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Richardot WH, Hamzai L, Ghukasyan T, Dodder NG, Quintana PJ, Matt GE, Sant KE, Lopez-Galvez N, Hoh E. Novel chemical contaminants associated with thirdhand smoke in settled house dust. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141138. [PMID: 38272136 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Thirdhand smoke (THS) is the persistent and toxic residue from tobacco smoke in indoor environments. A comprehensive understanding of the chemical constituents of THS is necessary to assess the risks of long-term exposure and to establish reliable THS tracers. The objective of this study was to investigate compounds associated with THS through nontargeted analysis (NTA) of settled house dust samples from smokers' and non-smokers' homes, using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC/TOF-MS). Compounds that were either only present in dust from smokers' homes or that had significantly larger abundance than in non-smokers' homes were termed qualified compounds. We identified 140 qualified compounds, and of these, 42 compounds were tentatively identified by searching matching mass spectra in NIST electron impact (EI) mass spectral library including 20 compounds confirmed with their authentic standards. Among the 42 compounds, 26 compounds were statistically more abundant (p < 0.10) in dust from homes of smokers; seven were tobacco-specific compounds, two of which (nornicotyrine, 3-ethenylpyridine) have not been reported before in house dust. Two compounds, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (a toxic compound used as a flame retardant and reported in tobacco) and propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediyl ester (highly abundant and reported in exhaled air of smokers), were found in dust from all smokers' homes and in zero non-smokers' homes, making these potential THS tracers, possibly associated with recent smoking. Benzyl methyl ketone was significantly higher in dust in smokers' homes, and was previously reported not as a product of tobacco but rather as a form of methamphetamine. This compound was recently reported in mainstream tobacco smoke condensate through NTA as well. These identified potential tracers and chemical components of THS in this study can be further investigated for use in developing THS contamination and exposure assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Richardot
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA; San Diego State University Research Foundation, 5250 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Laila Hamzai
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA
| | - Tigran Ghukasyan
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA; San Diego State University Research Foundation, 5250 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Penelope Je Quintana
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA
| | - Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182-4611, USA
| | - Karilyn E Sant
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA
| | - Nicolas Lopez-Galvez
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA; San Diego State University Research Foundation, 5250 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA.
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Li T, Chen K, Wang X, Wang Y, Su Y, Guo Y. Mass Spectrometry Rearrangement Ions and Metabolic Pathway-Based Discovery of Indole Derivatives during the Aging Process in Citrus reticulata 'Chachi'. Foods 2023; 13:8. [PMID: 38201037 PMCID: PMC10778486 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid analysis and characterization of compounds using mass spectrometry (MS) may overlook trace compounds. Although targeted analysis methods can significantly improve detection sensitivity, it is hard to discover novel scaffold compounds in the trace. This study developed a strategy for discovering trace compounds in the aging process of traditional Chinese medicine based on MS fragmentation and known metabolic pathways. Specifically, we found that the characteristic component of C. reticulata 'Chachi', methyl N-methyl anthranilate (MMA), fragmented in electrospray ionization coupled with collision-induced dissociation (CID) to produce the rearrangement ion 3-hydroxyindole, which was proven to exist in trace amounts in C. reticulata 'Chachi' based on comparison with the reference substance using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Combining the known metabolic pathways of 3-hydroxyindole and the possible methylation reactions that may occur during aging, a total of 10 possible indole derivatives were untargeted predicted. These compounds were confirmed to originate from MMA using purchased or synthesized reference substances, all of which were detected in C. reticulata 'Chachi' through LC-MS/MS, achieving trace compound analysis from untargeted to targeted. These results may contribute to explaining the aging mechanism of C. reticulata 'Chachi', and the strategy of using the CID-induced special rearrangement ion-binding metabolic pathway has potential application value for discovering trace compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; (K.C.); (X.W.); (Y.G.)
| | - Ke Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; (K.C.); (X.W.); (Y.G.)
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; (K.C.); (X.W.); (Y.G.)
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Yue Su
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China;
| | - Yinlong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; (K.C.); (X.W.); (Y.G.)
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Adeniji A, El-Hage R, Brinkman MC, El-Hellani A. Nontargeted Analysis in Tobacco Research: Challenges and Opportunities. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1656-1665. [PMID: 37903095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco products are evolving at a pace that has outstripped tobacco control, leading to a high prevalence of tobacco use in the population. Researchers have been tirelessly developing suitable techniques to assess these products' emissions, toxicity, and public health impact. The nonclinical testing of tobacco products to assess the chemical profile of emissions is needed for evidence-based regulations. This testing has largely relied on targeted analytical methods that focus on constituent lists that may fall short in determining the toxicity of newly designed tobacco products. Nontargeted analysis (NTA), or the process of identifying and quantifying compounds within a complex matrix without prior knowledge of its chemical composition, is a promising technique for tobacco regulation, but it is not without challenges. The lack of standardized methods for sample generation, sample preparation, chromatographic separation, compound identification, and data analysis and reporting must be addressed so that the quality and reproducibility of the data generated by NTA can be benchmarked. This review discusses the challenges and highlights the opportunities of NTA in studying tobacco product constituents and emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayomipo Adeniji
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio 43214, United States
| | - Rachel El-Hage
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23220, United States
| | - Marielle C Brinkman
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio 43214, United States
| | - Ahmad El-Hellani
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio 43214, United States
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Lu X, Zhu X, Gao R, Tang H, Pei C, Wang H, Xiao J. Chemometrics-assisted analysis of chemical impurity profiles of tabun nerve agent using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463643. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is likely the most common preventable cause of human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Consequently, inexpensive interventional strategies for preventing CS-related diseases would positively impact health systems. Inhaled CS is a powerful inflammatory stimulus and produces a shift in the normal balance between antioxidants and oxidants, inducing oxidative stress in both the respiratory system and throughout the body. This enduring and systemic pro-oxidative state within the body is reflected by increased levels of oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers seen in smokers. Smokers might benefit from consuming antioxidant supplements, or a diet rich in fruit and vegetables, which can reduce the CS-related oxidative stress. This review provides an overview of the plasma profile of antioxidants observable in smokers and examines the heterogeneous literature to elucidate and discuss the effectiveness of interventional strategies based on antioxidant supplements or an antioxidant-rich diet to improve the health of smokers. An antioxidant-rich diet can provide an easy-to-implement and cost-effective preventative strategy to reduce the risk of CS-related diseases, thus being one of the simplest ways for smokers to stay in good health for as long as possible. The health benefits attributable to the intake of antioxidants have been observed predominantly when these have been consumed within their natural food matrices in an optimal antioxidant-rich diet, while these preventive effects are rarely achieved with the intake of individual antioxidants, even at high doses.
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Hu Y, Liu C, Xu Y, Yang J, Pan Y. Identification of Isobars and Isomers in Cigarette Sidestream Smoke in Real Time by Synchrotron Radiation Photoionization Mass Spectrometry and Multiple Linear Regression. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5718-5726. [PMID: 33797228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Direct analysis of chemical components in fresh cigarette smoke in real time is a challenging task. In this work, by using a novel continuous cigarette-pushing and smoke-introducing setup combined with synchrotron radiation photoionization mass spectrometry (SR-PIMS), the photoionization mass spectra of fresh gaseous cigarette sidestream smoke (SSS) from the combustion of solid tobacco could be recorded in real time, and the photoionization efficiency (PIE) curves of each mass peak could be obtained for the first time. Hence, lots of well-known chemical components and even isomers could be identified by their discriminated onsets or PIE curve simulation. Moreover, diimine, 2H-azirine, and sulfur monoxide, which have never been reported in cigarette smoke, were observed in cigarette SSS, and even two intermediates, ethenol and propen-2-ol, anticipated to exist were actually observed and distinguished. To increase the qualification accuracy, a new simulation method based on multiple linear regression (MLR) was developed and applied for the PIE curve simulation, where qualification mistakes caused by subjective judgements could be eliminated as far as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Hu
- Center of Technology, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co, Ltd, Hefei, Anhui 230088, P. R. China
| | - Chengyuan Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
| | - Yingbo Xu
- Center of Technology, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co, Ltd, Hefei, Anhui 230088, P. R. China
| | - Jiuzhong Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
| | - Yang Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
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Klupinski TP, Strozier ED, Makselan SD, Buehler SS, Peters EN, Lucas EA, Casbohm JS, Friedenberg DA, Landgraf AJ, Frank AJ, Mikheev VB, Ivanov A. Chemical characterization of marijuana blunt smoke by non-targeted chemical analysis. Inhal Toxicol 2020; 32:177-187. [PMID: 32408835 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2020.1765052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Marijuana blunts, which are tobacco cigar wrappers filled with marijuana, are commonly smoked in the US as a means of cannabis use. The use of marijuana blunts presents toxicity concerns because the smoke contains both marijuana-related and tobacco-related chemicals. Thus, it is important to understand the chemical composition of mainstream smoke (MSS) from marijuana blunts. This study demonstrates the ability to detect and identify chemical constituents exclusively associated with blunt MSS in contrast to tobacco cigar MSS (designated as 'new exposures') through non-targeted chemical analysis.Methods: Samples collected separately from blunt MSS and tobacco cigar MSS were analyzed using two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS).Results and Discussion: Two new exposures, which likely represent only a subset of all new exposures, were identified by evaluating the data from thousands of detected signals and then confirming selected compound identities in analyses using authentic chemical standards. The two confirmed new exposures, mellein and 2-phenyl-2-oxazoline, are not cannabinoids and, to the best of our knowledge, have not been previously reported in association with cannabis, tobacco, or smoke of any kind. In addition, we detected and quantified three phenols (2-, 3-, and 4-ethylphenol) in blunt MSS. Given the toxicity of phenols, quantifying the levels of other phenols could be pursued in future research on blunt MSS.Conclusion: This study shows the power and utility of GC × GC-TOFMS as a methodology for non-targeted chemical analysis to identify new chemical exposures in blunt MSS and to provide data to guide further investigations of blunt MSS.
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Karatas O, Balci Yuce H, Tulu F, Taskan MM, Gevrek F, Toker H. Evaluation of apoptosis and hypoxia-related factors in gingival tissues of smoker and non-smoker periodontitis patients. J Periodontal Res 2019; 55:392-399. [PMID: 31854460 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Smoking causes pathological changes in all tissues, including gingiva and alveolar bone. The aim of present study was to evaluate apoptotic tissue alterations and tissue destruction in smoker and non-smoker periodontitis patients and healthy individuals. METHODS Gingival biopsy samples from 15 systemically and orally healthy individuals (Group 1), 15 systemically healthy periodontitis patients (Group 2), 15 systemically and orally healthy smokers (Group 3), and 15 systemically healthy smoker periodontitis patients (Group 4) were enrolled in the present study. Clinical periodontal measurements as plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and clinical attachment levels (CAL) were recorded, and gingival biopsies were obtained. Biopsy samples were fixed in formalin solution and embedded in paraffin. Fibroblast and inflammatory cell counts were determined via histomorphometrically. Hypoxia-inducible factor alpha (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1(TIMP-1), matrix metalloproteinases-8(MMP-8) expressions, Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 expressions were evaluated via immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Demographic data of the study groups were similar. Smoking levels of the smokers were also similar. The highest fibroblast cell counts were observed in healthy controls and the counts were similar in other groups. The highest inflammatory cell counts were found in smoker periodontitis group, and the lowest counts were found in healthy control groups. The differences were statistically significant. HIF-1α and Bax expressions were elevated and Bcl-2 decreased in smoker periodontitis patients compared with healthy individuals. However, there were no differences in VEGF, MMP-8, and TIMP-1 expressions. CONCLUSION Within limits of present study, it can be suggested that both smoking and periodontitis caused similar decrease in fibroblast counts while causing a dramatic increase in inflammatory cell counts. Increased apoptosis and hypoxia also accompanied to the increased inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozkan Karatas
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Hatice Balci Yuce
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Feyza Tulu
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Murat Taskan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Fikret Gevrek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Hulya Toker
- Department of Periodontology, Gulhane Faculty of Dentistry, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
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Hayek G, Luc M, Bloch F, Vermion J, Lhuillier L, Zaidi M, Goetz C, Perone JM. Tobacco smoking in crosslinked keratoconus patients. J Fr Ophtalmol 2019; 42:1001-1006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Cai K, Gao W, Yuan Y, Gao C, Zhao H, Lin Y, Pan W, Lei B. An improved in situ acetylation with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the sensitive determination of phenols in mainstream tobacco smoke. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:401-406. [PMID: 31122729 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Phenols in tobacco smoke can adversely affect health with serious consequences that include cardiovascular toxicity, tumor promotion and genotoxic activity. Hence, an improved method involving in situ acetylation and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed for the determination of 39 phenols in mainstream tobacco smoke (MTS). The in situ acetylation was optimized using four protocols, after which the effects of experimental variables on acetylation efficiency were studied using a multifactorial experimental design. The optimum conditions were found to involve an initial 75 μL volume of acetic anhydride, 140 mg of NaHCO3 and 72 mg of K2CO3. The phenolic acetates were then subjected to DLLME, after which they were identified and quantified by GC-MS. A total of 32 additional phenols were tentatively identified. Good linearity was observed with R > 0.999 and each lack-of-fit P > 0.05. The relative recoveries were in the range of 94.8-104.3% with repeatabilities and reproducibilities less than 5.5% and 6.8%, respectively. The limits of detection ranged from 1.12 to 1.74 ng cig-1, with high enrichment factors between 87 and 144. This method was applied to the MTS from three commercial cigarettes with different tar levels. The results provide valuable information for assessing the risks of phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cai
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, 550081, PR China
| | - Weichang Gao
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, 550081, PR China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Mudanjiang Tobacco Science Research Institute, Haerbin, 150076, PR China
| | - Chuanchuan Gao
- Guizhou Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Station, Guiyang, 550081, PR China
| | - Huina Zhao
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, 550081, PR China
| | - Yechun Lin
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, 550081, PR China
| | - Wenjie Pan
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, 550081, PR China; Upland Flue-Cured Tobacco Quality & Ecology Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, 550081, PR China.
| | - Bo Lei
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, 550081, PR China.
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Haroon M, Yu H, Wang L, Ullah RS, Haq F, Teng L. Synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl starch-g-polyacrylic acids and their properties as adsorbents for ammonia and phenol. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 138:349-358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Savareear B, Escobar-Arnanz J, Brokl M, Saxton MJ, Wright C, Liu C, Focant JF. Non-targeted analysis of the particulate phase of heated tobacco product aerosol and cigarette mainstream tobacco smoke by thermal desorption comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with dual flame ionisation and mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:327-337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Ai L, Liu M, Ji X, Lai M, Zhao M, Ren T. Thermal Behavior Analysis of Two Synthesized Flavor Precursors of
N
‐alkylpyrrole Derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lvye Ai
- College of Tobacco ScienceHenan Agricultural University/Henan Province Flavors & Perfumes Engineering Research Center Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Mengzhen Liu
- College of Tobacco ScienceHenan Agricultural University/Henan Province Flavors & Perfumes Engineering Research Center Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Xiaoming Ji
- College of Tobacco ScienceHenan Agricultural University/Henan Province Flavors & Perfumes Engineering Research Center Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Miao Lai
- College of Tobacco ScienceHenan Agricultural University/Henan Province Flavors & Perfumes Engineering Research Center Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Mingqin Zhao
- College of Tobacco ScienceHenan Agricultural University/Henan Province Flavors & Perfumes Engineering Research Center Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Tianbao Ren
- College of Tobacco ScienceHenan Agricultural University/Henan Province Flavors & Perfumes Engineering Research Center Zhengzhou 450002 China
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Zhou Z, Ji Z, Liu S, Han X, Zheng F, Mao J. Characterization of the volatile compounds of huangjiu using comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time of flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC‐TOFMS). J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Zhongwei Ji
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Shuangping Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
- Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute Jiangnan University (Rugao) Food Biotechnology Research Institute Nantong China
| | - Xiao Han
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
- Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute Jiangnan University (Rugao) Food Biotechnology Research Institute Nantong China
| | - Fuping Zheng
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Jian Mao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
- Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute Jiangnan University (Rugao) Food Biotechnology Research Institute Nantong China
- National Engineering Research Center for Huangjiu Shaoxing China
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Kamissoko A, Carré V, Schramm S, Aubriet F. Study of the mainstream cigarette smoke aerosols by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry coupled to laser/desorption and electrospray ionization - Additional insights on the heteroaromatic components. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33 Suppl 1:95-108. [PMID: 30440095 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The chemical composition of the particulate phase of cigarette smoke inhaled by the active smoker is still poorly known in spite of its importance from a health point of view. A non-targeted approach is applied to cigarette smoke particles collected on a quartz filter to obtain an as complete as possible description of this complex mixture. METHODS A home-made smoking machine including devices for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particle sampling was used. The validation of the cigarette smoking and cigarette smoke collection procedures was conducted by the quantification of some compounds by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The particles were investigated by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) directly after their collection on quartz filters by laser/desorption ionization (LDI) or after extraction with CH2 Cl2 by electrospray ionization (ESI). RESULTS The determination of the benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (from 2 to 35 μg/cigarette) and nicotine (0.68 ± 0.05 mg/cigarette) validated the used sampling method. The complementarity of the LDI and ESI sources for the cigarette smoke analysis was established. The ESI analyses evidenced polar compounds and components with a pyridine group and LDI ensured the detection of poly-condensed heteroaromatic species. Finally, this methodology was employed to characterize particles from cigarettes with or without flavoring additives. CONCLUSIONS Some insights into the composition of cigarette smoke inhaled by active smokers have been obtained. The ~1750 observed features revealed the huge complexity of cigarette smoke particles and the diversity of the possible associated health issues. Both heteroaromatic and highly oxygenated compounds produced by combustion and pyrolysis have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adama Kamissoko
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Physique - Approches Multi-échelles des Milieux Complexes (LCP-A2MC), FR 2843 Institut Jean Barriol de Chimie et Physique Moléculaires et Biomoléculaires, FR 3624 Réseau National de Spectrométrie de Masse FT-ICR à très haut champ, Université de Lorraine, ICPM, 1 boulevard Arago, 57078, Metz Cedex 03, France
| | - Vincent Carré
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Physique - Approches Multi-échelles des Milieux Complexes (LCP-A2MC), FR 2843 Institut Jean Barriol de Chimie et Physique Moléculaires et Biomoléculaires, FR 3624 Réseau National de Spectrométrie de Masse FT-ICR à très haut champ, Université de Lorraine, ICPM, 1 boulevard Arago, 57078, Metz Cedex 03, France
| | - Sébastien Schramm
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Physique - Approches Multi-échelles des Milieux Complexes (LCP-A2MC), FR 2843 Institut Jean Barriol de Chimie et Physique Moléculaires et Biomoléculaires, FR 3624 Réseau National de Spectrométrie de Masse FT-ICR à très haut champ, Université de Lorraine, ICPM, 1 boulevard Arago, 57078, Metz Cedex 03, France
| | - Frédéric Aubriet
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Physique - Approches Multi-échelles des Milieux Complexes (LCP-A2MC), FR 2843 Institut Jean Barriol de Chimie et Physique Moléculaires et Biomoléculaires, FR 3624 Réseau National de Spectrométrie de Masse FT-ICR à très haut champ, Université de Lorraine, ICPM, 1 boulevard Arago, 57078, Metz Cedex 03, France
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16
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Gallacher C, Thomas R, Taylor C, Lord R, Kalin RM. Comprehensive composition of Creosote using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS). CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 178:34-41. [PMID: 28315805 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Creosote is a distillation product of coal tar and is widely used as wood preservative for railway sleepers, utility poles and for other applications. Creosote can have potentially negative effects on the environment and many of the components are toxic. This study presents the analysis of a Creosote sample from a former wood impregnation plant located in the UK. The sample was analysed using two dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS) and a database of compounds that could be detected was produced. The GCxGG-TOFMS was capable of detecting 1505 individual compounds, which is far more than previous estimates for the number of compounds present within Creosote. Post extraction derivatization using BTSFA with 1% TMCS was employed to increase the potential number of compounds detected with 255 derivatized compounds detected, 231 of which would not have been detected without prior derivatization. Selected derivatized compounds were quantified with limits of detection ranging from 0.6 mg/kg to 1.6 mg/kg from a concentrated dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL). This work presents the first published full analysis of a Creosote using GCxGC-TOFMS combined with derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Gallacher
- Department of Civil and Env. Eng., University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose St., Glasgow, UK.
| | - Russell Thomas
- WSP/Parsons Brinckerhoff, Kings Orchard, 1 Queen St, Bristol, UK
| | - Christopher Taylor
- National Grid Property Holdings Ltd, National Grid House, Warwick Technology Park, Gallows Hill, Warwick, UK
| | - Richard Lord
- Department of Civil and Env. Eng., University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose St., Glasgow, UK
| | - Robert M Kalin
- Department of Civil and Env. Eng., University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose St., Glasgow, UK
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17
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Dalle-Donne I, Colombo G, Gornati R, Garavaglia ML, Portinaro N, Giustarini D, Bernardini G, Rossi R, Milzani A. Protein Carbonylation in Human Smokers and Mammalian Models of Exposure to Cigarette Smoke: Focus on Redox Proteomic Studies. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:406-426. [PMID: 27393565 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxidative stress is one mechanism whereby tobacco smoking affects human health, as reflected by increased levels of several biomarkers of oxidative stress/damage isolated from tissues and biological fluids of active and passive smokers. Many investigations of cigarette smoke (CS)-induced oxidative stress/damage have been carried out in mammalian animal and cellular models of exposure to CS. Animal models allow the investigation of many parameters that are similar to those measured in human smokers. In vitro cell models may provide new information on molecular and functional differences between cells of smokers and nonsmokers. Recent Advances: Over the past decade or so, a growing number of researches highlighted that CS induces protein carbonylation in different tissues and body fluids of smokers as well as in in vivo and in vitro models of exposure to CS. CRITICAL ISSUES We review recent findings on protein carbonylation in smokers and models thereof, focusing on redox proteomic studies. We also discuss the relevance and limitations of these models of exposure to CS and critically assess the congruence between the smoker's condition and laboratory models. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The identification of protein targets is crucial for understanding the mechanism(s) by which carbonylated proteins accumulate and potentially affect cellular functions. Recent progress in redox proteomics allows the enrichment, identification, and characterization of specific oxidative protein modifications, including carbonylation. Therefore, redox proteomics can be a powerful tool to gain new insights into the onset and/or progression of CS-related diseases and to develop strategies to prevent and/or treat them. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 406-426.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Graziano Colombo
- 1 Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
| | - Rosalba Gornati
- 2 Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria , Varese, Italy
| | - Maria L Garavaglia
- 1 Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Portinaro
- 3 Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano and Pediatric Orthopaedic Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center , Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Bernardini
- 2 Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria , Varese, Italy
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- 4 Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena , Siena, Italy
| | - Aldo Milzani
- 1 Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
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18
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Elucidation of the aroma compositions of Zhenjiang aromatic vinegar using comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-olfactometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1487:218-226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Lin BH, Tsai MH, Lii CK, Wang TS. IP3 and calcium signaling involved in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and cell rounding induced by cigarette smoke extract in human endothelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:1293-1306. [PMID: 25758670 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Smoking increases the risk of cardiovascular disorders and leads to damage caused by inflammation and oxidative stress. The actin cytoskeleton is a key player in the response to inflammatory stimuli and is an early target of cellular oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in actin cytoskeleton dynamics in human endothelial EA.hy926 cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Immunostaining revealed that CSE exposure resulted in modification of the actin cytoskeleton and led to cell rounding in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, the intracellular calcium concentration was increased by treatment with CSE. Pretreatment with antioxidants (lipoic acid, glutathione, N-acetyl cysteine, aminoguanidine, α-tocopherol, and vitamin C) significantly attenuated the CSE-induced actin cytoskeleton reorganization and cell rounding. Calcium ion chelators (EGTA, BAPTA-AM AM) and a potent store-operated calcium channel inhibitor (MRS 1845) also reduced CSE-induced intracellular calcium changes and attenuated actin cytoskeleton reorganization and cell morphology change. Moreover, the CSE-induced intracellular calcium increase was suppressed by pretreatment with the inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) inhibitor xestospongin C, the phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U-73122, and the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GF109203X. These results suggest that reactive oxygen species production and intracellular calcium increase play an essential role in CSE-induced actin disorganization and cell rounding through a PLC-IP3-PKC signaling pathway. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1293-1306, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Hong Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsuan Tsai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Kuei Lii
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Shing Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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20
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Klupinski TP, Strozier ED, Friedenberg DA, Brinkman MC, Gordon SM, Clark PI. Identification of New and Distinctive Exposures from Little Cigars. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:162-8. [PMID: 26605856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Little cigar mainstream smoke is less well-characterized than cigarette mainstream smoke in terms of chemical composition. This study compared four popular little cigar products against four popular cigarette products to determine compounds that are either unique to or more abundant in little cigars. These compounds are categorized as new or distinctive exposures, respectively. Total particulate matter samples collected from machine-generated mainstream smoke were extracted with methylene chloride, and the extracts were analyzed using two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The data were evaluated using novel data-processing algorithms that account for characteristics specific to the selected analytical technique and variability associated with replicate sample analyses. Among more than 25 000 components detected across the complete data set, ambrox was confirmed as a new exposure, and 3-methylbutanenitrile and 4-methylimidazole were confirmed as distinctive exposures. Concentrations of these compounds for the little cigar mainstream smoke were estimated at approximately 0.4, 0.7, and 12 μg/rod, respectively. In achieving these results, this study has demonstrated the capability of a powerful analytical approach to identify previously uncharacterized tobacco-related exposures from little cigars. The same approach could also be applied to other samples to characterize constituents associated with tobacco product classes or specific tobacco products of interest. Such analyses are critical in identifying tobacco-related exposures that may affect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sydney M Gordon
- Battelle , 505 King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201, United States
| | - Pamela I Clark
- School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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21
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Seneviratne CA, Ghorai S, Murray KK. Laser desorption sample transfer for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:89-94. [PMID: 26661974 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ambient mass spectrometry can detect small molecules directly, but complex mixtures can be a challenge. We have developed a method that incorporates small molecule separation based on laser desorption with capture on a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber for injection into a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) system. METHODS Samples on a metal target were desorbed by a 3 µm mid-infrared laser focused to a 250 µm spot and 1.2 mJ pulse energy. The desorbed material was aspirated into a metal tube suspended 1 mm above the laser spot and captured on a SPME fiber. The collected material was injected into a GC/MS instrument for analysis. RESULTS We have developed a versatile approach for ambient laser desorption sampling onto SPME for GC/MS analysis. The performance of the laser desorption SPME capture GC/MS system was demonstrated for small molecule standards, a mixture of nitroaromatic explosives, and collected cigarette smoke. CONCLUSIONS The utility of ambient laser desorption sampling onto SPME for GC/MS was demonstrated. The performance of the method was evaluated by preparing calibration standards of caffeine over a range from 200 to 1000 ng. Laser desorption ambient sampling of complex mixtures was accomplished using SPME GC/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suman Ghorai
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Kermit K Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
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22
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Treur JL, Willemsen G, Bartels M, Geels LM, van Beek JHDA, Huppertz C, van Beijsterveldt CEM, Boomsma DI, Vink JM. Smoking During Adolescence as a Risk Factor for Attention Problems. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 78:656-63. [PMID: 25092631 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are highly comorbid. One explanation is that individuals with ADHD use cigarettes as "self-medication" to alleviate their attention problems. However, animal studies reported that exposure to nicotine during adolescence influences the developing brain and negatively affects attention. This is the first human study exploring the effects of smoking during adolescence on attention problems. METHODS Longitudinal data on smoking and attention problems were available for 1987 adult and 648 adolescent monozygotic twin pairs from the Netherlands Twin Register. Twin pairs were classified as concordant/discordant for smoking and compared on attention problems. Within adult discordant pairs, the difference in attention problems between the smoking and never-smoking twins was first assessed cross-sectionally. In longitudinal analyses, the increase in attention problems from adolescence, when neither twin smoked, to adulthood was compared within discordant pairs. In subgroups with longitudinal data from childhood and adolescence, changes in smoking concordance and subsequent changes in attention problems were explored. RESULTS Adult twins who ever smoked reported significantly more attention problems than their never-smoking co-twin. Longitudinal analyses showed a larger increase in attention problems from adolescence to adulthood in smoking twins than their never-smoking co-twin (p < .05). In childhood and adolescence, smoking twins had more attention problems than their never-smoking co-twin, whereas scores were similar before smoking was initiated or after both twins started smoking (not significant in all groups). CONCLUSIONS Results from this genetically informative study suggest smoking during adolescence leads to higher attention problem scores, lasting into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorien L Treur
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lot M Geels
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenny H D A van Beek
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Huppertz
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina E M van Beijsterveldt
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Gracia-Moreno E, Lopez R, Ferreira V. Quantitative determination of five hydroxy acids, precursors of relevant wine aroma compounds in wine and other alcoholic beverages. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7925-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Xiang Z, Cai K, Zhou S, Geng Z, Pan W. Analysis of nitrogenous organic compounds from mainstream cigarette smoke using low-temperature solvent extraction followed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2655-63. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kai Cai
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science; Guiyang P. R. China
| | - Shuping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics; CNTC; Guiyang P. R. China
| | - Zhaoliang Geng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics; CNTC; Guiyang P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Pan
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science; Guiyang P. R. China
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25
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Pinkerton DK, Parsons BA, Anderson TJ, Synovec RE. Trilinearity deviation ratio: A new metric for chemometric analysis of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry data. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 871:66-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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26
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Brokl M, Bishop L, Wright CG, Liu C, McAdam K, Focant JF. Multivariate analysis of mainstream tobacco smoke particulate phase by headspace solid-phase micro extraction coupled with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1370:216-29. [PMID: 25454146 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A method involving headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) was developed and applied to evaluate profiles of volatile compounds present in mainstream tobacco smoke particulate matter trapped on glass fiber filters. Six SPME fibers were tested for the extraction capacities toward selected compounds, showing the best results for the polyacrylate fiber. The optimization of the extraction conditions was carried out using multivariate response surface methodology. Two cigarette types differing in a filter design were analyzed using optimized conditions. A template was built in order to generate comprehensive chemical information, which conceded obtaining consistent information across 24 chromatograms. Principal component analysis (PCA) allowed a clear differentiation of the studied cigarette types. Fisher ratio analysis allowed identification of compounds responsible for the chemical differences between the cigarette samples. Of the selected 143 most important ones, 134 analytes were reduced by the active carbon filter, while for nine, classical cellulose acetate filter was more efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Brokl
- CART - Chemistry Department, Organic & Biological Analytical Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Louise Bishop
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Christopher G Wright
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Chuan Liu
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Kevin McAdam
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Jean-François Focant
- CART - Chemistry Department, Organic & Biological Analytical Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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27
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Hendek MK, Erdemir EO, Kisa U, Ozcan G. Effect of initial periodontal therapy on oxidative stress markers in gingival crevicular fluid, saliva, and serum in smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 2014; 86:273-82. [PMID: 25325515 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.140338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this case-control study with an intervention arm is to determine the effect of initial periodontal treatment on oxidative stress biomarkers in smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis (CP). METHODS The study included 47 patients with CP (24 smokers [S+P+] and 23 non-smokers [S-P+]) and 46 periodontally healthy individuals (23 smokers [S+P-] and 23 non-smokers [S-P-]) for a total of 93 participants. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), serum, and saliva samples were obtained and clinical periodontal measurements were recorded at baseline and at the first and third months after periodontal therapy. 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (OHdG) and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) and enzyme activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The level of 8-OHdD in GCF was found to be significantly higher in both periodontitis groups compared with both periodontally healthy groups. 8-OHdG and GSH-Px in saliva in both periodontitis groups were significantly increased compared with the S-P- group. In the S+P+ group, 4-HNE in GCF was found to be significantly higher than in periodontally healthy participants. After initial periodontal treatment, the levels of 8-OHdG in GCF and saliva were significantly decreased in both periodontitis groups. CONCLUSION Initial periodontal therapy may be helpful for diminishing oxidative stress in periodontitis.
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Westman O, Larsson M, Venizelos N, Hollert H, Engwall M. An oxygenated metabolite of benzo[a]pyrene increases hepatic β-oxidation of fatty acids in chick embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:6243-6251. [PMID: 24385188 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2471-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are well-known carcinogens to humans and ecotoxicological effects have been shown in several studies. However, PAHs can also be oxidized into more water soluble-oxygenated metabolites (Oxy-PAHs). The first purpose of the present project was to (1) assess the effects of a mixture containing three parent PAHs: anthracene, benz[a]anthracene, and benzo[a]pyrene versus a mixture of their oxygenated metabolites, namely: anthracene-9,10-dione, benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione, and 9,10-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene-7-(8H)-one on the hepatic fatty acid β-oxidation in chicken embryos (Gallus gallus domesticus) exposed in ovo. The second and also main purpose of the project was to (2) assess the effects of the parent PAHs versus their oxy-PAHs analogues when injected individually, followed by (3) additional testing of the individual oxy-PAHs. The hepatic β-oxidation was measured using a tritium release assay with [9,10-(3)H]-palmitic acid (16:0) as substrate. The result from the first part (1) showed reduced hepatic β-oxidation after exposure in ovo to a mixture of three PAHs, however, increased after exposure to the mixture of three oxy-PAHs compared to control. The result from the second part (2) and also the follow-up experiment (3) showed that 9,10-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene-7-(8H)-one was the causative oxy-PAH. The implication of this finding on the risk assessment of PAH metabolite exposure in avian wildlife remains to be determined. To the best of our knowledge, no similar studies have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Westman
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, SE-70182, Sweden,
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30
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Yin P, Xu G. Metabolomics for tumor marker discovery and identification based on chromatography–mass spectrometry. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 13:339-48. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.13.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Special Applications. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/9780471980582.ch15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Li Y, Pang T, Li Y, Ye G, Lu X, Xu G. Chemical properties investigation of commercial cigarettes by a “pseudo” targeted method using GC-MS-selected ions monitoring. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1545-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201201037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tao Pang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences; Yuxi; P. R. China
| | - Yanli Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian; P. R. China
| | - Guozhu Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian; P. R. China
| | - Xin Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian; P. R. China
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian; P. R. China
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33
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Ding Y, Zhu L, Liu S, Yu H, Dai Y. Analytical method of free and conjugated neutral aroma components in tobacco by solvent extraction coupled with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1280:122-7. [PMID: 23357748 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A reliable and simple method for quantitative analysis of free and conjugated neutral aroma components (including aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, esters and alkenes) in tobacco using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS) is described. Simple solvent extraction using methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) ensured extraction of the neutral aroma components in their free form. The components present as conjugates were isolated using MTBE extraction following acid-catalysed hydrolysis. The GC × GC-TOFMS analysis was performed to comprehensively identify different forms of neutral aroma components in tobacco. Compared with the conventional methods, our method not only simplified the process but also saved time and solvent. It also exhibited higher selectivity and sensitivity and demonstrated the following results: the limit of detection of the neutral aroma components varied from 0.006 μg/g for 2-acetylfuran to 0.133 μg/g for 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furfural, the relative standard deviations were from 0.5% to 6.8% and the recovery ranged from 82.4% to 118.2%. The optimized method was successfully employed to analyse real tobacco samples. Eighty-three neutral aroma components of interest were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China
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Brokl M, Bishop L, Wright CG, Liu C, McAdam K, Focant JF. Analysis of mainstream tobacco smoke particulate phase using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1037-44. [PMID: 23427113 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive 2D GC coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry was applied for the characterization of the particulate phase of mainstream tobacco smoke particulate. Five 3R4F research cigarettes were smoked on a rotary smoking machine under standardized conditions, total particular matter was collected on Cambridge filter pads and extracted using methanol-based liquid extraction and dynamic headspace (DHS) approaches. Automated peak finding and mass spectral deconvolution combined with scripting and manual revision of library hits were used to evaluate the library search results. The revised peak table contained nearly 1800 individual compounds for the DHS sample and over 900 for the solvent extracted sample. These methods of extraction were shown to be complementary, leading to only 11% of repeated analytes, and their combination gave rise to a list of almost 2500 individual compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Brokl
- CART-Chemistry Department, Organic & Biological Analytical Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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35
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Mostafa A, Edwards M, Górecki T. Optimization aspects of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:38-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Colombo G, Dalle-Donne I, Orioli M, Giustarini D, Rossi R, Clerici M, Regazzoni L, Aldini G, Milzani A, Butterfield DA, Gagliano N. Oxidative damage in human gingival fibroblasts exposed to cigarette smoke. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1584-96. [PMID: 22387198 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke, a complex mixture of over 7000 chemicals, contains many components capable of eliciting oxidative stress, which may induce smoking-related disorders, including oral cavity diseases. In this study, we investigated the effects of whole (mainstream) cigarette smoke on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Cells were exposed to various puffs (0.5-12) of whole cigarette smoke and oxidative stress was assessed by 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein fluorescence. The extent of protein carbonylation was determined by use of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine with both immunocytochemical and Western immunoblotting assays. Cigarette smoke-induced protein carbonylation exhibited a puff-dependent increase. The main carbonylated proteins were identified by means of two-dimensional electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (redox proteomics). We demonstrated that exposure of HGFs to cigarette smoke decreased cellular protein thiols and rapidly depleted intracellular glutathione (GSH), with a minimal increase in the intracellular levels of glutathione disulfide and S-glutathionylated proteins, as well as total glutathione levels. Mass spectrometric analyses showed that total GSH consumption is due to the export by the cells of GSH-acrolein and GSH-crotonaldehyde adducts. GSH depletion could be a mechanism for cigarette smoke-induced cytotoxicity and could be correlated with the reduced reparative and regenerative activity of gingival and periodontal tissues previously reported in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Colombo
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milan, Italy
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37
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Stadler S, Stefanuto PH, Byer JD, Brokl M, Forbes S, Focant JF. Analysis of synthetic canine training aids by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:202-6. [PMID: 22554412 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cadaver dogs are trained on a variety of materials, including artificial or pseudo scents. The chemical components of commercially available pseudo scents are not known, so their accuracy as a decomposition odour mimic and their effectiveness as a canine training aid have not been evaluated. Two pseudo scents that are commercially available and used for training cadaver dogs were analysed using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS). The two formulations were determined to be simplistic in their composition, compared to real cadaveric volatile organic compound (VOC) mixtures, with only a few major components. The enhanced GC×GC-TOFMS peak capacity was nevertheless useful to discriminate less intense peaks from large overloaded peaks. The availability of both dimension retention times combined with the peak finding and deconvolution algorithm, enabled the chemical characterization of the two formulations. Additionally, high resolution (HR) TOFMS was used to extract molecular formulae and confirm identities of analytes. The seven compounds identified by this work have not been reported previously as volatile products of decomposition, indicating that these pseudo scents are not to be considered as an accurate representation of cadaveric decomposition odour. Further research on the olfaction of scent detection canines and the chemical composition of their target odourants needs to be conducted to develop improved canine training aids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Stadler
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe St N., Oshawa, Ontario L1H 7K4, Canada
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Eschner MS, Selmani I, Gröger TM, Zimmermann R. Online Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Characterization of Puff-by-Puff Resolved Cigarette Smoke by Hyphenation of Fast Gas Chromatography to Single-Photon Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry: Quantification of Hazardous Volatile Organic Compounds. Anal Chem 2011; 83:6619-27. [DOI: 10.1021/ac201070j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus S. Eschner
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group “Comprehensive Molecular Analytics”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 1, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ismailhaki Selmani
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group “Comprehensive Molecular Analytics”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 1, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas M. Gröger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group “Comprehensive Molecular Analytics”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 1, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group “Comprehensive Molecular Analytics”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 1, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Environmental Chemistry, Bavarian Institute of Applied Environmental Research and Technology GmbH, Am Mittleren Moos 46, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
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Chang X, Ravi R, Pham V, Bedi A, Chatterjee A, Sidransky D. Adenylate kinase 3 sensitizes cells to cigarette smoke condensate vapor induced cisplatin resistance. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20806. [PMID: 21698293 PMCID: PMC3115955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major established etiologic risk factor for bladder cancer is cigarette smoking and one of the major antineoplastic agents used for the treatment of advanced bladder cancer is cisplatin. A number of reports have suggested that cancer patients who smoke while receiving treatment have lower rates of response and decreased efficacy of cancer therapies. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we investigated the effect of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) vapor on cisplatin toxicity in urothelial cell lines SV-HUC-1 and SCaBER cells. We showed that chronic exposure to CSC vapor induced cisplatin resistance in both cell lines. In addition, we found that the expression of mitochondrial-resident protein adenylate kinase-3 (AK3) is decreased by CSC vapor. We further observed that chronic CSC vapor-exposed cells displayed decreased cellular sensitivity to cisplatin, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and increased basal cellular ROS levels compared to unexposed cells. Re-expression of AK3 in CSC vapor-exposed cells restored cellular sensitivity to cisplatin. Finally, CSC vapor increased the growth of the tumors and also curtail the response of tumor cells to cisplatin chemotherapy in vivo. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The current study provides evidence that chronic CSC vapor exposure affects AK3 expression and renders the cells resistant to cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rajani Ravi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vui Pham
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Atul Bedi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Siegler WC, Fitz BD, Hoggard JC, Synovec RE. Experimental Study of the Quantitative Precision for Valve-Based Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2011; 83:5190-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200302b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Christopher Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Brian D. Fitz
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Jamin C. Hoggard
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Robert E. Synovec
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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41
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Chemometrics in comprehensive multidimensional separations. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2373-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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42
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Li Q, Zhao C, Li Y, Chang Y, Wu Z, Pang T, Lu X, Wu Y, Xu G. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based metabolic profiling to elucidate chemical differences of tobacco leaves between Zimbabwe and China. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:119-26. [PMID: 21246716 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
An approach was developed for extracting and analyzing the chemical components of tobacco leaves based on solvent extraction and rapid & resolution liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis. Two solvents with different polarities were used to extract hydrophilic components and hydrophobic components, respectively, the combined analytical data can provide a "global" view of metabolites. Based on the evaluation of parallel samples, it was found that this approach provided good repeatability, accurate and reliable profiling data, and is suitable for the metabolomics study of tobacco leaves. In order to find the chemical component differences of tobacco leaves, 56 samples from Zimbabwe and China were analyzed using the developed method. The metabolite data were processed by multivariate statistic technique; an obvious group classification between Zimbabwe and China was observed, 14 significantly changed compounds were found, and 9 of them were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, P. R. China
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43
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Ding L, Xie F, Xu G, Liu K, Wang S, Xie J. Separation and detection of polar cuticular components from Oriental tobacco leaf by integration of normal-phase liquid chromatography fractionation with reversed-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3429-36. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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44
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Zeng J, Guo Z, Xiao Y, Wang C, Zhang X, Liang X. Purification of polar compounds from Radix isatidis using conventional C18 column coupled with polar-copolymerized C18 column. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3341-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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45
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Siegler WC, Crank JA, Armstrong DW, Synovec RE. Increasing selectivity in comprehensive three-dimensional gas chromatography via an ionic liquid stationary phase column in one dimension. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3144-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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46
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Colombo G, Aldini G, Orioli M, Giustarini D, Gornati R, Rossi R, Colombo R, Carini M, Milzani A, Dalle-Donne I. Water-Soluble alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes of cigarette smoke induce carbonylation of human serum albumin. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 12:349-64. [PMID: 19686037 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for developing pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases as well as some forms of cancer. Understanding the mechanisms by which smoking contributes to disease remains a major research focus. Increased levels of carbonylated serum proteins are present in smokers; albumin is the major carbonylated protein in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of older smokers. We have investigated the susceptibility of human serum albumin (HSA) to alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde-induced carbonylation when exposed to whole-phase cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Fluorescence studies with fluorescent probes showed depletion of HSA Cys34 free thiol and marked decrease of free Lys residues. Spectrophotometric and immunochemical carbonyl assays after carbonyl derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine revealed the formation of covalent carbonyl adducts. Nanoscale capillary liquid chromatography and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry analysis detected acrolein and crotonaldehyde Michael adducts at Cys34, Lys525, Lys351, and His39 at all the CSE concentrations tested. Lys541 and Lys545 were also found to form a Schiff base with acrolein. The carbonyl scavenger drugs, hydralazine and pyridoxamine, partially prevented CSE-induced HSA carbonylation. Carbonylation of HSA associated with cigarette smoking might result in modifications of its antioxidant properties and transport functions of both endogenous and exogenous compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Colombo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan , Italy
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47
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Scian MJ, Oldham MJ, Miller JH, Kane DB, Edmiston JS, McKinney WJ. Chemical analysis of cigarette smoke particulate generated in the MSB-01 in vitro whole smoke exposure system. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21:1040-52. [PMID: 19772483 DOI: 10.1080/08958370802712705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette mainstream smoke (MS) is a dynamic aerosol consisting of a gas-vapor phase and a particulate phase. In recent years, novel in vitro whole smoke exposure systems have been developed to expose cells directly to whole MS. One such system is the Burghart Mimic Smoker-01 (MSB-01). Our previous data using the MSB-01 indicated that a 50 +/- 10% loss of particulate matter occurred prior to MS delivery into the exposure chamber. Additionally, a change in aerosol particle diameter was also measured, suggesting that the chemical composition of MS might be changing within the system. In this study, we have expanded on our previous work and compared the particulate phase chemical composition of undiluted and diluted MS generated by the instrument and that of the MS delivered into the exposure chamber. The average percent delivery of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) detected for all the measured chemical constituents was 35 +/- 13% for undiluted MS and 23 +/- 8% for 1:1 diluted MS. The data also indicate that under our experimental conditions, incomplete mixing of the freshly generated MS occurs during its dilution by the system. Taken together, the data presented here show that significant chemical changes occur between the generation of MS by the system and its delivery into the exposure chamber. This indicates that due to the dynamic nature of cigarette smoke, it is important to characterize the exposure conditions in order to gain the best insight and accurately correlate exposure with biological endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano J Scian
- Rem X Speciality Staffing, c/o Altria Client Services, Richmond, VA, USA
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van der Toorn M, Rezayat D, Kauffman HF, Bakker SJL, Gans ROB, Koëter GH, Choi AMK, van Oosterhout AJM, Slebos DJ. Lipid-soluble components in cigarette smoke induce mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species in lung epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 297:L109-14. [PMID: 19411310 PMCID: PMC2711811 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90461.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) present in cigarette smoke (CS) are thought to contribute to the development of COPD. Although CS-ROS can hardly enter airway epithelial cells, and certainly not the circulation, systemic levels of ROS have been found to be elevated in COPD patients. We hypothesize that lipophilic components present in CS can enter airway epithelial cells and increase intracellular ROS production by disturbing mitochondrial function. Different airway epithelial cells were exposed to CS extract (CSE), hexane-treated CSE (CSE without lipophilic components), gaseous-phase CS, and water-filtered CS (gaseous-phase CS without ROS). Mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsi(m)) and ATP levels were assessed using the bronchial epithelial cell line Beas-2b. ROS generation measured directly by DCF fluorescence and indirectly by measuring free thiol groups (-SH) upon exposure to CS was assessed using lung alveolar epithelial cells devoid of functional mitochondria (A549-rho0), with normal A549 cells serving as controls. In Beas-2b cells, CSE (4 h) caused a dose-dependent decrease in Deltapsi(m) and ATP levels, whereas hexane-treated CSE did not. DCF fluorescence in A549 cells increased in response to CSE, whereas this was not the case in A549-rho0 cells. Exposure of A549 cells to CS resulted in a rapid decrease in free -SH, whereas exposure to ROS-depleted CS only resulted in a delayed decrease. This delayed decrease was less pronounced in A549-rho0 cells. Lipophilic components in CS disturb mitochondrial function, which contributes to increased intracellular generation of ROS. Our results are of importance in understanding the systemic effects of smoking observed in patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco van der Toorn
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Laboratory of Allergology and Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The
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Wu Z, Huang Z, Lehmann R, Zhao C, Xu G. The Application of Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: Methods to Metabonomics. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-0956-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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50
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Li X, Xu Z, Lu X, Yang X, Yin P, Kong H, Yu Y, Xu G. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry for metabonomics: Biomarker discovery for diabetes mellitus. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 633:257-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Revised: 11/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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