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Scaillierez AJ, van Nieuwamerongen-de Koning SE, Boumans IJMM, van der Tol PPJ, Bokkers EAM. Review: The influence of light on pig welfare. Animal 2024; 18:101313. [PMID: 39270358 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
While several countries impose minimum light requirements for pig housing, it remains unknown whether these requirements are beneficial for pig welfare. Therefore, we aim to review the current knowledge on the effects of light on pig welfare. In this paper, we explain concepts defining light, discuss the relevance of vision for pigs and systematically review the effects of light on pig welfare. Systematic literature searches were performed in two databases to find studies about light and welfare-related topics, including behaviour, health, hormonal secretions and productivity. After screening, 63 studies were reviewed. According to literature, light is relevant in pigs' lives as they are diurnal animals and use vision in combination with other senses to, for example, locate food and interact with conspecifics. Throughout this paper, the investigated light parameters are photoperiod, intensity and spectrum. Pigs seem to have p for a certain light intensity and spectrum, but these preferences vary over production phases. Photoperiod influences feed intake and growth, especially in piglets, but no conclusion can be drawn because of contradictory results. Furthermore, pigs' activity patterns adapt to the provided light schedule and show a diurnal rhythm with higher activity during lit hours. Photoperiod also plays a role in the diurnal secretion of hormones. Cortisol secretion increases shortly before the moment of light onset, and melatonin secretion is influenced by the light and dark contrast with a nocturnal rise after light offset. Some behaviours are impacted by light intensity; for instance, dim conditions are associated with resting and bright conditions with elimination behaviour. Moreover, a few studies showed that in dimmer conditions, more negative social interactions occur, while brighter conditions lead to more positive interactions. Lastly, even though light spectrum is the least explored light parameter, several studies showed that UV B light can activate the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3. A limitation in the current literature is that several studies tested light treatments differing in more than one light parameter, making the interpretation of each light parameter difficult. Moreover, most studies do not provide information on other light parameters not targeted by the study, particularly on light spectrum. Some clear knowledge gaps that emerged from this review are on light spectrum and on affective states of pigs in relation to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Scaillierez
- Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | | | - I J M M Boumans
- Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - P P J van der Tol
- Agricultural Biosystems Engineering Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - E A M Bokkers
- Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Buglione M, Rivieccio E, Aceto S, Paturzo V, Biondi C, Fulgione D. The Domestication of Wild Boar Could Result in a Relaxed Selection for Maintaining Olfactory Capacity. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:1045. [PMID: 39202786 PMCID: PMC11355481 DOI: 10.3390/life14081045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Domesticated animals are artificially selected to exhibit desirable traits, however not all traits of domesticated animals are the result of deliberate selection. Loss of olfactory capacity in the domesticated pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) is one example. We used whole transcriptome analysis (RNA-Seq) to compare patterns of gene expression in the olfactory mucosa of the pig and two subspecies of wild boar (Sus scrofa), and investigate candidate genes that could be responsible for the loss of olfactory capacity. We identified hundreds of genes with reductions in transcript abundance in pig relative to wild boar as well as differences between the two subspecies of wild boar. These differences were detected mainly in genes involved in the formation and motility of villi, cilia and microtubules, functions associated with olfaction. In addition, differences were found in the abundances of transcripts of genes related to immune defenses, with the highest levels in continental wild boar subspecies. Overall, the loss of olfactory capacity in pigs appears to have been accompanied by reductions in the expression of candidate genes for olfaction. These changes could have resulted from unintentional selection for reduced olfactory capacity, relaxed selection for maintaining olfactory capacity, pleiotropic effects of genes under selection, or other non-selective processes. Our findings could be a cornerstone for future researches on wild boars, pigs, feral populations, and their evolutionary trajectories, aimed to provide tools to better calibrate species management as well as guidelines for breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Buglione
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.B.); (S.A.); (V.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Eleonora Rivieccio
- Department of Humanities Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80133 Naples, Italy;
| | - Serena Aceto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.B.); (S.A.); (V.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Vincenzo Paturzo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.B.); (S.A.); (V.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Carla Biondi
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.B.); (S.A.); (V.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Domenico Fulgione
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.B.); (S.A.); (V.P.); (C.B.)
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3
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Barone F, Bunea I, Creel K, Sharma R, Amaral J, Maminishkis A, Bharti K. An Automated Visual Psychophysics Method to Measure Visual Function in Swine Preclinical Animal Model. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2024; 13:8. [PMID: 38470318 PMCID: PMC10941991 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.13.3.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to develop and validate a test to assess visual function in pigs using the visual psychophysics contrast sensitivity function. Methods We utilized a touchscreen along with a pellet reward dispenser to train three Göttingen pigs on a visual psychophysics test and determined their contrast sensitivity function. Images with different contrast resolutions were used as visual stimuli and presented against a control image in a two-choice test. Following animals' acclimatization and the first phase of training, the system was arranged such that animals could self-run multiple consecutive trials without human intervention. Results All animals were trained within a week and remembered the task with 1 day of reinforcement when tested 1 month after the last visual assessment. All trained animals performed well during the trial with minimal screen side bias, especially at contrast threshold above 40%. Conclusions Göttingen pigs are trainable for a visual psychophysics test and able to self-run the trial without human intervention. Translational Relevance Contrast sensitivity is one of the key parameters to assess visual function in humans. The possibility of measuring the same parameters in a large animal model allows for a better translation and understanding of drug safety and efficacy in preclinical ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Barone
- Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research Section, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Irina Bunea
- Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research Section, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kristi Creel
- Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research Section, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ruchi Sharma
- Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research Section, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juan Amaral
- Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research Section, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arvydas Maminishkis
- Translational Research Core, Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kapil Bharti
- Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research Section, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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4
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Tarasiuk G, Remmenga MD, O'Hara KC, Talbert MK, Rotolo ML, Zaabel P, Zhang D, Giménez-Lirola LG, Zimmerman JJ. Pen-Based Swine Oral Fluid Samples Contain Both Environmental and Pig-Derived Targets. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:766. [PMID: 38473151 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Laboratory methods for detecting specific pathogens in oral fluids are widely reported, but there is little research on the oral fluid sampling process itself. In this study, a fluorescent tracer (diluted red food coloring) was used to test the transfer of a target directly from pigs or indirectly from the environment to pen-based oral fluid samples. Pens of ~30, ~60, and ~125 14-week-old pigs (32 pens/size) on commercial swine farms received one of two treatments: (1) pig exposure, i.e., ~3.5 mL of tracer solution sprayed into the mouth of 10% of the pigs in the pen; (2) environmental exposure, i.e., 20 mL of tracer solution was poured on the floor in the center of the pen. Oral fluids collected one day prior to treatment (baseline fluorescence control) and immediately after treatment were tested for fluorescence. Data were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, with Youden's J statistic used to set a threshold. Pretreatment oral fluid samples with fluorescence responses above the ROC threshold were removed from further analysis (7 of 96 samples). Based on the ROC analyses, oral fluid samples from 78 of 89 pens (87.6%), contained red food coloring, including 43 of 47 (91.5%) pens receiving pig exposure and 35 of 42 (83.3%) pens receiving environmental exposure. Thus, oral fluid samples contain both pig-derived and environmental targets. This methodology provides a safe and quantifiable method to evaluate oral fluid sampling vis-à-vis pen behavior, pen size, sampling protocol, and target distribution in the pen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Tarasiuk
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Marta D Remmenga
- USDA: VS: Strategy and Policy, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Kathleen C O'Hara
- USDA: VS: Strategy and Policy, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Marian K Talbert
- USDA: VS: Strategy and Policy, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | | | - Pam Zaabel
- National Pork Board, Des Moines, IA 50325, USA
| | - Danyang Zhang
- Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Luis G Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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An L, Ren J, Yu T, Hai T, Jia Y, Liu Y. Three-dimensional surface motion capture of multiple freely moving pigs using MAMMAL. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7727. [PMID: 38001106 PMCID: PMC10673844 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43483-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Understandings of the three-dimensional social behaviors of freely moving large-size mammals are valuable for both agriculture and life science, yet challenging due to occlusions in close interactions. Although existing animal pose estimation methods captured keypoint trajectories, they ignored deformable surfaces which contained geometric information essential for social interaction prediction and for dealing with the occlusions. In this study, we develop a Multi-Animal Mesh Model Alignment (MAMMAL) system based on an articulated surface mesh model. Our self-designed MAMMAL algorithms automatically enable us to align multi-view images into our mesh model and to capture 3D surface motions of multiple animals, which display better performance upon severe occlusions compared to traditional triangulation and allow complex social analysis. By utilizing MAMMAL, we are able to quantitatively analyze the locomotion, postures, animal-scene interactions, social interactions, as well as detailed tail motions of pigs. Furthermore, experiments on mouse and Beagle dogs demonstrate the generalizability of MAMMAL across different environments and mammal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang An
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jilong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Farm Animal Research Center, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua University Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Beijing, China
| | - Tang Hai
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Farm Animal Research Center, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yichang Jia
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Tsinghua, Beijing, China.
- Tsinghua Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence, Beijing, China.
| | - Yebin Liu
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Nelson CE, Aramouni FM, Goering MJ, Bortoluzzi EM, Knapp LA, Herrera-Ibata DM, Li KW, Jermoumi R, Hooker JA, Sturek J, Byrd JP, Wu H, Trinetta V, Alloosh M, Sturek M, Jaberi-Douraki M, Hulbert LE. Adult Ossabaw Pigs Prefer Fermented Sorghum Tea over Isocaloric Sweetened Water. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3253. [PMID: 37893977 PMCID: PMC10603632 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ossabaw pigs (n = 11; 5-gilts, 6-barrows; age 15.6 ± 0.62 SD months) were exposed to a three-choice preference maze to evaluate preference for fermented sorghum teas (FSTs). After conditioning, pigs were exposed, in four sessions, to choices of white FST, sumac FST, and roasted sumac-FST. Then, pigs were exposed, in three sessions, to choices of deionized H2O (-control; avoidance), isocaloric control (+control; deionized H2O and sucrose), and blended FST (3Tea) (equal portions: white, sumac, and roasted sumac). When tea type was evaluated, no clear preference behaviors for tea type were observed (p > 0.10). When the 3Tea and controls were evaluated, pigs consumed minimal control (p < 0.01;18.0 ± 2.21% SEM), and they consumed great but similar volumes of +control and 3Tea (96.6 and 99.0 ± 2.21% SEM, respectively). Likewise, head-in-bowl duration was the least for -control, but 3Tea was the greatest (p < 0.01; 5.6 and 31.9 ± 1.87% SEM, respectively). Head-in-bowl duration for +control was less than 3Tea (p < 0.01; 27.6 vs. 31.9 ± 1.87% SEM). Exploration duration was the greatest in the area with the -control (p < 0.01; 7.1 ± 1.45% SEM), but 3Tea and +control exploration were not different from each other (1.4 and 3.0 ± 1.45% SEM, respectively). Regardless of tea type, adult pigs show preference for FST, even over +control. Adult pigs likely prefer the complexity of flavors, rather than the sweetness alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E. Nelson
- Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Fadi M. Aramouni
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Resource Services Center for Grain and Animal Research, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Mikayla J. Goering
- Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Eduarda M. Bortoluzzi
- Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Laura A. Knapp
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Resource Services Center for Grain and Animal Research, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | | | - Ka Wang Li
- Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | | | - Joshua Sturek
- CorVus Biomedical, LLC, Crawfordsville, IN 47933, USA
| | - James P. Byrd
- CorVus Biomedical, LLC, Crawfordsville, IN 47933, USA
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Statistics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Valentina Trinetta
- Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | - Michael Sturek
- CorVus Biomedical, LLC, Crawfordsville, IN 47933, USA
- School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Majid Jaberi-Douraki
- Department of Mathematics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Computational Comparative Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- FARAD Program, Kansas State University, Olathe, KS 66061, USA
| | - Lindsey E. Hulbert
- Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Ornelas MAS, López-Martínez MJ, Franco-Martínez L, Cerón JJ, Ortín-Bustillo A, Rubio CP, Manzanilla EG. Analysing biomarkers in oral fluid from pigs: influence of collection strategy and age of the pig. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:39. [PMID: 37649074 PMCID: PMC10466680 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00333-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Oral fluid (OF) is an easy-to-collect, inexpensive, fast and non-invasive sample to characterize health and welfare status of the pig. However, further standardisation of the collection methods is needed in order to use it regularly in veterinary practice. Cotton ropes are routinely used to collect OF for pathogen detection but they may not be optimal for biomarker analysis due to sample contamination. This study compared two methods (cotton ropes and sponges) to collect porcine OF for biomarker analysis. A panel of 11 biomarkers of stress, inflammation, sepsis, immunity, redox status and general homeostasis was studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighteen farrow-to-finish pig farms were included in the study. In each farm, three (for sponges) or four pens of pigs (for ropes) were sampled at four age categories: the week after weaning (5 weeks), before (11-12 weeks) and after (12-13 weeks) moving to finisher facility and the week before slaughter (22-25 weeks). In total, 288 OF samples were collected with cotton ropes and 216 with sponges and analysed for the biomarkers: cortisol, alpha-amylase, oxytocin (stress), haptoglobin (inflammation), procalcitonin (sepsis), adenosine deaminase, immunoglobulin G (immune system), ferric reducing antioxidant power (redox status), and creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and total protein (general homeostasis). Samples were also scored visually for dirtiness using a score from 1 (clean) to 5 (very dirty). RESULTS Rope-collected OF had higher levels of dirtiness (3.7 ± 0.04) compared to sponge-collected OF (2.7 ± 0.15) and had higher values than sponges for cortisol, procalcitonin, oxytocin, haptoglobin, total protein, lactate dehydrogenase and ferric reducing antioxidant power. All biomarkers decreased in value with age. Immunoglobulin G did not perform well for any of the two collection methods. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The results showed a clear effect of age on the biomarkers in OF collected with both, sponges or ropes. Sponges provided a cleaner sample than cotton ropes for biomarker analysis. Both methods are easy to apply under the commercial conditions in pig farms although sponges may take more time in early weaner stages. From a practical point of view, sampling with sponges achieved the best combination of reduced sampling time and low contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Andre S Ornelas
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - María José López-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Lorena Franco-Martínez
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - José J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Alba Ortín-Bustillo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Camila Peres Rubio
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Edgar Garcia Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Rørvang MV, Schild SLA, Stenfelt J, Grut R, Gadri MA, Valros A, Nielsen BL, Wallenbeck A. Odor exploration behavior of the domestic pig ( Sus scrofa) as indicator of enriching properties of odors. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1173298. [PMID: 37214639 PMCID: PMC10196037 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1173298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction and aim Although the sense of smell in pigs is widely recognized as being highly developed, surprisingly little is known about their sensory ability. This study aimed to (a) identify which non-social odors pigs were able to detect and distinguish between, (b) investigate the types of behavior expressed when exploring odors and, (c) compare pigs' responses to the different odors to evaluate their interest in the odors. Methods Growing pigs (N = 192) of crossbred commercial breeds were enrolled in the experiment (32-110 days of age, weighing 64.9 ± 10.1kg). Littermate pairs of opposite sex were tested in test pens with two odor insertion points in the pen wall, 55 cm apart. All pigs were habituated to the test pens and experimenters. Twelve odors were tested (eight essential oils and four synthetic perfumes) in groups of three odors, with each pig pair tested once with one set of three odors (all possible orders of the three odors were tested on 24 pairs in total), always against a non-odor control (demineralized water). In a test, each of the three odors were presented during three trials in a row (a total of 9 trials per test; trial duration: 1 min; inter-trial breaks: 2 min; total test duration: 25 min). Response variables included: duration of sniffing, feeding-related behavior (licking, biting and rooting), agonistic behavior (biting, displacement and pushing) and no approach of the odor or control, recorded throughout each 1-min odor presentation. Results All pigs sniffed an odor less when repeatedly presented (LMM: all odors P < 0.05), and significantly longer at the subsequent presentation of a new odor [LMM (3rd vs. 1st presentations): P < 0.001]. Specific odor and odor type (essential oil vs. synthetic perfume) had no significant effect on sniffing duration. Overall, feeding-related behavior and agonistic behavior were expressed significantly more when pigs explored the odor compared with the control insertion point (Paired t-tests: P < 0.001), and specific odor only affected the expression of feeding-related behavior. Conclusion Collectively, pigs express sniffing, agonistic, and feeding-related behavior when exploring odors, which suggests that pigs perceive odors of non-social origin as a resource. Odors may thus constitute relevant enrichment material for pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vilain Rørvang
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma, Sweden
| | | | - Johanna Stenfelt
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Grut
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Moses A. Gadri
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Anna Valros
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Centre for Animal Welfare, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Birte L. Nielsen
- Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW), Wheathampstead, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Wallenbeck
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skara, Sweden
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9
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Kauter J, Damek F, Schares G, Blaga R, Schott F, Deplazes P, Sidler X, Basso W. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii-specific antibodies in pigs using an oral fluid-based commercial ELISA: Advantages and limitations. Int J Parasitol 2022:S0020-7519(22)00183-7. [PMID: 36587725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a major food-borne parasite and undercooked meat of infected pigs represents an important source of infection for humans. Since infections in pigs are mostly subclinical, adequate diagnostic tests for use at the farm level are pursued. Oral fluid (OF) was shown to be a promising matrix for direct and indirect detection of infections with various pathogens in pigs. The objective of this study was to assess whether T. gondii infections in pigs could be diagnosed using an indirect ELISA kit adapted for OF samples (OF-ELISA). Routine serology and OF-immunoblot (IB) were used as standards for the comparison. For this, serial OF samples from sows (n = 8) and fatteners (n = 3) experimentally inoculated with T. gondii oocysts, individual field samples from potentially exposed sows (n = 9) and pooled OF samples from potentially exposed group-housed fatteners (n = 195 pig groups, including 2,248 animals) were analysed for antibodies against T. gondii by ELISA. For individual animals, OF-ELISA exhibited a relative diagnostic specificity of 97.3% and a relative diagnostic sensitivity of 78.8%. In experimentally infected animals, positive OF-ELISA results were observed from 1.5 weeks post inoculation (pi) until the end of the experimental setup (8 to 30 weeks pi); however, values below the estimated cut-off were occasionally observed in some animals despite constant seropositivity. In potentially exposed individual animals, OF- and serum-ELISA results showed 100% agreement. In group-housed fatteners, antibodies against T. gondii could be reliably detected by OF-ELISA in groups in which at least 25% of the animals were seropositive. This OF-ELISA, based on a commercially available serum-ELISA, may represent an interesting non-invasive screening tool for detecting pig groups with a high exposure to T. gondii at the farm level. The OF-ELISA may need further adjustments to consistently detect individual infected pigs, probably due to variations in OF antibody concentration over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Kauter
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Filip Damek
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, BIPAR, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France
| | - Gereon Schares
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald‑Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Radu Blaga
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, BIPAR, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France
| | - Franziska Schott
- Department of Farm Animals, Division of Swine Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xaver Sidler
- Department of Farm Animals, Division of Swine Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter Basso
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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10
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Li S, Hu H, Huang J, Yang Y, Xu W, Chen J, Wan J, Li L, Zheng R, Jiang S, Chai J. Effect of Enrichment Items on the Physiology and Behavior of Sows in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111355. [PMID: 35681820 PMCID: PMC9179893 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern intensive pig breeding harms animal welfare, which is especially noticeable for pregnant sows kept in confinement stalls. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of enrichment items on the movement and physiological parameters of sows in the third trimester of pregnancy. A total of 30 large white pregnant sows were randomly divided into three equal treatment groups (n = 10): control, pine wood, and scented wood groups. Interestingly, compared with the control group, the sows in the pine wood or scented wood groups showed less ventral lying and more lateral lying behavior (p < 0.01), coupled with significant reduction in the frequency of scratching and sham-chewing (p < 0.01), but with no significant difference in the degree of preference for these enrichment items (p > 0.05). Additionally, the sows in the pine wood or scented wood groups also decreased significantly in the concentration of immunoglobulin A (IgA) (p < 0.01) and the concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (p < 0.05) throughout the late pregnancy period. Overall, adding enrichment items to confinement stalls can alleviate the chronic stress and the stereotypic behavior of sows, suggesting their potential to reduce welfare compromise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Li
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory of Swine Breeding and Genetics & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.L.); (H.H.); (J.H.); (Y.Y.); (W.X.); (J.W.); (R.Z.); (S.J.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongqing Hu
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory of Swine Breeding and Genetics & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.L.); (H.H.); (J.H.); (Y.Y.); (W.X.); (J.W.); (R.Z.); (S.J.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory of Swine Breeding and Genetics & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.L.); (H.H.); (J.H.); (Y.Y.); (W.X.); (J.W.); (R.Z.); (S.J.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuxuan Yang
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory of Swine Breeding and Genetics & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.L.); (H.H.); (J.H.); (Y.Y.); (W.X.); (J.W.); (R.Z.); (S.J.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Weijing Xu
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory of Swine Breeding and Genetics & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.L.); (H.H.); (J.H.); (Y.Y.); (W.X.); (J.W.); (R.Z.); (S.J.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Breeding and Nutritional Regulation, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China;
| | - Jiawei Wan
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory of Swine Breeding and Genetics & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.L.); (H.H.); (J.H.); (Y.Y.); (W.X.); (J.W.); (R.Z.); (S.J.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lianghua Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China;
| | - Rong Zheng
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory of Swine Breeding and Genetics & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.L.); (H.H.); (J.H.); (Y.Y.); (W.X.); (J.W.); (R.Z.); (S.J.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Siwen Jiang
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory of Swine Breeding and Genetics & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.L.); (H.H.); (J.H.); (Y.Y.); (W.X.); (J.W.); (R.Z.); (S.J.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jin Chai
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory of Swine Breeding and Genetics & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.L.); (H.H.); (J.H.); (Y.Y.); (W.X.); (J.W.); (R.Z.); (S.J.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-027-8728-2091
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11
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Insights into the Oral Bacterial Microbiota of Sows. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112314. [PMID: 34835441 PMCID: PMC8619539 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The investigation of bacterial microbiota represents a developing research field in veterinary medicine intended to look for correlations between animal health and the balance within bacterial populations. The aim of the present work was to define the bacterial microbiota of the oral cavity of healthy sows, which had not been thoroughly described so far. In total, 22 samples of oral fluid were collected and analyzed by 16S-rRNA gene sequencing. CLC Genomics Workbench 20.0 (QIAGEN Digital Insights, Aarhus, Denmark) was then used to examine the results. The predominant orders were Lactobacillales, Clostridiales, and Corynebacteriales. Lactobacillaceae, Corynebacteriaceae, Moraxellaceae, Aerococcaceae, and Staphylococcaceae were the most represented families. As regards the most abundant genera, Lactobacillus, Corynebacterium, Acinetobacter, Staphylococcus, Rothia, Aerococcus, and Clostridium can be pointed out as the bacterial core microbiota. Sows were also divided into “gestating” and “lactating” groups, and mild differences were found between pregnant and lactating sows. The data herein described represent an original contribution to the knowledge of the porcine bacterial microbiota. Moreover, the choice of sows as experimental animals was strategic for identifying the adult microbial community. These data provide a basis for further studies on the oral bacterial microbiota of pigs.
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12
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Effects of the environment and animal behavior on nutrient requirements for gestating sows: Future improvements in precision feeding. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Robbins LA, Green-Miller AR, Lay DC, Schinckel AP, Johnson JS, Gaskill BN. Evaluation of sow thermal preference across three stages of reproduction. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6312682. [PMID: 34197578 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic heat production of modern pigs has increased by an average of 16%, compared with sows of 30 years ago. Therefore, it is likely that temperature recommendations require updating to meet the needs of modern pigs. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether different reproductive stages of sows altered thermal preference and if current recommendations required updating. Twenty multiparous sows (3.4 ± 1.2 parity) in different reproductive stages (nonpregnant: n = 7; mid-gestation: 58.5 ± 5.68 d, n = 6; and late-gestation: 104.7 ± 2.8 d, n = 7) were tested. Thermal preference was individually tested, and sows could freely choose a temperature, using a thermal gradient between 10.4 and 30.5 °C. Sows were given 24 h to acclimate to the thermal apparatus. Before testing began, sows were given daily feed allotment and returned to the apparatus. Video from the 24-h test period was used to record sow behavior (time spent inactive), posture (upright and sternal and lateral lying), and location using instantaneous scan samples every 15 min. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED procedure in SAS 9.4. A cubic regression model was used to calculate the sow's most preferred temperature based on the location, or temperature, in which they spent the most time. The preference range was calculated using peak temperature preference ±SE for each sow. The reproductive stage altered where sows spent their time within the thermal gradient (P < 0.01). Late-gestation sows preferred cooler temperatures (14.0 °C) than mid-gestation (14.8 °C; P < 0.01) and nonpregnant sows (14.8 °C; P < 0.01). In summary, sow thermal preferences were within the lower half of the current recommended range (10 to 25 °C). This indicates that temperatures at the higher end of the recommended range could be uncomfortable to sows and that the thermal comfort zone of sows may be narrower than recommendations indicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Robbins
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Angela R Green-Miller
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Donald C Lay
- Livestock Behavior Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Allan P Schinckel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jay S Johnson
- Livestock Behavior Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Brianna N Gaskill
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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14
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Gallardo C, Soler A, Nurmoja I, Cano-Gómez C, Cvetkova S, Frant M, Woźniakowski G, Simón A, Pérez C, Nieto R, Arias M. Dynamics of African swine fever virus (ASFV) infection in domestic pigs infected with virulent, moderate virulent and attenuated genotype II ASFV European isolates. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2826-2841. [PMID: 34273247 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the infection dynamics of three genotype II African swine fever viruses (ASFV) circulating in Europe. Eighteen domestic pigs divided into three groups were infected intramuscularly or by direct contact with two haemadsorbent ASFVs (HAD) from Poland (Pol16/DP/ OUT21) and Estonia (Est16/WB/Viru8), and with the Latvian non-HAD ASFV (Lv17/WB/Rie1). Parameters, such as symptoms, pathogenicity, and distribution of the virus in tissues, humoral immune response, and dissemination of the virus by blood, oropharyngeal and rectal routes, were investigated. The Polish ASFV caused a case of rapidly developing fatal acute disease, while the Estonian ASFV caused acute to sub-acute infections and two animals survived. In contrast, animals infected with the ASFV from Latvia developed a more subtle, mild, or even subclinical disease. Oral excretion was sporadic or even absent in the attenuated group, whereas in animals that developed an acute or sub-acute form of ASF, oral excretion began at the same time the ASFV was detected in the blood, or even 3 days earlier, and persisted up to 22 days. Regardless of virulence, blood was the main route of transmission of ASFV and infectious virus was isolated from persistently infected animals for at least 19 days in the attenuated group and up to 44 days in the group of moderate virulence. Rectal excretion was limited to the acute phase of infection. In terms of diagnostics, the ASFV genome was detected in contact pigs from oropharyngeal samples earlier than in blood, independently of virulence. Together with blood, both samples could allow to detect ASFV infection for a longer period. The results presented here provide quantitative data on the spread and excretion of ASFV strains of different virulence among domestic pigs that can help to better focus surveillance activities and, thus, increase the ability to detect ASF introductions earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmina Gallardo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA, INIA-CSIC, European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Soler
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA, INIA-CSIC, European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Imbi Nurmoja
- Estonian Veterinary and Food Laboratory, Estonian ASF-National reference laboratory (NRL), Kreutzwaldi, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Cristina Cano-Gómez
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA, INIA-CSIC, European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Svetlana Cvetkova
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Pathology Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Enviroment, BIOR, Latvian ASF-National reference laboratory, Lejupes, Riga, Latvia
| | - Maciej Frant
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Poland ASF-National reference laboratory, Partyzantow, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Woźniakowski
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Poland ASF-National reference laboratory, Partyzantow, Pulawy, Poland.,Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska, Toruń, Poland
| | - Alicia Simón
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA, INIA-CSIC, European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Covadonga Pérez
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA, INIA-CSIC, European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Nieto
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA, INIA-CSIC, European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisa Arias
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA, INIA-CSIC, European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Kosowska A, Cadenas-Fernández E, Barroso S, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, Barasona JA. Distinct African Swine Fever Virus Shedding in Wild Boar Infected with Virulent and Attenuated Isolates. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040767. [PMID: 33339147 PMCID: PMC7765575 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the reappearance of African swine fever virus (ASFV), the disease has spread in an unprecedented animal pandemic in Eurasia. ASF currently constitutes the greatest global problem for the swine industry. The wild boar (Sus scrofa) in which the pathogen has established wild self-sustaining cycles, is a key reservoir for ASFV, signifying that there is an urgent need to develop an effective vaccine against this virus. Current scientific debate addresses whether live attenuated vaccines (LAVs), which have shown promising results in cross-protection of susceptible hosts, may be feasible for vaccinations carried out owing to safety concerns. The objective of this study was, therefore, to compare the ASFV shedding in wild boar infected with virulent and attenuated (LAV) isolates. Different shedding routes (oral fluid and feces) and viremia rates were characterized in wild boar inoculated with Lv17/WB/Rie1 isolate (n = 12) when compared to those inoculated with the virulent Armenia07 isolate (n = 17). In general, fewer animals infected with the Lv17/WB/Rie1 isolate tested positive for ASFV in blood, oral fluid, and feces in comparison to animals infected with the virulent Armenia07 isolate. The shedding patterns were characterized in order to understand the transmission dynamics. This knowledge will help evaluate the shedding of new LAV candidates in wild boar populations, including the comparison with gene deletion mutant LAVs, whose current results are promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kosowska
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.-F.); (S.B.); (J.M.S.-V.)
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Estefanía Cadenas-Fernández
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.-F.); (S.B.); (J.M.S.-V.)
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Barroso
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.-F.); (S.B.); (J.M.S.-V.)
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M. Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.-F.); (S.B.); (J.M.S.-V.)
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A. Barasona
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.-F.); (S.B.); (J.M.S.-V.)
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (J.A.B.)
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16
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Laves J, Herbrandt S, van Meegen C, Kemper N, Fels M. Effect of pens with an elevated platform on space utilization, skin lesions and growth performance in nursery pigs. Animal 2020; 15:100002. [PMID: 33516038 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental enrichment, adequate space and the ability to separate a living area into suitable functional areas are key elements for pig welfare. In this study, a two-level pen for nursery pigs was explored with the aim of analysing the use of space and the impact on pig behaviour, health and performance. Therefore, per batch, three experimental groups in pens with elevated platforms (two-level pens) and one control group in a standard pen were formed after weaning at the age of 4 weeks. Thereafter, groups were studied for a period of 6 weeks. In a total of eight batches (n = 882 pigs), the occurrence of skin lesions was determined per individual using a lesion score, and in seven batches (n = 761 pigs) individual daily weight gain was analysed. In five batches (n = 450 pigs), the individual use of space and the behaviour of pigs were investigated by direct observation (4 h per day on 2 days in weeks 1, 3 and 6 of the housing period, respectively). Results revealed that 98.9% of pigs (n = 445) were observed on the elevated platform at least once. The probability that an individual pig used the platform was significantly higher than 0.95 (P < 0.0001, confidence interval = 0.977, 1). The use of the platform was not affected by sex (odds ratio (OR) = 1.013, P = 0.937). However, the probability of observing an individual on the elevated platform increased with increasing BW during the experimental period (OR = 1.043, P < 0.0001). The presence of a platform decreased the probability of seeing a pig fighting (P = 0.014) and increased the probability of observing locomotor behaviour as opposed to lying (P < 0.0001). In two-level pens, pigs sustained fewer skin injuries than in standard pens (day 41: OR = 0.731, P < 0.0001). Over 41 days of experiment, pigs in two-level pens had higher daily weight gains than animals in standard pens (416 versus 393 g/day, P = 0.006). We conclude that usable space for nursery pigs can be effectively extended by introducing elevated platforms into the pigs' pen. Furthermore, pigs may benefit from two-level systems by establishing spaces for activity as well as for retreat from other pen mates, thereby reducing aggressive behaviour and social stress. The installation of two-level pens is therefore encouraged, if they are intended to provide more space than legally stipulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Laves
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15 (Building 116), D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - S Herbrandt
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Vogelpothsweg 87, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - C van Meegen
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Vogelpothsweg 87, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - N Kemper
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15 (Building 116), D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Fels
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15 (Building 116), D-30173 Hannover, Germany.
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17
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Pérez Fraga P, Gerencsér L, Andics A. Human proximity seeking in family pigs and dogs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20883. [PMID: 33257733 PMCID: PMC7705753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77643-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Family dogs (Canis familiaris) seek human contact from an early age, can discriminate and prefer their caregivers over other humans. To investigate if being kept as a family animal is sufficient to induce similar early human proximity-seeking in another domestic mammal, here we directly compared such behaviours in dogs and similarly raised domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus). We used a preference test to measure proximity-seeking behaviours of 4-month-old family pigs and dogs in the presence of their caregiver and either a stranger or a familiar object, in a novel environment. We found that both pigs and dogs preferred their caregivers over the familiar object but not over the stranger. However, when the caregiver and the stranger were present, only dogs showed an overall preference for human proximity, and pigs spent more time away from both humans. These results suggest that both dogs and pigs seek the proximity of their caregiver, but there is a difference in how each species generalizes their experience to other humans. Species-specific predispositions, including that dogs have a longer socialization period and that humans are more salient as a social stimulus for them, may be important for the early development of an overall preference for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Pérez Fraga
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Pázmány P. s. 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.
- MTA-ELTE 'Lendület' Neuroethology of Communication Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Linda Gerencsér
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Pázmány P. s. 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE 'Lendület' Neuroethology of Communication Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Andics
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Pázmány P. s. 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE 'Lendület' Neuroethology of Communication Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Budapest, Hungary
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18
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Henao-Diaz A, Giménez-Lirola L, Baum DH, Zimmerman J. Guidelines for oral fluid-based surveillance of viral pathogens in swine. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:28. [PMID: 33082999 PMCID: PMC7569198 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00168-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent decades have seen both rapid growth and extensive consolidation in swine production. As a collateral effect, these changes have exacerbated the circulation of viruses and challenged our ability to prevent, control, and/or eliminate impactful swine diseases. Recent pandemic events in human and animal health, e.g., SARS-CoV-2 and African swine fever virus, highlight the fact that clinical observations are too slow and inaccurate to form the basis for effective health management decisions: systematic processes that provide timely, reliable data are required. Oral fluid-based surveillance reflects the adaptation of conventional testing methods to an alternative diagnostic specimen. The routine use of oral fluids in commercial farms for PRRSV and PCV2 surveillance was first proposed in 2008 as an efficient and practical improvement on individual pig sampling. Subsequent research expanded on this initial report to include the detection of ≥23 swine viral pathogens and the implementation of oral fluid-based surveillance in large swine populations (> 12,000 pigs). Herein we compile the current information regarding oral fluid collection methods, testing, and surveillance applications in swine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Henao-Diaz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Luis Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 USA
| | - David H. Baum
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Jeffrey Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 USA
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19
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Boulbria G, Normand V, Leblanc-Maridor M, Belloc C, Berton P, Bouchet F, Lebret A. Feasibility of pooled oral fluid collection from pre-weaning piglets using cotton ropes. Vet Anim Sci 2020; 9:100099. [PMID: 32734109 PMCID: PMC7386738 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2020.100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Collection of pooled oral fluid (OF) by allowing pigs to chew on a cotton rope is an alternative to blood sampling. However, little is known about the applicability of this method to suckling piglets. The objectives of the present study were to describe the spontaneous interaction of suckling piglets with a rope and to investigate the influence of a rope pre-exposure on the success rate of sampling. We studied the interaction dynamics of 21 and 28 days-old suckling piglets with a cotton rope presented for 30 min. Ropes were manually wrung out inside plastic bags to release the oral fluid. A total of 49 litters were included. Percentages of success of pooled OF collection for 28-day-old, 21-day-old and 21-day-old pre-exposed litters were 82%, 62% and 100%, respectively. The mean volume collected did not differ between groups. Without pre-exposure, 84.7% and 95% of piglets interacted spontaneously with the rope at 21 and 28 days of age, respectively. The latency between rope presentation and interaction was highly variable between piglets within litters: from < 10 s to 30 min. Among piglets having interacted with the rope, the interaction lasted for at least 60 s for 90% and 91.4% of 21 and 28-day-old piglets, respectively. Pooled OF collection is achievable prior to weaning in piglets of at least 21 days of age. Pooled OF sampling is representative at litter level if collection is successful. In order to improve the success rate of collection, pre-exposing the piglets with a rope one day prior to sampling is effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenaël Boulbria
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Valérie Normand
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | | | - Catherine Belloc
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Pauline Berton
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Franck Bouchet
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Arnaud Lebret
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
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Almeida MN, Rotto H, Schneider P, Robb C, Zimmerman JJ, Holtkamp DJ, Rademacher CJ, Linhares DCL. Collecting oral fluid samples from due-to-wean litters. Prev Vet Med 2019; 174:104810. [PMID: 31756669 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oral fluids are a common diagnostic sample in group-housed nursery, grow-finish, and adult swine. Although oral fluids from due-to-wean litters could be a valuable tool in monitoring pathogens and predicting the health status of pig populations post-weaning, it is generally not done because of inconsistent success in sample collection. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum procedure for collecting oral fluid samples from due-to-wean litters. Successful collection of oral fluids from due-to-wean litters using "Litter Oral Fluid" (LOF) or "Family Oral Fluid" (FOF) sampling techniques were compared in 4 phases involving 920 attempts to collect oral fluids. Phase 1 testing showed that prior exposure to a rope improved the success rates of both LOF (33.4%) and FOF (16.4%) techniques. Phase 2 determined that longer access to the rope (4 h vs 30 min) did not improve the success rate for either LOF or FOF. Phase 3 evaluated the effect of attractants and found that one (Baby Pig Restart®) improved the success rate when used with the FOF technique. Phase 4 compared the success rates of "optimized LOF" (litters previously trained) vs "optimized FOF" (litter previously trained and rope treated with Baby Pig Restart®) vs standard FOF. No difference was found between the FOF-based techniques, but both were superior to the "optimized LOF" technique. Thus, FOF-based procedures provided a significantly higher probability of collecting oral fluids from due-to-wean litters (mean success rate 84.9%, range 70% to 92%) when compared to LOF-based methods (mean success rate 24.1%, range 16.5% to 32.2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Almeida
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - H Rotto
- Innovative Agriculture Solutions, LLC, Ames, IA, United States
| | - P Schneider
- Innovative Agriculture Solutions, LLC, Ames, IA, United States
| | - C Robb
- Innovative Agriculture Solutions, LLC, Ames, IA, United States
| | - J J Zimmerman
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - D J Holtkamp
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - C J Rademacher
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - D C L Linhares
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States.
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Morais T, Rosa C, Azevedo C, Viana-Junior A, Santos P, Passamani M. Factors affecting space use by wild boars (Sus scrofa) in high-elevation tropical forests. CAN J ZOOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2019-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The wild boar (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758) is considered one of the 100 worst invasive species in the world and is present in the high-elevation forests in Brazil. Our objective was to understand how landscape and atmospheric conditions affect space use by wild boars. We hypothesized that wild boars would be more frequent at lower elevations, warmer and wetter forested areas, and away from human disturbances. After three years of data collection (2013–2016) using 16 camera traps, 881 independent records were obtained with a mean of 4.44 ± 9.25 pigs per record. Wild boar frequency of occurrence was higher at lower elevations, in more humid and warmer areas, and farther away human disturbance factors, corroborating our initial hypothesis. Understanding space-use patterns of wild boars is necessary for the design of management strategies that target areas of more intense usage, as well as for defining more effective population-control techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.A. Morais
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Praça Frei Orlando, 170, Centro, CEP 36307-352, São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - C.A. Rosa
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Biologia. Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação de Mamíferos, Av. Central, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - C.S. Azevedo
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Evolução e Meio Ambiente, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Bauxita, CEP 35.400-000, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | | | - P. Santos
- Universidade de Évora. Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Departamento de Paisagem, Ambiente e Ordenamento, Largo dos Colegiais, 2, 7000, Évora, Portugal
| | - M. Passamani
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Biologia. Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação de Mamíferos, Av. Central, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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Godyń D, Nowicki J, Herbut P. Effects of Environmental Enrichment on Pig Welfare-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E383. [PMID: 31234475 PMCID: PMC6616547 DOI: 10.3390/ani9060383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Good husbandry conditions on farms is of key importance for assuring animal welfare. One of the most important legal documents regulating the rules of maintaining pigs is the Directive 2008/120/EC, which states that group-housed pigs should have access to litter or other materials that provide exploration and occupation. Released in 2016, the Commission Recommendation (EU) 2016/336 on the application of the Council Directive 2008/120/EC characterizes the various categories of materials that may be used to improve animal welfare. According to the document, straw is considered as an optimal material for pig housing, however, materials categorized as suboptimal (e.g., wood bark) and materials of marginal interest (e.g., plastic toys) are often used in practice and scientific research. As such, the aim of this paper is to review and systematize the current state of knowledge on the topic of the impact of environmental enrichment on pig welfare. This article raises mainly issues, such as the effectiveness of the use of various enrichment on the reduction of undesirable behavior-tail biting; aggression; and stereotypies at the pre-weaning, post-weaning, and fattening stage of pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Godyń
- Department of Production Systems and Environment, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice n. Kraków, Poland.
| | - Jacek Nowicki
- Department of Swine and Small Animal Breeding, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Piotr Herbut
- Department of Rural Building, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
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Lavelle MJ, Snow NP, Ellis CK, Halseth JM, Glow MP, VanNatta EH, Sanders HN, VerCauteren KC. When pigs fly: Reducing injury and flight response when capturing wild pigs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Bergman P, Munsterhjelm C, Virtala AM, Peltoniemi O, Valros A, Heinonen M. Structural characterization of piglet producing farms and their sow removal patterns in Finland. Porcine Health Manag 2019; 5:12. [PMID: 31161043 PMCID: PMC6540429 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-019-0119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The main objectives of this observational, cross-sectional study were to characterize piglet producing farms in Finland and to investigate how farm profiles are associated with sow culling and mortality.The study was conducted on 43 farms during 2014. A questionnaire survey was administered in-person and supplemented with observations in the housing facilities. Annual removal figures and average monthly sow inventories were retrieved from a centralized animal data recording system (National Swine Registry) administered by the Finnish Food Authority. Multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical clustering were used to explore the complex underlying data-driven patterns. Results Sow removal varied markedly between farms with an overall average culling percentage of 38.0% (95% CI 34.1-42.0) and a relatively high average mortality percentage 9.7% (95% CI 7.9-11.5). We identified three farm clusters, which differed both in their typologies and removal patterns. Cluster 1 included farms with features indicative of a semi-intensive or intensive kind of farming, such as larger herd and room sizes, higher stocking density and more sows per caretaker. Most of the cluster 1 farms exceeded the investigated cut-off levels for culling and mortality. Cluster 2 farms were estimated to have the best animal welfare among the sample farms based on a combination of environmental indicators (e.g. amount of bedding, rooting and nesting materials, space allowance, pen cleanliness) and the lowest level of sow mortality as an animal-based indicator. Cluster 3 farms followed a strategy of a rather non-intensified system based on the predominance of smaller herd size, lower stocking density and less sows per caretaker, combined breeding and gestation rooms and rare use of farrowing induction. This cluster showed the lowest culling levels within the sample. Conclusions This study captures the diversity among Finnish sow farms and provides a baseline assessment of their practices and facilities. Our results support the notion that farm typologies are associated with sow culling and mortality. In summary, the control of suboptimal sow removal cannot be based on single improvements only, because of other limitations within the individual farm resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Bergman
- 1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, 04920, Saarentaus, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Camilla Munsterhjelm
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Centre for Animal Welfare, P.O. Box 57, 00014 University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Maija Virtala
- 3Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Peltoniemi
- 1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, 04920, Saarentaus, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Valros
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Centre for Animal Welfare, P.O. Box 57, 00014 University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari Heinonen
- 1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, 04920, Saarentaus, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Centre for Animal Welfare, P.O. Box 57, 00014 University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Helsinki, Finland
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Lebret A, Boulbria G, Berton P, Moalic PY, Le Guennec J, Bouchet F, Auvigne V, Normand V. Monitoring PRRSV-1 in suckling piglets in an endemic herd using reverse transcriptase quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction: comparison of the rate of detection in serum and oral fluid samples and evaluation of pooling. Porcine Health Manag 2019; 5:8. [PMID: 30820335 PMCID: PMC6381726 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-019-0115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defining shedding and exposure status for PRRSV is essential in herd stabilisation protocols and weaning-age pigs is a key subpopulation. Oral fluid (OF) sampling is a welfare-friendly and cost saving promising alternative to blood sampling. The first objective of our study was to compare the rate of detection of PRRSV-1 in individual serum sample, individual OF sample, litter-based OF sample, collected the day before weaning. The second objective was to evaluate the interest of pooling samples. RESULTS The study was performed on a 210-sows, PRRSV-1 exposed, with confirmed shedding, non-vaccinated against PRRSV, herd. 80 litters were sampled and 26 were viropositive and therefore included. The rate of detection of PRRSV-1 with RT-qrtPCR in blood samples, iOF and cOF was 67, 23 and 77%, respectively. The Ct values from RT-qrtPCR on collective OF were statistically lower if the serum of the piglet of the litter was positive. The lower the Cycle threshold (Ct) value of RT-qrtPCR on collective OF, the higher the probability that the serum sampled in the same litter was positive. Ability to detect PRRSV RNA after pooling was 67% for sera and 58% for cOF. CONCLUSIONS The rate of detection of PRRSV-1 was about the same in cOF and blood samples. Virus sequencing, if required, should be performed on individual serum samples. The smaller the Ct of a cOF sample from a litter, the greater the likelihood that the serum sample from a piglet of that litter is positive.A cost-effective and representative sampling protocol to monitor sow herds stabilisation of a sow batch could be: to collect both cOF and one serum sample per litter; to perform firstly RT-qrtPCR on pooled cOF; in case of negative results to consider the batch negative; in case of positive results in a unvaccinated herd or a killed vaccine vaccinated one to consider the batch positive; in case of positive result in a herd vaccinated with a modified live vaccine serum samples of litters with positive cOF should be tested for sequencing (selecting the litters with the lowest Ct for cOF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Lebret
- Porc. Spective Swine Vet Pratice, Chene Vert Conseil veterinary group, ZA du Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Gwenaël Boulbria
- Porc. Spective Swine Vet Pratice, Chene Vert Conseil veterinary group, ZA du Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Pauline Berton
- Porc. Spective Swine Vet Pratice, Chene Vert Conseil veterinary group, ZA du Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Moalic
- Labofarm Finalab Veterinary Laboratory Group, 4 rue Théodore Botrel, 22600 Loudéac, France
| | - Jean Le Guennec
- Porc. Spective Swine Vet Pratice, Chene Vert Conseil veterinary group, ZA du Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Franck Bouchet
- Porc. Spective Swine Vet Pratice, Chene Vert Conseil veterinary group, ZA du Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | | | - Valérie Normand
- Porc. Spective Swine Vet Pratice, Chene Vert Conseil veterinary group, ZA du Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
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Herd-level infectious disease surveillance of livestock populations using aggregate samples. Anim Health Res Rev 2018; 19:53-64. [PMID: 29779505 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252318000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
All sectors of livestock production are in the process of shifting from small populations on many farms to large populations on fewer farms. A concurrent shift has occurred in the number of livestock moved across political boundaries. The unintended consequence of these changes has been the appearance of multifactorial diseases that are resistant to traditional methods of prevention and control. The need to understand complex animal health conditions mandates a shift toward the collection of longitudinal animal health data. Historically, collection of such data has frustrated and challenged animal health specialists. A promising trend in the evolution toward more efficient and effective livestock disease surveillance is the increased use of aggregate samples, e.g. bulk tank milk and oral fluid specimens. These sample types provide the means to monitor disease, estimate herd prevalence, and evaluate spatiotemporal trends in disease distribution. Thus, this article provides an overview of the use of bulk tank milk and pen-based oral fluids in the surveillance of livestock populations for infectious diseases.
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Lavelle MJ, Snow NP, Halseth JM, Kinsey JC, Foster JA, VerCauteren KC. Development and evaluation of a bait station for selectively dispensing bait to invasive wild pigs. WILDLIFE SOC B 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Lavelle
- U.S. Department of Agriculture/; Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; /Wildlife Services; National Wildlife Research Center; 4101 LaPorte Avenue Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
| | - Nathan P. Snow
- U.S. Department of Agriculture/; Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; /Wildlife Services; National Wildlife Research Center; 4101 LaPorte Avenue Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
| | - Joe M. Halseth
- U.S. Department of Agriculture/; Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; /Wildlife Services; National Wildlife Research Center; 4101 LaPorte Avenue Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
| | - John C. Kinsey
- Kerr Wildlife Management Area; Texas Parks and Wildlife Department; 2625 Farm-to-Market 1340 Hunt TX 78024 USA
| | - Justin A. Foster
- Kerr Wildlife Management Area; Texas Parks and Wildlife Department; 2625 Farm-to-Market 1340 Hunt TX 78024 USA
| | - Kurt C. VerCauteren
- U.S. Department of Agriculture/; Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; /Wildlife Services; National Wildlife Research Center; 4101 LaPorte Avenue Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
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Fels M, Lüthje F, Faux-Nightingale A, Kemper N. Use of space and behavior of weaned piglets kept in enriched two-level housing system. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2018; 21:267-282. [DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2017.1409627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Fels
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Franziska Lüthje
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alice Faux-Nightingale
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole Kemper
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Lavelle MJ, Snow NP, Fischer JW, Halseth JM, VanNatta EH, VerCauteren KC. Attractants for wild pigs: current use, availability, needs, and future potential. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-017-1144-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sato P, Hötzel MJ, von Keyserlingk MAG. American Citizens' Views of an Ideal Pig Farm. Animals (Basel) 2017; 7:ani7080064. [PMID: 28829381 PMCID: PMC5575576 DOI: 10.3390/ani7080064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The public, who also make up the largest proportion of consumers of animal products, often criticize farm animal industries in regards to their care and handling of farm animals. The U.S. swine industry has not been exempt from such criticisms. The aim of this study was to explore the views of the people not affiliated with the swine industry on what they perceived to be the ideal pig/pork farm, and their associated reasons. Through an online survey, participants were invited to respond to the following open-ended question: “What do you consider to be an ideal pig/pork farm and why are these characteristics important to you?”. Respondents considered animal care, profitability, farm size, compliance with sanitary, environmental rules and regulations, farm cleanliness and sanitary standards, and workers’ rights and welfare important, but also raised concerns relating to pigs’ quality of life including space to move, feeding, contact with outdoors or nature, absence of pain, suffering and mistreatment. Perspectives were also raised regarding the ideal farm as a profitable business operation, clean, and with optimal sanitary conditions. Respondents also emphasized naturalness, frequently stating that pigs should have access to the outdoors, and rejected the use of hormones, antibiotics, and other chemicals for the purposes of increasing production. Abstract Food animal production practices are often cited as having negative animal welfare consequences. The U.S. swine industry has not been exempt from such criticisms. Little is known, however, about how lay citizens who are not actively engaged in agricultural discussions, think about swine production. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the views of people not affiliated with the swine industry on what they perceived to be the ideal pig/pork farm, and their associated reasons. Through an online survey, participants were invited to respond to the following open-ended question: “What do you consider to be an ideal pig/pork farm and why are these characteristics important to you?”. Generally respondents considered animal welfare (e.g., space, freedom to move, and humane treatment), respondents considered the business operation role important for pork production (e.g., profitability, compliance with sanitary, environmental rules and regulations, and workers′ rights), and naturalness (e.g., natural feeding, behaviours and life) important for pork production. Concerns relating to pigs’ quality of life included space to move, feeding, contact with outdoors or nature, absence of pain, suffering and mistreatment. Perspectives were also raised regarding the ideal farm as a profitable business operation, clean, and with optimal sanitary conditions. Respondents also emphasized naturalness, frequently stating that pigs should have access to the outdoors, and rejected the use of hormones, antibiotics, and other chemicals for the purposes of increasing production. In summary, the findings of this study suggest that the U.S. swine industry should strive to adopt animal management practices that resonate with societal values, such as ensuring humane treatment, and the failure to do so could risk the sustainability of the swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycia Sato
- Animal Welfare Program, 2357 Main Mall, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Maria J Hötzel
- Laboratório de Etologia Aplicada e Bem-Estar Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia e Desenvolvimento Rural, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88034-001, Brazil.
| | - Marina A G von Keyserlingk
- Animal Welfare Program, 2357 Main Mall, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Snow NP, Lavelle MJ, Halseth JM, Blass CR, Foster JA, Vercauteren KC. Strength testing of raccoons and invasive wild pigs for a species-specific bait station. WILDLIFE SOC B 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P. Snow
- Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute; Texas A&M University-Kingsville; 700 University Boulevard, MSC 218 Kingsville TX 78363 USA
| | - Michael J. Lavelle
- U.S. Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/Wildlife Services; National Wildlife Research Center; 4101 LaPorte Avenue Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
| | - Joseph M. Halseth
- U.S. Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/Wildlife Services; National Wildlife Research Center; 4101 LaPorte Avenue Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
| | - Chad R. Blass
- U.S. Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/Wildlife Services; National Wildlife Research Center; 4101 LaPorte Avenue Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
| | - Justin A. Foster
- Kerr Wildlife Management Area; Texas Parks and Wildlife Department; 2625 FM 1340 Hunt TX 78024 USA
| | - Kurt C. Vercauteren
- U.S. Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/Wildlife Services; National Wildlife Research Center; 4101 LaPorte Avenue Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
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Yadav S, Olynk Widmar N, Lay DC, Croney C, Weng HY. Evaluation of Movement Restriction Zone Sizes in Controlling Classical Swine Fever Outbreaks. Front Vet Sci 2017; 3:124. [PMID: 28119920 PMCID: PMC5222815 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the impacts of movement restriction zone sizes of 3, 5, 9, and 11 km with that of 7 km (the recommended zone size in the United States) in controlling a classical swine fever (CSF) outbreak. In addition to zone size, different compliance assumptions and outbreak types (single site and multiple site) were incorporated in the study. Three assumptions of compliance level were simulated: baseline, baseline ± 10%, and baseline ± 15%. The compliance level was held constant across all zone sizes in the baseline simulation. In the baseline ± 10% and baseline ± 15% simulations, the compliance level was increased for 3 and 5 km and decreased for 9 and 11 km from the baseline by the indicated percentages. The compliance level remained constant in all simulations for the 7-km zone size. Four single-site (i.e., with one index premises at the onset of outbreak) and four multiple-site (i.e., with more than one index premises at the onset of outbreak) CSF outbreak scenarios in Indiana were simulated incorporating various zone sizes and compliance assumptions using a stochastic between-premises disease spread model to estimate epidemic duration, percentage of infected, and preemptively culled swine premises. Furthermore, a risk assessment model that incorporated the results from the disease spread model was developed to estimate the number of swine premises under movement restrictions that would experience animal welfare outcomes of overcrowding or feed interruption during a CSF outbreak in Indiana. Compared with the 7-km zone size, the 3-km zone size resulted in a longer median epidemic duration, larger percentages of infected premises, and preemptively culled premises (P’s < 0.001) across all compliance assumptions and outbreak types. With the assumption of a higher compliance level, the 5-km zone size significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the epidemic duration and percentage of swine premises that would experience animal welfare outcomes in both outbreak types, whereas assumption of a lower compliance level for 9- and 11-km zone sizes significantly (P < 0.001) increased the epidemic duration and percentage of swine premises with animal welfare outcomes compared with the 7-km zone size. The magnitude of impact due to a zone size varied across the outbreak types (single site and multiple site). Overall, the 7-km zone size was found to be most effective in controlling CSF outbreaks, whereas the 5-km zone size was comparable to the 7-km zone size in some circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Yadav
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN , USA
| | - Nicole Olynk Widmar
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN , USA
| | - Donald C Lay
- USDA-ARS Livestock Behavior Research Unit , West Lafayette, IN , USA
| | - Candace Croney
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Purdue University Center for Animal Welfare Science, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hsin-Yi Weng
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN , USA
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Biernacka K, Karbowiak P, Wróbel P, Charęza T, Czopowicz M, Balka G, Goodell C, Rauh R, Stadejek T. Detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and influenza A virus (IAV) in oral fluid of pigs. Res Vet Sci 2016; 109:74-80. [PMID: 27892877 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently oral fluid has become a novel sample type for pathogen nucleic acid and antibody detection, as it is easy to obtain with non-invasive procedures. The objective of the study was to analyze porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and influenza A virus (IAV) circulation in growing pigs from three Polish production farms, using Real Time PCR and ELISA testing of oral fluid and serum. Oral fluids were collected every 2weeks, in the same 3-4 pens of pigs aged between 5 and 17weeks. Additionally, blood samples were collected every 4weeks from 4 pigs corresponding to the same pens as oral fluid and tested for the presence of PRRSV nucleic acid (pooled by 4) and antibodies. In farm A no PRRSV circulation was detected and only maternal antibodies were present. In farm B and farm C antibodies to PRRSV in serum and oral fluid were detected in most samples. In farm B PRRSV Type 1 was detected in 80.9% of oral fluid samples and in 58.3% of serum pools, and in farm C in 92.8% of oral fluid samples and 75% serum pools. Striking differences were observed between different pens in PRRSV detection patterns. In farms B and C ORF5 sequence analysis showed the presence of wild type strains which were about 84-85% identical to the modified live vaccine used. In all three farms two waves of IAV shedding with oral fluid were detected, in weaners and fatteners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Biernacka
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Paweł Wróbel
- Swine Vet Consulting L.L.C., Bolewskiego 40, 63-700 Krotoszyn, Poland
| | | | - Michał Czopowicz
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gyula Balka
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Rolf Rauh
- Tetracore Inc, 9901 Belward Campus Drive Suite 300, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Pre-slaughter sound levels and pre-slaughter handling from loading at the farm till slaughter influence pork quality. Meat Sci 2016; 116:86-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chidgey KL, Morel PC, Stafford KJ, Barugh IW. Observations of sows and piglets housed in farrowing pens with temporary crating or farrowing crates on a commercial farm. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Snow NP, Halseth JM, Lavelle MJ, Hanson TE, Blass CR, Foster JA, Humphrys ST, Staples LD, Hewitt DG, VerCauteren KC. Bait Preference of Free-Ranging Feral Swine for Delivery of a Novel Toxicant. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146712. [PMID: 26812148 PMCID: PMC4727921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive feral swine (Sus scrofa) cause extensive damage to agricultural and wildlife resources throughout the United States. Development of sodium nitrite as a new, orally delivered toxicant is underway to provide an additional tool to curtail growth and expansion of feral swine populations. A micro-encapsulation coating around sodium nitrite is used to minimize detection by feral swine and maximize stability for the reactive molecule. To maximize uptake of this toxicant by feral swine, development a bait matrix is needed to 1) protect the micro-encapsulation coating so that sodium nitrite remains undetectable to feral swine, 2) achieve a high degree of acceptance by feral swine, and 3) be minimally appealing to non-target species. With these purposes, a field evaluation at 88 sites in south-central Texas was conducted using remote cameras to evaluate preferences by feral swine for several oil-based bait matrices including uncolored peanut paste, black-colored peanut paste, and peanut-based slurry mixed onto whole-kernel corn. These placebo baits were compared to a reference food, whole-kernel corn, known to be readily taken by feral swine (i.e., control). The amount of bait consumed by feral swine was also estimated using remote cameras and grid boards at 5 additional sites. On initial exposure, feral swine showed reduced visitations to the uncolored peanut paste and peanut slurry treatments. This reduced visitation subsided by the end of the treatment period, suggesting that feral swine needed time to accept these bait types. The black-colored peanut paste was visited equally to the control throughout the study, and enough of this matrix was consumed to deliver lethal doses of micro-encapsulated sodium nitrite to most feral swine during 1–2 feeding events. None of the treatment matrices reduced visitations by nontarget species, but feral swine dominated visitations for all matrices. It was concluded that black-colored peanut paste achieved satisfactory preference and consumption by feral swine, and no discernable preference by non-target species, compared to the other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P. Snow
- Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, 700 University Blvd., MSC 218, Kingsville, Texas, 78363, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Joseph M. Halseth
- USDA/APHIS/ Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave., Fort Collins, Colorado, 80521, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Lavelle
- USDA/APHIS/ Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave., Fort Collins, Colorado, 80521, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Hanson
- USDA/APHIS/ Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave., Fort Collins, Colorado, 80521, United States of America
| | - Chad R. Blass
- USDA/APHIS/ Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave., Fort Collins, Colorado, 80521, United States of America
| | - Justin A. Foster
- Kerr Wildlife Management Area, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, 2625 FM 1340, Hunt, Texas, 78024, United States of America
| | - Simon T. Humphrys
- Invasive Animals CRC, 33 Flemington St., Glenside, South Australia, 5062, Australia
| | - Linton D. Staples
- Invasive Animals CRC, 33 Flemington St., Glenside, South Australia, 5062, Australia
- Animal Control Technologies Australia Pty Ltd, 46–50 Freight Dr., Somerton, Victoria, 3062, Australia
| | - David G. Hewitt
- Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, 700 University Blvd., MSC 218, Kingsville, Texas, 78363, United States of America
| | - Kurt C. VerCauteren
- USDA/APHIS/ Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave., Fort Collins, Colorado, 80521, United States of America
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Vermeulen L, Van de Perre V, Permentier L, De Bie S, Verbeke G, Geers R. Sound levels above 85 dB pre-slaughter influence pork quality. Meat Sci 2015; 100:269-74. [PMID: 25460136 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates whether sound levels above 85 dB(A), determined in literature as a critical sound level to induce stress in pigs, has also an effect on the pH of pork. Sound levels were recorded during pre-slaughter phases. A measure was taken after the arrival of the truck at the slaughterhouse, during unloading, lairage and just before stunning. The pH of the Longissimus thoracis or lumborum, 30 min after sticking (pH(30LT)) was measured. 8508 pigs were examined and the pH was measured on the carcasses. The results show that the cut-off value of 85 dB(A) during the pre-slaughtering phase is not only a threshold to evaluate animal welfare but can also be associated with a slower drop of pH if sound levels are b85 dB(A). Finally a linear mixed model for pH(30LT) was built with the sound level during lairage and the sound level prior to stunning as independent variables, having statistically the highest impact on pH(30LT) of pork.
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Vermeulen L, Van de Perre V, Permentier L, De Bie S, Verbeke G, Geers R. Pre-slaughter handling and pork quality. Meat Sci 2015; 100:118-23. [PMID: 25460114 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.09.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Environmental variables, as sound levels, were collected during the pre-slaughter process in 18 different Belgian commercial slaughterhouses. Four pre-slaughter phases were determined: firstly after arrival of the truck at the slaughterhouse and just before unloading, secondly during unloading, thirdly at lairage and finally while moving to the stunner. A total of 8508 pigs was examined during the pre-slaughter process, of which the pH(LT) (M. longissimus thoracis), at 30 min post-mortem was measured. For each pre-slaughter phase, variables which might influence pork quality were determined. Moreover, this study made it possible to infer a checklist to represent and predict PSE traits of pork for all kind of pre-slaughter situations. The checklist shows also that the impact on pork quality is more decisive for the variables measured close to the stunning phase. Hence, this information is useful for the industry to optimize handling of pigs, reducing the risk for PSE traits.
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Sistkova M, Dolan A, Broucek J, Bartos P. Time of day and season affect the level of noise made by pigs kept on slatted floors. Arch Anim Breed 2015. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-58-185-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. The aim of this study was to prove the hypothesis that the noise emissions from pig housing varies according to the time of day and the season. The measurements were performed in a building for 1150 fattening pigs with a slatted floor during summer and winter. The pigs (average weight 95 kg) were kept in pens under a batch management system. Nine places were the focus of sound intensity measurements (one inside the stable in section 7; eight places outside the building). The measurements were performed during three sets of 5 consecutive days in summer and three sets in winter. On each day the data were obtained during three 30 min periods (before feeding, during feeding and after feeding). The measurement was made inside and outside the building at the same time. The level of noise depends very significantly upon the period of measurement (before feeding, during feeding, after feeding). The following values were recorded inside (place 1): 65.5 ± 1.6 dB before feeding, 72.0 ± 1.4 dB during feeding and 63.4 ± 0.7 dB after feeding (P < 0.001). The effect of seasonal noise levels can be seen only in outside measurements (P < 0.05; P < 0.01). The comparison of measurement place 1 (inside, pen with pigs) with the other places outdoors showed significant differences in both observed factors (P < 0.001). We can conclude that the noise in the pig housing depends significantly on the time of day. The season influences the noise outside the building, in particular.
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Barcoded pyrosequencing-based metagenomic analysis of the faecal microbiome of three purebred pig lines after cohabitation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:5647-56. [PMID: 25652653 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The microbial communities in the pig gut perform a variety of beneficial functions. Along with host genetics and diet, farm management practices are an important aspect of agricultural animal production that could influence gut microbial diversity. In this study, we used barcoded pyrosequencing of the V1-V3 regions of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes to characterise the faecal microbiome of three common commercial purebred pig lines (Duroc, Landrace and Yorkshire) before and after cohabitation. The diversity of faecal microbiota was characterised by employing phylogenetic, distance-based and multivariate-clustering approaches. Bacterial diversity tended to become more uniform after mixing of the litters. Age-related shifts were also observed at various taxonomic levels, with an increase in the proportion of the phylum Firmicutes and a decrease in Bacteroidetes over time, regardless of the purebred group. Cohabitation had a detectable effect on the microbial shift among purebred pigs. We identified the bacterial genus Parasutterella as having utility in discriminating pigs according to time. Similarly, Dialister and Bacteroides can be used to differentiate the purebred lines used. The microbial communities of the three purebred pigs became more similar after cohabitation, but retained a certain degree of breed specificity, with the microbiota of Landrace and Yorkshire remaining distinct from that of their distant relative, Duroc.
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41
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Kornmeier J, Mayer G. The alien in the forest OR when temporal context dominates perception. Perception 2015; 43:1270-4. [PMID: 25638942 DOI: 10.1068/p7844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Some German hunters came up with pictures taken from a wildlife camera and showing a strange humanoid-like object of about 10 cm size. Its puzzling appearance and a remarkable absence of wildlife in that area after its occurrence triggered paranormal explanations. After reexamination of the pictures, we found a more plausible conventional explanation. This case study serves as an interesting real-world example for the constructive nature of human perception. We discuss how the perceptual system uses spatial and temporal/memory factors to disambiguate ambiguous and restricted sensory information.
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Guinat C, Reis AL, Netherton CL, Goatley L, Pfeiffer DU, Dixon L. Dynamics of African swine fever virus shedding and excretion in domestic pigs infected by intramuscular inoculation and contact transmission. Vet Res 2014; 45:93. [PMID: 25256695 PMCID: PMC4189175 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-014-0093-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly virulent swine pathogen that has spread across Eastern Europe since 2007 and for which there is no effective vaccine or treatment available. The dynamics of shedding and excretion is not well known for this currently circulating ASFV strain. Therefore, susceptible pigs were exposed to pigs intramuscularly infected with the Georgia 2007/1 ASFV strain to measure those dynamics through within- and between-pen transmission scenarios. Blood, oral, nasal and rectal fluid samples were tested for the presence of ASFV by virus titration (VT) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Serum was tested for the presence of ASFV-specific antibodies. Both intramuscular inoculation and contact transmission resulted in development of acute disease in all pigs although the experiments indicated that the pathogenesis of the disease might be different, depending on the route of infection. Infectious ASFV was first isolated in blood among the inoculated pigs by day 3, and then chronologically among the direct and indirect contact pigs, by day 10 and 13, respectively. Close to the onset of clinical signs, higher ASFV titres were found in blood compared with nasal and rectal fluid samples among all pigs. No infectious ASFV was isolated in oral fluid samples although ASFV genome copies were detected. Only one animal developed antibodies starting after 12 days post-inoculation. The results provide quantitative data on shedding and excretion of the Georgia 2007/1 ASFV strain among domestic pigs and suggest a limited potential of this isolate to cause persistent infection.
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Morelle K, Podgórski T, Prévot C, Keuling O, Lehaire F, Lejeune P. Towards understanding wild boar S
us scrofa
movement: a synthetic movement ecology approach. Mamm Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Morelle
- Department of Forest and Nature Management; Gembloux Agro Bio-Tech; University of Liège; Passage des déportés 2 5030 Gembloux Belgium
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Mammal Research Institute; Polish Academy of Sciences; ul. Waszkiewicza 1 17-230 Białowieża Poland
| | - Céline Prévot
- Department of Natural and Agricultural Environmental Studies; Service Public de Wallonie; Avenue Maréchal Juin 23 5030 Gembloux Belgium
| | - Oliver Keuling
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research; University of Veterinary Medicine; Bischofholer Damm 15 30173 Hannover Germany
| | - François Lehaire
- Department of Forest and Nature Management; Gembloux Agro Bio-Tech; University of Liège; Passage des déportés 2 5030 Gembloux Belgium
| | - Philippe Lejeune
- Department of Forest and Nature Management; Gembloux Agro Bio-Tech; University of Liège; Passage des déportés 2 5030 Gembloux Belgium
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Wang J, Yang M, Xu S, Lin Y, Che L, Fang Z, Wu D. Comparative effects of sodium butyrate and flavors on feed intake of lactating sows and growth performance of piglets. Anim Sci J 2014; 85:683-9. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Institute of Animal NutritionSichuan Agricultural University Ya′an China
| | - Mei Yang
- Institute of Animal NutritionSichuan Agricultural University Ya′an China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Institute of Animal NutritionSichuan Agricultural University Ya′an China
| | - Yan Lin
- Institute of Animal NutritionSichuan Agricultural University Ya′an China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Institute of Animal NutritionSichuan Agricultural University Ya′an China
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Institute of Animal NutritionSichuan Agricultural University Ya′an China
| | - De Wu
- Institute of Animal NutritionSichuan Agricultural University Ya′an China
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Goodell CK, Prickett J, Kittawornrat A, Zhou F, Rauh R, Nelson W, O'Connell C, Burrell A, Wang C, Yoon KJ, Zimmerman JJ. Probability of detecting influenza A virus subtypes H1N1 and H3N2 in individual pig nasal swabs and pen-based oral fluid specimens over time. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166:450-60. [PMID: 23910522 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The probability of detecting influenza A virus (IAV) by virus isolation (VI), point-of-care (POC) antigen detection, and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) was estimated for pen-based oral fluid (OF) and individual pig nasal swab (NS) specimens. Piglets (n=82) were isolated for 30 days and confirmed negative for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, and IAV infections. A subset (n=28) was vaccinated on day post inoculation (DPI) -42 and -21 with a commercial multivalent vaccine. On DPI 0, pigs were intratracheally inoculated with contemporary isolates of H1N1 (n=35) or H3N2 (n=35) or served as negative controls (n=12). OF (n=370) was collected DPI 0-16 and NS (n=924) DPI 0-6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16. The association between IAV detection and variables of interest (specimen, virus subtype, assay, vaccination status, and DPI) was analyzed by mixed-effect repeated measures logistic regression and the results used to calculate the probability (pˆ) of detecting IAV in OF and NS over DPI by assay. Vaccination (p-value<0.0001), DPI (p-value<0.0001), and specimen-assay interaction (p-value<0.0001) were significant to IAV detection, but virus subtype was not (p-value=0.89). Vaccination and/or increasing DPI reduced pˆ for all assays. VI was more successful using NS than OF, but both VI and POC were generally unsuccessful after DPI 6. Overall, rRT-PCR on OF specimens provided the highest pˆ for the most DPIs, yet significantly different results were observed between the two laboratories independently performing rRT-PCR testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa K Goodell
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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Wealleans AL. Such as pigs eat: the rise and fall of the pannage pig in the UK. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:2076-2083. [PMID: 23553313 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mast-feeding systems once formed the mainstay of pork production across Europe, but have now largely been forgotten. One of the earliest farming practices, it allowed people to fatten pigs on an otherwise wasted resource. Mast feeding was vital in the ancient world: Rome, Saxon England and the Normans all relied heavily on woodland pigs. As time and technology advanced, mast systems became outmoded and fell into disuse. However, recent public interest in improved animal welfare and sustainable agriculture, combined with anecdotal reports of improved flavour, has once again brought mast feeding into the spotlight. This article chronicles the changes in popularity and perception of mast-feeding systems throughout history, and uses the historical perspective to outline a possible future for woodland pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L Wealleans
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AR, UK.
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Olsen C, Wang C, Christopher-Hennings J, Doolittle K, Harmon KM, Abate S, Kittawornrat A, Lizano S, Main R, Nelson EA, Otterson T, Panyasing Y, Rademacher C, Rauh R, Shah R, Zimmerman J. Probability of detecting Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection using pen-based swine oral fluid specimens as a function of within-pen prevalence. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25:328-35. [PMID: 23536612 DOI: 10.1177/1040638713481471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pen-based oral fluid sampling has proven to be an efficient method for surveillance of infectious diseases in swine populations. To better interpret diagnostic results, the performance of oral fluid assays (antibody- and nucleic acid-based) must be established for pen-based oral fluid samples. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to determine the probability of detecting Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection in pen-based oral fluid samples from pens of known PRRSV prevalence. In 1 commercial swine barn, 25 pens were assigned to 1 of 5 levels of PRRSV prevalence (0%, 4%, 12%, 20%, or 36%) by placing a fixed number (0, 1, 3, 5, or 9) of PRRSV-positive pigs (14 days post PRRSV modified live virus vaccination) in each pen. Prior to placement of the vaccinated pigs, 1 oral fluid sample was collected from each pen. Thereafter, 5 oral fluid samples were collected from each pen, for a total of 150 samples. To confirm individual pig PRRSV status, serum samples from the PRRSV-negative pigs (n = 535) and the PRRSV vaccinated pigs (n = 90) were tested for PRRSV antibodies and PRRSV RNA. The 150 pen-based oral fluid samples were assayed for PRRSV antibody and PRRSV RNA at 6 laboratories. Among the 100 samples from pens containing ≥1 positive pig (≥4% prevalence) and tested at the 6 laboratories, the mean positivity was 62% for PRRSV RNA and 61% for PRRSV antibody. These results support the use of pen-based oral fluid sampling for PRRSV surveillance in commercial pig populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Olsen
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1240, USA
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Esteve-Codina A, Paudel Y, Ferretti L, Raineri E, Megens HJ, Silió L, Rodríguez MC, Groenen MAM, Ramos-Onsins SE, Pérez-Enciso M. Dissecting structural and nucleotide genome-wide variation in inbred Iberian pigs. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:148. [PMID: 23497037 PMCID: PMC3601988 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In contrast to international pig breeds, the Iberian breed has not been admixed with Asian germplasm. This makes it an important model to study both domestication and relevance of Asian genes in the pig. Besides, Iberian pigs exhibit high meat quality as well as appetite and propensity to obesity. Here we provide a genome wide analysis of nucleotide and structural diversity in a reduced representation library from a pool (n=9 sows) and shotgun genomic sequence from a single sow of the highly inbred Guadyerbas strain. In the pool, we applied newly developed tools to account for the peculiarities of these data. RESULTS A total of 254,106 SNPs in the pool (79.6 Mb covered) and 643,783 in the Guadyerbas sow (1.47 Gb covered) were called. The nucleotide diversity (1.31x10-3 per bp in autosomes) is very similar to that reported in wild boar. A much lower than expected diversity in the X chromosome was confirmed (1.79x10-4 per bp in the individual and 5.83x10-4 per bp in the pool). A strong (0.70) correlation between recombination and variability was observed, but not with gene density or GC content. Multicopy regions affected about 4% of annotated pig genes in their entirety, and 2% of the genes partially. Genes within the lowest variability windows comprised interferon genes and, in chromosome X, genes involved in behavior like HTR2C or MCEP2. A modified Hudson-Kreitman-Aguadé test for pools also indicated an accelerated evolution in genes involved in behavior, as well as in spermatogenesis and in lipid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS This work illustrates the strength of current sequencing technologies to picture a comprehensive landscape of variability in livestock species, and to pinpoint regions containing genes potentially under selection. Among those genes, we report genes involved in behavior, including feeding behavior, and lipid metabolism. The pig X chromosome is an outlier in terms of nucleotide diversity, which suggests selective constraints. Our data further confirm the importance of structural variation in the species, including Iberian pigs, and allowed us to identify new paralogs for known gene families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Esteve-Codina
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
- Centre Nacional d'Anàlisi Genòmica (CNAG), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yogesh Paudel
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, Wageningen, 6708 WD, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Ferretti
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | | | - Hendrik-Jan Megens
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, Wageningen, 6708 WD, The Netherlands
| | - Luis Silió
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, INIA, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | | | - Martein AM Groenen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, Wageningen, 6708 WD, The Netherlands
| | | | - Miguel Pérez-Enciso
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
- Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Carrer de Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
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Panyasing Y, Goodell CK, Wang C, Kittawornrat A, Prickett JR, Schwartz KJ, Ballagi A, Lizano S, Zimmerman JJ. Detection of influenza A virus nucleoprotein antibodies in oral fluid specimens from pigs infected under experimental conditions using a blocking ELISA. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 61:177-84. [PMID: 23046061 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In commercial swine populations, influenza is an important component of the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) and a pathogen with major economic impact. Previously, a commercial blocking ELISA (FlockChek(™) Avian Influenza Virus MultiS-Screen(®) Antibody Test Kit, IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME, USA) designed to detect influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) antibodies in avian serum was shown to accurately detect NP antibodies in swine serum. The purpose of this study was to determine whether this assay could detect NP antibodies in swine oral fluid samples. Initially, the procedure for performing the NP-blocking ELISA on oral fluid was modified from the serum testing protocol by changing sample dilution, sample volume, incubation time and incubation temperature. The detection of NP antibody was then evaluated using pen-based oral fluid samples (n = 182) from pigs inoculated with either influenza A virus subtype H1N1 or H3N2 under experimental conditions and followed for 42 days post inoculation (DPI). NP antibodies in oral fluid were detected from DPI 7 to 42 in all inoculated groups, that is, the mean sample-to-negative (S/N) ratio of influenza-inoculated pigs was significantly different (P < 0.0001) from uninoculated controls (unvaccinated or vaccinated-uninoculated groups) through this period. Oral fluid versus serum S/N ratios from the same pen showed a correlation of 0.796 (Pearson's correlation coefficient, P < 0.0001). The results showed that oral fluid samples from influenza virus-infected pigs contained detectable levels of NP antibodies for ≥42 DPI. Future research will be required to determine whether this approach could be used to monitor the circulation of influenza virus in commercial pig populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Panyasing
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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