1
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Janus A, Lustyk K, Pytka K. MK-801 and cognitive functions: Investigating the behavioral effects of a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:2435-2457. [PMID: 37725119 PMCID: PMC10640442 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06454-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE MK-801 (dizocilpine) is a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist originally explored for anticonvulsant potential. Despite its original purpose, its amnestic properties led to the development of pivotal models of various cognitive impairments widely employed in research and greatly impacting scientific progress. MK-801 offers several advantages; however, it also presents drawbacks, including inducing dose-dependent hyperlocomotion or ambiguous effects on anxiety, which can impact the interpretation of behavioral research results. OBJECTIVES The present review attempts to summarize and discuss the effects of MK-801 on different types of memory and cognitive functions in animal studies. RESULTS A plethora of behavioral research suggests that MK-801 can detrimentally impact cognitive functions. The specific effect of this compound is influenced by variables including developmental stage, gender, species, strain, and, crucially, the administered dose. Notably, when considering the undesirable effects of MK-801, doses up to 0.1 mg/kg were found not to induce stereotypy or hyperlocomotion. CONCLUSION Dizocilpine continues to be of significant importance in preclinical research, facilitating the exploration of various procognitive therapeutic agents. However, given its potential undesirable effects, it is imperative to meticulously determine the appropriate dosages and conduct supplementary evaluations for any undesirable outcomes, which could complicate the interpretation of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Janus
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Klaudia Lustyk
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Pytka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland.
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2
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Daniels S, El Mansari M, Hamoudeh R, Blier P. Ketamine promptly normalizes excess norepinephrine and enhances dopamine neuronal activity in Wistar Kyoto rats. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1276309. [PMID: 38026921 PMCID: PMC10644068 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1276309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketamine acts primarily by blocking the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor at the phencyclidine site. The rapid antidepressant properties of ketamine were demonstrated in the clinic and several behavioral models of depression in rodents. We hypothesized that the normalization of abnormal activity of monoamine neurons in Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats contributes to the rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine. A single administration of ketamine (10 mg/kg, i. p) or saline was administered to anesthetized WKY rats before in vivo electrophysiological recordings of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) serotonin (5-HT), locus coeruleus (LC) norepinephrine (NE) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neuronal activity. Pyramidal neurons from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) were also recorded before and after a ketamine injection. In the VTA, ketamine elicited a significant increase in the population activity of DA neurons. This enhancement was consistent with findings in other depression-like models in which such a decreased population activity was observed. In the LC, ketamine normalized increased NE neuron burst activity found in WKY rats. In the DRN, ketamine did not significantly reverse 5-HT neuronal activity in WKY rats, which is dampened compared to Wistar rats. Ketamine did not significantly alter the neuronal activity of mPFC pyramidal neurons. These findings demonstrate that ketamine normalized NE neuronal activity and enhanced DA neuronal activity in WKY rats, which may contribute to its rapid antidepressant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mostafa El Mansari
- Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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3
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Ago Y, Yokoyama R, Asano S, Hashimoto H. Roles of the monoaminergic system in the antidepressant effects of ketamine and its metabolites. Neuropharmacology 2023; 223:109313. [PMID: 36328065 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
While the molecular target of (R,S)-ketamine (ketamine) is thought to be the NMDA receptor, subanesthetic doses of ketamine have been known to modulate monoaminergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system. Although the involvement of the serotonergic system in the antidepressant effects of ketamine has been reported in most studies of this topic, some recent studies have reported that the dopaminergic system plays a key role in the effects of ketamine. Additionally, several lines of evidence suggest that the antidepressant-like effects of (R)-ketamine might be independent of the monoaminergic system. Ketamine metabolites also differ considerably in their ability to regulate monoamine neurotransmitters relative to (S)-ketamine and (R)-ketamine, while (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine might share common serotonergic signaling mechanisms with ketamine. In the current review, we summarize the effects of ketamine and its metabolites on monoamine neurotransmission in the brain and discuss the potential roles of the monoaminergic system in the mechanism of action of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Ago
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Rei Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Asano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Division of Bioscience, Institute for Datability Science, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Department of Molecular Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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4
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Chan HH, Hogue O, Mathews ND, Hunter JG, Kundalia R, Hermann JK, Floden DP, Machado AG, Baker KB. Deep cerebellar stimulation enhances cognitive recovery after prefrontal traumatic brain injury in rodent. Exp Neurol 2022; 355:114136. [PMID: 35667396 PMCID: PMC10203848 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Functional outcome following traumatic brain injury (TBI) varies greatly, with approximately half of those who survive suffering long-term motor and cognitive deficits despite contemporary rehabilitation efforts. We have previously shown that deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the lateral cerebellar nucleus (LCN) enhances rehabilitation of motor deficits that result from brain injury. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of LCN DBS on recovery from rodent TBI that uniquely models the injury location, chronicity and resultant cognitive symptoms observed in most human TBI patients. We used controlled cortical impact (CCI) to produce an injury that targeted the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC-CCI) bilaterally, resulting in cognitive deficits. Unilateral LCN DBS electrode implantation was performed 6 weeks post-injury. Electrical stimulation started at week eight post-injury and continued for an additional 4 weeks. Cognition was evaluated using baited Y-maze, novel object recognition task and Barnes maze. Post-mortem analyses, including Western Blot and immunohistochemistry, were conducted to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of recovery. We found that mPFC-CCI produced significant cognitive deficits compared to pre-injury and naïve animals. Moreover, LCN DBS treatment significantly enhanced the long-term memory process and executive functions of applying strategy. Analyses of post-mortem tissues showed significantly greater expression of CaMKIIα, BDNF and p75NTR across perilesional cortex and higher expression of postsynaptic formations in LCN DBS-treated animals compared to untreated. Overall, these data suggest that LCN DBS is an effective treatment of cognitive deficits that result from TBI, possibly by activation of ascending, glutamatergic projections to thalamus and subsequent upregulation of thalamocortical activity that engages neuroplastic mechanisms for facilitation of functional re-organization. These results support a role for cerebellar output neuromodulation as a novel therapeutic approach to enhance rehabilitation for patients with chronic, post-TBI cognitive deficits that are unresponsive to traditional rehabilitative efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh H Chan
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Olivia Hogue
- Department of Quantitative Heath Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Nicole D Mathews
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Joshua G Hunter
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ronak Kundalia
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - John K Hermann
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Darlene P Floden
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Andre G Machado
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Kenneth B Baker
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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5
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Molecular Signaling Mechanisms for the Antidepressant Effects of NLX-101, a Selective Cortical 5-HT1A Receptor Biased Agonist. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030337. [PMID: 35337135 PMCID: PMC8954942 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is the most prevalent of the mental illnesses and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is considered to be the major neurotransmitter involved in its etiology and treatment. In this context, 5-HT1A receptors have attracted interest as targets for therapeutic intervention. Notably the activation of presynaptic 5-HT1A autoreceptors delays antidepressant effects whereas the stimulation of postsynaptic 5-HT1A heteroreceptors is needed for an antidepressant action. NLX-101 (also known as F15599) is a selective biased agonist which exhibits preferred activation of cortical over brain stem 5-HT1A receptors. Here, we used behavioral, neurochemical and molecular methods to examine the antidepressant-like effects in rats of a single dose of NLX-101 (0.16 mg/kg, i.p.). NLX-101 reduced immobility in the forced swim test when measured 30 min but not 24 h after drug administration. NLX-101 increased extracellular concentrations of glutamate and dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex, but no changes were detected in the efflux of noradrenaline or 5-HT. NLX-101 also produced an increase in the activation of pmTOR, pERK1/2 and pAkt, and the expression of PSD95 and GluA1, which may contribute to its rapid antidepressant action.
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6
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Pascovich C, Castro-Zaballa S, Mediano PAM, Bor D, Canales-Johnson A, Torterolo P, Bekinschtein TA. Ketamine and sleep modulate neural complexity dynamics in cats. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:1584-1600. [PMID: 35263482 PMCID: PMC9310726 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the level of consciousness can be captured by neural informational complexity: for instance, complexity, as measured by the Lempel Ziv (LZ) compression algorithm, decreases during anaesthesia and non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in humans and rats, when compared with LZ in awake and REM sleep. In contrast, LZ is higher in humans under the effect of psychedelics, including subanaesthetic doses of ketamine. However, it is both unclear how this result would be modulated by varying ketamine doses, and whether it would extend to other species. Here, we studied LZ with and without auditory stimulation during wakefulness and different sleep stages in five cats implanted with intracranial electrodes, as well as under subanaesthetic doses of ketamine (5, 10, and 15 mg/kg i.m.). In line with previous results, LZ was lowest in NREM sleep, but similar in REM and wakefulness. Furthermore, we found an inverted U‐shaped curve following different levels of ketamine doses in a subset of electrodes, primarily in prefrontal cortex. However, it is worth noting that the variability in the ketamine dose–response curve across cats and cortices was larger than that in the sleep‐stage data, highlighting the differential local dynamics created by two different ways of modulating conscious state. These results replicate previous findings, both in humans and other species, demonstrating that neural complexity is highly sensitive to capture state changes between wake and sleep stages while adding a local cortical description. Finally, this study describes the differential effects of ketamine doses, replicating a rise in complexity for low doses, and further fall as doses approach anaesthetic levels in a differential manner depending on the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pascovich
- Laboratory of Sleep Neurobiology, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de la República, Uruguay.,Consciousness and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Santiago Castro-Zaballa
- Laboratory of Sleep Neurobiology, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Pedro A M Mediano
- Consciousness and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Bor
- Consciousness and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrés Canales-Johnson
- Consciousness and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, UK.,Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Pablo Torterolo
- Laboratory of Sleep Neurobiology, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Tristan A Bekinschtein
- Consciousness and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, UK
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7
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Scotton E, Antqueviezc B, Vasconcelos M, Dalpiaz G, Paul Géa L, Ferraz Goularte J, Colombo R, Ribeiro Rosa A. Is (R)-ketamine a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Treatment-Resistant Depression with Less Detrimental Side Effects? A Review of Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Ketamine and its Enantiomers. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 198:114963. [PMID: 35182519 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Approximately one-third of individuals with major depressive disorder are resistant to conventional antidepressants (i.e., monoamine-based therapies), and, even among respondents, a proper therapeutic effect may require weeks of treatment. Ketamine, a racemic mixture of the two enantiomers, (R)-ketamine and (S)-ketamine, is an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist and has been shown to have rapid-acting antidepressant properties in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Although (R)-ketamine has a lower affinity for NMDAR, it presents greater potency and longer-lasting antidepressant properties, with no major side effects, than racemic ketamine or (S)-ketamine in preclinical findings. Thereby, ketamine and its enantiomers have not only an antagonistic effect on NMDAR but also a strong synaptogenic-modulatory effect, which is impaired in TRD pathophysiology. In this review, we summarize the current evidence regarding the modulation of neurotransmission, neuroplasticity, and neural network activity as putative mechanisms of these rapid-acting antidepressants, highlighting differences on intracellular signaling pathways of synaptic proteins such as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In addition, we discuss probable mechanisms involved in the side effects of ketamine and its enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Scotton
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Terapêutica, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Bárbara Antqueviezc
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Mailton Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Giovana Dalpiaz
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Luiza Paul Géa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Jéferson Ferraz Goularte
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Colombo
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil.
| | - Adriane Ribeiro Rosa
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Terapêutica, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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8
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wang K, Zhu Z, Wang D, Yang Q, Dong H. Esketamine Increases Neurotransmitter Releases but Simplifies Neurotransmitter Networks in Mouse Prefrontal Cortex. J Neurophysiol 2022; 127:586-595. [PMID: 35080449 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00462.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia induces a profound but reversible unconscious state, which is accompanied by changes in various neurotransmitters in the cortex. Unlike the "brain silencing" effect of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor potentiator anesthesia, ketamine anesthesia leads the brain to a paradoxical active state with higher cortical activity, which is manifested as dissociative anesthesia. However, how the overall neurotransmitter network evolves across conscious states after ketamine administration remains unclear. Using in vivo microdialysis, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis, and electroencephalogram (EEG) recording technique, we continuously measured the concentrations of six neurotransmitters and the EEG signals during anesthesia with esketamine, an S-enantiomer of ketamine racemate. We found that there was an increase in the release of five cortical neurotransmitters after the administration of esketamine. The correlation of cortical neurotransmitters was dynamically simplified along with behavioral changes until full recovery after anesthesia. The esketamine-increased gamma oscillation power was positively correlated only with the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the medial prefrontal cortex. This study suggests that the transformation of the neurotransmitter network rather than the concentrations of neurotransmitters could be more indicative of the consciousness shift during esketamine anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunyun Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenghua Zhu
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qianzi Yang
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hailong Dong
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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9
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Charvériat M, Guiard BP. Serotonergic neurons in the treatment of mood disorders: The dialogue with astrocytes. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 259:197-228. [PMID: 33541677 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes were traditionally regarded as cells important to neuronal activity, providing both metabolic and structural supports. Recent evidence suggests that they may also play a crucial role in the control of higher brain functions. In keeping with this hypothesis, it is now well accepted that astrocytes contribute to stress but also react to antidepressant drugs as they express serotonergic transporters and receptors. However, the downstream mechanisms leading to the fine-tuned regulation of mood are still unknown. This chapter pays attention to the role of astrocytes in the regulation of emotional behavior and related serotonergic neurotransmission. In particular, it gives a current state of the clinical and preclinical evidence showing that astrocytes respond to environmental conditions and antidepressant drugs through the release of gliotransmitters and neurotrophic factors which in turn, influence serotonergic tone in discrete brain areas. This state-of-the-art review aims at demonstrating the remarkable potential for novel therapeutic antidepressant strategies targeting these glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno P Guiard
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.
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10
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Involvement of NMDA receptors containing the GluN2C subunit in the psychotomimetic and antidepressant-like effects of ketamine. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:427. [PMID: 33303736 PMCID: PMC7729946 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01110-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute ketamine administration evokes rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant patients. However, ketamine also produces transient perceptual disturbances similarly to those evoked by other non-competitive NMDA-R antagonists like phencyclidine (PCP). Although the brain networks involved in both ketamine actions are not fully understood, PCP and ketamine activate thalamo-cortical networks after NMDA-R blockade in GABAergic neurons of the reticular thalamic nucleus (RtN). Given the involvement of thalamo-cortical networks in processing sensory information, these networks may underlie psychotomimetic action. Since the GluN2C subunit is densely expressed in the thalamus, including the RtN, we examined the dependence of psychotomimetic and antidepressant-like actions of ketamine on the presence of GluN2C subunits, using wild-type and GluN2C knockout (GluN2CKO) mice. Likewise, since few studies have investigated ketamine's effects in females, we used mice of both sexes. GluN2C deletion dramatically reduced stereotyped (circling) behavior induced by ketamine in male and female mice, while the antidepressant-like effect was fully preserved in both genotypes and sexes. Despite ketamine appeared to induce similar effects in both sexes, some neurobiological differences were observed between male and female mice regarding c-fos expression in thalamic nuclei and cerebellum, and glutamate surge in prefrontal cortex. In conclusion, the GluN2C subunit may discriminate between antidepressant-like and psychotomimetic actions of ketamine. Further, the abundant presence of GluN2C subunits in the cerebellum and the improved motor coordination of GluN2CKO mice after ketamine treatment suggest the involvement of cerebellar NMDA-Rs in some behavioral actions of ketamine.
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11
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Dincer B, Halici Z, Cadirci E. Investigation of the Role of Stimulation and Blockade of 5-HT 7 Receptors in Ketamine Anesthesia. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:1095-1111. [PMID: 33200380 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01732-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although several pieces of evidence have indicated the ability of the serotonin-7 receptor (5-HTR7) to modulate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation, the possible impact on ketamine anesthesia has not been examined directly. The purpose of the present study is thus to investigate the possible role of the 5-HTR7 in ketamine anesthesia using a 5-HTR7 agonist and/or antagonist. The influence of a 5-HTR7 agonist/antagonist on ketamine anesthesia for behavioral impact was assessed by testing potential anesthetic parameters. Its functional impact was assessed by mRNA expression with real-time PCR and immunostaining in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of mice. Two different doses of ketamine-high and low-were administered to induce anesthesia. In the high-dose ketamine-applied group in particular, the administration of both the 5-HTR7 agonist and antagonist intensified the anesthetic effect of ketamine. The reflection of the change in anesthesia parameters to 5-HTR7 expression was observed as an increase in the hippocampus and a decrease in the prefrontal cortex in the anesthetized groups by stimulation of 5-HTR7. It is noteworthy that the results of NMDAR expressions are parallel to the results of the 5-HTR7 expressions of both the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. The 5-HTR7 may play a role in ketamine anesthesia. It may act through NMDAR in ketamine anesthesia, depending on the parallelism between both receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Dincer
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, 24100, Turkey
| | - Zekai Halici
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey.,Clinical Research, Development and Design Application and Research Center, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Elif Cadirci
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey. .,Clinical Research, Development and Design Application and Research Center, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey.
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12
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Adell A. Brain NMDA Receptors in Schizophrenia and Depression. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060947. [PMID: 32585886 PMCID: PMC7355879 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists such as phencyclidine (PCP), dizocilpine (MK-801) and ketamine have long been considered a model of schizophrenia, both in animals and humans. However, ketamine has been recently approved for treatment-resistant depression, although with severe restrictions. Interestingly, the dosage in both conditions is similar, and positive symptoms of schizophrenia appear before antidepressant effects emerge. Here, we describe the temporal mechanisms implicated in schizophrenia-like and antidepressant-like effects of NMDA blockade in rats, and postulate that such effects may indicate that NMDA receptor antagonists induce similar mechanistic effects, and only the basal pre-drug state of the organism delimitates the overall outcome. Hence, blockade of NMDA receptors in depressive-like status can lead to amelioration or remission of symptoms, whereas healthy individuals develop psychotic symptoms and schizophrenia patients show an exacerbation of these symptoms after the administration of NMDA receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Adell
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology of Cantabria, IBBTEC (CSIC-University of Cantabria), Calle Albert Einstein 22 (PCTCAN), 39011 Santander, Spain; or
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), 39011 Santander, Spain
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13
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Cortical and raphe GABAA, AMPA receptors and glial GLT-1 glutamate transporter contribute to the sustained antidepressant activity of ketamine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 192:172913. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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14
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Yang SS, Chang H, Chang S. Does ketamine ameliorate the social stress‐related bladder dysfunction in mice? Neurourol Urodyn 2020; 39:935-944. [DOI: 10.1002/nau.24324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Shei‐Dei Yang
- Division of Urology, Taipei Tzu Chi HospitalBuddhist Tzu Chi Medical FoundationNew Taipei Taiwan
- School of MedicineBuddhist Tzu Chi UniversityHualien Taiwan
| | - Hsi‐Hsien Chang
- Division of Urology, Taipei Tzu Chi HospitalBuddhist Tzu Chi Medical FoundationNew Taipei Taiwan
| | - Shang‐Jen Chang
- Division of Urology, Taipei Tzu Chi HospitalBuddhist Tzu Chi Medical FoundationNew Taipei Taiwan
- School of MedicineBuddhist Tzu Chi UniversityHualien Taiwan
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15
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López-Gil X, Jiménez-Sánchez L, Campa L, Castro E, Frago C, Adell A. Role of Serotonin and Noradrenaline in the Rapid Antidepressant Action of Ketamine. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3318-3326. [PMID: 31244055 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a chronic and debilitating illness that interferes severely with many human behaviors, and is the leading cause of disability in the world. There is data suggesting that deficits in serotonin neurotransmission can contribute to the development of depression. Indeed, >90% of prescribed antidepressant drugs act by increasing serotonergic transmission at the synapse. However, this increase is offset by a negative feedback operating at the level of the cell body of the serotonin neurons in the raphe nuclei. In the present work, we demonstrate: first, the intracortical infusion of ketamine induced an antidepressant-like effect in the forced swim test, comparable to that produced by systemic ketamine; second, systemic and intracortical ketamine increased serotonin and noradrenaline efflux in the prefrontal cortex, but not in the dorsal raphe nucleus; third, systemic and intracortical administration of ketamine increased the efflux of glutamate in the prefrontal cortex and dorsal raphe nucleus; fourth, systemic ketamine did not alter the functionality of 5-HT1A receptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Taken together, these findings suggest that the antidepressant-like effects of ketamine are caused by the stimulation of the prefrontal projection to the dorsal raphe nucleus and locus coeruleus caused by an elevated glutamate in the medial prefrontal cortex, which would stimulate release of serotonin and noradrenaline in the same area. The impact of both monoamines in the antidepressant response to ketamine seems to have different time frames.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier López-Gil
- Experimental 7T MRI Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Laura Jiménez-Sánchez
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Leticia Campa
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Elena Castro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid 28029, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, IBBTEC (CSIC, Universidad de Cantabria), Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Clara Frago
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, IBBTEC (CSIC, Universidad de Cantabria), Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Albert Adell
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid 28029, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, IBBTEC (CSIC, Universidad de Cantabria), Santander 39011, Spain
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16
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Pham TH, Gardier AM. Fast-acting antidepressant activity of ketamine: highlights on brain serotonin, glutamate, and GABA neurotransmission in preclinical studies. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 199:58-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Eskelund A, Li Y, Budac DP, Müller HK, Gulinello M, Sanchez C, Wegener G. Drugs with antidepressant properties affect tryptophan metabolites differently in rodent models with depression-like behavior. J Neurochem 2017; 142:118-131. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Li
- Lundbeck Research US; Paramus New Jersey USA
| | | | | | - Maria Gulinello
- Behavioral Core Facility; Department of Neuroscience; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York USA
| | - Connie Sanchez
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit; Risskov Denmark
- Lundbeck Research US; Paramus New Jersey USA
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18
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Abstract
Hallucinogens evoke sensory, perceptual, affective, and cognitive effects that may be useful to understand the neurobiological basis of mood and psychotic disorders. The present chapter reviews preclinical research carried out in recent years in order to better understand the action of psychotomimetic agents such as the noncompetitive NMDA receptor (NMDA-R) antagonists and serotonergic hallucinogens. Our studies have focused on the mechanisms through which these agents alter cortical activity. Noncompetitive NMDA-R antagonists, such as phencyclidine (PCP) and MK-801 (dizocilpine), as well as the serotonergic hallucinogens DOI and 5-MeO-DMT, produce similar effects on cellular and population activity in prefrontal cortex (PFC); these effects include alterations of pyramidal neuron discharge (with an overall increase in firing), as well as a marked attenuation of the low frequency oscillations (0.2-4 Hz) to which neuronal discharge is coupled in anesthetized rodents. PCP increases c-fos expression in excitatory neurons from various cortical and subcortical areas, particularly the thalamus. This effect of PCP involves the preferential blockade of NMDA-R on GABAergic neurons of the reticular nucleus of the thalamus, which provides feedforward inhibition to the rest of thalamic nuclei. It is still unknown whether serotonergic hallucinogens also affect thalamocortical networks. However, when examined, similar alterations in other cortical areas, such as the primary visual cortex (V1), have been observed, suggesting that these agents affect cortical activity in sensory and associative areas. Interestingly, the disruption of PFC activity induced by PCP, DOI and 5-MeO-DMT is reversed by classical and atypical antipsychotic drugs. This effect suggests a possible link between the mechanisms underlying the disruption of perception by multiple classes of hallucinogenic agents and the therapeutic efficacy of antipsychotic agents.
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Pham TH, Mendez-David I, Defaix C, Guiard BP, Tritschler L, David DJ, Gardier AM. Ketamine treatment involves medial prefrontal cortex serotonin to induce a rapid antidepressant-like activity in BALB/cJ mice. Neuropharmacology 2016; 112:198-209. [PMID: 27211253 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Unlike classic serotonergic antidepressant drugs, ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, exhibits a rapid and persistent antidepressant (AD) activity, at sub-anaesthetic doses in treatment-resistant depressed patients and in preclinical studies in rodents. The mechanisms mediating this activity are unclear. Here, we assessed the role of the brain serotonergic system in the AD-like activity of an acute sub-anaesthetic ketamine dose. We compared ketamine and fluoxetine responses in several behavioral tests currently used to predict anxiolytic/antidepressant-like potential in rodents. We also measured their effects on extracellular serotonin levels [5-HT]ext in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFCx) and brainstem dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), a serotonergic nucleus involved in emotional behavior, and on 5-HT cell firing in the DRN in highly anxious BALB/cJ mice. Ketamine (10 mg/kg i.p.) had no anxiolytic-like effect, but displayed a long lasting AD-like activity, i.e., 24 h post-administration, compared to fluoxetine (18 mg/kg i.p.). Ketamine (144%) and fluoxetine (171%) increased mPFCx [5-HT]ext compared to vehicle. Ketamine-induced AD-like effect was abolished by a tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) pointing out the role of the 5-HT system in its behavioral activity. Interestingly, increase in cortical [5-HT]ext following intra-mPFCx ketamine bilateral injection (0.25 μg/side) was correlated with its AD-like activity as measured on swimming duration in the FST in the same mice. Furthermore, pre-treatment with a selective AMPA receptor antagonist (intra-DRN NBQX) blunted the effects of intra-mPFCx ketamine on both the swimming duration in the FST and mPFCx [5-HT]ext suggesting that the AD-like activity of ketamine required activation of DRN AMPA receptors and recruited the prefrontal cortex/brainstem DRN neural circuit in BALB/c mice. These results confirm a key role of cortical 5-HT release in ketamine's AD-like activity following the blockade of glutamatergic NMDA receptors. Tight interactions between mPFCx glutamatergic and serotonergic systems may explain the differences in this activity between ketamine and fluoxetine in vivo. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Ionotropic glutamate receptors'.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Pham
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, INSERM UMR-S 1178, Chatenay Malabry, 92290, France
| | - I Mendez-David
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, INSERM UMR-S 1178, Chatenay Malabry, 92290, France
| | - C Defaix
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, INSERM UMR-S 1178, Chatenay Malabry, 92290, France
| | - B P Guiard
- UMR5169 CNRS "Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale », Toulouse, 31062, France
| | - L Tritschler
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, INSERM UMR-S 1178, Chatenay Malabry, 92290, France
| | - D J David
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, INSERM UMR-S 1178, Chatenay Malabry, 92290, France
| | - A M Gardier
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, INSERM UMR-S 1178, Chatenay Malabry, 92290, France.
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20
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The Antidepressant Effects of an mGlu2/3 Receptor Antagonist and Ketamine Require AMPA Receptor Stimulation in the mPFC and Subsequent Activation of the 5-HT Neurons in the DRN. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:1046-56. [PMID: 26245499 PMCID: PMC4748429 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have reported the antidepressant effects of both metabotropic glutamate 2/3 (mGlu2/3) receptor antagonists and ketamine in several animal models, and proposed that serotonergic (5-HTergic) transmission is involved in these actions. Given that the projections from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) to the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), where the majority of serotonin (5-HT) neurons exist, are reportedly involved in the antidepressant effects, in this study, we investigated using the forced swimming test (FST) of C57BL/6J male mice, the role of 5-HT neurons in the DRN regulated by the mPFC-DRN projections in the antidepressant effects of an mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist, LY341495, and ketamine. Following systemic administration/microinjection into the mPFC, both LY341495 and ketamine were found to exert antidepressant effects in the FST, and the effects were attenuated by depletion of 5-HT by treatment with an inhibitor of 5-HT synthesis, PCPA. The antidepressant effects of LY341495 and ketamine were also blocked by systemic administration/microinjection into the mPFC of an AMPA receptor antagonist, NBQX. Moreover, systemic administration/microinjection into the mPFC of LY341495 and ketamine significantly increased the c-Fos expression in the 5-HT neurons in the DRN, and the effect of systemic administration of these drugs on the neuronal c-Fos expression was attenuated by microinjection of NBQX into the mPFC. Our findings suggest that activation of 5-HT neurons in the DRN regulated by stimulation of the AMPA receptor in the mPFC may be involved in the antidepressant effects of an mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist and ketamine.
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21
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El Iskandrani KS, Oosterhof CA, El Mansari M, Blier P. Impact of subanesthetic doses of ketamine on AMPA-mediated responses in rats: An in vivo electrophysiological study on monoaminergic and glutamatergic neurons. J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29:792-801. [PMID: 25759403 PMCID: PMC4469544 DOI: 10.1177/0269881115573809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The rapid antidepressant action of a subanesthetic dose of ketamine in treatment-resistant patients represents the most striking recent breakthrough in the understanding of the antidepressant response. Evidence demonstrates tight interactions between the glutamatergic and monoaminergic systems. It is thus hypothesized that monoamine systems may play a role in the immediate/rapid effects of ketamine. In vivo electrophysiological recordings were carried in male rats following ketamine administration (10 and 25 mg/kg, i.p.) to first assess its effects on monoaminergic neuron firing. In a second series of experiments, the effects of ketamine administration on α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)- and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA)-evoked responses in hippocampus CA3 pyramidal neurons were also investigated using micro-iontophoretic applications. Although acute (~2 hours) ketamine administration did not affect the mean firing activity of dorsal raphe serotonin and ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons, it did increase that of locus coeruleus norepinephrine neurons. In the latter brain region, while ketamine also enhanced bursting activity, it did increase population activity of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. These effects of ketamine were prevented by the prior administration of the AMPA receptor antagonist 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[f]quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide. An increase in AMPA-evoked response of CA3 pyramidal neurons was also observed 30 minutes following acute ketamine administration. The present findings suggest that acute ketamine administration produces a rapid enhancement of catecholaminergic neurons firing activity through an amplification of AMPA transmission. These effects may play a crucial role in the antidepressant effects of ketamine observed shortly following its infusion in depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mostafa El Mansari
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Mood Disorders Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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22
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Abraham R, Nirogi R, Shinde A, Irupannanavar S. Low-dose prazosin in combination with 5-HT6 antagonist PRX-07034 has antipsychotic effects. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:13-21. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An extensive amount of research has focused on the development of new pharmacological agents to treat schizophrenia. Varying from person to person, schizophrenia is a heterogeneous disease with symptoms of positive, negative, and cognitive deficits. PRX-07034, a 5-hydroxytryptamine6 (5-HT6) receptor antagonist has been evaluated for its potential in treating obesity and cognitive deficits. This study evaluated PRX-07034 (0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg body mass, by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection), in combination with a low dose of prazosin (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.), for its antipsychotic potential. The research utilized a stereotypy assay, an open field test, an object recognition task, and prepulse inhibition. Dizocilpine, a non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, was also administered in the above-mentioned assays as a psychomimetic. The combination of PRX-07034 and prazosin alleviated stereotypy and hyperlocomotor activity while enhancing memory in an object recognition task, and reversed sensory-gating deficits induced by dizocilpine. Examination of the medial prefrontal cortex revealed that a combination of PRX-07034 and prazosin reduced the dizocilpine-mediated increase of 5-HT. These results suggest that the combination of a 5-HT6 antagonist with low doses of prazosin could have therapeutic potential in the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renny Abraham
- Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences, Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road No. 5, Avenue 7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 055, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 085, India
| | - Ramakrishna Nirogi
- Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences, Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road No. 5, Avenue 7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 055, India
| | - Anil Shinde
- Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences, Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road No. 5, Avenue 7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 055, India
| | - Shantaveer Irupannanavar
- Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences, Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road No. 5, Avenue 7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 055, India
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The role of GluN2A and GluN2B subunits on the effects of NMDA receptor antagonists in modeling schizophrenia and treating refractory depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2673-80. [PMID: 24871546 PMCID: PMC4207347 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Paradoxically, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists are used to model certain aspects of schizophrenia as well as to treat refractory depression. However, the role of different subunits of the NMDA receptor in both conditions is poorly understood. Here we used biochemical and behavioral readouts to examine the in vivo prefrontal efflux of serotonin and glutamate as well as the stereotypical behavior and the antidepressant-like activity in the forced swim test elicited by antagonists selective for the GluN2A (NVP-AAM077) and GluN2B (Ro 25-6981) subunits. The effects of the non-subunit selective antagonist, MK-801; were also studied for comparison. The administration of MK-801 dose dependently increased the prefrontal efflux of serotonin and glutamate and markedly increased the stereotypy scores. NVP-AAM077 also increased the efflux of serotonin and glutamate, but without the induction of stereotypies. In contrast, Ro 25-6981 did not change any of the biochemical and behavioral parameters tested. Interestingly, the administration of NVP-AAM077 and Ro 25-6981 alone elicited antidepressant-like activity in the forced swim test, in contrast to the combination of both compounds that evoked marked stereotypies. Our interpretation of the results is that both GluN2A and GluN2B subunits are needed to induce stereotypies, which might be suggestive of potential psychotomimetic effects in humans, but the antagonism of only one of these subunits is sufficient to evoke an antidepressant response. We also propose that GluN2A receptor antagonists could have potential antidepressant activity in the absence of potential psychotomimetic effects.
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Raphe AMPA receptors and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors mediate ketamine-induced serotonin release in the rat prefrontal cortex. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:1321-6. [PMID: 24852262 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145714000649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that ketamine has a rapid antidepressant-like effect in rodents and humans, but underlying mechanisms are unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effect of ketamine on serotonin (5-HT) release in the rat prefrontal cortex by in vivo microdialysis. A subcutaneous administration of ketamine (5 and 25 mg/kg) significantly increased the prefrontal 5-HT level in a dose-dependent manner, which was attenuated by local injection of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) antagonists into the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). Direct stimulation of AMPARs in the DRN significantly increased prefrontal 5-HT level, while intra-DRN injection of ketamine (36.5 nmol) had no effect. Furthermore, intra-DRN injection of an α 4 β 2-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist, dihydro-β-erythroidine (10 nmol), significantly attenuated the subcutaneous ketamine-induced increase in prefrontal 5-HT levels. These results suggest that AMPARs and α 4 β 2-nAChRs in the DRN play a key role in the ketamine-induced 5-HT release in the prefrontal cortex.
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Carli M, Invernizzi RW. Serotoninergic and dopaminergic modulation of cortico-striatal circuit in executive and attention deficits induced by NMDA receptor hypofunction in the 5-choice serial reaction time task. Front Neural Circuits 2014; 8:58. [PMID: 24966814 PMCID: PMC4052821 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Executive functions are an emerging propriety of neuronal processing in circuits encompassing frontal cortex and other cortical and subcortical brain regions such as basal ganglia and thalamus. Glutamate serves as the major neurotrasmitter in these circuits where glutamate receptors of NMDA type play key role. Serotonin and dopamine afferents are in position to modulate intrinsic glutamate neurotransmission along these circuits and in turn to optimize circuit performance for specific aspects of executive control over behavior. In this review, we focus on the 5-choice serial reaction time task which is able to provide various measures of attention and executive control over performance in rodents and the ability of prefrontocortical and striatal serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C as well as dopamine D1- and D2-like receptors to modulate different aspects of executive and attention disturbances induced by NMDA receptor hypofunction in the prefrontal cortex. These behavioral studies are integrated with findings from microdialysis studies. These studies illustrate the control of attention selectivity by serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and dopamine D1- but not D2-like receptors and a distinct contribution of these cortical and striatal serotonin and dopamine receptors to the control of different aspects of executive control over performance such as impulsivity and compulsivity. An association between NMDA antagonist-induced increase in glutamate release in the prefrontal cortex and attention is suggested. Collectively, this review highlights the functional interaction of serotonin and dopamine with NMDA dependent glutamate neurotransmission in the cortico-striatal circuitry for specific cognitive demands and may shed some light on how dysregulation of neuronal processing in these circuits may be implicated in specific neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Carli
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto W Invernizzi
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" Milano, Italy
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26
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Leading compounds for the validation of animal models of psychopathology. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 354:309-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1692-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Adell A, Jiménez-Sánchez L, López-Gil X, Romón T. Is the acute NMDA receptor hypofunction a valid model of schizophrenia? Schizophr Bull 2012; 38:9-14. [PMID: 21965469 PMCID: PMC3245580 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbr133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Several genetic, neurodevelopmental, and pharmacological animal models of schizophrenia have been established. This short review examines the validity of one of the most used pharmacological model of the illness, ie, the acute administration of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists in rodents. In some cases, data on chronic or prenatal NMDA receptor antagonist exposure have been introduced for comparison. The face validity of acute NMDA receptor blockade is granted inasmuch as hyperlocomotion and stereotypies induced by phencyclidine, ketamine, and MK-801 are regarded as a surrogate for the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. In addition, the loss of parvalbumin-containing cells (which is one of the most compelling finding in postmortem schizophrenia brain) following NMDA receptor blockade adds construct validity to this model. However, the lack of changes in glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD(67)) is at variance with human studies. It is possible that changes in GAD(67) are more reflective of the neurodevelopmental condition of schizophrenia. Finally, the model also has predictive validity, in that its behavioral and transmitter activation in rodents are responsive to antipsychotic treatment. Overall, although not devoid of drawbacks, the acute administration of NMDA receptor antagonists can be considered as a good model of schizophrenia bearing a satisfactory degree of validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Adell
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, CSIC (IDIBAPS), Carrer Rosselló 161, 6th floor, Room 630, E-08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laura Jiménez-Sánchez
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, CSIC (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier López-Gil
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, CSIC (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tamara Romón
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, CSIC (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
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