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Csákvári T, Elmer D, Németh N, Komáromy M, Kajos LF, Kovács B, Boncz I. Assessing the per Capita Food Supply Trends of 38 OECD Countries between 2000 and 2019-A Joinpoint Regression Analysis. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051091. [PMID: 37240736 DOI: 10.3390/life13051091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Food supply has an impact on the prevalence of diet-related non-communicable diseases. We aimed to analyze the protein, fat (g/capita/day) and calorie (kcal/capita/day) supply from 2000 to 2019 as derived from the OECD Health Statistics database. A joinpoint regression was used to examine the number and location of breakpoints in the time series. The annual percent change (APC) was calculated using Joinpoint 4.9.0.0. The per capita daily kcal per nutrient was calculated for each country and the resulting percentage distributions were compared to the acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges. Protein, fat and calorie supplies have increased significantly between 2000 and 2019. Each started to show a much steeper, positive change between 2012 and 2014 (APCfat: 1.0; 95%CI: 0.8-1.1; APCprotein: 0.5; 95%CI: 0.3-0.6; APCkcal: 0.4; 95%CI: 0.3-0.5). In terms of the composition of the daily calorie intake per capita, the overall share of fat (+4.9%) and protein (+1.0%) increased between 2000 and 2019. We found significant differences among countries and also an increasing and optimal proportion of consumed protein per total calorie in all countries over the last two decades. We concluded that several countries have access to fat availability above the optimal level, which deserves particular attention from health policy makers in the fight against obesity and diet-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tímea Csákvári
- Institute of Health Insurance, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Diána Elmer
- Institute of Health Insurance, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Noémi Németh
- Institute of Health Insurance, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Márk Komáromy
- Institute of Health Insurance, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Luca Fanni Kajos
- Institute of Health Insurance, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Bettina Kovács
- Institute of Health Insurance, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Imre Boncz
- Institute of Health Insurance, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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Dokova KG, Pancheva RZ, Usheva NV, Haralanova GA, Nikolova SP, Kostadinova TI, Egea Rodrigues C, Singh J, Illner AK, Aleksandrova K. Nutrition Transition in Europe: East-West Dimensions in the Last 30 Years—A Narrative Review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:919112. [PMID: 35873435 PMCID: PMC9301044 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.919112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current review aims to summarize published research on nutrition transition patterns (depicting changes in dietary consumption) in European populations over the last three decades (1990–2020), with a focus on East-West regional comparisons. Pubmed and Google-Scholar databases were searched for articles providing information on repeated dietary intakes in populations living in countries across Europe, published between January 1990 and July 2021. From the identified 18,031 articles, 62 were found eligible for review (17 from Eastern and 45 from Western European populations). Overall, both in Eastern and Western Europe, there have been pronounced changes in dietary consumption patterns over the last three decades characterized by reductions in average reported intakes of sugar, carbohydrates and saturated fats and increases in reported fruit and vegetable consumption. There has also been a tendency toward a reduction in traditional foods, such as fish, observed in some Mediterranean countries. Overall, these data suggests that European countries have undergone a nutrition transition toward adopting healthier dietary behaviors. These processes occurred already in the period 1990–2000 in many Western European, and in the last decades have been also spreading throughout Eastern European countries. Firm conclusions are hampered by the lack of standardized methodologies depicting changes in dietary intakes over time and the limited coverage of the full variety of European populations. Future studies based on standardized dietary assessment methods and representative for the whole range of populations across Europe are warranted to allow monitoring trends in nutrition transition within and among European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara G. Dokova
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Organization, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University Prof. Dr P. Stoyanov, Varna, Bulgaria
- *Correspondence: Krasimira Aleksandrova
| | - Rouzha Z. Pancheva
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University Prof. Dr P. Stoyanov, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Natalya V. Usheva
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Organization, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University Prof. Dr P. Stoyanov, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Galina A. Haralanova
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Organization, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University Prof. Dr P. Stoyanov, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Silviya P. Nikolova
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Organization, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University Prof. Dr P. Stoyanov, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Todorka I. Kostadinova
- Department of Economics and Health Care Management, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University Prof. Dr P. Stoyanov, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Caue Egea Rodrigues
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessica Singh
- Cancer Research and Clinical Trials, Ballarat Health Services, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Krasimira Aleksandrova
- Department Epidemiological Methods and Etiological Research, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology -BIPS, Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Human and Health Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Klara G. Dokova
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Consumption of Milk and alternatives decreased among Canadians from 2004 to 2015: evidence from the Canadian community health surveys. BMC Nutr 2021; 7:63. [PMID: 34719398 PMCID: PMC8559356 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-021-00465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Milk and milk products make important contributions to the diet of Canadians. The aim of this study was to examine trends in Milk & Alternatives consumption among Canadians (≥2 years) from 2004 to 2015. Methods We used nutrition data from 2 nationally representative cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2004 and 2015 [Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) 2004 Cycle 2.2 and CCHS-Nutrition 2015] to compare Milk & Alternatives consumption between 2004 and 2015. Data from 24-h dietary recalls were collected using the Automated Multiple-Pass Method (AMPM). Result From 2004 to 2015, the proportion of Canadians consuming Milk & Alternatives food group significantly decreased from 89.5 to 87.7% and the number of servings consumed per day dropped from 1.9 to 1.7. Despite their low energy contribution (12.3% of energy), Milk & Alternatives contributed 45.8% of calcium, 39.9% of vitamin D, and 36.0% of vitamin B12 to the diet of the Canadian population in 2015. Milk & Alternatives were among the top sources of vitamin A, phosphorus and riboflavin. Milk & Alternatives food group was a major contributor to saturated fat intake in both 2004 (31.2%) and 2015 (28.6%). In 2015, dietary intakes of calcium and vitamin D among Milk & Alternatives consumers were 137.8, and 59.4% higher, respectively, than those of non-consumers. Conclusion Daily intake of Milk & Alternatives has decreased in the Canadian population over time, which may adversely affect the nutritional profile of the diet.
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Suomi J, Valsta L, Tuominen P. Dietary Heavy Metal Exposure among Finnish Adults in 2007 and in 2012. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10581. [PMID: 34682327 PMCID: PMC8535204 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For the non-smoking and non-occupationally exposed population in Europe, food is the main source of heavy metal exposure. The aim of the study was to estimate the dietary exposure of the Finnish adult population to cadmium, lead, inorganic arsenic, inorganic mercury and methyl mercury as well as nickel using governmental as well as industry data on heavy metal occurrence in foodstuffs and the data from two national food consumption surveys conducted in 2007 and 2012. The sources of heavy metal exposure were estimated for the working-age population (25 to 64 years) and for the elderly (65 to 74 years). Exposure differences between years and between population groups were compared statistically. The mean exposure of women aged 25 to 45 years to cadmium and lead was statistically significantly (p < 0.001) higher, and the methyl mercury exposure lower (p = 0.001) than that of women aged 46 to 64 years. For nickel and inorganic arsenic the differences were lower but still statistically significant (p < 0.05). Between genders, significant difference (p < 0.05) was only seen for lead and nickel. Mean cadmium exposure was significantly higher in 2012 than in 2007. For at least 95% of the adult population, the risk of health damage from mercury or nickel exposure is negligible, but the margin of exposure for lead and inorganic arsenic is small and shows a possible risk of cancer or neurotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Suomi
- Risk Assessment Unit, Finnish Food Authority, 00790 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Liisa Valsta
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Pirkko Tuominen
- Risk Assessment Unit, Finnish Food Authority, 00790 Helsinki, Finland;
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Islam N, Shafiee M, Vatanparast H. Trends in the consumption of conventional dairy milk and plant-based beverages and their contribution to nutrient intake among Canadians. J Hum Nutr Diet 2021; 34:1022-1034. [PMID: 33932051 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current evidence suggests a shift from conventional dairy milk to plant-based beverages (PBBs) for a number of lifestyles and perceived health-related reasons. METHODS Using nationally representative cross-sectional data from the 2004 and 2015 Canadian Community Healthy Surveys, the main objectives of the present study were to (i) examine the trend in the proportion of Canadians (≥ 2 years) consuming plain milk and PBBs and (ii) determine the percentage contribution of plain milk and PBBs to daily energy and nutrient intakes. RESULTS From 2004 to 2015, the percentage of Canadians consuming plain milk significantly decreased from 70.2% to 56.1%, whereas the percentage of PBBs consumers significantly increased from 1.8% to 3.0%. In 2015, plain milk provided almost 50% of the daily vitamin D intake, over 30% of calcium and vitamin B12, and over 20% of vitamin A and riboflavin among plain milk consumers. The top five nutrients provided by PBBs among PBBs consumers were vitamin D, calcium, vitamin B12, vitamin A and riboflavin. Although plain milk was a major contributor to saturated fat (14.5%) and protein (12.5%) intake among plain milk consumers, PBBs provided only 0.2% of saturated fat and 1.4% of protein intake in the diet of PBBs consumers. CONCLUSIONS The consumption of plain milk by Canadians has declined and the consumption of PBBs has increased, which may differentially affect the nutritional profile of the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naorin Islam
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Mojtaba Shafiee
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Hassan Vatanparast
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Stephenson BJK, Sotres-Alvarez D, Siega-Riz AM, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Daviglus ML, Van Horn L, Herring AH, Cai J. Empirically Derived Dietary Patterns Using Robust Profile Clustering in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. J Nutr 2020; 150:2825-2834. [PMID: 32710754 PMCID: PMC7549309 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Latent class models (LCMs) have been used in exploring dietary behaviors over a wide set of foods and beverages in a given population, but are prone to overgeneralize these habits in the presence of variation by subpopulations. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to highlight unique dietary consumption differences by both study site and ethnic background of Hispanic/Latino populations in the United States, that otherwise might be missed in a traditional LCM of the overall population. This was achieved using a new model-based clustering method, referred to as robust profile clustering (RPC). METHODS A total of 11,320 individuals aged 18-74 y from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (2008-2011) with complete diet data were classified into 9 subpopulations, defined by study site (Bronx, Chicago, Miami, San Diego) and ethnic background. At baseline, dietary intake was ascertained using a food propensity questionnaire. Dietary patterns were derived from 132 food groups using the RPC method to identify patterns of the general Hispanic/Latino population and those specific to an identified subpopulation. Dietary patterns derived from the RPC were compared to those identified from an LCM. RESULTS The LCM identified 48 shared consumption behaviors of foods and beverages across the entire cohort, whereas significant consumption differences in subpopulations were identified in the RPC model for these same foods. Several foods were common within study site (e.g., chicken, orange juice, milk), ethnic background (e.g., papayas, plantain, coffee), or both (e.g., rice, tomatoes, seafood). Post hoc testing revealed an improved model fit in the RPC model [Deviance Information Criterion DICRPC = 2.3 × 104, DICLCM = 9.5 × 106]. CONCLUSIONS Dietary pattern behaviors of Hispanics/Latinos in the United States tend to align by ethnic background for some foods and by location for other foods. Consideration of both factors is imperative to better understand their contributions to population health and developing targeted nutrition intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana J K Stephenson
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniela Sotres-Alvarez
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anna-Maria Siega-Riz
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and Health Services, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Yasmin Mossavar-Rahmani
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Martha L Daviglus
- Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Linda Van Horn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amy H Herring
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jianwen Cai
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Vatanparast H, Islam N, Patil RP, Shafiee M, Whiting SJ. Calcium Intake from Food and Supplemental Sources Decreased in the Canadian Population from 2004 to 2015. J Nutr 2020; 150:833-841. [PMID: 31891395 PMCID: PMC7138660 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In light of the publications (2008-2014) linking calcium intake, mainly from supplements, to the elevated risk of cardiovascular events, there is a need to determine if there have been any changes in usual intakes of calcium among Canadians. OBJECTIVE We aimed to examine changes in dietary and total usual intake of calcium among Canadians aged ≥1 y over the period 2004-2015. METHODS We used nutrition data from 2 nationally representative surveys conducted in 2004 and 2015 (CCHS 2004 Cycle 2.2 and CCHS-Nutrition 2015). This study included all the Canadians across 10 provinces, and the analyses were performed across different age/sex groups. We used the National Cancer Institute (NCI) method to estimate the usual intake of calcium and the prevalence of calcium inadequacy. Multiple logistic regression was performed to assess the relation between supplement uses and sociodemographic variables. RESULTS From 2004 to 2015, the usual intake of calcium from food sources significantly decreased in calcium supplement nonusers (from 872 ± 18.2 mg/d to 754 ± 18.0 mg/d), but not in calcium supplement users. The contribution of calcium from the Milk and alternatives food group significantly decreased by 7.5% and 6.1% in calcium supplement users and nonusers, respectively. The prevalence of calcium supplement use significantly decreased from 2004 to 2015 in the Canadian population, from 27.5% to 22.0%. During this time, the percentage contribution of calcium from supplemental sources significantly decreased among Canadians, especially women. The prevalence of calcium inadequacy increased from 58.0% to 68.0% in supplement nonusers; however, among users of calcium supplements, the prevalence of calcium inadequacy remained at ∼31%. CONCLUSIONS Calcium intake from both food and supplemental sources decreased in the Canadian population over an 11-y period, which must be addressed by policy-makers in their efforts to decrease the high prevalence of calcium inadequacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Vatanparast
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada,College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada,Address correspondence to HV (e-mail: )
| | - Naorin Islam
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Rashmi Prakash Patil
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Mojtaba Shafiee
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Susan J Whiting
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
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Vatanparast H, Patil RP, Islam N, Shafiee M, Whiting SJ. Vitamin D Intake from Supplemental Sources but Not from Food Sources Has Increased in the Canadian Population Over Time. J Nutr 2020; 150:526-535. [PMID: 31825071 PMCID: PMC7056613 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence is lacking to determine whether there have been any changes in dietary or total usual intakes of vitamin D among Canadians, in the light of recent evidence of beneficial health effects beyond bone. OBJECTIVE We aimed to examine trends in dietary and total usual intake of vitamin D among Canadians aged ≥1 y. METHODS This study used nationally representative nutrition data from the Canadian Community Health Survey Cycle 2.2 (CCHS 2004) and CCHS Nutrition in 2015. Dietary intake data were collected with use of two 24-h dietary recalls and dietary supplement use was determined by questionnaire. The National Cancer Institute method was used to estimate the usual intake of vitamin D as well as the prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy among Canadians aged ≥1 y. RESULTS From 2004 to 2015, the usual intake of vitamin D from food significantly decreased (P < 0.05) by 1 μg/d only in vitamin D supplement nonusers. The contribution of Milk and Alternatives food group (i.e., fluid milk, fortified soy beverages, powdered milk, and other milk alternatives) to dietary vitamin D intake significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in both supplement users (by 7.1%) and nonusers (by 5.8%). Prevalence of vitamin D supplement use and percentage contribution of vitamin D from supplemental sources significantly increased (P < 0.05) by 5.0% and 14.9%, respectively, from 2004 to 2015. Total usual intake of vitamin D (food + supplement) significantly increased (P < 0.05) from 15.1 ± 0.3 μg/d in 2004 to 31.5 ± 1.8 μg/d in 2015 in vitamin D supplement users. In contrast to vitamin D supplement nonusers, the prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy significantly decreased (P < 0.05) from 20.6% to 14.1% among users of vitamin D supplements. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of vitamin D supplement use and the percentage contribution of vitamin D from supplemental sources has increased in the Canadian population over an 11-y period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Vatanparast
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4Z2, Canada,College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4Z2, Canada,Address correspondence to HV (e-mail: )
| | - Rashmi Prakash Patil
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4Z2, Canada
| | - Naorin Islam
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4Z2, Canada
| | - Mojtaba Shafiee
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4Z2, Canada
| | - Susan J Whiting
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4Z2, Canada
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Tertsunen HM, Hantunen S, Tuomainen TP, Virtanen JK. Healthy Nordic diet and risk of disease death among men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Eur J Nutr 2020; 59:3545-3553. [PMID: 32016645 PMCID: PMC7669794 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association between healthy Nordic diet and risk of disease death in middle-aged and older men from eastern Finland. METHODS A total of 1547 men aged 42-60 years and free of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer and type 2 diabetes at baseline in 1984-1989 were included. Diet was assessed with 4-day food records at baseline and the healthy Nordic diet score was calculated based on the Baltic Sea Diet Score. The incidence of death was assessed by a computer linkage to the national cause of death register. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to estimate the associations between the healthy Nordic diet score and mortality. RESULTS During the mean follow-up of 23.6 years (SD 7.0), 576 men died due to disease: 250 due to CVD, 194 due to cancer and 132 due to other diseases. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) in the lowest vs. the highest quartile of the healthy Nordic diet score were 1.27 (1.01-1.59) for any disease death (P-trend across quartiles < 0.001), 1.39 (0.99-1.97, P-trend = 0.049) for CVD death, 1.26 (0.84-1.89, P-trend = 0.316) for cancer death and 1.04 (0.65-1.68, P-trend = 0.563) for other disease deaths. CONCLUSIONS In this prospective population-based cohort study among middle-aged and older men, low adherence to a healthy Nordic diet was associated with a higher risk of any disease death, possibly largely attributable to higher CVD mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna-Mari Tertsunen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sari Hantunen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jyrki K Virtanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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Cowling K, Stuart EA, Neff RA, Magraw D, Vernick J, Porter KP. World Trade Organization membership and changes in noncommunicable disease risk factors: a comparative interrupted time-series analysis, 1980-2013. Bull World Health Organ 2019; 97:83-96A. [PMID: 30728615 PMCID: PMC6357569 DOI: 10.2471/blt.18.218057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the relationship between joining the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the availability of several commodities with both harmful and protective effects for the development of noncommunicable diseases. Methods We used a natural experiment design to compare trends in the domestic supply of tobacco, alcohol and seven food groups, between 1980 and 2013, in 21 countries or territories joining WTO after 1995 and 26 non-member countries, using propensity score weights. We applied a comparative interrupted time-series framework, by using multivariate random-effects linear models, adjusted for gross domestic product per capita, the percentages of urban population and female labour force participation. In the tobacco model, we controlled for Member States that had ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and in the alcohol model, the percentage of the population identifying themselves as Muslim. Findings Following accession to WTO, member states experienced immediate increases in the domestic supply of fruits and vegetables of 55 g per person per day on average, compared to non-member countries. The analysis showed gradual increases in the geometric mean of the supply of tobacco and alcohol of 6.2% and 3.6% per year, respectively. We did not detect any significant changes in the availability of red meats and animal fats; seafood; nuts, seeds and legumes; starches; or edible oils; and results for sugars were inconsistent across model variations. Conclusion The results suggest that WTO membership may lead to increases in both harmful and protective factors for noncommunicable disease, but further exploration of country-specific variation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krycia Cowling
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 624 N. Broadway, Hampton House 380A, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States of America (USA)
| | - Elizabeth A Stuart
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Roni A Neff
- Center for a Livable Future, Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Daniel Magraw
- Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jon Vernick
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Keshia Pollack Porter
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
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Schwarz E, Maukonen J, Hyytiäinen T, Kieseppä T, Orešič M, Sabunciyan S, Mantere O, Saarela M, Yolken R, Suvisaari J. Analysis of microbiota in first episode psychosis identifies preliminary associations with symptom severity and treatment response. Schizophr Res 2018; 192:398-403. [PMID: 28442250 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of gut microbiota on the central nervous system, along its possible role in mental disorders, have received increasing attention. Here we investigated differences in fecal microbiota between 28 patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP) and 16 healthy matched controls and explored whether such differences were associated with response after up to 12months of treatment. Numbers of Lactobacillus group bacteria were elevated in FEP-patients and significantly correlated with severity along different symptom domains. A subgroup of FEP patients with the strongest microbiota differences also showed poorer response after up to 12months of treatment. The present findings support the involvement of microbiota alterations in psychotic illness and may provide the basis for exploring the benefit of their modulation on treatment response and remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Schwarz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| | | | | | - Tuula Kieseppä
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Psychiatry, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matej Orešič
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Sarven Sabunciyan
- Stanley Neurovirology Laboratory, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Outi Mantere
- Bipolar Disorders Clinic, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | - Maria Saarela
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, Finland
| | - Robert Yolken
- Stanley Neurovirology Laboratory, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jaana Suvisaari
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
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Borodulin K, Tolonen H, Jousilahti P, Jula A, Juolevi A, Koskinen S, Kuulasmaa K, Laatikainen T, Männistö S, Peltonen M, Perola M, Puska P, Salomaa V, Sundvall J, Virtanen SM, Vartiainen E. Cohort Profile: The National FINRISK Study. Int J Epidemiol 2017; 47:696-696i. [PMID: 29165699 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyx239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Borodulin
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Tolonen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Jousilahti
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Jula
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Juolevi
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Koskinen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Kuulasmaa
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Joint Municipal Authority for North Karelia Social and Health Services (Siun sote), Joensuu, Finland
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Peltonen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Puska
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Sundvall
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi M Virtanen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Erkki Vartiainen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Jousilahti P, Laatikainen T, Peltonen M, Borodulin K, Männistö S, Jula A, Salomaa V, Harald K, Puska P, Vartiainen E. Primary prevention and risk factor reduction in coronary heart disease mortality among working aged men and women in eastern Finland over 40 years: population based observational study. BMJ 2016; 352:i721. [PMID: 26932978 PMCID: PMC4772739 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate how much changes in the main risk factors of cardiovascular disease (smoking prevalence, serum cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure) can explain the reduction in coronary heart disease mortality observed among working aged men and women in eastern Finland. DESIGN Population based observational study. SETTING Eastern Finland. PARTICIPANTS 34,525 men and women aged 30-59 years who participated in the national FINRISK studies between 1972 and 2012. INTERVENTIONS Change in main cardiovascular risk factors through population based primary prevention. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Predicted and observed age standardised mortality due to coronary heart disease. Predicted change was estimated with a logistic regression model using risk factor data collected in nine consecutive, population based, risk factor surveys conducted every five years since 1972. Data on observed mortality were obtained from the National Causes of Death Register. RESULTS During the 40 year study period, levels of the three major cardiovascular risk factors decreased except for a small increase in serum cholesterol levels between 2007 and 2012. From years 1969-1972 to 2012, coronary heart disease mortality decreased by 82% (from 643 to 118 deaths per 100,000 people) and 84% (114 to 17) among men and women aged 35-64 years, respectively. During the first 10 years of the study, changes in these three target risk factors contributed to nearly all of the observed mortality reduction. Since the mid-1980s, the observed reduction in mortality has been larger than predicted. In the last 10 years of the study, about two thirds (69% in men and 66% in women) of the reduction could be explained by changes in the three main risk factors, and the remaining third by other factors. CONCLUSION Reductions in disease burden and mortality due to coronary heart disease can be achieved through the use of population based primary prevention programmes. Secondary prevention among high risk individuals and treatment of acute events of coronary heart disease could confer additional benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Jousilahti
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health, PO Box 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Peltonen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health, PO Box 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja Borodulin
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health, PO Box 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Männistö
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health, PO Box 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Jula
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health, PO Box 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health, PO Box 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kennet Harald
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health, PO Box 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Puska
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health, PO Box 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erkki Vartiainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health, PO Box 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
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14
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From margarine to butter: predictors of changing bread spread in an 11-year population follow-up. Public Health Nutr 2015; 19:1707-17. [PMID: 26686865 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980015003390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Finland is known for a sharp decrease in the intake of saturated fat and cardiovascular mortality. Since 2000, however, the consumption of butter-containing spreads - an important source of saturated fats - has increased. We examined social and health-related predictors of the increase among Finnish men and women. DESIGN An 11-year population follow-up. SETTING A representative random sample of adult Finns, invited to a health survey in 2000. SUBJECTS Altogether 5414 persons aged 30-64 years at baseline in 2000 were re-invited in 2011. Of men 1529 (59 %) and of women 1853 (66 %) answered the questions on bread spreads at both time points. Respondents reported the use of bread spreads by choosing one of the following alternatives: no fat, soft margarine, butter-vegetable oil mixture and butter, which were later categorized into margarine/no spread and butter/butter-vegetable oil mixture (= butter). The predictors included gender, age, marital status, education, employment status, place of residence, health behaviours, BMI and health. Multinomial regression models were fitted. RESULTS Of the 2582 baseline margarine/no spread users, 24.6% shifted to butter. Only a few of the baseline sociodemographic or health-related determinants predicted the change. Finnish women were more likely to change to butter than men. Living with a spouse predicted the change among men. CONCLUSIONS The change from margarine to butter between 2000 and 2011 seemed not to be a matter of compliance with official nutrition recommendations. Further longitudinal studies on social, behavioural and motivational predictors of dietary changes are needed.
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Jallinoja P, Niva M, Helakorpi S, Kahma N. Food choices, perceptions of healthiness, and eating motives of self-identified followers of a low-carbohydrate diet. Food Nutr Res 2014; 58:23552. [PMID: 25490960 PMCID: PMC4258637 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v58.23552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low-carbohydrate (LC) diets have gained substantial media coverage in many Western countries. Little is, however, known about the characteristics of their followers. Objective The article analyses how those who report following an LC diet differ from the rest of the population in their background, food choices, weight reduction status, as well as food-related perceptions and motives. The data are a part of the Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish Adult Population survey collected in spring 2012 (n=2,601), covering 15- to 64-year-old Finns. Results Seven per cent of the respondents identified themselves as followers of the LC diet. Gender and education were not associated with following an LC diet. The youngest respondents were the least likely to follow such a diet. The LC diet group preferred butter but also vegetables more commonly than the other respondents and were less likely to use vegetable bread spreads. The followers of the LC diet and the other respondents agreed about the healthiness of whole grain, vegetable oils, vegetables, and fruits and berries, and of the harmfulness of white wheat. Compared to the other respondents, the LC diet group was less likely to regard eating vegetable/low-fat products as important, more likely to regard eating healthy carbohydrates, and the health and weight-managing aspects of foods, as important and placed less value on sociability and pleasures connected to food. The results showed varying food choices among the followers of the LC diet: some even reported that they were not avoiding carbohydrates, sugars, and white wheat in their diet. Conclusions Planners of nutrition policies should follow-up on new diets as they emerge and explore the food choices and motives of their followers and how these diets affect the food choices of the whole population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piia Jallinoja
- National Consumer Research Centre (from 1.1.2015 onwards Consumer Society Research Center, University of Helsinki), Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Mari Niva
- National Consumer Research Centre (from 1.1.2015 onwards Consumer Society Research Center, University of Helsinki), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Helakorpi
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Kahma
- National Consumer Research Centre (from 1.1.2015 onwards Consumer Society Research Center, University of Helsinki), Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Borodulin K, Vartiainen E, Peltonen M, Jousilahti P, Juolevi A, Laatikainen T, Mannisto S, Salomaa V, Sundvall J, Puska P. Forty-year trends in cardiovascular risk factors in Finland. Eur J Public Health 2014; 25:539-46. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cku174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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Vandevijvere S, Monteiro C, Krebs-Smith SM, Lee A, Swinburn B, Kelly B, Neal B, Snowdon W, Sacks G. Monitoring and benchmarking population diet quality globally: a step-wise approach. Obes Rev 2013; 14 Suppl 1:135-49. [PMID: 24074217 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INFORMAS (International Network for Food and Obesity/non-communicable diseases Research, Monitoring and Action Support) aims to monitor and benchmark the healthiness of food environments globally. In order to assess the impact of food environments on population diets, it is necessary to monitor population diet quality between countries and over time. This paper reviews existing data sources suitable for monitoring population diet quality, and assesses their strengths and limitations. A step-wise framework is then proposed for monitoring population diet quality. Food balance sheets (FBaS), household budget and expenditure surveys (HBES) and food intake surveys are all suitable methods for assessing population diet quality. In the proposed 'minimal' approach, national trends of food and energy availability can be explored using FBaS. In the 'expanded' and 'optimal' approaches, the dietary share of ultra-processed products is measured as an indicator of energy-dense, nutrient-poor diets using HBES and food intake surveys, respectively. In addition, it is proposed that pre-defined diet quality indices are used to score diets, and some of those have been designed for application within all three monitoring approaches. However, in order to enhance the value of global efforts to monitor diet quality, data collection methods and diet quality indicators need further development work.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vandevijvere
- School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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18
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Thorsson B, Steingrimsdottir L, Halldorsdottir S, Andersen K, Sigurdsson G, Aspelund T, Gudnason V. Changes in total cholesterol levels in Western societies are not related to statin, but rather dietary factors: the example of the Icelandic population. Eur Heart J 2012; 34:1778-82. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Paalanen L, Prättälä R, Laatikainen T. Contribution of education level and dairy fat sources to serum cholesterol in Russian and Finnish Karelia: results from four cross-sectional risk factor surveys in 1992-2007. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:910. [PMID: 23101907 PMCID: PMC3519653 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food habits vary by socio-economic group and geographic area. Data on socio-economic differences in food habits and in serum total cholesterol concentration from Russia are scarce. Our aim was to examine changes and educational differences in serum total cholesterol and in the consumption of major sources of saturated fat in two geographically neighbouring areas, Russian and Finnish Karelia, and to examine whether the foods associated with serum total cholesterol are different in the two areas. METHODS Data from cross-sectional risk factor surveys from years 1992, 1997, 2002 and 2007 in the district of Pitkäranta, the Republic of Karelia, Russia (n = 2672), and North Karelia, Finland (n = 5437), were used. The analyses included two phases. 1) To examine the differences in cholesterol by education, the means and 95% confidence intervals for education groups were calculated for each study year. 2) Multivariate linear regression analysis was employed to examine the role of butter in cooking, butter on bread, fat-containing milk and cheese in explaining serum total cholesterol. In these analyses, the data for all four study years were combined. RESULTS In Pitkäranta, serum total cholesterol fluctuated during the study period (1992-2007), whereas in North Karelia cholesterol levels declined consistently. No apparent differences in cholesterol levels by education were observed in Pitkäranta. In North Karelia, cholesterol was lower among subjects in the highest education tertile compared to the lowest education tertile in 1992 and 2002. In Pitkäranta, consumption of fat-containing milk was most strongly associated with cholesterol (β=0.19, 95% CI 0.10, 0.28) adjusted for sex, age, education and study year. In North Karelia, using butter in cooking (β=0.09, 95% CI 0.04, 0.15) and using butter on bread (β=0.09, 95% CI 0.02, 0.15) had a significant positive association with cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS In the two geographically neighbouring areas, the key foods influencing serum cholesterol levels varied considerably. Assessment and regular monitoring of food habits are essential to plan nutrition education messages that are individually tailored for the target area and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Paalanen
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, THL, PO Box 30, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland.
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Age, marital status and changes in dietary habits in later life: a 21-year follow-up among Finnish women. Public Health Nutr 2012; 15:1174-81. [PMID: 22469058 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980012000602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine 21-year longitudinal changes in dietary habits and their associations with age and marital status among women aged 50-60 years at baseline. DESIGN Prospective, longitudinal study of a cohort in the FINMONICA population-based risk factor survey with clinical assessments in 1982, 1992 and 2003. Dietary habits were assessed via self-reported consumption of foods typically contributing to SFA, cholesterol and sugar intakes in the Finnish diet. A dietary risk score based upon five items was used. SETTING Kuopio region, Finland. SUBJECTS Complete data from all three assessments for 103 women of the original cohort of 299 were included for two age groups: 50-54 and 55-60 years at baseline. RESULTS Dietary habits improved between 1982 and 1992 and showed continued but less pronounced improvement between 1992 and 2003: within the younger age group, 78 % of the women reduced the number of dietary risk points from the 1982 to 2003 scores, whereas 3 % increased them and 19 % reported no change. In the older age group these percentages were 61 %, 23 % and 16 %, respectively. Women who remained married showed a steadier decline in dietary risk points than single women or women who were widows at the beginning of the follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Older women make positive changes to their dietary habits but the consistency of these changes may be affected by the ageing process, marital status and changes in the latter.
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Food choices and health during military service: increases in sugar- and fibre-containing foods and changes in anthropometric and clinical risk factors. Public Health Nutr 2011; 15:1248-55. [PMID: 22166515 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980011003351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse changes in food choices, diet-related risk factors and their association during 6 months of military service. DESIGN Longitudinal cohort study in Finland, where all men are liable to military service and a clear majority of each age group completes service. Dietary intake data were collected by self-administered questionnaire before and at 6 months of service. Three dietary indices based on food frequencies were developed to characterize the diet: Sugar Index, Fibre Index and Fat Index. Thirteen diet-related risk factors were measured at the beginning and at 6 months of service. SETTING Military environment, two geographically distinct garrisons. SUBJECTS Male conscripts aged 18-21 years (n 256) performing military service. RESULTS During 6 months of service, positive changes concerned more frequent use of fibre-rich foods (P = 0·011), improved body composition (BMI, waist circumference, muscle mass, fat mass and percentage body fat, P ≤ 0·003 for all), decreased systolic blood pressure and increased HDL cholesterol (P < 0·001 for both). Negative changes concerned more frequent use of sugar-rich foods and increased total cholesterol, TAG and blood glucose (P < 0·001 for all). The consumption of fibre-rich foods was inversely associated with anthropometric risk factors at baseline and with sugar-rich foods at both time points. CONCLUSIONS Despite more frequent consumption of sweet foods, military service with a unified, nutritionally planned diet, a controlled environment and high physical load has a positive effect on conscripts' health risk factors. The negative changes in blood lipids and glucose may reflect more varied free-time eating.
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Ramazauskiene V, Petkeviciene J, Klumbiene J, Kriaucioniene V, Sakytė E. Diet and serum lipids: changes over socio-economic transition period in Lithuanian rural population. BMC Public Health 2011; 11:447. [PMID: 21651754 PMCID: PMC3128027 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since regaining of independence in 1990, Lithuania has been undergoing substantial political, economic, and social changes that affected the nutrition habits of population. Dietary changes might have impact on the trends of dietary related risk factors of chronic diseases. The aim of the study was to compare trends in diet and lipid profile of Lithuanian rural population aged 25-64 during two decades of transition period (1987-2007). Methods Four cross-sectional surveys were conducted within the framework of the Countrywide Integrated Noncommunicable Diseases Intervention Programme in five regions of Lithuania in 1987, 1993, 1999, and 2007. For each survey, a stratified independent random sample was drawn from the lists of the inhabitants aged 25-64 years registered at the primary health care centres. Altogether 3127 men and 3857 women participated in the surveys. 24-hour recall was used for evaluation of dietary habits. Serum lipids were determined using enzymatic methods. Predicted changes of serum cholesterol were calculated by Keys equation. Results The percentage of energy from saturated fatty acids has decreased from 18.0 to 15.1 among men and from 17.6 to 14.8 among women over the period of 20 years. The average share of polyunsaturated fatty acids in total energy intake increased from 5.3% to 7.1% among men and from 4.9% to 7.3% among women. The mean intake of cholesterol declined among women. Favourable trends in fatty acids composition were caused by increased use of vegetable oil for cooking and replacement of butter spread with margarine. Since 1987, the mean value of total cholesterol has decreased by 0.6 mmol/l. Total dietary effect accounts for a 0.26 mmol/l (43.3%) decline in serum cholesterol among men and 0.31 mmol/l (50.8%) decline among women. Conclusions Improvement in the quality of fat intake was observed in Lithuanian rural population over two decades of transition period. Positive changes in diet, mainly reduction in saturated fatty acids intake, contributed to decline in serum cholesterol level. Strengthening of favourable trends in nutrition habits in Lithuanian population should be one of the most important strategies of cardiovascular diseases prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalija Ramazauskiene
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Academy of Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuania.
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The nutrition transition in the Republic of Ireland: trends in energy and nutrient supply from 1961 to 2007 using Food and Agriculture Organization food balance sheets. Br J Nutr 2011; 106:1078-89. [PMID: 21481289 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511001395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Over the course of the last 50 years the Republic of Ireland has gone from being one of the poorest countries in Europe to one of the richest; however, it is now experiencing increasing rates of obesity and non-communicable chronic disease. Although several national nutrition surveys have been carried out in Ireland since 1990, there is little information on the Irish diet before then. We analysed the FAO food balance sheets for Ireland from 1961 to 2007 in order to characterise the changes in energy and nutrient supply that took place during that period. Food balance sheets were downloaded from the FAOSTAT database and per capita supply of commodities was analysed using dietary analysis software. Energy from carbohydrate as a percentage of total energy fell from 55 % in 1961 to 46 % in 2007, whereas energy from fat increased from 29 % to 34 %; these values are well outside WHO recommendations for the prevention of chronic disease. Energy from alcohol as a percentage of total energy has doubled within the last 20 years. On a nutrient-density basis, vitamins and minerals met or exceeded WHO recommendations, apart from vitamin D, folate, Ca and Fe. Although there are methodological limitations associated with the use of food balance sheets, the present results demonstrate that the current imbalances in the Irish diet were already evident several decades ago. Because they are so long established, they will be difficult to reverse unless major public health nutrition interventions are implemented.
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