: PMC5061570 DOI: 10.3233/prm-150348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The neural substrate of post-concussive symptoms following the initial injury period after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in pediatric populations remains poorly elucidated. This study examined neuropsychological, behavioral, and brain functioning in adolescents post-mTBI to assess whether persistent differences were detectable up to a year post-injury. METHODS Nineteen adolescents on average 7.5 months post-mTBI completed neuropsychological testing and an fMRI auditory-verbal N-back working memory task. Parents completed behavioral ratings. The comparison group included 19 healthy controls matched to the mTBI group for demographic variables and N-back task performance. RESULTS There were no between-group differences for cognition or behavior ratings. The expected decreased accuracy and increased reaction time as N-back task difficulty increased were apparent. The mTBI group showed significantly greater brain activation than controls during the most difficult working memory load condition. CONCLUSION Greater working memory task-related activation was found in adolescents up to one year post-mTBI relative to controls, potentially indicating compensatory activation to support normal task performance. Differences in brain activation in the mTBI group so long after injury may indicate residual alterations in brain function much later than would be expected based on the typical pattern of symptom recovery, which could have important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Westfall
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - John D West
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jessica N Bailey
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew J Saykin
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brenna C McDonald
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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