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Qi X, Chen N, Song Q, Chu Y, Wu H, Shan J, Yue H, Zhou G. The investigation of connection between anticoagulant therapy and vitamin K homologues in human determined by LC-MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2024:1-12. [PMID: 39140688 DOI: 10.1080/17576180.2024.2383109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: Differences are existed in the bioactivity among various vitamin K (VK) forms. To investigate the correlation between clinical parameters of initial anticoagulation and plasma levels of VK1 and VK2 (MK-4 and MK-7), it was necessary to establish a quantitative method for simultaneous determination.Materials & methods: Plasma samples in cardiovascular patients were extracted by cyclohexane and analyzed using a C18 column. Baseline concentrations of VK1, MK-4 and MK-7 were 0.98 ± 0.52 ng/ml, 0.45 ± 0.13 ng/ml and 0.65 ± 0.31 ng/ml, respectively. The concentrations of MK-7 and total VKs were significantly relevant to INR0, respectively (p = 0.010 and p = 0.048, respectively).Conclusion: Thus, when adjusting anticoagulation dosage, concentrations of various VK homologues might be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiemin Qi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Ning Chen
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qinxin Song
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanan Chu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Haiping Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Jingwen Shan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Huijie Yue
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Guohua Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
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Mrštná K, Matoušová K, Krčmová LK, Carazo A, Pourová J, Mladěnka P, Matysová L, Švec F. Analysis of vitamin K 1 and major K 2 variants in rat/human serum and lipoprotein fractions by a rapid, simple, and sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS method. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1714:464548. [PMID: 38043166 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Determination of the various forms of vitamin K, which are involved in coagulation and other physiological processes in humans, is challenging and no standardized method is yet available. Therefore, a reliable and practical method was developed to quantify vitamin K levels in serum and additionally in lipoprotein fractions to clarify its distribution. The LC-MS/MS method for the determination of vitamin K1 and the three main isoforms of vitamin K2 (MK-4, MK-7, MK-9) was combined with a gradient ultracentrifugation technique to allow the separation of lipoprotein fractions. The chromatographic separation was carried out on a Kinetex™ C18 column using a mobile phase consisting mainly of methanol. The target analytes were detected by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The separation of all four substances was achieved after a simple sample preparation technique based on miniaturized liquid-liquid extraction. Our method of only 8.5 min revealed the levels of the major forms of vitamin K in 59 human and 12 rat sera and confirmed our hypothesis that vitamin K is primarily (about 50 %) found in the high-density lipoprotein fraction. The median concentrations of vitamin K1, MK-4, MK-7, and MK-9 were found to be 1.19, 2.98, 0.43, and < 0.71 nmol/L in human serum and 1.74, 6.75, less than 0.2, and less than 0.5 nmol/L in rat serum, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Mrštná
- The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Matoušová
- The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kujovská Krčmová
- The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Alejandro Carazo
- The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Pourová
- The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Mladěnka
- The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Matysová
- The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - František Švec
- The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Du F, Yan M, Duan L, Xie G, Yao X, Hu W, Liu Y, Meng M, Chen J, Shao D. The study of bioavailability and endogenous circadian rhythm of menaquinone-7, a form of vitamin K 2, in healthy subjects. Br J Nutr 2023; 130:1885-1897. [PMID: 37132123 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523001034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Menaquinone-7 (MK-7), a multipotent vitamin K2, possesses a wide range of biological activities, a precise curative effect and excellent safety. A simple and rapid LC-APCI-MS/MS method for the determination of MK-7 in human plasma with single liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) extraction and 4·5-min analysis time has been developed and validated. Four per cent bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as surrogate matrix for standard curves and endogenous baseline subtraction. This method was reproducible and reliable and was used to analyse of MK-7 in human plasma. The endogenous circadian rhythm and bioavailability of MK-7 were investigated in two randomised single-dose, open, one-way clinical trials (Study I and Study II). A total of five healthy male subjects were enrolled in Study I and 12 healthy male subjects in Study II. Single-dose (1 mg) of MK-7 was given to each subject under fasting condition, and all eligible subjects were given a restricting VK2 diet for 4 d prior to drug administration and during the trial. The experiment results of Study I demonstrated that endogenous MK-7 has no circadian rhythm in individuals. Both studies showed MK-7 are absorbed with peak plasma concentrations at about 6 h after intake and has a very long half-life time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Du
- Chonggang General Hospital, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Yan
- Chongqing Denali Medpharma, Co., Ltd, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Duan
- Guangdong Sungen Biotech, Co., Ltd, Shantou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guolong Xie
- Chonggang General Hospital, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuhua Yao
- Chonggang General Hospital, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Hu
- Chonggang General Hospital, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- Chongqing Denali Medpharma, Co., Ltd, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Meng
- Chongqing Denali Medpharma, Co., Ltd, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiepeng Chen
- Guangdong Sungen Biotech, Co., Ltd, Shantou, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Shao
- Chonggang General Hospital, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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4
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Xue L, Singla RK, Qin Q, Ding Y, Liu L, Ding X, Qu W, Huang C, Shen Z, Shen B, Miao L. Exploring the complex relationship between vitamin K, gut microbiota, and warfarin variability in cardiac surgery patients. Int J Surg 2023; 109:3861-3871. [PMID: 37598356 PMCID: PMC10720796 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Due to the high individual variability of anticoagulant warfarin, this study aimed to investigate the effects of vitamin K concentration and gut microbiota on individual variability of warfarin in 246 cardiac surgery patients. METHODS The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PKPD) model predicted international normalized ratio (INR) and warfarin concentration. Serum and fecal samples were collected to detect warfarin and vitamin K [VK1 and menaquinone-4 (MK4)] concentrations and gut microbiota diversity, respectively. In addition, the patient's medical records were reviewed for demographic characteristics, drug history, and CYP2C9, VKORC1, and CYP4F2 genotypes. RESULTS The PKPD model predicted ideal values of 62.7% for S-warfarin, 70.4% for R-warfarin, and 76.4% for INR. The normal VK1 level was 1.34±1.12 nmol/ml (95% CI: 0.33-4.08 nmol/ml), and the normal MK4 level was 0.22±0.18 nmol/ml (95% CI: 0.07-0.63 nmol/ml). The MK4 to total vitamin K ratio was 16.5±9.8% (95% CI: 4.3-41.5%). The S-warfarin concentration of producing 50% of maximum anticoagulation and the half-life of prothrombin complex activity tended to increase with vitamin K. Further, Prevotella and Eubacterium of gut microbiota identified as the main bacteria associated with individual variability of warfarin. The results suggest that an increase in vitamin K concentration can decrease anticoagulation, and gut microbiota may influence warfarin anticoagulation through vitamin K2 synthesis. CONCLUSION This study highlights the importance of considering vitamin K concentration and gut microbiota when prescribing warfarin. The findings may have significant implications for the personalized use of warfarin. Further research is needed to understand better the role of vitamin K and gut microbiota in warfarin anticoagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xue
- Department of Pharmacy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, UPV/EHU, Spain
| | - Rajeev K. Singla
- Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence for Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | | | - Yinglong Ding
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhenya Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
| | - Bairong Shen
- Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence for Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liyan Miao
- Department of Pharmacy
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu
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5
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Huo Y, Zhang S, Wu G, Shan H, Li Q, Deng T, Pan C. Rapid simultaneous determination of 7 fat-soluble vitamins in human serum by ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:5535-5544. [PMID: 37847399 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01527k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Accurate detection of vitamins is critically important for clinical diagnosis, metabolomics and epidemiological studies. However, the amounts of different vitamins vary dramatically in human serum. It is a challenge to achieve simultaneous detection of multiple vitamins rapidly. Herein, we developed and validated a sensitive and specific method using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for simultaneous quantification of 7 fat-soluble vitamins (FSVs) across their physiological concentrations in serum for the first time, which was subjected to protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction to an organic phase, evaporation to dryness and reconstitution with acetonitrile. In the present procedure, retinol (vitamin A), ergocalciferol (25-OH-D2), cholecalciferol (25-OH-D3), α-tocopherol (vitamin E), phylloquinone (vitamin K1), menatetrenone-4 (MK-4), and menaquinone-7 (MK-7) were detected in one analytical procedure for the first time within 5.0 min by triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for vitamin A was 10.0 ng mL-1, LOQs for 25-OH-D2 and 25-OH-D3 were 1.0 ng mL-1, LOQ for vitamin E was 100.0 ng mL-1, and LOQs for vitamin K1, MK-4 and MK-7 were 0.10 ng mL-1, respectively, with a correlation (R2) of 0.995-0.999. Recoveries ranged from 80.5% to 118.5% and the intra-day and inter-day coefficients of variance (CVs) were 0.72-8.89% and 3.2-9.0% respectively. The method was validated according to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and U.S. Food and Drug guidelines and C62-A on bioanalytical methods, and was used for clinical routine determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Huo
- Hangzhou Adicon Clinical Laboratories Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shangqing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Gaoping Wu
- Hangzhou Adicon Clinical Laboratories Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongbo Shan
- Hangzhou Adicon Clinical Laboratories Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Waters Technologies (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Tongqing Deng
- Hangzhou Adicon Clinical Laboratories Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Pan
- Hangzhou Adicon Clinical Laboratories Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China
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Li C, Liang C, Kong Z, Su Y, Ren W, Dong H, Wu Y, Yang N, Liu R, Wu J, Zheng Y. Determination of Vitamin K1, MK-4, MK-7, and D Levels in Human Serum of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Women Based on High Stability LC-MS/MS: MK-7 May Be a New Marker of Bone Metabolism. ANNALS OF NUTRITION & METABOLISM 2023; 79:334-342. [PMID: 37253343 DOI: 10.1159/000531065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vitamin K (VK) as well as vitamin D (VD) plays an important role in osteoporosis. Vitamin K1 (VK1), vitamin K2 (VK2, menaquinone-4 (MK-4), and menaquinone-7 (MK-7)) are significant for the metabolism of skeletal muscle. 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3) reflect circulating VD levels. More sensitive measurements remain to be developed. In the present study, a new high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of VK1, VK2 (MK-4 and MK-7), as well as 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3 levels in human serum. METHODS We developed a simple LC-MS/MS method for the determination of VK1, MK-4, MK-7, 25(OH)D2, and 25(OH)D3 levels in human serum and validated the method in a study cohort of 200 patients divided into the premenopausal women group and postmenopausal osteoporosis patient group. RESULTS The overall precision (coefficient of variation) ranged from 2.66 to 10.11% in the specified working range (0.05-5 ng/mL) for VK1, MK-4, and MK-7. Serum VK1, MK-4, and MK-7 levels in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis were 1.187 ± 0.094 ng/mL, 0.058 ± 0.009 ng/mL, and 0.885 ± 0.064 ng/mL, respectively (mean ± standard deviation). Serum VK1, MK-4, and MK-7 levels in premenopausal women were 1.143 ± 0.103 ng/mL, 0.028 ± 0.003 ng/mL, and 1.553 ± 0.226 ng/mL, respectively. Serum 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3 levels in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis were 0.757 ± 0.056 ng/mL and 11.72 ± 0.632 ng/mL, respectively. Serum 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3 levels in premenopausal were 1.793 ± 0.575 ng/mL and 12.42 ± 1.069 ng/mL, respectively. CONCLUSION A new LC-MS/MS method for determination of serum VK and VD levels was evaluated and validated. MK-7 in plasma decreased earlier than VD in postmenopausal osteoporosis patients. MK-7 status is significantly associated with osteoporosis and could be considered a predictable biomarker in the diagnosis of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cuiying Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China,
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China,
| | - Ziqing Kong
- Hangzhou Calibra Diagnostics Co., LTD, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhua Ren
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huiran Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqi Wu
- Hangzhou Calibra Diagnostics Co., LTD, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nana Yang
- Beijing Health Biotechnology Co., LTD, Beijing, China
| | - Ruichen Liu
- Shanghai AB Sciex Analytical Instrument Trading Co., LTD., Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
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7
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Starek M, Gumułka P, Dąbrowska M. Quality Control of the Dietary Supplements Containing Selected Fat-Soluble Vitamins D and K. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071650. [PMID: 37049490 PMCID: PMC10096846 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the most important aspect related to the use of dietary supplements seems to be their quality. There are many reports indicating their insufficient quality primarily related to a much lower content of ingredients or even their absence. Currently, there is an increasing interest in supplementing the diet with various kinds of supplements, including those containing combinations of vitamins and minerals, among which preparations with vitamin D are very popular. This is probably due to the reduced production of this vitamin, depending on the amount of time spent in the sun and the use of UV-filters. Very often, preparations with cholecalciferol also contain vitamin K2, which is associated with their synergistic effect. Therefore, the question arises about the effectiveness of supplementation, which may be correlated with the quality of commonly available dietary supplements. In the presented work, it was undertaken to develop optimal conditions for the qualitative and quantitative determination of vitamins D2, D3 and K2 in dietary supplements available in various forms, using thin-layer chromatography with densitometric detection. As a result, the methodology for analyzing the content of three vitamins from various matrices was developed, optimized and validated in accordance with ICH requirements. The obtained results allow us to conclude that it is reliable and meets the requirements for analytical procedures used in the analysis of medicinal products. Based on the results obtained for examined dietary supplements, it can be stated that the amount of vitamin D3 in analyzed products is basically similar to that declared by the manufacturer, in contrast to vitamin K2, the content of which is diverse. The developed methodology seems to be a good, low-cost and quick way to control the quality of dietary supplements so that they can supplement the human diet and be a wholesome product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Starek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Gumułka
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Łazarza St, 31-530 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Dąbrowska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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Alonso N, Meinitzer A, Fritz-Petrin E, Enko D, Herrmann M. Role of Vitamin K in Bone and Muscle Metabolism. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 112:178-196. [PMID: 35150288 PMCID: PMC9859868 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-00955-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin K, a cofactor for the γ-glutamyl carboxylase enzyme, is required for the post-translational activation of osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein, which play a key role in bone and muscle homeostasis. In vivo and in vitro models for osteoporosis and sarcopenia suggest the vitamin K could exert a positive effect in both conditions. In bone, it increases osteoblastogenesis, whilst decreases osteoclast formation and function. In muscle, it is associated with increased satellite cell proliferation and migration and might play a role in energy metabolism. Observational trials suggest that high levels of vitamin K are associated with increased bone mineral density and reduced fracture risk. However, interventional studies for vitamin K supplementation yielded conflicting results. Clinical trials in sarcopenia suggest that vitamin K supplementation could improve muscle mass and function. One of the main limitations on the vitamin K studies are the technical challenges to measure its levels in serum. Thus, they are obtained from indirect sources like food questionnaires, or levels of undercarboxylated proteins, which can be affected by other environmental or biological processes. Although current research appoints to a beneficial effect of vitamin K in bone and muscle, further studies overcoming the current limitations are required in order to incorporate this supplementation in the clinical management of patients with osteosarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Alonso
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - A Meinitzer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - E Fritz-Petrin
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - D Enko
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - M Herrmann
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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9
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Furukawa N, Chen X, Asano S, Matsumoto M, Wu Y, Murata K, Takeuchi A, Tode C, Homma T, Koharazawa R, Usami K, Tie JK, Hirota Y, Suhara Y. Synthesis of new vitamin K derivatives with a ketone group at the C-1′ position of the side chain and their conversion to menaquinone-4. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Seasonal variation of diarylheptanoids in Zostera marina (Zosteraceae) from the Baltic Sea, impact of drying on diarylheptanoids and phenolics, and first report of 3-keto-steroids. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2022.104446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Xu C, Cunqing Y, Chun G, Min W, Jun L, Xueyun H, Jiaxin F, Li S, Cheng A, Guijian L, Fengxiang S, Bo P. The relationship between serum vitamin K concentration and coronary artery calcification in middle-aged and elderly people. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 531:325-330. [PMID: 35504322 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.04.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin K is involved in the formation of coronary artery calcification which is an independent predictor of coronary heart disease. This study aims to explore the association between coronary artery calcification score and serum concentrations of vitamin K1, menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7) in middle-aged and elderly Chinese population. METHODS A total of 116 patients who underwent CT coronary angiography were consecutively enrolled. Serum concentrations of vitamin K1, MK-4 and MK-7 were determined by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The relationships between coronary artery calcification score and serum vitamin K concentrations were analyzed. RESULTS Significantly lower serum vitamin K1 concentration was found in the patients with CACS > 400, comparing with the other CACS categories, respectively. Log (CACS + 1) was significantly higher in MK-4 < 0.05 ng/ml group compared with MK-4 ≥ 0.05 ng/ml group [2.03(0.21, 2.58) vs 1.31(0.00, 2.19), P < 0.05]. In subjects with established coronary calcification (defined as CACS > 10), vitamin K1 was found to be an independent factor contributing to higher CACS (r = -0.288, P = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS In this retrospective analysis, serum vitamin K1 and MK-4 concentrations were significantly lower in middle-aged and elderly cohorts with increasing calcification scores. The significant effect of vitamin K1 on CACS was only found in individuals who already had calcification. Whether the detection of circulating vitamin K in patients with preexisting coronary calcification could guide vitamin K supplementation needs further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- Clinical Laboratory, Guang' anmen Hospital, China academy of Chinese medical sciences, China
| | - Yang Cunqing
- Clinical Laboratory, Guang' anmen Hospital, China academy of Chinese medical sciences, China
| | - Gu Chun
- Clinical Laboratory, Guang' anmen Hospital, China academy of Chinese medical sciences, China
| | - Wu Min
- General Internal Department, Guang' anmen Hospital, China academy of Chinese medical sciences, China
| | - Li Jun
- Department of Cardiology, Guang' anmen Hospital, China academy of Chinese medical sciences, China
| | - Hou Xueyun
- Clinical Laboratory, Guang' anmen Hospital, China academy of Chinese medical sciences, China
| | - Fei Jiaxin
- Clinical Laboratory, Guang' anmen Hospital, China academy of Chinese medical sciences, China
| | - Sun Li
- Department of Radiology, Guang' anmen Hospital, China academy of Chinese medical sciences, China
| | - An Cheng
- Clinical Laboratory, Guang' anmen Hospital, China academy of Chinese medical sciences, China
| | - Liu Guijian
- Clinical Laboratory, Guang' anmen Hospital, China academy of Chinese medical sciences, China
| | - Shi Fengxiang
- Department of Radiology, Guang' anmen Hospital, China academy of Chinese medical sciences, China.
| | - Pang Bo
- Clinical Laboratory, Guang' anmen Hospital, China academy of Chinese medical sciences, China.
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12
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Meinitzer A, Enko D, Zelzer S, Prüller F, Alonso N, Fritz-Petrin E, Herrmann M. Development of a liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method for the determination of vitamin K1, menaquinone-4, menaquinone-7 and vitamin K1-2,3 epoxide in serum of individuals without vitamin K supplements. Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 60:1011-1019. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Vitamin K and metabolites have a beneficial role in blood coagulation, bone metabolism and growth. However, the determination of vitamin K concentrations in the blood in patients consuming a diet with naturally occurring vitamin K is currently challenging. We aim to develop a cost-effective and rapid method to measure vitamin K metabolites with potential application for clinics and research.
Methods
We developed a simple liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of vitamin K1, menaquinone-4 (MK-4), menaquinone-7 (MK-7) and vitamin K1-2,3 epoxide in human serum and validated the method in a study cohort of 162 patients tested for carbohydrate malabsorption and in 20 patients with oral phenprocoumon intake.
Results
The overall precision (CVs) ranged between 4.8 and 17.7% in the specified working range (0.06–9.0 nmol/L for all analytes except for MK-7 with 0.04–6.16 nmol/L). In the malabsorption cohort samples, measured values were obtained for all different vitamin K metabolites except for vitamin K1-2,3 epoxide. This metabolite could be detected only in patients with phenprocoumon intake. The good performance of the method is especially achieved by the interaction of three factors: the use of lipase in the sample preparation, the use of an atypical fluorinated reversed phase column, and a logarithmic methanol gradient.
Conclusions
The described method is able to determine the concentration of four vitamin K metabolites in a time-efficient, simple and cost-effective manner. It can be suitable for both routine clinics and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Meinitzer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Dietmar Enko
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital Hochsteiermark , Leoben , Austria
| | - Sieglinde Zelzer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Florian Prüller
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Nerea Alonso
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Eva Fritz-Petrin
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Markus Herrmann
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
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13
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Card DJ, Freke EC, Harrington DJ. Characterisation and traceability of two generations of standard reference material for the measurement of vitamin K
1
(phylloquinone) at endogenous concentrations in human plasma and serum. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5378. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. J. Card
- Nutristasis Unit, St. Thomas’ Hospital London
| | - E. C. Freke
- Nutristasis Unit, St. Thomas’ Hospital London
| | - D. J. Harrington
- Nutristasis Unit, St. Thomas’ Hospital London
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London London UK
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14
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Vitamin K Nutrition and Bone Health. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12071909. [PMID: 32605143 PMCID: PMC7399911 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K is essential for blood coagulation and plays an important role in extrahepatic metabolism, such as in bone and blood vessels, and in energy metabolism. This review discusses the assessment of vitamin K sufficiency and the role of vitamin K in bone health. To elucidate the exact role of vitamin K in other organs, accurate tools for assessing vitamin K deficiency or insufficiency are crucial. Undercarboxylated vitamin K-dependent protein levels can be measured to evaluate tissue-specific vitamin K deficiency/insufficiency. Vitamin K has genomic action through steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR); however, the importance of this action requires further study. Recent studies have revealed that the bone-specific, vitamin K-dependent protein osteocalcin has a close relationship with energy metabolism through insulin sensitivity. Among the organs that produce vitamin K-dependent proteins, bone has attracted the most attention, as vitamin K deficiency has been consistently associated with bone fractures. Although vitamin K treatment addresses vitamin K deficiency and is believed to promote bone health, the corresponding findings on fracture risk reduction are conflicting. We also discuss the similarity of other vitamin supplementations on fracture risk. Future clinical studies are needed to further elucidate the effect of vitamin K on fracture risk.
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15
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Akbulut AC, Pavlic A, Petsophonsakul P, Halder M, Maresz K, Kramann R, Schurgers L. Vitamin K2 Needs an RDI Separate from Vitamin K1. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1852. [PMID: 32575901 PMCID: PMC7353270 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K and its essential role in coagulation (vitamin K [Koagulation]) have been well established and accepted the world over. Many countries have a Recommended Daily Intake (RDI) for vitamin K based on early research, and its necessary role in the activation of vitamin K-dependent coagulation proteins is known. In the past few decades, the role of vitamin K-dependent proteins in processes beyond coagulation has been discovered. Various isoforms of vitamin K have been identified, and vitamin K2 specifically has been highlighted for its long half-life and extrahepatic activity, whereas the dietary form vitamin K1 has a shorter half-life. In this review, we highlight the specific activity of vitamin K2 based upon proposed frameworks necessary for a bioactive substance to be recommended for an RDI. Vitamin K2 meets all these criteria and should be considered for a specific dietary recommendation intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Cengiz Akbulut
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (A.C.A.); (A.P.); (P.P.)
| | - Angelina Pavlic
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (A.C.A.); (A.P.); (P.P.)
| | - Ploingarm Petsophonsakul
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (A.C.A.); (A.P.); (P.P.)
| | - Maurice Halder
- Division of Nephrology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.H.); (R.K.)
| | - Katarzyna Maresz
- International Science & Health Foundation, 30-134 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Rafael Kramann
- Division of Nephrology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.H.); (R.K.)
| | - Leon Schurgers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (A.C.A.); (A.P.); (P.P.)
- Division of Nephrology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.H.); (R.K.)
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16
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Zhang Y, Chhonker YS, Bala V, Hagg A, Snetselaar LG, Wahls TL, Murry DJ. Reversed phase UPLC/APCI-MS determination of Vitamin K1 and menaquinone-4 in human plasma: Application to a clinical study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 183:113147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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17
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Quantification of fat-soluble vitamins and their metabolites in biological matrices: an updated review. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:625-640. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fat-soluble vitamins (FSVs) are micronutrients essential in maintaining normal physiological function, metabolism and human growth. Ongoing increased awareness regarding FSV concentrations and their impact on human growth along with disease progression warrant the need of developing selective and sensitive analytical methods. LC–MS/MS is currently the method of choice for accurate quantitation of FSVs. However, there are multiple approaches for extraction, separation and calibration of FSVs in biological matrices. This review discusses recent LC–MS/MS methods for the simultaneous quantification of FSVs in biological matrices and summarizes sample pretreatment procedures, chromatographic conditions and calibration approaches. Current challenges and clinical applications in various disease states are also highlighted.
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18
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Takeda K, Morita A, Ikenaka Y, Nakayama SMM, Ishizuka M. Comparison of two reducing agents dithiothreitol and tris(3-hydroxypropyl)phosphine for in vitro kinetic assay of vitamin K epoxide reductase. Vet Anim Sci 2020; 9:100095. [PMID: 32734105 PMCID: PMC7386777 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2020.100095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) is a target enzyme for anticoagulants, such as warfarin, that are used as medicines or rodenticides. Assessing VKOR activity is required to ensure the proper usage of these drugs. Dithiothreitol (DTT) is a typical disulfide reductant that is used as a substrate for in vitro VKOR assays. However, DTT is considered problematic because of its side effects. Tris(3-hydroxypropyl)phosphine (THP) has been found to be a reliable alternative to DTT, as shown by kinetic analyses of the VKOR with them. THP showed significantly lower Vmax and Km values than those of DTT; however, there was no significant difference in their Vmax/Km and IC50 for warfarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Takeda
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Ayuko Morita
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.,Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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19
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Cis and trans isomers of the vitamin menaquinone-7: which one is biologically significant? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2765-2776. [PMID: 32009201 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, several studies have indicated that an adequate intake of menaquinone-7 (MK-7) offers numerous health benefits. However, the low availability of MK-7 in the diet necessitates the development of dietary supplements or functional food products to complement natural food sources and meet the daily intake requirements. Like most biological molecules, MK-7 can exist as geometric isomers that can occur in the cis, trans, and cis/trans forms; however, only the all-trans form is biologically significant. MK-7 is traditionally produced through bacterial fermentation, but various synthetic preparations have lately become available. The isomer composition in the final product is influenced by numerous factors, including the methods of production and purification, as well as particular environmental and storage conditions. The MK-7 profile obtained from the various production methods has not yet been elucidated, and the ideal method for the synthesis of the all-trans form of the vitamin is also debatable. Consequently, the quantification of the MK-7 profile of various products is necessary to develop an understanding of the factors that influence the proportion of isomers that are obtained in different preparations. Several possible methods exist for the quantification of MK-7 isomers, and of these, liquid chromatography in conjunction with mass spectrometry techniques appears to be the most promising. Evaluation of the isomer composition is an important consideration, as only the all-trans form sustains biological activity. Furthermore, knowledge of the prominent factors that influence the MK-7 composition may also enable their manipulation to obtain a more favorable MK-7 profile in the final product.
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20
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Dunovska K, Klapkova E, Sopko B, Cepova J, Prusa R. LC-MS/MS quantitative analysis of phylloquinone, menaquinone-4 and menaquinone-7 in the human serum of a healthy population. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7695. [PMID: 31579595 PMCID: PMC6754977 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel application of the liquid chromatography method combined with the triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the quantification of vitamin K1 and two forms of vitamin K2 (menaquinone-4, menaquinone-7) in human serum. Total chromatography time for each run was 9 min. Time required for the sample pretreatment procedures was approximately 4 h. The coefficients of variation (CVs) of intra-assay were 10.4%, 3.2 % and 2.3% for vitamin K1 in three levels of quality control samples; were 14.3%, 3.2% and 6.7% for menaquinone-4; and were 11.1%, 6.0% and 7.0% for menaquinone-7. The inter-assay CVs were 12.8%, 11.3% and 7.4% for vitamin K1; were 15.2%, 9.2% and 8.7% for menaquinone-4; and were 13.2%,11.1% and 7.2% for menaquinone-7. No interference was found between K1, menaquinone-4 and menaquinone-7, nor any deuterated internal standards. This method was then used to determine reference values for Caucasian populations of central European origin. Samples were measured from 191 healthy volunteers (51.2 ± 16.2 years (mean ± SD)) and the values concerning K1 were 0.044-1.357 ng/mL for women and 0.030-1.214 ng/mL for men. The values for menaquinone-4 and menaquinone-7 did not exhibit any differences between women and men, and were 0.050-1.598 and 0.074-0.759 ng/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Dunovska
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Charles University Prague, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Klapkova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Charles University Prague, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bruno Sopko
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Charles University Prague, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Cepova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Charles University Prague, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Prusa
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Charles University Prague, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
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21
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Boegh Andersen I, Lohman Brasen C, Skov Madsen J, Schmedes A. Quantitation of vitamin K1 in serum using online SPE-LC-MS/MS and the challenges of working with vitamin K. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1117:41-48. [PMID: 30995590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) is one of the vitamin Ks. Several studies have previously investigated the role of vitamin K1 status in respect to disease, but without consistent results. Since vitamin K deficiency has been associated with different disease states it is important to develop a biochemical analysis with sufficient sensitivity and a low limit of quantitation (LOQ). The vitamin Ks are very fat-soluble. This non-polar nature has given rise to several challenges during the method development, because vitamin K1 sticks to materials used during the process and is lost during evaporation. We found that reducing the sample preparation as much as possible offline, instead using online SPE-LC-MS/MS improves recovery and gives satisfactory chromatograms. An Protein BEH C4 column, 300 Å (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm particle size) was used as trap column and a Phenyl-Hexyl-LC-column, 100 Å (100 × 2.1 mm, 2.6 μm particle size) was used as analytical column. The mobile phases consisted of 30 μmol/L NH4F in water and 30 μmol/L NH4F in MeOH. A triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) ion source, positive ion mode, was used to perform the mass spectrometric measurements. The method is simple, highly sensitive and fast. The method was validated for vitamin K1 with good analytical performance. With a LOQ of 0.05 nmol/L it is to our knowledge the vitamin K1 method with lowest LOQ reported to date in the literature. It can easily be automated and applied in a routine diagnostic laboratory. Blood collection tubes with different additives were tested and showed no difference. Stability of vitamin K1 in serum was tested at different temperatures (-20 °C, 4 °C and in light and dark at 20 °C over a period of 30 days) and showed that vitamin K1 is light sensitive in serum even after only one day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Boegh Andersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark; Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Odense Patient Data Explorative Network (OPEN), Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark and Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Claus Lohman Brasen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark; Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Odense Patient Data Explorative Network (OPEN), Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark and Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jonna Skov Madsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark; Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Odense Patient Data Explorative Network (OPEN), Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark and Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne Schmedes
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
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22
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Zhang Y, Bala V, Mao Z, Chhonker YS, Murry DJ. A concise review of quantification methods for determination of vitamin K in various biological matrices. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 169:133-141. [PMID: 30861405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K is an essential nutrient in the body and involved in numerous physiological and pathophysiological functions. Both the lack and surplus of vitamin K can put human health at risk. Therefore, it becomes necessary to monitor vitamin K concentrations in different biomatrices through establishing sensitive and specific analytical methods. This review collectively describes an updated overview of the sample pretreatment methodologies and methods for quantitative determination of vitamin K that have been used in last two decades. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is commonly utilized as a standard for separation of vitamin K in combination with different detection including spectroscopic, spectrometric, fluorometric and mass spectroscopy. Recent progress in sample pretreatment technologies and quantitation methodologies have enhanced the ability to identify and quantitate vitamin K in biomatrices to further advance our understanding of the role of this vitamin in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacological Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Veenu Bala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India
| | - Zhihao Mao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, United States
| | - Yashpal S Chhonker
- Clinical Pharmacological Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Daryl J Murry
- Clinical Pharmacological Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States.
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23
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Tarento TD, McClure DD, Vasiljevski E, Schindeler A, Dehghani F, Kavanagh JM. Microalgae as a source of vitamin K1. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Micronutrient status assessment in humans: Current methods of analysis and future trends. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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25
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Vermeer C, Raes J, van 't Hoofd C, Knapen MHJ, Xanthoulea S. Menaquinone Content of Cheese. Nutrients 2018; 10:E446. [PMID: 29617314 PMCID: PMC5946231 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K₂ (menaquinone) concentrations were measured in a wide range of cheeses and the effects of fat content, ripening and origin of the cheeses were investigated. Moreover, the menaquinone content of cheese was compared with that of other foods known to contain vitamin K₂. It was found that cheese and curd are the most important sources of long-chain menaquinones in the Western diet and, in general, hard cheeses are richer in menaquinones than soft cheeses. However, the actual menaquinone content varies substantially and is dependent on the type of cheese, the time of ripening, the fat content and the geographic area where the cheeses are produced. Given the fact that poor vitamin K status has been mentioned as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality, while there is no clear evidence for adverse cardiovascular effects of dairy fats, cheese should be considered as a recommendable component in a heart-healthy diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cees Vermeer
- R&D Group VitaK, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Joyce Raes
- R&D Group VitaK, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Cynthia van 't Hoofd
- R&D Group VitaK, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marjo H J Knapen
- R&D Group VitaK, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Sofia Xanthoulea
- R&D Group VitaK, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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26
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Jedlińska K, Strus M, Baś B. A new electrochemical sensor with the Refreshable Silver Liquid Amalgam Film multi-Electrode for sensitive voltammetric determination of vitamin K2 (menaquinone). Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.01.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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27
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Klapkova E, Cepova J, Dunovska K, Prusa R. Determination of vitamins K 1 , MK-4, and MK-7 in human serum of postmenopausal women by HPLC with fluorescence detection. J Clin Lab Anal 2018; 32:e22381. [PMID: 29333616 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of vitamin K1 and two forms of vitamin K2 (MK-4 and MK-7) in human serum, and the levels of vitamin K were determined in 350 samples of postmenopausal women. METHODS Vitamin K was determined by HPLC with fluorescence detection after postcolumn zinc reduction. The detection was performed at 246 nm (excitation) and 430 nm (emission). The internal standard and 2 mL of ethanol were added to 500 μL of serum. The mixture was extracted with 4 mL of hexane, and solid phase extraction was then used. RESULTS The HLPC method was fully validated. The intra- and interday accuracy and precision were evaluated on two QC samples by multiple analysis, and CV were less than 10%. The limit of quantification for MK-4 was found at 0.04 ng/mL, for K1 0.03 ng/mL, and for MK-7 0.03 ng/mL. The mean recoveries of the corresponding compounds were 98%-110%. Serum levels of MK-4, K1 , and MK-7 in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis were 0.890 ± 0.291 ng/mL, 0.433 ± 0.394 ng/mL, and 1.002 ± 1.020 ng/mL, respectively (mean ± SD). Serum levels of MK-4, K1 , and MK-7 in postmenopausal women without osteoporosis were 0.825 ± 0.266 ng/mL, 0.493 ± 0.399 ng/mL, and 1.186 ± 1.076 ng/mL, respectively (mean ± SD). CONCLUSION New HPLC method for the determination of vitamins K1 , MK-4, and MK-7 in serum was evaluated and validated. This method is highly specific and sensitive with the low limit of quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Klapkova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Cepova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Dunovska
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Prusa
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
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Negative Impact of Prolonged Antibiotics or Persistent Diarrhea on Vitamin K1 Levels in 2-24 Weeks aged Egyptian Infants. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2018; 10:e2018010. [PMID: 29326806 PMCID: PMC5760067 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2018.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate the hazard of prolonged antibiotic therapy and/or persistent diarrhea on vitamin K1 (VK1) level and bleeding profile in infants (2–24 weeks). Methods A one-year case-control study, conducted at Ain Shams University, Egypt. 338 infants (2–24 weeks) were recruited and divided into 3 groups (1:1:3 ratios); group A (n=67) patients who received antibiotics for ≥10 days, group B (n=67) who had persistent diarrhea ≥ 14 days and group C (n=204) age- and gender- matched infants who had not either received antibiotics nor had diarrhea. All subjected to clinical assessment, bleeding history and had their complete blood count (CBC), PT and PTT, liver transaminases and VK1 level assayed. Results There was a significant increase in frequency of VKDB (vitamin K deficiency bleeding) and abnormal bleeding profile in cases than control group. There was significant negative correlation between VK1 level and duration of diarrhea, length of antibiotics used and bleeding profile. Antibiotic usage has hazardous effect on VK1 level in those with diarrhea; more patients were receiving antibiotic in those with persistent diarrhea and VKDB (N=55) than those with persistent diarrhea and normal VK1 (N=12). The longer duration of antibiotic therapy the lower level of VK1. Combining cephalosporin/penicillin therapy and/or diarrhea, in particular, had an impact on VK1 level. Conclusion VKDB, a preventable cause of life-threatening hemorrhage, is still a major health problem in Egyptian infants, where persistent diarrhea and misuse of antibiotics are prevalent, necessitate a booster dose of VK in those high risk infants.
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Fusaro M, Gallieni M, Rizzo MA, Stucchi A, Delanaye P, Cavalier E, Moysés RMA, Jorgetti V, Iervasi G, Giannini S, Fabris F, Aghi A, Sella S, Galli F, Viola V, Plebani M. Vitamin K plasma levels determination in human health. Clin Chem Lab Med 2017; 55:789-799. [PMID: 27732556 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2016-0783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K (phylloquinone or vitamin K1 and menaquinones or vitamin K2) plays an important role as a cofactor in the synthesis of hepatic blood coagulation proteins, but recently has also aroused an increasing interest for its action in extra-hepatic tissues, in particular in the regulation of bone and vascular metabolism. The accurate measurement of vitamin K status in humans is still a critical issue. Along with indirect assays, such as the undercarboxylated fractions of vitamin K-dependent proteins [prothrombin, osteocalcin (OC), and matrix gla protein], the direct analysis of blood levels of phylloquinone and menaquinones forms might be considered a more informative and direct method for assessing vitamin K status. Different methods for direct quantification of vitamin K serum levels are available. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods coupled with post-column reduction procedures and fluorimetric or electrochemical detection are commonly used for food and blood analysis of phylloquinone, but they show some limitations when applied to the analysis of serum menaquinones because of interferences from triglycerides. Recent advancements include liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS) detection, which assures higher specificity. The optimization and standardization of these methods requires specialized laboratories. The variability of results observed in the available studies suggests the need for further investigations to obtain more accurate analytical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fusaro
- National Research Council (CNR) - Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), Pisa Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, PI
| | - Maurizio Gallieni
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Ospedale San Carlo Borromeo, Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", University of Milan, Milan
| | | | - Andrea Stucchi
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, IRCCS Multimedica, Sesto San Giovanni (Milano), Milan
| | - Pierre Delanaye
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation, University of Liège, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Sart Tilman (ULg CHU), Liège
| | - Etienne Cavalier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Sart Tilman, Liège
| | | | | | - Giorgio Iervasi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research, Pisa
| | - Sandro Giannini
- Department of Medicine, Clinica Medica 1, University of Padova, Padova
| | - Fabrizio Fabris
- Department of Medicine, Clinica Medica 1, University of Padova, Padova
| | - Andrea Aghi
- Department of Medicine, Clinica Medica 1, University of Padova, Padova
| | - Stefania Sella
- Department of Medicine, Clinica Medica 1, University of Padova, Padova
| | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia
| | - Valentina Viola
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome
| | - Mario Plebani
- Laboratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova
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Riphagen IJ, van der Molen JC, van Faassen M, Navis G, de Borst MH, Muskiet FAJ, de Jong WHA, Bakker SJL, Kema IP. Measurement of plasma vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and K2 (menaquinones-4 and -7) using HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem Lab Med 2017; 54:1201-10. [PMID: 26630696 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2015-0864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the growing interest in the health benefits of vitamin K, there is great need for development of new high-throughput methods for quantitative determination of vitamin K in plasma. We describe a simple and rapid method for measurement of plasma vitamin K1 (phylloquinone [PK]) and K2 (menaquinones [MK]-4 and -7). Furthermore, we investigated the association of fasting plasma vitamin K with functional vitamin K insufficiency in renal transplant recipients (RTR). METHODS We used HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization for measurement of plasma PK, MK-4, and MK-7. Solid-phase extraction was used for sample clean-up. Mass spectrometric detection was performed in multiple reaction monitoring mode. Functional vitamin K insufficiency was defined as plasma desphospho-uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein (dp-ucMGP) >500 pmol/L. RESULTS Lower limits of quantitation were 0.14 nmol/L for PK and MK-4 and 4.40 nmol/L for MK-7. Linearity up to 15 nmol/L was excellent. Mean recoveries were >92%. Fasting plasma PK concentration was associated with recent PK intake (ρ=0.41, p=0.002) and with plasma MK-4 (ρ=0.49, p<0.001). Plasma PK (ρ=0.38, p=0.003) and MK-4 (ρ=0.46, p<0.001) were strongly correlated with plasma triglyceride concentrations. Furthermore, we found that MK-4-triglyceride ratio, but not PK-triglyceride ratio, was significantly associated with functional vitamin K insufficiency (OR 0.22 [0.07-0.70], p=0.01) in RTR. CONCLUSIONS The developed rapid and easy-to-use LC-MS/MS method for quantitative determination of PK, MK-4, and MK-7 in human plasma may be a good alternative for the labor-intensive and time-consuming LC-MS/MS methods and enables a higher sample throughput.
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Nannapaneni NK, Jalalpure SS, Muppavarapu R, Sirigiri SK. A sensitive and rapid UFLC-APCI-MS/MS bioanalytical method for quantification of endogenous and exogenous Vitamin K1 isomers in human plasma: Development, validation and first application to a pharmacokinetic study. Talanta 2017; 164:233-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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KAMAO M, HIROTA Y, SUHARA Y, TSUGAWA N, NAKAGAWA K, OKANO T, HASEGAWA H. Determination of Menadione by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Using Pseudo Multiple Reaction Monitoring. ANAL SCI 2017; 33:863-867. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maya KAMAO
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
| | - Yoshihisa HIROTA
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology
| | - Yoshitomo SUHARA
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology
| | - Naoko TSUGAWA
- Laboratory of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Osaka Shoin Women’s University
| | - Kimie NAKAGAWA
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
| | - Toshio OKANO
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
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Plasma phylloquinone, menaquinone-4 and menaquinone-7 levels and coronary artery calcification. J Nutr Sci 2016; 5:e48. [PMID: 28620475 PMCID: PMC5465808 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2016.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K is considered to be involved in the pathological mechanisms of coronary artery calcification (CAC). Correlation between CAC and plasma vitamin K levels was studied. A total of 103 patients, with at least one coronary risk factor, were studied. CAC was measured using 64-slice multislice computed tomography (MSCT) and divided into three groups: none (CAC score = 0; n 25), mild to moderate (0 < CAC score < 400; n 52) and severe (CAC score > 400; n 26). Phylloquinone (PK) and menaquinone (MK)-4 and MK-7 were measured by HPLC-tandem MS. Mean age of patients was 64 (sd 13) years, of which 57 % were male. Median CAC score was 57·2. Median levels of PK, MK-4 and MK-7 were 1·33, 0 and 6·99 ng/ml, showing that MK-7 was the dominant vitamin K in this population. MK-7 showed a significant inverse correlation with uncarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC, P = 0·014), protein induced by vitamin K absence of antagonist-2 (PIVKA-2, P = 0·013), intact parathyroid hormone (P = 0·007) and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (P = 0·018). CAC showed an inverse correlation with total circulating uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein (t-ucMGP, P = 0·018) and Hb (P = 0·05), and a positive correlation with age (P < 0·001), creatinine, collagen type 1 cross-linked N-terminal telopeptide (NTX, P = 0·03), pulse wave velocity (P < 0·001) and osteoprotegerin (P < 0·001). However, CAC did not have a significant correlation with plasma levels of PK, MK-4 or MK-7. In conclusion, plasma MK-7, MK-4 or PK level did not show significant correlation with CAC despite the association between plasma vitamin K levels and vitamin K-dependent proteins such as ucOC or PIVKA-2.
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Key Words
- BAP, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase
- CAC, coronary artery calcification
- Coronary artery calcification
- MGP, matrix Gla protein
- MK, menaquinone
- Matrix Gla protein
- NTX, N-terminal telopeptide
- OC, osteocalcin
- OPG, osteoprotegerin
- Osteocalcin
- PIVKA-2, protein induced by vitamin K absence of antagonist-2
- PK, phylloquinone
- PTH, parathyroid hormone
- PWV, pulse wave velocity
- Vitamin K
- t-ucMGP, total circulating uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein
- ucOC, uncarboxylated osteocalcin
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Tabassum R, Gupta BD. Simultaneous estimation of vitamin K1 and heparin with low limit of detection using cascaded channels fiber optic surface plasmon resonance. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 86:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ikari Y, Torii S, Shioi A, Okano T. Impact of menaquinone-4 supplementation on coronary artery calcification and arterial stiffness: an open label single arm study. Nutr J 2016; 15:53. [PMID: 27175730 PMCID: PMC4866409 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-016-0175-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary intake of vitamin K has been reported to reduce coronary artery calcification (CAC) and cardiovascular events. However, it is unknown whether supplemental menaquinone (MK)-4 can reduce CAC or arterial stiffness. To study the effect of MK-4 supplementation on CAC and brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). Methods This study is a single arm design to take 45 mg/day MK-4 daily as a therapeutic drug for 1 year. Primary endpoint was CAC score determined using 64-slice multislice CT (Siemens), and the secondary endpoint was baPWV measured before and 1 year after MK-4 therapy. Results A total of 26 patients were enrolled. The average age was 69 ± 8 years and 65 % were female. Plasma levels of phylloquinone (PK), MK-7, and MK4 were 1.94 ± 1.38 ng/ml, 14.2 ± 11.9 ng/ml and 0.4 ± 2.0 ng/ml, respectively, suggesting that MK-7 was the dominant vitamin K in the studied population. Baseline CAC and baPWV were 513 ± 773 and 1834 ± 289 cm/s, respectively. At 1 year following MK-4 supplementation, the values were 588 ± 872 (+14 %) and 1821 ± 378 cm/s (−0.7 %), respectively. In patients with high PIVKA-2, −18 % annual reduction of baPWV was observed. Conclusion Despite high dose MK-4 supplementation, CAC increased +14 % annually, but baPWV did not change (−0.7 %). The benefits of MK-4 supplementation were only observed in patients with vitamin K insufficiencies correlated with high PIVKA-2 baseline levels, reducing baPWV but not CAC. Trial registration This study was registered as UMIN 000002760
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ikari
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, 259-1193, Japan.
| | - Sho Torii
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shioi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-7 Asahimachi, Abenoku, Osaka, 545-0051, Japan
| | - Toshio Okano
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-9-1 Motoyamakitamachi, Higashinadaku, Kobe, 658-0003, Japan
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36
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Analysis of vitamin K1 in fruits and vegetables using accelerated solvent extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Food Chem 2016; 192:402-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.06.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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A novel salting-out assisted extraction coupled with HPLC- fluorescence detection for trace determination of vitamin K homologues in human plasma. Talanta 2015; 144:480-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Noori A, Lashkari M, Oveisi S, Khair Khah MR, Zargar A. Assessment of vitamin K2 levels in osteoporotic patients: a case control study. Glob J Health Sci 2014; 6:82-7. [PMID: 25363106 PMCID: PMC4825521 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v6n6p82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to measure the level of Vitamin K2 (Vit K2) in osteoporotic patients and individuals with normal bone density as controls. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was done in Outpatient Department of Rheumatology at Qazvin Boo-ali Sina Hospital in 2013. Participants were 50 patients with osteoporotic densitometry measured by DEXA (T score≤ -2.5) who were matched with 48 persons in control group with normal bone density (T score> -1). The level of Vit K2 in samples was measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-square test. Results: The level of Vit K2 in patients with osteoporosis was not significantly different from the control group ( Median: 75.95 vs. 71.35 nmol/L, respectively; P-value: 0.709). The authors determined cut-offs 75 percentile of vitamin K2 in all participants that was 85 nmol/L and percentages of persons in two groups were similar. Conclusion: Although Vit K2 level in patients with osteoporosis was not significantly different from the control group, further studies are necessary to confirm the association of osteoporosis and Vit K2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahin Lashkari
- Assistant professor of Rheumatology, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran..
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Iranifam M. Analytical applications of chemiluminescence methods for cancer detection and therapy. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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40
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Karl JP, Fu X, Dolnikowski GG, Saltzman E, Booth SL. Quantification of phylloquinone and menaquinones in feces, serum, and food by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 963:128-33. [PMID: 24956079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K, comprising phylloquinone (PK) and menaquinones (MKn), is a family of vitamers found in multiple biological and environmental matrices. Advancing emerging evidence for novel and distinct physiologic roles of these vitamers in human health and disease necessitates sensitive and selective methods for quantifying PK and MKn in these matrices. We developed a novel method employing high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (LC-APCI-MS) for simultaneous quantification of 11 vitamin K vitamers that can be applied in feces, serum and food. Minimal detectable concentrations of vitamin K vitamers ranged from 1 pmol/g to 30 pmol/g. Limits of quantification ranged from 5 pmol/g to 90 pmol/g. Inter-assay and intra-assay variations were <17% and <8%, respectively, in food, and <12% and <8%, respectively, in feces. Recovery exceeded 80% for all vitamers in both food and feces. The method successfully quantified PK and MKn concentrations in rat chow, feces and serum. In summary, this LC-APCI-MS method provides a sensitive and selective tool for quantifying vitamin K vitamers in feces, serum and food. This method can be applied in human and animal studies examining the role of vitamin K vitamers derived from the diet and gut bacteria synthesis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Philip Karl
- Vitamin K Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111, United States; Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Xueyan Fu
- Vitamin K Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Gregory G Dolnikowski
- Mass Spectrometry Unit, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Edward Saltzman
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Sarah L Booth
- Vitamin K Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111, United States.
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Liu R, Wang M, Ding L. A novel liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of menadione in human plasma after derivatization with 3-mercaptopropionic acid. Talanta 2014; 128:51-7. [PMID: 25059129 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Menadione (VK3), an essential fat-soluble naphthoquinone, takes very important physiological and pathological roles, but its detection and quantification is challenging. Herein, a new method was developed for quantification of VK3 in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) after derivatization with 3-mercaptopropionic acid via Michael addition reaction. The derivative had been identified by the mass spectra and the derivatization conditions were optimized by considering different parameters. The method was demonstrated with high sensitivity and a low limit of quantification of 0.03 ng mL(-1) for VK3, which is about 33-fold better than that for the direct analysis of the underivatized compound. The method also had good precision and reproducibility. It was applied in the determination of basal VK3 in human plasma and a clinical pharmacokinetic study of menadiol sodium diphosphate. Furthermore, the method for the quantification of VK3 using LC-MS/MS was reported in this paper for the first time, and it will provide an important strategy for the further research on VK3 and menadione analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Gentili A, Cafolla A, Gasperi T, Bellante S, Caretti F, Curini R, Fernández VP. Rapid, high performance method for the determination of vitamin K1, menaquinone-4 and vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide in human serum and plasma using liquid chromatography-hybrid quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1338:102-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Martinis J, Glauser G, Valimareanu S, Stettler M, Zeeman SC, Yamamoto H, Shikanai T, Kessler F. ABC1K1/PGR6 kinase: a regulatory link between photosynthetic activity and chloroplast metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 77:269-83. [PMID: 24267661 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis proton gradient regulation (pgr) mutants have high chlorophyll fluorescence and reduced non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) caused by defects in photosynthetic electron transport. Here, we identify PGR6 as the chloroplast lipid droplet (plastoglobule, PG) kinase ABC1K1 (activity of bc1 complex kinase 1). The members of the ABC1/ADCK/UbiB family of atypical kinases regulate ubiquinone synthesis in bacteria and mitochondria, and impact various metabolic pathways in plant chloroplasts. Here, we demonstrate that abc1k1 has a unique photosynthetic and metabolic phenotype that is distinct from that of the abc1k3 homolog. The abc1k1/pgr6 single mutant is specifically deficient in the electron carrier plastoquinone, as well as in β-carotene and the xanthophyll lutein, and is defective in membrane antioxidant tocopherol metabolism. After 2 days of continuous high light stress, abc1k1/pgr6 plants suffer extensive photosynthetic and metabolic perturbations, strongly affecting carbohydrate metabolism. Remarkably, however, the mutant acclimates to high light after 7 days together with a recovery of carotenoid levels and a drastic alteration in the starch-to-sucrose ratio. Moreover, ABC1K1 behaves as an active kinase and phosphorylates VTE1, a key enzyme of tocopherol (vitamin E) metabolism in vitro. Our results indicate that the ABC1K1 kinase constitutes a new type of regulatory link between photosynthetic activity and chloroplast metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Martinis
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Kishikawa N, Kuroda N. Analytical techniques for the determination of biologically active quinones in biological and environmental samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 87:261-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abro K, Memon N, Bhanger MI, Abro S, Perveen S, Lagharì AH. Determination of Vitamins E, D3, and K1 in Plasma by Liquid Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Utilizing a Monolithic Column. ANAL LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.831424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Edson KZ, Prasad B, Unadkat JD, Suhara Y, Okano T, Guengerich FP, Rettie AE. Cytochrome P450-dependent catabolism of vitamin K: ω-hydroxylation catalyzed by human CYP4F2 and CYP4F11. Biochemistry 2013; 52:8276-85. [PMID: 24138531 DOI: 10.1021/bi401208m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K plays an essential role in many biological processes including blood clotting, maintenance of bone health, and inhibition of arterial calcification. A menaquinone form of vitamin K, MK4, is increasingly recognized for its key roles in mitochondrial electron transport, as a ligand for the nuclear receptor SXR, which controls the expression of genes involved in transport and metabolism of endo- and xenobiotics, and as a pharmacotherapeutic in the treatment of osteoporosis. Although cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4F2 activity is recognized as an important determinant of phylloquinone (K1) metabolism, the enzymes involved in menaquinone catabolism have not been studied previously. CYP4F2 and CYP4F11 were expressed and purified and found to be equally efficient as in vitro catalysts of MK4 ω-hydroxylation. CYP4F2, but not CYP4F11, catalyzed sequential metabolism of MK4 to the ω-acid without apparent release of the intermediate aldehyde. The ω-alcohol could also be metabolized to the acid by microsomal NAD(+)-dependent alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases. LC-MS/MS analysis of trypsinized human liver microsomes (using a surrogate peptide approach) revealed the mean concentrations of CYP4F2 and CYP4F11 to be 14.3 and 8.4 pmol/mg protein, respectively. Microsomal MK4 ω-hydroxylation activities correlated with the CYP4F2 V433M genotype but not the CYP4F11 D446N genotype. Collectively, these data expand the lexicon of vitamin K ω-hydroxylases to include the 'orphan' P450 CYP4F11 and identify a common variant, CYP4F2 (rs2108622), as a major pharmacogenetic variable influencing MK4 catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katheryne Z Edson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy at the University of Washington , Box 357610, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
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Martinis J, Glauser G, Valimareanu S, Kessler F. A chloroplast ABC1-like kinase regulates vitamin E metabolism in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:652-62. [PMID: 23632854 PMCID: PMC3668060 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.218644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In bacteria and mitochondria, ABC1 (for Activity of bc1 complex)-like kinases regulate ubiquinone synthesis, mutations causing severe respiration defects, including neurological disorders in humans. Little is known about plant ABC1-like kinases; in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), five are predicted in mitochondria but, surprisingly, six are located at lipid droplets in chloroplasts. These are a known site of prenylquinone (including tocopherol [vitamin E], phylloquinone [vitamin K] and plastoquinone) metabolism and contain a large proportion of the tocopherol cyclase (VTE1) required for vitamin E synthesis and recycling. Therefore, ABC1-like kinases may be involved in the regulation of chloroplast prenylquinone metabolism. Using a nontargeted lipidomics approach, we demonstrate that plants lacking the plastoglobule ABC1-like kinase ABC1K3 are defective both for the production of plastochromanol-8 (a plastoquinone-derived lipid antioxidant) and the redox recycling of α-tocopherol, whereas tocopherol production is not affected. All of these pathways require VTE1 activity. However, in the abc1k3 mutant, VTE1 levels are strongly reduced posttranscriptionally. We provide evidence that the ABC1-like kinase ABC1K3 phosphorylates VTE1, possibly stabilizing it at plastoglobules. However, ABC1K3 may also have other targets and be involved in a wider chloroplast regulatory network.
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Park SM, Lee JK, Chun SI, Lee HI, Kwon SU, Kang DW, Kim JS. VKORC1 and CYP2C9 Genotype Variations in Relation to Warfarin Dosing in Korean Stroke Patients. J Stroke 2013; 15:115-21. [PMID: 24324947 PMCID: PMC3779671 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2013.15.2.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Variant alleles of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 account for differences in anticoagulation response. We sought to establish a warfarin dosing formula for individualized target International Normalization Ratio of Prothrombin Times (INRs) using data from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in VKORC1 and CYP2C9 in Korean patients. Methods Ischemic stroke patients displaying stable target INR for at least 3 months before enrollment were analyzed. Warfarin and vitamin K levels were measured to adjust for confounders. Phenotypes were defined using the 'warfarin response index' (WRI) defined as INR divided by the daily maintenance warfarin dose. We tested SNPs in CYP2C9 (3 sites: 430C>T (rs1799853), 1075A>C (rs1057910), 1076T>C) and VKORC1 (14 sites: 381C>T, 861C>A (rs17880887), 2653G>C, 3673A>G, 5496G>T, 5808T>G (r17882154), 6009C>T, 6484T>C (rs9934438), 6853C>T (rs17886369), 7566T>C, 8767G>C, 8814T>C, 9041G>A (rs17880624), and 9071G>T) using a standard sequencing method. Multivariate linear regression analysis was applied to establish the formula for warfarin dosage. Results All 204 patients had excellent drug compliance. The mean INR was 2.22 (+0.56) and mean daily maintenance dose of warfarin was 3.92 mg (+1.54). Patients with low WRI were younger (P<0.001) with high body mass index (P=0.003), high prevalence of wild-type CYP2C9 polymorphism (1075A>C, P<0.001), and six heterozygote SNPs in VRORC1 (P<0.001), which were tightly interlinked (381T>C, 3673G>A, 6484T>C, 6853C>G. 7566C>T, 9041G>A) (r2=1). Based on these data, a warfarin dosing formula was established. Conclusions WRI is influenced by age, body mass index and SNPs in VKORC1 and CYP2C9 in Korean stroke patients. The obtained warfarin dosing formula may be clinically applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sea Mi Park
- Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Gershkovich P, Ibrahim F, Sivak O, Darlington JW, Wasan KM. A simple and sensitive method for determination of vitamins D3and K1in rat plasma: application for anin vivopharmacokinetic study. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 40:338-44. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.762016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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