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Chan KL, Poller WC, Swirski FK, Russo SJ. Central regulation of stress-evoked peripheral immune responses. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:591-604. [PMID: 37626176 PMCID: PMC10848316 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00729-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Stress-linked psychiatric disorders, including anxiety and major depressive disorder, are associated with systemic inflammation. Recent studies have reported stress-induced alterations in haematopoiesis that result in monocytosis, neutrophilia, lymphocytopenia and, consequently, in the upregulation of pro-inflammatory processes in immunologically relevant peripheral tissues. There is now evidence that this peripheral inflammation contributes to the development of psychiatric symptoms as well as to common co-morbidities of psychiatric disorders such as metabolic syndrome and immunosuppression. Here, we review the specific brain and spinal regions, and the neuronal populations within them, that respond to stress and transmit signals to peripheral tissues via the autonomic nervous system or neuroendocrine pathways to influence immunological function. We comprehensively summarize studies that have employed retrograde tracing to define neurocircuits linking the brain to the bone marrow, spleen, gut, adipose tissue and liver. Moreover, we highlight studies that have used chemogenetic or optogenetic manipulation or intracerebroventricular administration of peptide hormones to control somatic immune responses. Collectively, this growing body of literature illustrates potential mechanisms through which stress signals are conveyed from the CNS to immune cells to regulate stress-relevant behaviours and comorbid pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny L Chan
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Brain and Body Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Wolfram C Poller
- Brain and Body Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Filip K Swirski
- Brain and Body Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott J Russo
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Brain and Body Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Urbonaite G, Knyzeliene A, Bunn FS, Smalskys A, Neniskyte U. The impact of maternal high-fat diet on offspring neurodevelopment. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:909762. [PMID: 35937892 PMCID: PMC9354026 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.909762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A maternal high-fat diet affects offspring neurodevelopment with long-term consequences on their brain health and behavior. During the past three decades, obesity has rapidly increased in the whole human population worldwide, including women of reproductive age. It is known that maternal obesity caused by a high-fat diet may lead to neurodevelopmental disorders in their offspring, such as autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia. A maternal high-fat diet can affect offspring neurodevelopment due to inflammatory activation of the maternal gut, adipose tissue, and placenta, mirrored by increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in both maternal and fetal circulation. Furthermore, a maternal high fat diet causes gut microbial dysbiosis further contributing to increased inflammatory milieu during pregnancy and lactation, thus disturbing both prenatal and postnatal neurodevelopment of the offspring. In addition, global molecular and cellular changes in the offspring's brain may occur due to epigenetic modifications including the downregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and the activation of the endocannabinoid system. These neurodevelopmental aberrations are reflected in behavioral deficits observed in animals, corresponding to behavioral phenotypes of certain neurodevelopmental disorders in humans. Here we reviewed recent findings from rodent models and from human studies to reveal potential mechanisms by which a maternal high-fat diet interferes with the neurodevelopment of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gintare Urbonaite
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Agne Knyzeliene
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Fanny Sophia Bunn
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Adomas Smalskys
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Urte Neniskyte
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- VU LSC-EMBL Partnership for Genome Editing Technologies, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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3
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Shen L, Zhu Y, Xiao J, Qian B, Jiang T, Deng J, Peng G, Yu S, Cao S, Zuo Z, Ma X, Zhong Z, Ren Z, Wang Y, Zhou Z, Liu H, Zong X, Hu Y. Relationships between placental adiponectin, leptin, visfatin and resistin and birthweight in cattle. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 32:402-408. [PMID: 31739842 DOI: 10.1071/rd18247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipokines can affect intrauterine development while calf birthweight (CBW) is a breeding standard of calves, which reflects the status of fetal intrauterine development. To explore the correlation between placental adipokines and CBW, 54 healthy Chinese Holstein cows were used in the present study. The cows were grouped according to the CBW of their calves. Placentas were collected immediately after delivery and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were used to detect the placental expression levels of adiponectin, leptin, visfatin and resistin. Our results show that the mRNA transcription and blood placental content of adiponectin, leptin, visfatin and resistin increased with increasing CBW. The analysis showed that the mRNA transcription levels of placental adiponectin, leptin and resistin were positively correlated with CBW. The mRNA and protein expression levels of adiponectin, leptin and visfatin between the three groups were significantly correlated. Placental resistin mRNA levels correlated positively with adiponectin mRNA, but not leptin or visfatin. The protein expression levels of resistin were significantly positively correlated with those of adiponectin, leptin and visfatin. These results suggest that placental adipokines play important roles in regulating calf intrauterine growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuhong Shen
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yingkun Zhu
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jinbang Xiao
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Bolin Qian
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Junliang Deng
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Guangneng Peng
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Shumin Yu
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Suizhong Cao
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; and Corresponding author.
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xiaoping Ma
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Zhihua Ren
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Ziyao Zhou
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xiaolan Zong
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, Academic Affairs Office, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yanchun Hu
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Campus, The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
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Developmental Programming and Glucolipotoxicity: Insights on Beta Cell Inflammation and Diabetes. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10110444. [PMID: 33158303 PMCID: PMC7694373 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimuli or insults during critical developmental transitions induce alterations in progeny anatomy, physiology, and metabolism that may be transient, sometimes reversible, but often durable, which defines programming. Glucolipotoxicity is the combined, synergistic, deleterious effect of simultaneously elevated glucose (chronic hyperglycemia) and saturated fatty acids (derived from high-fat diet overconsumption and subsequent metabolism) that are harmful to organs, micro-organs, and cells. Glucolipotoxicity induces beta cell death, dysfunction, and failure through endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress and inflammation. In beta cells, the misfolding of pro/insulin proteins beyond the cellular threshold triggers the unfolded protein response and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Consequentially there is incomplete and inadequate pro/insulin biosynthesis and impaired insulin secretion. Cellular stress triggers cellular inflammation, where immune cells migrate to, infiltrate, and amplify in beta cells, leading to beta cell inflammation. Endoplasmic reticulum stress reciprocally induces beta cell inflammation, whereas beta cell inflammation can self-activate and further exacerbate its inflammation. These metabolic sequelae reflect the vicious cycle of beta cell stress and inflammation in the pathophysiology of diabetes.
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Mountjoy KG. ELISA versus LUMINEX assay for measuring mouse metabolic hormones and cytokines: sharing the lessons I have learned. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2020; 42:154-173. [PMID: 33111625 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2020.1838924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has long been the standard for quantitative analysis of metabolic hormones and cytokines. LUMINEX multiplex bead array assays were developed as cost- and time-effective alternatives to ELISA, but they are the only cost- and time-effective if they provide informative data. Here, I show that using half-volume of reagents for an adiponectin single-plex LUMINEX assay and a 6-plex LUMINEX xMAP mouse metabolic bead assay, produces reliable data and increases assay cost-effectiveness. I provide direct comparisons between LUMINEX assay and ELISA for quantitation of mouse leptin and insulin, and evaluate glucagon, GLP-1, IL-6, and TNFα data obtained using the 6-plex LUMINEX assay for a high-fat diet-induced obesity study. Good correlations between assays were obtained for fasting leptin and non-fasting insulin. However, the LUMINEX assay proved unsuitable for quantitating fasting insulin. ELISA proved suitable for quantitating fasting male, but not female, insulin. The LUMINEX assay gave lower values for leptin and higher values for insulin, compared with ELISA. The mouse metabolic LUMINEX assay proved unsuitable for quantitating glucagon, GLP-1, IL-6, and TNFα, due to undetectable levels in most fasting and non-fasting plasma. Overall, quantitative leptin levels were the only reliable data obtained from the mouse metabolic LUMINEX assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen G Mountjoy
- Departments of Physiology and Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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6
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Reynolds CM, Vickers MH. The role of adipokines in developmental programming: evidence from animal models. J Endocrinol 2019. [DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the environment during critical periods of development, including altered maternal nutrition, can increase the risk for the development of a range of metabolic, cardiovascular and reproductive disorders in offspring in adult life. Following the original epidemiological observations of David Barker that linked perturbed fetal growth to adult disease, a wide range of experimental animal models have provided empirical support for the developmental programming hypothesis. Although the mechanisms remain poorly defined, adipose tissue has been highlighted as playing a key role in the development of many disorders that manifest in later life. In particular, adipokines, including leptin and adiponectin, primarily secreted by adipose tissue, have now been shown to be important mediators of processes underpinning several phenotypic features associated with developmental programming including obesity, insulin sensitivity and reproductive disorders. Moreover, manipulation of adipokines in early life has provided for potential strategies to ameliorate or reverse the adverse sequalae that are associated with aberrant programming and provided insight into some of the mechanisms involved in the development of chronic disease across the lifecourse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare M Reynolds
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark H Vickers
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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7
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Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and resistin are associated with dengue infection in adults. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:441. [PMID: 27549428 PMCID: PMC4994210 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1759-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue is a major health problem in tropical areas, including Taiwan. Dengue virus infection affects various types of cells and results in elevation of serum inflammatory molecules. Because these molecules may be associated with dengue virus infection, the aim of this study was to identify novel molecules in febrile patients with dengue infection. In addition, we determined whether these molecules were correlated with the count of leukocytes and platelets. METHODS Febrile adults (Age >18 years old) who presented to the emergency department and were confirmed dengue virus infection were enrolled in this study. Serum from dengue patients and healthy controls was collected and serum level of sepsis-associated inflammatory molecules was measured by Luminex assay. RESULTS Elevated level of macrophage migration inhibitory factor, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, sFasL, resistin and interferon-γ were detected in patients' serum. Higher levels of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and resistin were detected in dengue patients with normal leukocyte count and all dengue patients, respectively. Furthermore, the serum level of NGAL, but not resistin, was correlated with cell count in dengue patients. CONCLUSION Our results revealed that resistin and NGAL are novel dengue-associated molecules. These results may help elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of anti-dengue immune responses.
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Kim DW, Glendining KA, Grattan DR, Jasoni CL. Maternal obesity leads to increased proliferation and numbers of astrocytes in the developing fetal and neonatal mouse hypothalamus. Int J Dev Neurosci 2016; 53:18-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Won Kim
- Centre for NeuroendocrinologyDepartment of AnatomyUniversity of Otago School of Medical SciencesDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Kelly A. Glendining
- Centre for NeuroendocrinologyDepartment of AnatomyUniversity of Otago School of Medical SciencesDunedinNew Zealand
| | - David R. Grattan
- Centre for NeuroendocrinologyDepartment of AnatomyUniversity of Otago School of Medical SciencesDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Christine L. Jasoni
- Centre for NeuroendocrinologyDepartment of AnatomyUniversity of Otago School of Medical SciencesDunedinNew Zealand
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Penfold NC, Ozanne SE. Developmental programming by maternal obesity in 2015: Outcomes, mechanisms, and potential interventions. Horm Behav 2015; 76:143-52. [PMID: 26145566 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "SBN 2014". Obesity in women of child-bearing age is a growing problem in developed and developing countries. Evidence from human studies indicates that maternal BMI correlates with offspring adiposity from an early age and predisposes to metabolic disease in later life. Thus the early life environment is an attractive target for intervention to improve public health. Animal models have been used to investigate the specific physiological outcomes and mechanisms of developmental programming that result from exposure to maternal obesity in utero. From this research, targeted intervention strategies can be designed. In this review we summarise recent progress in this field, with a focus on cardiometabolic disease and central control of appetite and behaviour. We highlight key factors that may mediate programming by maternal obesity, including leptin, insulin, and ghrelin. Finally, we explore potential lifestyle and pharmacological interventions in humans and the current state of evidence from animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi C Penfold
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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Rosario FJ, Powell TL, Jansson T. Activation of placental insulin and mTOR signaling in a mouse model of maternal obesity associated with fetal overgrowth. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 310:R87-93. [PMID: 26491103 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00356.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fetal overgrowth is common in obese women and is associated with perinatal complications and increased risk for the child to develop metabolic syndrome later in life. Placental nutrient transport capacity has been reported to be increased in obese women giving birth to large infants; however, the underlying mechanisms are not well established. Obesity in pregnancy is characterized by elevated maternal serum insulin and leptin, hormones that stimulate placental amino acid transporters in vitro. We hypothesized that maternal obesity activates placental insulin/IGF-I/mTOR and leptin signaling pathways. We tested this hypothesis in a mouse model of obesity in pregnancy that is associated with fetal overgrowth. C57BL/6J female mice were fed a control (C) or a high-fat/high-sugar (HF/HS) pelleted diet supplemented by ad libitum access to sucrose (20%) solution. Placentas were collected at embryonic day 18.5. Using Western blot analysis, placental mTOR activity was determined along with energy, inflammatory, leptin, and insulin signaling pathways (upstream modulators of mTOR). Phosphorylation of S6 ribosomal protein (S-235/236), 4E-BP1 (T-37/46), Insulin receptor substrate 1 (Y-608), Akt (T-308), and STAT-3 (Y-705) was increased in obese dams. In contrast, expression of placental caspase-1, IкBα, IL-1β, and phosphorylated-JNK(p46/54-T183/Y185) was unaltered. Fetal amino acid availability is a key determinant of fetal growth. We propose that activation of placental insulin/IGF-I/mTOR and leptin signaling pathways in obese mice stimulates placental amino acid transport and contributes to increased fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrick J Rosario
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Theresa L Powell
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Thomas Jansson
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and
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Jasoni CL, Sanders TR, Kim DW. Do all roads lead to Rome? The role of neuro-immune interactions before birth in the programming of offspring obesity. Front Neurosci 2015; 8:455. [PMID: 25691854 PMCID: PMC4315034 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of the nervous system can be powerfully modulated by the immune system. Although traditionally considered to be quite separate, neuro-immune interactions are increasingly recognized as critical for both normal and pathological nervous system function in the adult. However, a growing body of information supports a critical role for neuro-immune interactions before birth, particularly in the prenatal programming of later-life neurobehavioral disease risk. This review will focus on maternal obesity, as it represents an environment of pathological immune system function during pregnancy that elevates offspring neurobehavioral disease risk. We will first delineate the normal role of the immune system during pregnancy, including the role of the placenta as both a barrier and relayer of inflammatory information between the maternal and fetal environments. This will be followed by the current exciting findings of how immuno-modulatory molecules may elevate offspring risk of neurobehavioral disease by altering brain development and, consequently, later life function. Finally, by drawing parallels with pregnancy complications other than obesity, we will suggest that aberrant immune activation, irrespective of its origin, may lead to neuro-immune interactions that otherwise would not exist in the developing brain. These interactions could conceivably derail normal brain development and/or later life function, and thereby elevate risk for obesity and other neurobehavioral disorders later in the offspring's life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Jasoni
- Department of Anatomy, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tessa R Sanders
- Department of Anatomy, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Dong Won Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
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12
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Hale MW, Spencer SJ, Conti B, Jasoni CL, Kent S, Radler ME, Reyes TM, Sominsky L. Diet, behavior and immunity across the lifespan. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 58:46-62. [PMID: 25524877 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly appreciated that perinatal events can set an organism on a life-long trajectory for either health or disease, resilience or risk. One early life variable that has proven critical for optimal development is the nutritional environment in which the organism develops. Extensive research has documented the effects of both undernutrition and overnutrition, with strong links evident for an increased risk for obesity and metabolic disorders, as well as adverse mental health outcomes. Recent work has highlighted a critical role of the immune system, in linking diet with long term health and behavioral outcomes. The present review will summarize the recent literature regarding the interactions of diet, immunity, and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Hale
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah J Spencer
- School of Health Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute (HIRi), RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Bruno Conti
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christine L Jasoni
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Kent
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Morgan E Radler
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Teresa M Reyes
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luba Sominsky
- School of Health Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute (HIRi), RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Kim DW, Young SL, Grattan DR, Jasoni CL. Obesity during pregnancy disrupts placental morphology, cell proliferation, and inflammation in a sex-specific manner across gestation in the mouse. Biol Reprod 2014; 90:130. [PMID: 24829026 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.117259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-accepted that maternal obesity affects fetal development to elevate the risk of offspring disease, but how this happens is unclear. Understanding placental alterations during gestation as a consequence of maternal obesity is critical to understanding the impact of maternal obesity on fetal programming. Here, we used histological criteria, flow cytometry, quantitative PCR, and multiplex cytokine assays to examine changes in cell proliferation and inflammation in the placenta during gestation in a mouse model of maternal high-fat diet-induced obesity. We focused on mouse mid- to late gestation (approximately human late first and third trimester) because previous literature has indicated that this is when important regulators of metabolism, including that of the brain and endocrine pancreas, are forming. These studies were undertaken in order to understand how maternal obesity changes the placenta during this period, which might suggest a causal link to later-life metabolic dysfunction. We found that labyrinth thickness and cell proliferation were decreased at both pregnancy stages in obese compared to normal weight pregnancies. Inflammation was also altered in late pregnancy with increased macrophage activation and elevated cytokine gene expression in the placenta as well as increased abundance of some cytokines in the fetal circulation in obese compared to normal weight pregnancies. These changes in macrophage activation and cytokine gene expression were of greater magnitude and significance in placentas accompanying male fetuses. These data provide insight into placental changes in obesity and identify potential links between placental inflammation and programming of offspring disease by maternal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Won Kim
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sarah L Young
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David R Grattan
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Christine L Jasoni
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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