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Yazarlou F, Tabibian M, Azarnezhad A, Sadeghi Rad H, Lipovich L, Sanati G, Mostafavi Abdolmaleky H, Alizadeh F. Evaluating Gene Expression and Methylation Profiles of TCF4, MBP, and EGR1 in Peripheral Blood of Drug-Free Patients with Schizophrenia: Correlations with Psychopathology, Intelligence, and Cognitive Impairment. J Mol Neurosci 2023; 73:738-750. [PMID: 37668894 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-023-02150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Discovery and validation of new, reliable diagnostic and predictive biomarkers for schizophrenia (SCZ) are an ongoing effort. Here, we assessed the mRNA expression and DNA methylation of the TCF4, MBP, and EGR1 genes in the blood of patients with SCZ and evaluated their relationships to psychopathology and cognitive impairments. Quantitative real-time PCR and quantitative methylation-specific PCR methods were used to assess the expression level and promoter DNA methylation status of these genes in 70 drug-free SCZ patients and 72 healthy controls. The correlation of molecular changes with psychopathology and cognitive performance of participants was evaluated. We observed downregulation of TCF4 and upregulation of MBP mRNA levels in SCZ cases, relative to controls in our study. DNA methylation status at the promoter region of TCF4 demonstrated an altered pattern in SCZ as well. Additionally, TCF4 mRNA levels were inversely correlated with PANSS and Stroop total errors and positively correlated with WAIS total score and working memory, consistent with previous studies by our group. In contrast, MBP mRNA level was significantly positively correlated with PANSS and Stroop total errors and inversely correlated with WAIS total score and working memory. These epigenetic and expression signatures can help to assemble a peripheral biomarker-based diagnostic panel for SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Yazarlou
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mobina Tabibian
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnologies, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asaad Azarnezhad
- Liver and Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Habib Sadeghi Rad
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leonard Lipovich
- Shenzhen Huayuan Biological Science Research Institute, Shenzhen Huayuan Biotechnology Co. Ltd., 601 Building C1, Guangming Science Park, Fenghuang Street, 518000, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield St., Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Golshid Sanati
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Alizadeh
- Department of Genomic Psychiatry and Behavioral Genomics (DGPBG), Roozbeh Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
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Dolma S, Joshi A. The Node of Ranvier as an Interface for Axo-Glial Interactions: Perturbation of Axo-Glial Interactions in Various Neurological Disorders. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:215-234. [PMID: 37285016 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-023-10072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The action potential conduction along the axon is highly dependent on the healthy interactions between the axon and myelin-producing glial cells. Myelin, which facilitates action potential, is the protective insulation around the axon formed by Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes in the peripheral (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS), respectively. Myelin is a continuous structure with intermittent gaps called nodes of Ranvier, which are the sites enriched with ion channels, transmembrane, scaffolding, and cytoskeletal proteins. Decades-long extensive research has identified a comprehensive proteome with strictly regularized localization at the node of Ranvier. Concurrently, axon-glia interactions at the node of Ranvier have gathered significant attention as the pathophysiological targets for various neurodegenerative disorders. Numerous studies have shown the alterations in the axon-glia interactions culminating in neurological diseases. In this review, we have provided an update on the molecular composition of the node of Ranvier. Further, we have discussed in detail the consequences of disruption of axon-glia interactions during the pathogenesis of various CNS and PNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Dolma
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences- Pilani, Hyderabad campus, Telangana state, India
| | - Abhijeet Joshi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences- Pilani, Hyderabad campus, Telangana state, India.
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Investigation of the relationship between MBP gene polymorphisms and delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Neurotoxicology 2023; 94:217-222. [PMID: 36481359 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence reveals that delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning (DEACMP) results from the combined effects of environmental and genetic factors. The main pathological feature of DEACMP was generalized demyelination of cerebral white matter. Myelin basic protein (MBP) levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples from DEACMP patients were elevated. This study investigated the association of MBP single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) (rs470555, rs470724, rs4890785, rs595997, rs76452994, and rs921336) with DEACMP. We genotyped 416 DEACMP patients and 785 age, educational level, and sex-matched ACMP patients for rs470555, rs470724, rs4890785, rs595997, rs76452994, and rs921336 SNPs using the Agena MassArray. There were no significant differences in the allele frequency distribution, four genetic models, and genotype distributions between the DEACMP and ACMP groups for rs470555, rs470724, rs4890785, and rs595997. However, significant differences were observed for rs76452994 and rs921336. This study revealed that the MBP polymorphisms, rs470555, rs470724, rs4890785, and rs595997, were not associated with DEACMP. Based on the codominant, dominant, and overdominant genetic inheritability patterns, the MBP rs76452994 and rs921366 polymorphisms were associated with DEACMP. Furthermore, the G allele of rs76452994 and T allele of rs921336 could lead to higher DEACMP risk.
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Valdés-Tovar M, Rodríguez-Ramírez AM, Rodríguez-Cárdenas L, Sotelo-Ramírez CE, Camarena B, Sanabrais-Jiménez MA, Solís-Chagoyán H, Argueta J, López-Riquelme GO. Insights into myelin dysfunction in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. World J Psychiatry 2022; 12:264-285. [PMID: 35317338 PMCID: PMC8900585 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i2.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are disabling psychiatric disorders with a worldwide prevalence of approximately 1%. Both disorders present chronic and deteriorating prognoses that impose a large burden, not only on patients but also on society and health systems. These mental illnesses share several clinical and neurobiological traits; of these traits, oligodendroglial dysfunction and alterations to white matter (WM) tracts could underlie the disconnection between brain regions related to their symptomatic domains. WM is mainly composed of heavily myelinated axons and glial cells. Myelin internodes are discrete axon-wrapping membrane sheaths formed by oligodendrocyte processes. Myelin ensheathment allows fast and efficient conduction of nerve impulses through the nodes of Ranvier, improving the overall function of neuronal circuits. Rapid and precisely synchronized nerve impulse conduction through fibers that connect distant brain structures is crucial for higher-level functions, such as cognition, memory, mood, and language. Several cellular and subcellular anomalies related to myelin and oligodendrocytes have been found in postmortem samples from patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, and neuroimaging techniques have revealed consistent alterations at the macroscale connectomic level in both disorders. In this work, evidence regarding these multilevel alterations in oligodendrocytes and myelinated tracts is discussed, and the involvement of proteins in key functions of the oligodendroglial lineage, such as oligodendrogenesis and myelination, is highlighted. The molecular components of the axo-myelin unit could be important targets for novel therapeutic approaches to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Valdés-Tovar
- Departamento de Farmacogenética, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
| | | | - Leslye Rodríguez-Cárdenas
- Departamento de Farmacogenética, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
| | - Carlo E Sotelo-Ramírez
- Departamento de Farmacogenética, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
- Doctorado en Biología Experimental, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09340, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Camarena
- Departamento de Farmacogenética, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
| | | | - Héctor Solís-Chagoyán
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
| | - Jesús Argueta
- Doctorado en Biología Experimental, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09340, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
| | - Germán Octavio López-Riquelme
- Laboratorio de Socioneurobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Cognitivas, Universidad del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico
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Chen KD, Huang YH, Guo MMH, Chang LS, Chu CH, Bu LF, Chu CL, Lee CH, Liu SF, Kuo HC. DNA Methylation Array Identifies Golli-MBP as a Biomarker for Disease Severity in Childhood Atopic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:104-113. [PMID: 34293355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the changes in global methylation status and its functional relevance in childhood atopic dermatitis (AD). Differences in epigenome-scale methylation events in peripheral blood associated with childhood AD were screened using DNA methylation arrays of 24 patients with AD compared with 24 control subjects. Of the 16,840 differentially methylated CpG regions between AD and control subjects, >97% CpG loci revealed hypomethylation in patients with childhood AD. Among the globally hypomethylated loci, we identified two CpG clusters within the golli-mbp locus of the MBP gene, which was functionally enriched by subnetwork enrichment analysis as an orchestrator among associated genes. The differential hypomethylation of the top-ranked cg24700313 cluster in the golli-mbp locus was validated by pyrosequencing in an independent cohort of 224 children with AD and 44 control subjects. DNA methylation was found to be negatively correlated with disease severity but showed no significant correlation with IgE levels after age adjustment. The multivariate correlation analysis represents a higher score in AD intensity with significantly increased IgE levels and decreased methylation levels in cg27400313. We concluded that methylation loss in the golli-mbp locus is an epigenetic factor associated with disease severity of childhood AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Den Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Liver Transplantation Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsien Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mindy Ming-Huey Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Sai Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsiang Chu
- Department of Statistics, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Statistics, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Feng Bu
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Liver Transplantation Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Lun Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Feng Liu
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Respiratory Therapy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Chang Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Respiratory Therapy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Prefrontal cortex alterations in glia gene expression in schizophrenia with and without suicide. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 121:31-38. [PMID: 31739114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) run a lifelong risk of suicide. Alterations in glia activities in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) have been reported in relation to suicide in patients with SCZ. While immune processes in the CNS have been related to the susceptibility and course of SCZ, there are hardly any direct comparisons between individuals with SCZ, both those who died of natural causes and those that committed suicide, and healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compared mRNA expression using real time qPCR of 16 glia-related genes in the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) between 35 patients with SCZ (7 suicide completers and 28 patients who died of natural causes) and 34 well-matched controls without psychiatric or neurological diseases. RESULTS We found an increased expression of the astrocytic gene aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 family member L1 (ALDH1L1) mRNA, a marker involved in dopaminergic activity, in SCZ versus controls. Excluding individuals with SCZ that committed suicide resulted in an elevated expression in the DLPFC of both ALDH1L1 and glutamine synthetase (GS) genes in patients with SCZ, compared to suicide completers and non-psychiatric controls. Regarding microglia genes: in the ACC, homeostatic markers such as chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1 (CX3CR1) mRNA expression was increased in SCZ without suicide as compared to suicide completers, while no change was found when compared to controls. Another, purinergic receptor 12 (P2RY12) mRNA was exclusively elevated in the ACC of suicide completers, compared to either other group. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) expression, which maintains microglial metabolism, was reduced in non-suicide patients with SCZ, compared to suicide victims and control subjects. CONCLUSIONS Differential changes are found in astrocyte and microglia genes in the PFC subregions in relation to SCZ and suicide, indicating possible disturbances of glia homeostasis in these conditions.
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Lamont H, Ille A, Amico-Ruvio SA. Identification of a novel variant of Golli myelin basic protein BG21 in the uniquely neuroprotective white-footed mouse. Neurosci Lett 2019; 701:8-13. [PMID: 30742937 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The myelin basic protein (MBP) gene is a complex gene which codes for several distinct forms of MBP. The various forms of MBP are functionally involved in the development of the nervous system, T-cell regulation, and myelination. Several neurological disorders have been linked to MBP abnormality, further demonstrating its functional significance in the nervous system. The white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) exhibits profound neuroprotective characteristics, is asymptomatic to various disease-states, and has a lifespan twice that of the house mouse (Mus musculus). We used M. musculus mouse MBP as a reference to explore MBP in P. leucopus mice. Through genetic and downstream proteomic data analysis, we identified a novel variant of the BG21 isoform of MBP in P. leucopus mice. Variation in this isoform is present at the genetic level between the two species of mice. Our results show differences within the open reading frame of the transcripts accompanied by corresponding differences in protein structure prediction. These data introduce the potential of MBP variation as one of many causal variables contributing to the unique presentation of enhanced neuroprotection and longevity in P. leucopus mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Lamont
- D'Youville College, 320 Porter Ave, Buffalo, NY, 14201, USA.
| | - Alexander Ille
- D'Youville College, 320 Porter Ave, Buffalo, NY, 14201, USA.
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Huo Y, Li S, Liu J, Li X, Luo XJ. Functional genomics reveal gene regulatory mechanisms underlying schizophrenia risk. Nat Commun 2019; 10:670. [PMID: 30737407 PMCID: PMC6368563 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08666-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified over 180 independent schizophrenia risk loci. Nevertheless, how the risk variants in the reported loci confer schizophrenia susceptibility remains largely unknown. Here we systematically investigate the gene regulatory mechanisms underpinning schizophrenia risk through integrating data from functional genomics (including 30 ChIP-Seq experiments) and position weight matrix (PWM). We identify 132 risk single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that disrupt transcription factor binding and we find that 97 of the 132 TF binding-disrupting SNPs are associated with gene expression in human brain tissues. We validate the regulatory effect of some TF binding-disrupting SNPs with reporter gene assays (9 SNPs) and allele-specific expression analysis (10 SNPs). Our study reveals gene regulatory mechanisms affected by schizophrenia risk SNPs (including widespread disruption of POLR2A and CTCF binding) and identifies target genes for mechanistic studies and drug development. Our results can be accessed and visualized at SZDB database ( http://www.szdb.org/ ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Huo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Shiwu Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China
| | - Jiewei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China
| | - Xiong-Jian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China.
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
- KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.
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Gene expression alterations related to mania and psychosis in peripheral blood of patients with a first episode of psychosis. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e908. [PMID: 27701407 PMCID: PMC5315542 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychotic disorders affect ~3% of the general population and are among the most severe forms of mental diseases. In early stages of psychosis, clinical aspects may be difficult to distinguish from one another. Undifferentiated psychopathology at the first-episode of psychosis (FEP) highlights the need for biomarkers that can improve and refine differential diagnosis. We investigated gene expression differences between patients with FEP-schizophrenia spectrum (SCZ; N=53) or FEP-Mania (BD; N=16) and healthy controls (N=73). We also verified whether gene expression was correlated to severity of psychotic, manic, depressive symptoms and/or functional impairment. All participants were antipsychotic-naive. After the psychiatric interview, blood samples were collected and the expression of 12 psychotic-disorder-related genes was evaluated by quantitative PCR. AKT1 and DICER1 expression levels were higher in BD patients compared with that in SCZ patients and healthy controls, suggesting that expression of these genes is associated more specifically to manic features. Furthermore, MBP and NDEL1 expression levels were higher in SCZ and BD patients than in healthy controls, indicating that these genes are psychosis related (independent of diagnosis). No correlation was found between gene expression and severity of symptoms or functional impairment. Our findings suggest that genes related to neurodevelopment are altered in psychotic disorders, and some might support the differential diagnosis between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, with a potential impact on the treatment of these disorders.
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Ota VK, Noto C, Santoro ML, Spindola LM, Gouvea ES, Carvalho CM, Santos CM, Xavier G, Higuchi CH, Yonamine C, Moretti PN, Abílio VC, Hayashi MAF, Brietzke E, Gadelha A, Cordeiro Q, Bressan RA, Belangero SI. Increased expression of NDEL1 and MBP genes in the peripheral blood of antipsychotic-naïve patients with first-episode psychosis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:2416-25. [PMID: 26476704 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorder with high heritability. First-episode psychosis (FEP) is a critical period for determining the disease prognosis and is especially helpful for identifying potential biomarkers associated with the onset and progression of the disorder. We investigated the mRNA expression of 12 schizophrenia-related genes in the blood of antipsychotic-naïve FEP patients (N=73) and healthy controls (N=73). To evaluate the influences of antipsychotic treatment and progression of the disorder, we compared the gene expression within patients before and after two months of treatment with risperidone (N=64). We observed a significantly increased myelin basic protein (MBP) and nuclear distribution protein nudE-like 1 (NDEL1) mRNA levels in FEP patients compared with controls. Comparing FEP before and after risperidone treatment, no significant differences were identified; however; a trend of relatively low NDEL1 expression was observed after risperidone treatment. Animals chronically treated with saline or risperidone exhibited no significant change in Ndel1 expression levels in the blood or the prefrontal cortex (PFC), suggesting that the trend of low NDEL1 expression observed in FEP patients after treatment is likely due to factors other than risperidone treatment (i.e., disease progression). In addition to the recognized association with schizophrenia, MBP and NDEL1 gene products also play an essential role in the functions that are deregulated in schizophrenia, such as neurodevelopment. Our data strengthen the importance of these biological processes in psychotic disorders, indicating that these changes can be detected peripherally and potentially represent putative novel blood biomarkers of susceptibility and disorder progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Kiyomi Ota
- Genetics Division of Department of Morphology and Genetics of Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil; LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry of UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Noto
- LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry of Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (ISCMSP), Brazil
| | - Marcos Leite Santoro
- Genetics Division of Department of Morphology and Genetics of Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil; LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Leticia Maria Spindola
- Genetics Division of Department of Morphology and Genetics of Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil; LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry of UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Sauerbronn Gouvea
- Department of Psychiatry of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry of Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (ISCMSP), Brazil
| | - Carolina Muniz Carvalho
- Genetics Division of Department of Morphology and Genetics of Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil; LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Camila Maurício Santos
- LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry of UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Xavier
- Genetics Division of Department of Morphology and Genetics of Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil; LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Cinthia Hiroko Higuchi
- LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry of UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Camila Yonamine
- LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology of UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Natalia Moretti
- Genetics Division of Department of Morphology and Genetics of Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil; LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry of UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Costhek Abílio
- LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology of UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Mirian Akemi F Hayashi
- LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology of UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry of UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Ary Gadelha
- LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry of UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Quirino Cordeiro
- Department of Psychiatry of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry of Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (ISCMSP), Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Affonseca Bressan
- LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry of UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Sintia Iole Belangero
- Genetics Division of Department of Morphology and Genetics of Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil; LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry of UNIFESP, Brazil.
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11
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Cheli VT, Santiago González DA, Spreuer V, Handley V, Campagnoni AT, Paez PM. Golli Myelin Basic Proteins Modulate Voltage-Operated Ca(++) Influx and Development in Cortical and Hippocampal Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5749-71. [PMID: 26497031 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9499-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The golli proteins, products of the myelin basic protein gene, are widely expressed in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and neurons during the postnatal development of the brain. While golli appears to be important for oligodendrocyte migration and differentiation, its function in neuronal development is completely unknown. We have found that golli proteins function as new and novel modulators of voltage-operated Ca(++) channels (VOCCs) in neurons. In vitro, golli knock-out (KO) neurons exhibit decreased Ca(++) influx after plasma membrane depolarization and a substantial maturational delay. Increased expression of golli proteins enhances L-type Ca(++) entry and processes outgrowth in cortical neurons, and pharmacological activation of L-type Ca(++) channels stimulates maturation and prevents cell death in golli-KO neurons. In situ, Ca(++) influx mediated by L-type VOCCs was significantly decreased in cortical and hippocampal neurons of the golli-KO brain. These Ca(++) alterations affect cortical and hippocampal development and the proliferation and survival of neural progenitor cells during the postnatal development of the golli-KO brain. The CA1/3 sections and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus were reduced in the golli-KO mice as well as the density of dendrites in the somatosensory cortex. Furthermore, the golli-KO mice display abnormal behavior including deficits in episodic memory and reduced anxiety. Because of the expression of the golli proteins within neurons in learning and memory centers of the brain, this work has profound implication in neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- V T Cheli
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY, University at Buffalo, NYS Center of Excellence, 701 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - D A Santiago González
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY, University at Buffalo, NYS Center of Excellence, 701 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - V Spreuer
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY, University at Buffalo, NYS Center of Excellence, 701 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - V Handley
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - A T Campagnoni
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - P M Paez
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY, University at Buffalo, NYS Center of Excellence, 701 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
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12
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Siu CR, Balsor JL, Jones DG, Murphy KM. Classic and Golli Myelin Basic Protein have distinct developmental trajectories in human visual cortex. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:138. [PMID: 25964736 PMCID: PMC4408849 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, myelin is viewed as insulation around axons, however, more recent studies have shown it also plays an important role in plasticity, axonal metabolism, and neuroimmune signaling. Myelin is a complex multi-protein structure composed of hundreds of proteins, with Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) being the most studied. MBP has two families: Classic-MBP that is necessary for activity driven compaction of myelin around axons, and Golli-MBP that is found in neurons, oligodendrocytes, and T-cells. Furthermore, Golli-MBP has been called a “molecular link” between the nervous and immune systems. In visual cortex specifically, myelin proteins interact with immune processes to affect experience-dependent plasticity. We studied myelin in human visual cortex using Western blotting to quantify Classic- and Golli-MBP expression in post-mortem tissue samples ranging in age from 20 days to 80 years. We found that Classic- and Golli-MBP have different patterns of change across the lifespan. Classic-MBP gradually increases to 42 years and then declines into aging. Golli-MBP has early developmental changes that are coincident with milestones in visual system sensitive period, and gradually increases into aging. There are three stages in the balance between Classic- and Golli-MBP expression, with Golli-MBP dominating early, then shifting to Classic-MBP, and back to Golli-MBP in aging. Also Golli-MBP has a wave of high inter-individual variability during childhood. These results about cortical MBP expression are timely because they compliment recent advances in MRI techniques that produce high resolution maps of cortical myelin in normal and diseased brain. In addition, the unique pattern of Golli-MBP expression across the lifespan suggests that it supports high levels of neuroimmune interaction in cortical development and in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin R Siu
- McMaster Integrative Neuroscience Discovery and Study Program, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Justin L Balsor
- McMaster Integrative Neuroscience Discovery and Study Program, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Kathryn M Murphy
- McMaster Integrative Neuroscience Discovery and Study Program, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada ; Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
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13
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Improving myelin/oligodendrocyte-related dysfunction: a new mechanism of antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia? Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:691-700. [PMID: 23164411 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145712001095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder with complex clinical manifestations and its aetiological factors remain unclear. During the past decade, the oligodendrocyte-related myelin dysfunction was proposed as a hypothesis for schizophrenia, supported initially by a series of neuroimaging studies and genetic evidence. Recently, the effects of antipsychotics on myelination and oligodendroglial lineage development and their underlying molecular mechanisms were evaluated. Data from those studies suggest that the antipsychotics-resulting improvement in myelin/oligodendrocyte-related dysfunction may contribute, at least in part, to their therapeutic effect on schizophrenia. Importantly, these findings may provide the basis for a new insight into the therapeutic strategy by targeting the oligodendroglia lineage cells against schizophrenia.
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14
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Cacabelos R, Cacabelos P, Aliev G. Genomics of schizophrenia and pharmacogenomics of antipsychotic drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ojpsych.2013.31008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Ayalew M, Le-Niculescu H, Levey DF, Jain N, Changala B, Patel SD, Winiger E, Breier A, Shekhar A, Amdur R, Koller D, Nurnberger JI, Corvin A, Geyer M, Tsuang MT, Salomon D, Schork NJ, Fanous AH, O'Donovan MC, Niculescu AB. Convergent functional genomics of schizophrenia: from comprehensive understanding to genetic risk prediction. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:887-905. [PMID: 22584867 PMCID: PMC3427857 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have used a translational convergent functional genomics (CFG) approach to identify and prioritize genes involved in schizophrenia, by gene-level integration of genome-wide association study data with other genetic and gene expression studies in humans and animal models. Using this polyevidence scoring and pathway analyses, we identify top genes (DISC1, TCF4, MBP, MOBP, NCAM1, NRCAM, NDUFV2, RAB18, as well as ADCYAP1, BDNF, CNR1, COMT, DRD2, DTNBP1, GAD1, GRIA1, GRIN2B, HTR2A, NRG1, RELN, SNAP-25, TNIK), brain development, myelination, cell adhesion, glutamate receptor signaling, G-protein-coupled receptor signaling and cAMP-mediated signaling as key to pathophysiology and as targets for therapeutic intervention. Overall, the data are consistent with a model of disrupted connectivity in schizophrenia, resulting from the effects of neurodevelopmental environmental stress on a background of genetic vulnerability. In addition, we show how the top candidate genes identified by CFG can be used to generate a genetic risk prediction score (GRPS) to aid schizophrenia diagnostics, with predictive ability in independent cohorts. The GRPS also differentiates classic age of onset schizophrenia from early onset and late-onset disease. We also show, in three independent cohorts, two European American and one African American, increasing overlap, reproducibility and consistency of findings from single-nucleotide polymorphisms to genes, then genes prioritized by CFG, and ultimately at the level of biological pathways and mechanisms. Finally, we compared our top candidate genes for schizophrenia from this analysis with top candidate genes for bipolar disorder and anxiety disorders from previous CFG analyses conducted by us, as well as findings from the fields of autism and Alzheimer. Overall, our work maps the genomic and biological landscape for schizophrenia, providing leads towards a better understanding of illness, diagnostics and therapeutics. It also reveals the significant genetic overlap with other major psychiatric disorder domains, suggesting the need for improved nosology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ayalew
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indianapolis VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - H Le-Niculescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - D F Levey
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - N Jain
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - B Changala
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S D Patel
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - E Winiger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - A Breier
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - A Shekhar
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - R Amdur
- Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - D Koller
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - J I Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - A Corvin
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M T Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - D Salomon
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - N J Schork
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A H Fanous
- Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - M C O'Donovan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - A B Niculescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indianapolis VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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16
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Paez PM, Cheli VT, Ghiani CA, Spreuer V, Handley VW, Campagnoni AT. Golli myelin basic proteins stimulate oligodendrocyte progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in remyelinating adult mouse brain. Glia 2012; 60:1078-93. [PMID: 22447683 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Golli myelin basic proteins are necessary for normal myelination, acting via voltage and store-dependent Ca(2+) entry at multiple steps during oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) development. To date nothing is known regarding the role of golli proteins in demyelination or remyelination events. Here the effects of golli ablation and overexpression in myelin loss and recovery were examined using the cuprizone (CPZ) model of demyelination/remyelination. We found severe demyelination in the corpus callosum (CC) of golli-overexpressing mice (JOE) during the CPZ treatment, which was accompanied by an increased number of reactive astrocytes and activation of microglia/macrophages. During demyelination of JOE brains, a significant increase in the number of proliferating OPCs was found in the CC as well as in the subventricular zone, and our data indicate that these progenitors matured and fully remyelinated the CC of JOE animals after CPZ withdrawal. In contrast, in the absence of golli (golli-KO mice) delayed myelin loss associated with a smaller immune response, and a lower number of OPCs was found in these mice during the CPZ treatment. Furthermore, incomplete remyelination was observed after CPZ removal in large areas of the CC of golli-KO mice, reflecting irregular recovery of the oligodendrocyte population and subsequent myelin sheath formation. Our findings demonstrate that golli proteins sensitize mature oligodendrocytes to CPZ-induced demyelination, while at the same time stimulate the proliferation/recruitment of OPCs during demyelination, resulting in accelerated remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo M Paez
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7332, USA.
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Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is among the most disabling of mental disorders. Several neurobiological hypotheses have been postulated as responsible for SCZ pathogenesis: polygenic/multifactorial genomic defects, intrauterine and perinatal environment-genome interactions, neurodevelopmental defects, dopaminergic, cholinergic, serotonergic, gamma-aminobutiric acid (GABAergic), neuropeptidergic and glutamatergic/N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) dysfunctions, seasonal infection, neuroimmune dysfunction, and epigenetic dysregulation. SCZ has a heritability estimated at 60-90%. Genetic studies in SCZ have revealed the presence of chromosome anomalies, copy number variants, multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms of susceptibility distributed across the human genome, aberrant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in microRNA genes, mitochondrial DNA mutations, and epigenetic phenomena. Pharmacogenetic studies of psychotropic drug response have focused on determining the relationship between variation in specific candidate genes and the positive and adverse effects of drug treatment. Approximately, 18% of neuroleptics are major substrates of CYP1A2 enzymes, 40% of CYP2D6, and 23% of CYP3A4; 24% of antidepressants are major substrates of CYP1A2 enzymes, 5% of CYP2B6, 38% of CYP2C19, 85% of CYP2D6, and 38% of CYP3A4; 7% of benzodiazepines are major substrates of CYP2C19 enzymes, 20% of CYP2D6, and 95% of CYP3A4. About 10-20% of Western populations are defective in genes of the CYP superfamily. Only 26% of Southern Europeans are pure extensive metabolizers for the trigenic cluster integrated by the CYP2D6+CYP2C19+CYP2C9 genes. The pharmacogenomic response of SCZ patients to conventional psychotropic drugs also depends on genetic variants associated with SCZ-related genes. Consequently, the incorporation of pharmacogenomic procedures both to drugs in development and drugs on the market would help to optimize therapeutics in SCZ and other central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, 15165-Bergondo, Coruña, Spain.
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