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Gagné T, Kurdi V. Vegetarianism and mental health: Evidence from the 1970 British Cohort Study. J Affect Disord 2024; 351:607-614. [PMID: 38272367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing animal product consumption has benefits for population health and the environment. The relationship between vegetarianism and mental health, however, remains poorly understood. This study explores this relationship in a nationally representative cohort in Great Britain. METHODS We use data from the 1970 British Cohort Study, which collected information on vegetarianism at age 30 in 2000 (n = 11,204) and psychological distress (PD) at ages 26, 30, 34, 42, and 46-48 in 2016/18. We first developed a statistical adjustment strategy by regressing PD at age 30 on vegetarianism and 14 confounders measured at ages 10 and 26. We then ran multilevel growth curve models, testing whether within-person changes in PD between ages 30 and 46-48 differed by vegetarianism, before and after statistical adjustment. RESULTS At age 30, 4.5 % of participants reported being vegetarian. In the cross-sectional models at age 30, vegetarians reported more distress compared with non-vegetarians in bivariate analysis (b = 0.30, 95%CI 0.09, 0.52), but this difference disappeared in the fully-adjusted model (b = 0.02, 95%CI -0.17, 0.21). In the longitudinal models between ages 30 and 46/48, there were no differences in within-person changes in psychological distress between vegetarians and non-vegetarians (p = .723). Sensitivity analyses using red meat consumption yielded similar findings. CONCLUSION In this British cohort, vegetarianism at age 30 was not associated with changes in psychological distress during mid-adulthood. Since psychological distress in early adulthood predicted vegetarianism at age 30, more studies are needed to disentangle the progression of this relationship over the life-course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Gagné
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK; International Center for Lifecourse Studies in Society and Health, UK.
| | - Vanessa Kurdi
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, UK
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2
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Borrego-Ruiz A, Borrego JJ. Human gut microbiome, diet, and mental disorders. Int Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s10123-024-00518-6. [PMID: 38561477 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-024-00518-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Diet is one of the most important external factor shaping the composition and metabolic activities of the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in host health, including immune system development, nutrients metabolism, and the synthesis of bioactive molecules. In addition, the gut microbiome has been described as critical for the development of several mental disorders. Nutritional psychiatry is an emerging field of research that may provide a link between diet, microbial function, and brain health. In this study, we have reviewed the influence of different diet types, such as Western, Mediterranean, vegetarian, and ketogenic, on the gut microbiota composition and function, and their implication in various neuropsychiatric and psychological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Borrego-Ruiz
- Departamento de Psicología Social y de las Organizaciones, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J Borrego
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga. Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina BIONAND, Málaga, Spain.
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3
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Mazloomi SN, Talebi S, Mehrabani S, Bagheri R, Ghavami A, Zarpoosh M, Mohammadi H, Wong A, Nordvall M, Kermani MAH, Moradi S. The association of ultra-processed food consumption with adult mental health disorders: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 260,385 participants. Nutr Neurosci 2023; 26:913-931. [PMID: 36094005 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2022.2110188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies examining the relationship between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and the risk of mental health disorders. METHODS The ISI Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Scopus databases were searched without date restriction until 28 December 2021. Data were extracted from 26 studies, including 260,385 participants from twelve countries. Risk ratios for mental health disorders were pooled by a random-effects model. RESULTS Meta-analyses suggested that UPF consumption was associated with an increased risk of depression (RR = 1.28; 95% CI: 1.19, 1.38; I2 = 61.8%; p = 0.022) but not anxiety (RR = 1.35; 95% CI: 0.86, 2.11; I2 = 77.8%; p = 0.198). However, when analyzed for the dietary assessment method, UPF consumption was significantly associated with an enhanced risk of depression among studies utilizing food frequency questionnaires (RR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.21, 1.41; I2 = 60.0%; p < 0.001) as opposed to other forms of dietary recall approaches. Additionally, for every 10% increase in UPF consumption per daily calorie intake, 11% higher risk of depression (RR = 1.11; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.17; I2 = 88.9%; p < 0.001) was observed among adults. Dose-response analysis further emphasized a positive linear association between UPF consumption with depression risk (p-nonlinearity = 0.819, p-dose-response = p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that UPF consumption is related to an enhanced depressive mental health status risk. There may be different causes for this increased risk, and further studies are needed to investigate if there is a causal relationship between consumption of UPF and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyadeh Narges Mazloomi
- The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Food and Drug Administration, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Sepide Talebi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Science, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Mehrabani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Bagheri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abed Ghavami
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Zarpoosh
- General Practitioner, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Science, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alexei Wong
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Marymount University, Arlington, VA, United States
| | - Michael Nordvall
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Marymount University, Arlington, VA, United States
| | - Mohammad Ali Hojjati Kermani
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajjad Moradi
- Nutritional Sciences Department, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Radford-Smith DE, Anthony DC. Mechanisms of Maternal Diet-Induced Obesity Affecting the Offspring Brain and Development of Affective Disorders. Metabolites 2023; 13:455. [PMID: 36984895 PMCID: PMC10053489 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression and metabolic disease are common disorders that share a bidirectional relationship and continue to increase in prevalence. Maternal diet and maternal behaviour both profoundly influence the developmental trajectory of offspring during the perinatal period. At an epidemiological level, both maternal depression and obesity during pregnancy have been shown to increase the risk of neuropsychiatric disease in the subsequent generation. Considerable progress has been made to understand the mechanisms by which maternal obesity disrupts the developing offspring gut-brain axis, priming offspring for the development of affective disorders. This review outlines such mechanisms in detail, including altered maternal care, the maternal microbiome, inflammation, breast milk composition, and maternal and placental metabolites. Subsequently, offspring may be prone to developing gut-brain interaction disorders with concomitant changes to brain energy metabolism, neurotransmission, and behaviour, alongside gut dysbiosis. The gut microbiome may act as a key modifiable, and therefore treatable, feature of the relationship between maternal obesity and the offspring brain function. Further studies examining the relationship between maternal nutrition, the maternal microbiome and metabolites, and offspring neurodevelopment are warranted to identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Radford-Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxford OX37JX, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX13TA, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX13QT, UK
| | - Daniel C. Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX13QT, UK
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5
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Hajihashemi P, Haghighatdoost F, Mohammadifard N, Maghroun M, Sajjadi F, Najafi F, Farshidi H, Lotfizadeh M, Solati K, Kazemi T, Karimi S, Roohafza H, Sabri M, de Oliveira C, Silveira EA, Sarrafzadegan N. The association of dietary macronutrient quality indices with depression and anxiety symptoms and quality of life in Iranian adults: The LipoKAP study. J Affect Disord 2022; 317:409-416. [PMID: 36037992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macronutrients' quality may impact differently on mental health and quality of life (QOL). This study aimed to investigate the potential relationship between the carbohydrate quality index (CQI), fat quality index (FQI), protein quality index (PQI), the affective mental symptoms and QOL among Iranian adults. METHODS The LipoKAP is a cross-sectional study, conducted with 2456 adults in Iran. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to evaluate usual dietary intakes. A validated Iranian version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to assess the severity of anxiety and depression. QOL was assessed by EQ-5D. RESULT In the fully adjusted model, participants in the highest tertile of CQI had lower QOL than those in the lowest tertile (OR = 1.35; 95 % CI: 1.06, 1.73). Individuals in the top tertile of FQI (OR = 0.71; 95 % CI: 0.55, 0.91) and PQI (OR = 0.78; 95 % CI: 0.60; 1.01) were less likely to report lower QOL than those in the bottom tertile. An inverse association was found between PQI and depressive symptoms (OR = 0.72, 95 % CI: 0.55, 0.95), but not for CQI and FQI. LIMITATIONS The cross-sectional design of the study and the use of a memory-based dietary tool may limit the generalizability of our findings. CONCLUSION Higher PQI was associated with lower risk of depressive symptoms and having a low-quality life. Although CQI and FQI were not related to depressive and anxiety symptoms, higher values of FQI were associated with better QOL, while CQI showed an inverse association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Hajihashemi
- Isfahan Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Haghighatdoost
- Hypertension Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Noushin Mohammadifard
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Maryam Maghroun
- Heart Failure Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Firouzeh Sajjadi
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farid Najafi
- Research Center for Environmental determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hossein Farshidi
- Hormozgan Cardiovascular Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandarabbas, Iran
| | - Masoud Lotfizadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Kamal Solati
- Department of Psychiatry, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Tooba Kazemi
- Birjand Cardiovascular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Simin Karimi
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Roohafza
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Sabri
- Prdiatric Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Cesar de Oliveira
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care, University College London, UK
| | - Erika Aparecida Silveira
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care, University College London, UK; Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil
| | - Nizal Sarrafzadegan
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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6
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Lee M, Bradbury J, Yoxall J, Sargeant S. Is dietary quality associated with depression? An analysis of the Australian longitudinal study of women's health data. Br J Nutr 2022; 129:1-8. [PMID: 35894291 PMCID: PMC10024974 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522002410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a chronic and complex condition experienced by over 300 million people worldwide. While research on the impact of nutrition on chronic physical illness is well documented, there is growing interest in the role of dietary patterns for those experiencing symptoms of depression. This study aims to examine the association of diet quality (Dietary Questionnaire for Epidemiological Studies version 2) and depressive symptoms (Centre for Epidemiological Studies for Depression short form) of young Australian women over 6 years at two time points, 2003 (n 9081, Mean age = 27·6) and 2009 (n 8199, Mean age = 33·7) using secondary data from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. A linear mixed-effects model found a small and significant inverse association of diet quality on depressive symptoms (β = -0·03, 95 % CI (-0·04, -0·02)) after adjusting for covarying factors such as BMI, social functioning, alcohol and smoking status. These findings suggest that the continuation of a healthy dietary pattern may be protective of depressive symptoms. Caution should be applied in interpreting these findings due to the small effect sizes. More longitudinal studies are needed to assess temporal relationships between dietary quality and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Lee
- Bond University, Gold Coast Campus, Robina, Australia
| | - Joanne Bradbury
- Southern Cross University, Gold Coast Campus, Coolangatta, Australia
| | - Jacqui Yoxall
- Southern Cross University, Lismore Campus, Lismore, Australia
| | - Sally Sargeant
- Southern Cross University, Gold Coast Campus, Coolangatta, Australia
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Jain R, Larsuphrom P, Degremont A, Latunde‐Dada GO, Philippou E. Association between vegetarian and vegan diets and depression: A systematic review. NUTR BULL 2022; 47:27-49. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rishika Jain
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics School of Life Course and Population Sciences King's College London London UK
| | - Phureephat Larsuphrom
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics School of Life Course and Population Sciences King's College London London UK
| | - Alexia Degremont
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics School of Life Course and Population Sciences King's College London London UK
| | | | - Elena Philippou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics School of Life Course and Population Sciences King's College London London UK
- Department of Life and Health Sciences University of Nicosia Nicosia Cyprus
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8
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Dobersek U, Teel K, Altmeyer S, Adkins J, Wy G, Peak J. Meat and mental health: A meta-analysis of meat consumption, depression, and anxiety. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-18. [PMID: 34612096 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1974336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this meta-analysis, we examined the quantitative relation between meat consumption or avoidance, depression, and anxiety. In June 2020, we searched five online databases for primary studies examining differences in depression and anxiety between meat abstainers and meat consumers that offered a clear (dichotomous) distinction between these groups. Twenty studies met the selection criteria representing 171,802 participants with 157,778 meat consumers and 13,259 meat abstainers. We calculated the magnitude of the effect between meat consumers and meat abstainers with bias correction (Hedges's g effect size) where higher and positive scores reflect better outcomes for meat consumers. Meat consumption was associated with lower depression (Hedges's g = 0.216, 95% CI [0.14 to 0.30], p < .001) and lower anxiety (g = 0.17, 95% CI [0.03 to 0.31], p = .02) compared to meat abstention. Compared to vegans, meat consumers experienced both lower depression (g = 0.26, 95% CI [0.01 to 0.51], p = .041) and anxiety (g = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.40 to 0.69], p = .598). Sex did not modify these relations. Study quality explained 58% and 76% of between-studies heterogeneity in depression and anxiety, respectively. The analysis also showed that the more rigorous the study, the more positive and consistent the relation between meat consumption and better mental health. The current body of evidence precludes causal and temporal inferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urska Dobersek
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, Indiana, USA
| | - Kelsey Teel
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, Indiana, USA
| | - Sydney Altmeyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, Indiana, USA
| | - Joshua Adkins
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, Indiana, USA
| | - Gabrielle Wy
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jackson Peak
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, Indiana, USA
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Fazelian S, Sadeghi E, Firouzi S, Haghighatdoost F. Adherence to the vegetarian diet may increase the risk of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:242-254. [PMID: 33822140 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Several epidemiological studies have investigated the association between a vegetarian diet and risk of depression, but because of inconsistency between studies, the exact association remains unclear. OBJECTIVE In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the relationship between vegetarian diets and risk of depression in observational studies was evaluated. DATA SOURCES The Medline, Embase, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception through September 1, 2020. STUDY SELECTION Observational studies were included that examined mean levels of depression and risk for depression in vegetarians compared with nonvegetarians. DATA EXTRACTION Pooled effect sizes were estimated using the random-effects model and were reported as standardized mean differences or odds ratios (ORs) with their corresponding 95%CIs. Heterogeneity was tested using the I2 statistic. RESULTS Combining 9 effect sizes in this meta-analysis illustrated that adherence to a vegetarian diet was associated with a 53% greater risk of depression compared with that of omnivores (95%CI, 1.14-2.07; I2 = 69.1%). Subgroup analysis of depression risk suggested that results depended on the type of vegetarian diet and country where the study was conducted. For studies that assessed a semivegetarian diet (OR, 1.86; 95%CI, 1.42-2.44; I2 = 35.7%) and those conducted in Europe and the United States (OR, 1.45; 95%CI, 1.06-1.98; I2 = 73.2%), there was a positive association between a vegetarian diet and depression, but in lacto-ovo vegetarians and Asian countries, a null association was found. Comparing mean depression scores showed no evidence of difference between vegetarians and nonvegetarians (n = 16; standardized mean difference, 0.10; 95%CI, -0.01 to 0.21; I2 = 79.1%). CONCLUSION Vegetarian diet significantly increased depression risk; however, the findings were not robust, and more studies are required to investigate the vegetarian diet and depression association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Fazelian
- S. Fazelian is with the Clinical Research Development Unit, Ayatollah Kashani Hospital, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. E. Sadeghi is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. S. Firouzi is with the Department of Dietetics, Grafton Base Hospital, New South Wales, Australia. F. Haghighatdoost is with the Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Erfan Sadeghi
- S. Fazelian is with the Clinical Research Development Unit, Ayatollah Kashani Hospital, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. E. Sadeghi is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. S. Firouzi is with the Department of Dietetics, Grafton Base Hospital, New South Wales, Australia. F. Haghighatdoost is with the Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Somayyeh Firouzi
- S. Fazelian is with the Clinical Research Development Unit, Ayatollah Kashani Hospital, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. E. Sadeghi is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. S. Firouzi is with the Department of Dietetics, Grafton Base Hospital, New South Wales, Australia. F. Haghighatdoost is with the Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Haghighatdoost
- S. Fazelian is with the Clinical Research Development Unit, Ayatollah Kashani Hospital, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. E. Sadeghi is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. S. Firouzi is with the Department of Dietetics, Grafton Base Hospital, New South Wales, Australia. F. Haghighatdoost is with the Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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10
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Iguacel I, Huybrechts I, Moreno LA, Michels N. Vegetarianism and veganism compared with mental health and cognitive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2021; 79:361-381. [PMID: 32483598 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Vegetarian and vegan diets are increasing in popularity. Although they provide beneficial health effects, they may also lead to nutritional deficiencies. Cognitive impairment and mental health disorders have a high economic burden. OBJECTIVE A meta-analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between vegan or vegetarian diets and cognitive and mental health. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Proquest databases were examined from inception to July 2018. STUDY SELECTION Original observational or interventional human studies of vegan/vegetarian diets were selected independently by 2 authors. DATA EXTRACTION Raw means and standard deviations were used as continuous outcomes, while numbers of events were used as categorical outcomes. RESULTS Of 1249 publications identified, 13 were included, with 17 809 individuals in total. No significant association was found between diet and the continuous depression score, stress, well-being, or cognitive impairment. Vegans/vegetarians were at increased risk for depression (odds ratio = 2.142; 95%CI, 1.105-4.148) and had lower anxiety scores (mean difference = -0.847; 95%CI, -1.677 to -0.018). Heterogeneity was large, and thus subgroup analyses showed numerous differences. CONCLUSIONS Vegan or vegetarian diets were related to a higher risk of depression and lower anxiety scores, but no differences for other outcomes were found. Subgroup analyses of anxiety showed a higher risk of anxiety, mainly in participants under 26 years of age and in studies with a higher quality. More studies with better overall quality are needed to make clear positive or negative associations. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. CRD42018097204.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Iguacel
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBERObn (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; and the International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Luis A Moreno
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain; the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBERObn (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición) , Zaragoza, Spain
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11
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Zheng L, Sun J, Yu X, Zhang D. Ultra-Processed Food Is Positively Associated With Depressive Symptoms Among United States Adults. Front Nutr 2020; 7:600449. [PMID: 33385006 PMCID: PMC7770142 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.600449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are popular in the United States. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the health impact of UPF. This study is conducted to assess the association between UPF consumption and depressive symptoms among United States adults. Data were collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2016. Dietary data were obtained through 24-h dietary recall interviews. Depressive symptoms were detected by a nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire; participants with more than 10 points were diagnosed with depressive symptoms. Results of logistic regression revealed a positive association between UPF consumption and depressive symptoms. The study suggests that UPF may increase the risk of depressive symptoms, particularly in people with less exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dongfeng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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The Association between Dietary Patterns and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Adults. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8380151. [PMID: 32908917 PMCID: PMC7475746 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8380151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Previous studies of the relationship between diet and depression have focused on single nutrients or food. Recent research suggested that dietary patterns may offer more information than an individual nutrient in assessing disease risk. We designed this study to assess the association between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms in the adult population of China. Methods We identified 372 Chinese residents for this research. Factor analysis was used to extract dietary patterns from 30 predefined food groups. Dietary intake was assessed using an effective self-administered food frequency questionnaire, and depressive symptoms were assessed using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) score. Subjects were considered to have depressive symptoms when they had a PHQ-9 score of >4. Results We identified four eating patterns: “vegetables-fruits,” “traditional Chinese,” “pastry-fruits,” and “animal food” dietary patterns. After adjusting for potential confounders, participants in the highest tertile animal food pattern (considered to be an unhealthy pattern) were more prone to depressive symptoms compared with participants in the lowest tertile (OR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.02-4.24). Conclusions The animal food pattern was associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms.
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Askari M, Daneshzad E, Darooghegi Mofrad M, Bellissimo N, Suitor K, Azadbakht L. Vegetarian diet and the risk of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:261-271. [PMID: 32885996 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1814991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies reported inconsistent findings regarding the consumption of a vegetarian diet with mental health outcomes, specifically depression, anxiety and stress. A systematic review was conducted to summarize the current state of literature regarding our understanding of the association between a vegetarian diet and depression, anxiety and stress. A literature search was completed using Scopus, PubMed, and the Web of Science for relevant articles published prior to July 2020. Prospective cohort and cross-sectional studies conducted on adults reporting risk estimates for the consumption of a vegetarian diet, depression, anxiety, and stress were selected. A fixed effects or a random effects model was performed to pool effect sizes. Results from 13 publications (four cohort studies and nine cross-sectional studies) assessing the relationship between the consumption of a vegetarian diet and depression, anxiety and stress were included. The pooled effect size from 10 studies indicated no association between the consumption of a vegetarian diet and depression (pooled effect size: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.84-1.25, p = 0.817). Further, the pooled effect size from four studies suggests that a vegetarian diet is not associated with anxiety (pooled effect size: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.71-1.68, p = 0.678). Due to insufficient data for stress, we were not able to pool the results. Together, no significant associations were observed between the consumption of a vegetarian diet and depression or anxiety. Future cohort studies are needed to further investigate the effects of a vegetarian diet on these mental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Askari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Daneshzad
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manije Darooghegi Mofrad
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Leila Azadbakht
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Paul E, Pearson RM. Depressive symptoms measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in mothers and partners in the ALSPAC Study: A data note. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:108. [PMID: 32766456 PMCID: PMC7385546 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15925.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a leading cause of disability and is associated with a number of adverse offspring outcomes when it occurs in parents. Depression is present in men and women at different rates, and recent research suggests that symptom profiles between the sexes may differ. Longitudinal data are needed to answer remaining questions about the long-term course, gender differences, antecedents and outcomes of depression. The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) is a large birth cohort study in England which administered one of the most commonly used depression instruments, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at 11 timepoints in mothers and at 10 timepoints in their partners. In addition to repeated measurements of the EPDS, ALSPAC has a wealth of participant data on biological, social, demographic, and lifestyle factors. The purpose of this data note is to introduce potential users of the data to the characteristics of the EPDS in ALSPAC, as well as some key considerations when using the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Paul
- Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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15
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Paul E, Pearson RM. Depressive symptoms measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in mothers and partners in the ALSPAC Study: A data note. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:108. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15925.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a leading cause of disability and is associated with a number of adverse offspring outcomes with it occurs in parents. Depression is present in men and women at different rates, and recent research suggests that symptom profiles between the sexes may differ. Longitudinal data are needed to answer remaining questions about the long-term course, gender differences, antecedents and outcomes of depression. The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) is a large birth cohort study in England which administered one of the most commonly used depression instruments, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at 11 timepoints in mothers and at 10 timepoints in their partners. In addition to repeated measurements of the EPDS, ALSPAC has a wealth of participant data on biological, social, demographic, and lifestyle factors. The purpose of this data note is to introduce potential users of the data to the characteristics of the EPDS in ALSPAC, as well as some key considerations when using the data.
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16
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Dobersek U, Wy G, Adkins J, Altmeyer S, Krout K, Lavie CJ, Archer E. Meat and mental health: a systematic review of meat abstention and depression, anxiety, and related phenomena. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:622-635. [PMID: 32308009 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1741505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To examine the relation between the consumption or avoidance of meat and psychological health and well-being.Methods: A systematic search of online databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL Plus, Medline, and Cochrane Library) was conducted for primary research examining psychological health in meat-consumers and meat-abstainers. Inclusion criteria were the provision of a clear distinction between meat-consumers and meat-abstainers, and data on factors related to psychological health. Studies examining meat consumption as a continuous or multi-level variable were excluded. Summary data were compiled, and qualitative analyses of methodologic rigor were conducted. The main outcome was the disparity in the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and related conditions in meat-consumers versus meat-abstainers. Secondary outcomes included mood and self-harm behaviors.Results: Eighteen studies met the inclusion/exclusion criteria; representing 160,257 participants (85,843 females and 73,232 males) with 149,559 meat-consumers and 8584 meat-abstainers (11 to 96 years) from multiple geographic regions. Analysis of methodologic rigor revealed that the studies ranged from low to severe risk of bias with high to very low confidence in results. Eleven of the 18 studies demonstrated that meat-abstention was associated with poorer psychological health, four studies were equivocal, and three showed that meat-abstainers had better outcomes. The most rigorous studies demonstrated that the prevalence or risk of depression and/or anxiety were significantly greater in participants who avoided meat consumption.Conclusion: Studies examining the relation between the consumption or avoidance of meat and psychological health varied substantially in methodologic rigor, validity of interpretation, and confidence in results. The majority of studies, and especially the higher quality studies, showed that those who avoided meat consumption had significantly higher rates or risk of depression, anxiety, and/or self-harm behaviors. There was mixed evidence for temporal relations, but study designs and a lack of rigor precluded inferences of causal relations. Our study does not support meat avoidance as a strategy to benefit psychological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urska Dobersek
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, Indiana, USA
| | - Gabrielle Wy
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua Adkins
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, Indiana, USA
| | - Sydney Altmeyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, Indiana, USA
| | - Kaitlin Krout
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, Indiana, USA
| | - Carl J Lavie
- John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Edward Archer
- Research and Development, EvolvingFX, Jupiter, Florida, USA
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17
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Lahouti M, Zavoshy R, Noroozi M, Rostami R, Gholamalizadeh M, Rashidkhani B, Doaei S. Dietary patterns and depressive symptoms among Iranian women. J Health Psychol 2020; 26:2278-2289. [PMID: 32166982 DOI: 10.1177/1359105320909888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the association between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms among 217 Iranian women aged 20-45 years. In this study, dietary intake was assessed using a valid and reliable semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. A principal component analysis was applied to detect the major dietary patterns. The Beck Depression Inventory was used to assess the depressive symptoms. Two major dietary patterns were identified: the "semi-Mediterranean" dietary pattern and the "western" dietary pattern. Participants with the "western" dietary pattern had a higher rate of depressive symptoms (p < 0.05). However, the "semi-Mediterranean" dietary pattern had no significant association with the depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Lahouti
- Department of Nutrition, Children Growth Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Roza Zavoshy
- Department of Nutrition, Children Growth Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mostafa Noroozi
- Department of Nutrition, Children Growth Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Reza Rostami
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Gholamalizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Rashidkhani
- Department of Nutrition, Children Growth Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Saeid Doaei
- Research Center of Health and Environment, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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18
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Shakya PR, Melaku YA, Page A, Gill TK. Association between dietary patterns and adult depression symptoms based on principal component analysis, reduced-rank regression and partial least-squares. Clin Nutr 2019; 39:2811-2823. [PMID: 32007317 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS There have been inconsistent findings on the association between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms (DepS). In addition, studies have used single analysis methods to identify dietary patterns. In the current study, we aimed to determine the association between dietary patterns, derived by principal component analysis (PCA), reduced-rank regressions (RRR) and partial least-squares (PLS), and DepS among adults using a cohort study in Australia. METHODS We examined a total of 1743 study participants (≥24 years, 48.9% males) using cross-sectional and longitudinal data from the North West Adelaide Health Study (NWAHS). The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale was used to assess DepS and a score ≥16 was considered as having depression. Dietary data were collected using a food frequency questionnaire. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)/Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), folate, magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) densities were chosen as the response variables for RRR and PLS analyses. Dietary patterns were identified by PCA, RRR and PLS. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated across quartiles (Q) using log-binomial logistic regression to assess the association between dietary patterns and DepS. Sensitivity analyses, including a longitudinal association between dietary patterns and DepS among 859 participants, were performed. Multiple imputation was performed to investigate the effect of missing data on the estimates. RESULTS In this study, 16.9% (14.2% in men and 20.8% in women) of the participants had DepS. We retained two, four and four dietary patterns captured by PCA, RRR and PLS respectively. The 'prudent' pattern determined by PCA [ORQ4VsQ1 = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.35, 0.92] and PLS [ORQ4VsQ1 = 0.66; 95% CI: 0.43, 1.00] together with the 'typical Australian' pattern determined by RRR [ORQ4VsQ1 = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.40, 0.90] were inversely associated with DepS whereas the 'western' pattern derived by PCA [ORQ4VsQ1 = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.12, 3.68] and PLS [ORQ4VsQ1 = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.05, 2.50] was positively associated with DepS. In the longitudinal analysis, the 'prudent' pattern determined by PCA [ORQ4VsQ1 = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.25, 1.09] tended to be inversely associated with DepS whereas 'western' patterns determined by PCA [ORQ4VsQ1 = 3.47; 95% CI: 1.37, 8.78] and PLS [ORQ4VsQ1 = 2.47; 95% CI: 1.24, 4.91] were positively associated with DepS. We found that a dietary pattern characterized by high intakes of fruits, vegetables, medium fat dairy, nuts, legumes, and fish was inversely associated with DepS in this population-based study. Contrary to this, a dietary pattern characterized by high intakes of processed and red meat, fast foods (snacks and takeaway foods), soft drinks, white bread and high-fat dairy products were significantly associated with DepS. Multiple imputation and sensitivity analysis identified similar patterns of association between dietary pattern and DepS. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that the 'western' pattern was consistently associated with an increased risk, and the 'prudent' pattern tended to be associated with a reduced risk of DepS. This suggests that dietary interventions may assist with the treatment of DepS. However, current evidence on the impact of diet on DepS should be supported using further longitudinal studies with extended follow up, larger sample sizes and repeated measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Raj Shakya
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Yohannes Adama Melaku
- Adelaide Institute of Sleep Health, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Amanda Page
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tiffany K Gill
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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19
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Kious BM, Kondo DG, Renshaw PF. Creatine for the Treatment of Depression. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E406. [PMID: 31450809 PMCID: PMC6769464 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Depressed mood, which can occur in the context of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and other conditions, represents a serious threat to public health and wellness. Conventional treatments are not effective for a significant proportion of patients and interventions that are often beneficial for treatment-refractory depression are not widely available. There is, therefore, an immense need to identify novel antidepressant strategies, particularly strategies that target physiological pathways that are distinct from those addressed by conventional treatments. There is growing evidence from human neuroimaging, genetics, epidemiology, and animal studies that disruptions in brain energy production, storage, and utilization are implicated in the development and maintenance of depression. Creatine, a widely available nutritional supplement, has the potential to improve these disruptions in some patients, and early clinical trials indicate that it may have efficacy as an antidepressant agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent M Kious
- Diagnostic Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
| | - Douglas G Kondo
- Diagnostic Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 500 Foothill Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA
| | - Perry F Renshaw
- Diagnostic Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 500 Foothill Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA
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20
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Li XD, Cao HJ, Xie SY, Li KC, Tao FB, Yang LS, Zhang JQ, Bao YS. Adhering to a vegetarian diet may create a greater risk of depressive symptoms in the elderly male Chinese population. J Affect Disord 2019; 243:182-187. [PMID: 30243198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A vegetarian diet may be a risk factor for depression, but this relationship was unclear in the elderly Chinese population. METHODS Self-report data were gathered from 1051 elderly persons using the Cohort of Elderly Health and Environment Controllable Factors, which was created in West Anhui, China. The depressive symptoms were set as binary, ordinal, and continuous outcomes, respectively, whereas the dietary structures were computed as an ordinal variable and a dummy variable. Multiple logistic regression, ordinal regression, and linear regression were used to assess the relationship by adjusting the potential confounding variables with p-values of <0.1 in univariate analysis. RESULTS The elderly participants who had a vegetable-based diet had the highest GDS scores of 8.78 ± 6.894 (p = 0.001) and the highest rate of depression (32.9%, p = 0.003). After adjustment for the potential confounders, elderly men who had a vegetable-based diet had a higher rate of depression (OR[95%CI]: 1.62[1.07-2.46], 4.71[1.38-16.03]), more severe symptoms of depression (OR[95%CI]: 8.85[2.94-34.12]), and higher GDS scores (β[95%CI]: 1.46[0.70-2.22], 2.97[1.28-4.67]) than male participants who had a meat-based diet, but this was not the case in women. LIMITATIONS All data were self-reported. The study lacked quantitatively evaluated dietary intake. The duration of the current dietary structures and comorbidities were not reported. The cross-sectional study made the causal role uncertain. CONCLUSIONS Vegetarian diets may pose a greater risk of depressive symptoms among the elderly Chinese population, especially elderly men. Given the cross-sectional nature of this study, the causal role was uncertain. Further prospective studies, in particular among elderly women, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-de Li
- Lu'an Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anhui Lu'an 237000, China.
| | - Hong-Juan Cao
- Lu'an Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anhui Lu'an 237000, China
| | - Shao-Yu Xie
- Lu'an Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anhui Lu'an 237000, China
| | - Kai-Chun Li
- Lu'an Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anhui Lu'an 237000, China
| | - Fang-Biao Tao
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Hefei 230032, China
| | - Lin-Sheng Yang
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jun-Qing Zhang
- Lu'an Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anhui Lu'an 237000, China
| | - Yuan-Song Bao
- Yuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anhui Lu'an 237008, China
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21
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van Dammen L, Wekker V, de Rooij SR, Groen H, Hoek A, Roseboom TJ. A systematic review and meta-analysis of lifestyle interventions in women of reproductive age with overweight or obesity: the effects on symptoms of depression and anxiety. Obes Rev 2018; 19:1679-1687. [PMID: 30155959 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a rising problem, especially among women of reproductive age. Overweight and obesity reduce both physical and mental health. Lifestyle interventions could have beneficial effects on both, but an overview of the effects on mental health, especially in women of reproductive age, is currently lacking. Therefore, the aim of this review was to assess the effect of lifestyle interventions on symptoms of depression and anxiety in women of reproductive age with overweight or obesity. The databases MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO were searched from inception to June 2018 for published randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We included lifestyle intervention RCTs in women of reproductive age with overweight or obesity that assessed effects on symptoms of depression and/or anxiety. The difference between baseline and post-intervention scores on symptoms of depression and anxiety for the intervention and control group was analysed. Meta-analysis was performed with a random effects model. The search resulted in 5,316 citations, and after screening five RCTs were included, in which 571 women were randomized. The effect of lifestyle interventions on depression scores was investigated among 224 women from five RCTs. The pooled estimate for the mean difference was -1.35 (95% CI, -2.36 to -0.35, p = 0.008). The effect of lifestyle interventions on anxiety levels was studied among 148 women from four RCTs, resulting in a pooled estimate of -1.74 (-2.62 to -0.87, p < 0.001). Based on five RCTs, meta-analyses showed that lifestyle interventions in women of reproductive age with overweight or obesity consistently reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- L van Dammen
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - V Wekker
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S R de Rooij
- Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Groen
- Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Hoek
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - T J Roseboom
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Santivañez-Romani A, Carbajal-Vega V, Pereyra-Elías R. Association between a vegetarian diet and emotional symptoms: a cross-sectional study among adolescents in four developing countries. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2018; 33:/j/ijamh.ahead-of-print/ijamh-2018-0130/ijamh-2018-0130.xml. [PMID: 30352033 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2018-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies assessing the association between vegetarianism and mental health have found divergent results. Evidence from adolescents in developing countries is scarce. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between a vegetarian diet and emotional symptoms in 15-year-old adolescents from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam. METHODS A cross-sectional, secondary analysis of the Young Lives cohort study was used. The exposure variable was the self-report of being a vegetarian (yes or no). The outcome was the level of emotional symptoms, numerically evaluated using the score obtained in the subscale "Emotional Symptoms" of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). We calculated crude and adjusted coefficients (β) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), using generalized linear models of the Gaussian family, considering each sentinel site as a cluster. The analysis was stratified by country. Additionally, we made a global analysis including the four countries. RESULTS A total of 3484 adolescents were analyzed. The overall prevalence of vegetarianism was 4.4%, but it varied between countries (from 0.4% in Vietnam to 11.5% in India). The average emotional symptoms score was 3.5 [standard deviation (SD) 2.3] points. The scores were not statistically different between vegetarians and non-vegetarians (p > 0.05). In the adjusted analysis, in Vietnam, vegetarians had lower emotional symptoms scores on average than non-vegetarians [β: -1.79; 95% CI: -3.05 to -0.55]. No differences were found neither in the other countries nor in the overall sample. CONCLUSION There was no association between a vegetarian diet and emotional symptoms in the analyzed adolescents of four developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Santivañez-Romani
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Av. Alameda San Marcos cda. 2 - Urb. Los Cedros de Villa, Chorrillos, Lima 09, Peru
| | - Valeria Carbajal-Vega
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
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23
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Fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with improved mental and cognitive health in older adults from non-Western developing countries. Public Health Nutr 2018; 22:689-696. [PMID: 30295221 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980018002525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Consumption of fruits and vegetables has been shown to contribute to mental and cognitive health in older adults from Western industrialized countries. However, it is unclear whether this effect replicates in older adults from non-Western developing countries. Thus, the present study examined the contribution of fruit and vegetable consumption to mental and cognitive health in older persons from China, India, Mexico, Russia, South Africa and Ghana. DESIGN Representative cross-sectional and cross-national study.Setting/SubjectsWe used data from the WHO Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE), sampled in 2007 to 2010. Our final sample size included 28 078 participants. RESULTS Fruit and vegetable consumption predicted an increased cognitive performance in older adults including improved verbal recall, improved delayed verbal recall, improved digit span test performance and improved verbal fluency; the effect of fruit consumption was much stronger than the effect of vegetable consumption. Regarding mental health, fruit consumption was significantly associated with better subjective quality of life and less depressive symptoms; vegetable consumption, however, did not significantly relate to mental health. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of fruits is associated with both improved cognitive and mental health in older adults from non-Western developing countries, and consumption of vegetables is associated with improved cognitive health only. Increasing fruit and vegetable consumption might be one easy and cost-effective way to improve the overall health and quality of life of older adults in non-Western developing countries.
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Vermeulen E, Knüppel A, Shipley MJ, Brouwer IA, Visser M, Akbaraly T, Brunner EJ, Nicolaou M. High-Sugar, High-Saturated-Fat Dietary Patterns Are Not Associated with Depressive Symptoms in Middle-Aged Adults in a Prospective Study. J Nutr 2018; 148:1598-1604. [PMID: 30281105 PMCID: PMC6669946 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The consumption of unhealthy "Western" dietary patterns has been previously associated with depressive symptoms in different populations. Objective We examined whether high-sugar and high-saturated-fat dietary patterns are associated with depressive symptoms over 5 y in a British cohort of men and women. Methods We used data from the Whitehall II study in 5044 individuals (aged 35-55 y). Diet was assessed at phase 7 (2003-2004) using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were derived by using reduced rank regression with sugar, saturated fat, and total fat as response variables. The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale was used to assess depressive symptoms (CES-D sum score ≥16 and/or use of antidepressant medication) at phase 7 and at phase 9 (2008-2009). We applied logistic regression analyses to test the association between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms. All analyses were stratified by sex. Results In total, 398 cases of recurrent and 295 cases of incident depressive symptoms were observed. We identified 2 dietary patterns: a combined high-sugar and high-saturated-fat (HSHF) and a high-sugar dietary pattern. No association was observed between the dietary patterns and either incidence of or recurrent depressive symptoms in men or women. For example, higher consumption of the HSHF dietary pattern was not associated with recurrent depressive symptoms in men (model 3, quartile 4: OR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.36, 1.23; P-trend = 0.13) or in women (model 3, quartile 4: OR: 1.26; 95% CI: 0.58, 2.77; P-trend = 0.97). Conclusion Among middle-aged men and women living in the United Kingdom, dietary patterns containing high amounts of sugar and saturated fat are not associated with new onset or recurrence of depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Vermeulen
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam,Address correspondence to EV (e-mail: )
| | - Anika Knüppel
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Shipley
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ingeborg A Brouwer
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Visser
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tasnime Akbaraly
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom,Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Diseases (MMDN), University of Montpellier, École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), INSERM, U1198, Montpellier, France,Autism Resources Center of Languedoc-Roussillon, University Hospital of Montpellier, CHRU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric J Brunner
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Nicolaou
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
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Nutrition and mental health: bidirectional associations and multidimensional measures. Public Health Nutr 2018. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980017003974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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