1
|
Alves Soares T, Caspers BA, Loos HM. Volatile organic compounds in preen oil and feathers - a review. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:1085-1099. [PMID: 38303487 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
For a long time birds were assumed to be anosmic or at best microsmatic, with olfaction a poorly understood and seldom investigated part of avian physiology. The full viability of avian olfaction was first discovered through its functions in navigation and foraging. Subsequently, researchers have investigated the role of olfaction in different social and non-social contexts, including reproduction, kin recognition, predator avoidance, navigation and foraging. In parallel to the recognition of the importance of olfaction for avian social behaviour, there have been advances in the techniques and methods available for the sampling and analysis of trace volatiles and odourants, leading to insights into the chemistry underlying chemical communication in birds. This review provides (i) an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the volatile chemical composition of preen oil and feathers, its phylogenetic coverage, chemical signatures and their potential functions, and (ii) a discussion of current methods used for the isolation and detection of volatiles. Finally, lines for future research are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Alves Soares
- Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestraße 9, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Barbara A Caspers
- Department of Behavioural Ecology, Bielefeld University, Konsequenz 45, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
- Joint Institute for Individualisation in a Changing Environment (JICE), University of Münster and Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Helene M Loos
- Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestraße 9, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Straße 35, Freising, 85354, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Maidodou L, Clarot I, Leemans M, Fromantin I, Marchioni E, Steyer D. Unraveling the potential of breath and sweat VOC capture devices for human disease detection: a systematic-like review of canine olfaction and GC-MS analysis. Front Chem 2023; 11:1282450. [PMID: 38025078 PMCID: PMC10646374 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1282450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of disease screening methods using biomedical detection dogs relies on the collection and analysis of body odors, particularly volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in body fluids. To capture and analyze odors produced by the human body, numerous protocols and materials are used in forensics or medical studies. This paper provides an overview of sampling devices used to collect VOCs from sweat and exhaled air, for medical diagnostic purposes using canine olfaction and/or Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Canine olfaction and GC-MS are regarded as complementary tools, holding immense promise for detecting cancers and infectious diseases. However, existing literature lacks guidelines for selecting materials suitable for both canine olfaction and GC-MS. Hence, this review aims to address this gap and pave the way for efficient body odor sampling materials. The first section of the paper describes the materials utilized in training sniffing dogs, while the second section delves into the details of sampling devices and extraction techniques employed for exhaled air and sweat analysis using GC-MS. Finally, the paper proposes the development of an ideal sampling device tailored for detection purposes in the field of odorology. By bridging the knowledge gap, this study seeks to advance disease detection methodologies, harnessing the unique abilities of both dogs and GC-MS analysis in biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Maidodou
- Twistaroma, Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
- CITHEFOR, EA 3452, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
- DSA, IPHC UMR7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Igor Clarot
- CITHEFOR, EA 3452, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Michelle Leemans
- Clinical Epidemiology and Ageing, IMRB—Paris Est Créteil University /Inserm U955, Créteil, France
| | - Isabelle Fromantin
- Clinical Epidemiology and Ageing, IMRB—Paris Est Créteil University /Inserm U955, Créteil, France
- Wound Care and Research Unit, Curie Institute, Paris, France
| | - Eric Marchioni
- DSA, IPHC UMR7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vivaldi FM, Reale S, Ghimenti S, Biagini D, Lenzi A, Lomonaco T, Di Francesco F. A low-cost internal standard loader for solid-phase sorbing tools. J Breath Res 2023; 17:046008. [PMID: 37567168 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/acef4b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Solid-phase sorption is widely used for the analysis of gaseous specimens as it allows at the same time to preconcentrate target analytes and store samples for relatively long periods. The addition of internal standards (ISs) in the analytical workflow can greatly reduce the variability of the analyses and improve the reliability of the protocols. In this work, we describe the development and testing of a portable system for the reliable production of gaseous mixture of8D-Toluene in a 1L Silonite canister as well as its reproducible loading into solid-phase sorbing tools as ISs. The portable system was tested using needle trap microextraction, solid-phase extraction, and thin-film microextraction techniques commonly employed for the analysis of gaseous samples. Even though our specific interest is in breath analysis, the system can also be used for the collection of any kind of gaseous specimen. A microcontroller allows the fine control of the sampling flow by a digital mass flow controller. Flow rate and sample volume could be set either through a rotary encoder mounted onto the control board or through a dedicated android app. The variability of the airflow is in the range 5-200 ml min-1and it is lower than 1%, whereas the variability of the IS (8D-Toluene) concentration dispensed over time by the loader measured by selected-ion flow-tube mass spectrometry (MS) is <3%. This combination resulted in intra- and inter-day precision of the amount loaded in the sorbent tools lower than 15%. No carry-over was detected in the loader after the delivery of the8D-Toluene measured by gas chromatography-MS. The8D-Toluene concentration in the canister was stable for up to three weeks at room temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F M Vivaldi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - S Reale
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - S Ghimenti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - D Biagini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - A Lenzi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - T Lomonaco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - F Di Francesco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alves Soares T, Owsienko D, Haertl T, Loos HM. Recovery rates of selected body odor substances in different textiles applying various work-up and storage conditions measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1252:341067. [PMID: 36935158 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body odor is an important aspect in interpersonal communication. For psychological and chemical research on body odors, suitable procedures for sampling and application, and analysis of body odors are essential. In this study, different textile fabrics (polyester, cotton, and Gazin gauze) were comparatively evaluated in view of their potential suitability for body odor sampling by determining recovery rates of selected body odor substances. In addition, the impact of sample preparation and storage conditions on the recovery rates was determined. RESULTS The recovery rates of dimethyl disulfide, (E)-non-2-enal, 5α-androst-16-en-3-one, 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one, heptanal and 3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol were determined under different conditions of storage (storage for 30 min at room temperature or storage for 30 min at room temperature followed by freezing at - 80 °C for 4 weeks) and sample work-up (solvent extraction with and without solvent-assisted flavour evaporation, in the following: SAFE). SAFE led to overall lower recovery rates with a significant effect for (E)-non-2-enal and 5α-androst-16-en-3-one. Nevertheless, the results showed that SAFE can be an essential step when working with a complex matrix. When comparing the different fabrics, except for (E)-non-2-enal no difference between the recovery rates obtained for cotton and polyester became evident. Gazin gauze showed lower recovery rates for all compounds. Finally, our results showed that the here investigated target compounds are stable during storage for four weeks at - 80 °C. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY The results show on the one hand that the here investigated compounds were stable during storage and that the fiber type had limited influence on overall recovery rates. On the other hand, they highlight the limitations of using textile materials for sampling of volatile substances, especially with regard to low recovery rates for certain substances and the necessity of material pre-treatment or distillation steps for enabling GC-MS analysis after solvent extraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Alves Soares
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 9, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Diana Owsienko
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 9, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Haertl
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 9, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Helene M Loos
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 9, 91054, Erlangen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang H, Zhu Y, Yu X, Cheng G. Protocol for host volatile collection and mosquito behavior assays. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:101931. [PMID: 36512448 PMCID: PMC9762185 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The volatile collection step is important for insect behavior assays and in-depth component analysis. Here, we describe how to collect volatiles from animals, humans, and skin microbiota. Furthermore, we detail steps to improve behavioral devices adapted to the different collection techniques. This protocol provides a high-throughput and widely applicable approach to study the attracting or repelling effect of volatiles on mosquitoes. The volatile collection step is easily adaptable and time efficient. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Zhang et al.1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China.
| | - Yibin Zhu
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Xi Yu
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang H, Zhu Y, Liu Z, Peng Y, Peng W, Tong L, Wang J, Liu Q, Wang P, Cheng G. A volatile from the skin microbiota of flavivirus-infected hosts promotes mosquito attractiveness. Cell 2022; 185:S0092-8674(22)00641-9. [PMID: 35777355 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The host-seeking activity of hematophagous arthropods is essential for arboviral transmission. Here, we demonstrate that mosquito-transmitted flaviviruses can manipulate host skin microbiota to produce a scent that attracts mosquitoes. We observed that Aedes mosquitoes preferred to seek and feed on mice infected by dengue and Zika viruses. Acetophenone, a volatile compound that is predominantly produced by the skin microbiota, was enriched in the volatiles from the infected hosts to potently stimulate mosquito olfaction for attractiveness. Of note, acetophenone emission was higher in dengue patients than in healthy people. Mechanistically, flaviviruses infection suppressed the expression of RELMα, an essential antimicrobial protein on host skin, thereby leading to the expansion of acetophenone-producing commensal bacteria and, consequently, a high acetophenone level. Given that RELMα can be specifically induced by a vitamin A derivative, the dietary administration of isotretinoin to flavivirus-infected animals interrupted flavivirus life cycle by reducing mosquito host-seeking activity, thus providing a strategy of arboviral control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Yibin Zhu
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Ziwen Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yongmei Peng
- Ruili Hospital of Chinese Medicine and Dai Medicine, Ruili, Yunnan 678600, China
| | - Wenyu Peng
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liangqin Tong
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Viral Disease Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, China
| | - Qiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Penghua Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Gong Cheng
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Barabas AJ, Soini HA, Novotny MV, Williams DR, Desmond JA, Lucas JR, Erasmus MA, Cheng HW, Gaskill BN. Compounds from plantar foot sweat, nesting material, and urine show strain patterns associated with agonistic and affiliative behaviors in group housed male mice, Mus musculus. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251416. [PMID: 33989318 PMCID: PMC8121354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive home cage aggression often results in severe injury and subsequent premature euthanasia of male laboratory mice. Aggression can be reduced by transferring used nesting material during cage cleaning, which is thought to contain aggression appeasing odors from the plantar sweat glands. However, neither the composition of plantar sweat nor the deposits on used nesting material have been evaluated. The aims of this study were to (1) identify and quantify volatile compounds deposited in the nest site and (2) determine if nest and sweat compounds correlate with social behavior. Home cage aggression and affiliative behavior were evaluated in 3 strains: SJL, C57BL/6N, and A/J. Individual social rank was assessed via the tube test, because ranking may influence compound levels. Sweat and urine from the dominant and subordinate mouse in each cage, plus cage level nest samples were analyzed for volatile compound content using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Behavior data and odors from the nest, sweat, and urine were statistically analyzed with separate principal component analyses (PCA). Significant components, from each sample analysis, and strain were run in mixed models to test if odors were associated with behavior. Aggressive and affiliative behaviors were primarily impacted by strain. However, compound PCs were also impacted by strain, showing that strain accounts for any relationship between odors and behavior. C57BL/6N cages displayed the most allo-grooming behavior and had high scores on sweat PC1. SJL cages displayed the most aggression, with high scores on urine PC2 and low scores on nest PC1. These data show that certain compounds in nesting material, urine, and sweat display strain specific patterns which match strain specific behavior patterns. These results provide preliminary information about the connection between home cage compounds and behavior. Salient compounds will be candidates for future controlled studies to determine their direct effect on mouse social behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Barabas
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Helena A. Soini
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Pheromone Research, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Milos V. Novotny
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Pheromone Research, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - David R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Pheromone Research, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jacob A. Desmond
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Pheromone Research, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey R. Lucas
- Department of Biological Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Marisa A. Erasmus
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Heng-Wei Cheng
- USDA-ARS, Livestock Behavior Research Unit, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Brianna N. Gaskill
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Individual Chemical Profiles in the Leach's Storm-Petrel. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:845-864. [PMID: 32856136 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Avian chemical communication, once largely overlooked, is a growing field that has revealed the important role that olfaction plays in the social lives of some birds. Leach's storm-petrels (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) have a remarkable sense of smell and a strong, musky scent. This long-lived, monogamous seabird relies on olfaction for nest relocation and foraging, but whether they use scent for communication is less well studied. They are nocturnally active at the breeding colony and yet successfully reunite with their mate despite poor night-vision, indicating an important role for non-visual communication. We investigated the chemical profiles of Leach's storm-petrels to determine whether there is socially relevant information encoded in their plumage odor. To capture the compounds comprising their strong scent, we developed a method to study the compounds present in the air surrounding their feathers using headspace stir bar sorptive extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We collected feathers from Leach's storm-petrels breeding on Bon Portage Island in Nova Scotia, Canada in both 2015 and 2016. Our method detected 142 commonly occurring compounds. We found interannual differences in chemical profiles between the two sampling years. Males and females had similar chemical profiles, while individuals had distinct chemical signatures across the two years. These findings suggest that the scent of the Leach's storm-petrel provides sociochemical information that could facilitate olfactory recognition of individuals and may inform mate choice decisions.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Biological surfaces such as skin and ocular surface provide a plethora of information about the underlying biological activity of living organisms. However, they pose unique problems arising from their innate complexity, constant exposure of the surface to the surrounding elements, and the general requirement of any sampling method to be as minimally invasive as possible. Therefore, it is challenging but also rewarding to develop novel analytical tools that are suitable for in vivo and in situ sampling from biological surfaces. In this context, wearable extraction devices including passive samplers, extractive patches, and different microextraction technologies come forward as versatile, low-invasive, fast, and reliable sampling and sample preparation tools that are applicable for in vivo and in situ sampling. This review aims to address recent developments in non-invasive in vivo and in situ sampling methods from biological surfaces that introduce new ways and improve upon existing ones. Directions for the development of future technology and potential areas of applications such as clinical, bioanalytical, and doping analyses will also be discussed. These advancements include various types of passive samplers, hydrogels, and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) patches/microarrays, and other wearable extraction devices used mainly in skin sampling, among other novel techniques developed for ocular surface and oral tissue/fluid sampling.
Collapse
|
10
|
Gorji S, Biparva P, Bahram M, Nematzadeh G. Development of magnetic solid phase microextraction method for determination of the endocrine disrupting chemicals leached from reused plastic bottles. Talanta 2019; 194:859-869. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
11
|
Belinato JR, Dias FFG, Caliman JD, Augusto F, Hantao LW. Opportunities for green microextractions in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography / mass spectrometry-based metabolomics - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1040:1-18. [PMID: 30327098 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Microextractions have become an attractive class of techniques for metabolomics. The most popular technique is solid-phase microextraction that revolutionized the field of modern sample preparation in the early nineties. Ever since this milestone, microextractions have taken on many principles and formats comprising droplets, fibers, membranes, needles, and blades. Sampling devices may be customized to impart exhaustive or equilibrium-based characteristics to the extraction method. Equilibrium-based approaches may rely on additional methods for calibration, such as diffusion-based or on-fiber kinetic calibration to improve bioanalysis. In addition, microextraction-based methods may enable minimally invasive sampling protocols and measure the average free concentration of analytes in heterogeneous multiphasic biological systems. On-fiber derivatization has evidenced new opportunities for targeted and untargeted analysis in metabolomics. All these advantages have highlighted the potential of microextraction techniques for in vivo and on-site sampling and sample preparation, while many opportunities are still available for laboratory protocols. In this review, we outline and discuss some of the most recent applications using microextractions techniques for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-based metabolomics, including potential research opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João R Belinato
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalysis (INCTBio), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F G Dias
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalysis (INCTBio), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline D Caliman
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalysis (INCTBio), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Fabio Augusto
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalysis (INCTBio), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Leandro W Hantao
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kfoury N, Scott E, Orians C, Robbat A. Direct Contact Sorptive Extraction: A Robust Method for Sampling Plant Volatiles in the Field. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:8501-8509. [PMID: 28854785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with diverse structures and functions, which change in response to environmental stimuli and have important consequences for interactions with other organisms. To understand these changes, in situ sampling is necessary. In contrast to dynamic headspace (DHS), which is the most often employed method, direct contact sampling employing a magnetic stir bar held in place by a magnet eliminates artifacts produced by enclosing plant materials in glass or plastic chambers. Direct-contact sorptive extraction (DCSE) using polydimethylsiloxane coated stir bars (Twisters) coated stir bars is more sensitive than DHS, captures a wider range of compounds, minimizes VOC collection from neighboring plants, and distinguishes the effects of herbivory in controlled and field conditions. Because DCSE is relatively inexpensive and simple to employ, scalability of field trials can be expanded concomitant with increased sample replication. The sensitivity of DCSE combined with the spectral deconvolution data analysis software makes the two ideal for comprehensive, in situ profiling of plant volatiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Kfoury
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biology, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Eric Scott
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biology, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Colin Orians
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biology, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Albert Robbat
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biology, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Duffy E, Jacobs MR, Kirby B, Morrin A. Probing skin physiology through the volatile footprint: Discriminating volatile emissions before and after acute barrier disruption. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:919-925. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emer Duffy
- School of Chemical Sciences; National Centre for Sensor Research; Dublin City University; Dublin Ireland
| | - Matthew R. Jacobs
- School of Chemical Sciences; National Centre for Sensor Research; Dublin City University; Dublin Ireland
| | - Brian Kirby
- Dermatology Research Group; St. Vincent's University Hospital; Dublin Ireland
| | - Aoife Morrin
- School of Chemical Sciences; National Centre for Sensor Research; Dublin City University; Dublin Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Martin HJ, Turner MA, Bandelow S, Edwards L, Riazanskaia S, Thomas CLP. Volatile organic compound markers of psychological stress in skin: a pilot study. J Breath Res 2016; 10:046012. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/4/046012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
15
|
Mao X, He M, Chen B, Hu B. Membrane protected C18 coated stir bar sorptive extraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection for the determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1472:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
16
|
Hooton K, Han W, Li L. Comprehensive and Quantitative Profiling of the Human Sweat Submetabolome Using High-Performance Chemical Isotope Labeling LC–MS. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7378-86. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Hooton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rendon NM, Soini HA, Scotti MAL, Weigel ER, Novotny MV, Demas GE. Photoperiod and aggression induce changes in ventral gland compounds exclusively in male Siberian hamsters. Horm Behav 2016; 81:1-11. [PMID: 26944610 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemical communication is a critical component of social behavior as it facilitates social encounters, allows for evaluation of the social partner, defines territories and resources, and advertises information such as sex and physiological state of an animal. Odors provide a key source of information about the social environment to rodents; however, studies identifying chemical compounds have thus far focused primarily on few species, particularly the house mouse. Moreover, considerably less attention has been focused on how environmental factors, reproductive phenotype, and behavioral context alter these compounds outside of reproduction. We examined the effects of photoperiod, sex, and social context on chemical communication in the seasonally breeding Siberian hamster. We sampled ventral gland secretions in both male and female hamsters before and after an aggressive encounter and identified changes in a range of volatile compounds. Next, we investigated how photoperiod, reproductive phenotype, and aggression altered ventral gland volatile compound composition across the sexes. Males exhibited a more diverse chemical composition, more sex-specific volatiles, and showed higher levels of excretion compared to females. Individual volatiles were also differentially excreted across photoperiod and reproductive phenotype, as well as differentially altered in response to an aggressive encounter. Female volatile compound composition, in contrast, did not differ across photoperiods or in response to aggression. Collectively, these data contribute to a greater understanding of context-dependent changes in chemical communication in a seasonally breeding rodent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikki M Rendon
- Department of Biology, Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Helena A Soini
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Pheromone Research, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Melissa-Ann L Scotti
- Department of Biology, Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Ellen R Weigel
- Department of Biology, Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Milos V Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Pheromone Research, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Gregory E Demas
- Department of Biology, Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hu C, Tohge T, Chan SA, Song Y, Rao J, Cui B, Lin H, Wang L, Fernie AR, Zhang D, Shi J. Identification of Conserved and Diverse Metabolic Shifts during Rice Grain Development. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20942. [PMID: 26860358 PMCID: PMC4748235 DOI: 10.1038/srep20942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed development dedicates to reserve synthesis and accumulation and uncovering its genetic and biochemical mechanisms has been a major research focus. Although proteomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed dynamic changes of genes and enzymes involved, the information regarding concomitant metabolic changes is missing. Here we investigated the dynamic metabolic changes along the rice grain development of two japonica and two indica cultivars using non-targeted metabolomics approach, in which we successfully identified 214 metabolites. Statistical analyses revealed both cultivar and developmental stage dependent metabolic changes in rice grains. Generally, the stage specific metabolic kinetics corresponded well to the physiological status of the developing grains, and metabolic changes in developing rice grain are similar to those of dicot Arabidopsis and tomato at reserve accumulation stage but are different from those of dicots at seed desiccation stage. The remarkable difference in metabolite abundances between japonica and indica rice grain was observed at the reserve accumulation stage. Metabolite-metabolite correlation analysis uncovered potential new pathways for several metabolites. Taken together, this study uncovered both conserved and diverse development associated metabolic kinetics of rice grains, which facilitates further study to explore fundamental questions regarding the evolution of seed metabolic capabilities as well as their potential applications in crop improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Hu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minghan District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Central Metabolism Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Yue Song
- Agilent Technology, Inc. Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Rao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minghan District, Shanghai 200240, China
- Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, No. 519 East Beijing Road, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Bo Cui
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minghan District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hong Lin
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minghan District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Agilent Technology, Inc. Beijing 100000, China
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Central Metabolism Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minghan District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minghan District, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Ruifeng Agro-biotechnology Co., Ltd, Room 108, No 233 Rushan Rd., Shanghai 200120, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Amann A, Mochalski P, Ruzsanyi V, Broza YY, Haick H. Assessment of the exhalation kinetics of volatile cancer biomarkers based on their physicochemical properties. J Breath Res 2014; 8:016003. [PMID: 24566039 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/8/1/016003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The current review provides an assessment of the exhalation kinetics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that have been linked with cancer. Towards this end, we evaluate various physicochemical properties, such as 'breath:air' and 'blood:fat' partition coefficients, of 112 VOCs that have been suggested over the past decade as potential markers of cancer. With these data, we show that the cancer VOC concentrations in the blood and in the fat span over 12 and 8 orders of magnitude, respectively, in order to provide a specific counterpart concentration in the exhaled breath (e.g., 1 ppb). This finding suggests that these 112 different compounds have different storage compartments in the body and that their exhalation kinetics depends on one or a combination of the following factors: (i) the VOC concentrations in different parts of the body; (ii) the VOC synthesis and metabolism rates; (iii) the partition coefficients between tissue(s), blood and air; and (iv) the VOCs' diffusion constants. Based on this analysis, we discuss how this knowledge allows modeling and simulating the behavior of a specific VOC under different sampling protocols (with and without exertion of effort). We end this review by a brief discussion on the potential role of these scenarios in screening and therapeutic monitoring of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Amann
- Breath Research Institute, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, 6850 Dornbirn, Austria. Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Martin HJ, Reynolds JC, Riazanskaia S, Thomas CLP. High throughput volatile fatty acid skin metabolite profiling by thermal desorption secondary electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Analyst 2014; 139:4279-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00134f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Global VOC skin metabolite profiling. Thermal desorption secondary electrospray ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry classifies skin odour phenotypes by targeted volatile fatty analysis. Examination of the mass spectra reveals the potential for global metabolic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen J. Martin
- Centre for Analytical Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Loughborough University
- Loughborough, UK
| | - James C. Reynolds
- Centre for Analytical Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Loughborough University
- Loughborough, UK
| | | | - C. L. Paul Thomas
- Centre for Analytical Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Loughborough University
- Loughborough, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jiang R, Cudjoe E, Bojko B, Abaffy T, Pawliszyn J. A non-invasive method for in vivo skin volatile compounds sampling. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 804:111-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
22
|
Koyama S, Soini HA, Foley J, Novotny MV, Lai C. Stimulation of cell proliferation in the subventricular zone by synthetic murine pheromones. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:101. [PMID: 23964214 PMCID: PMC3734356 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis in female mice is known to be enhanced by exposure to soiled bedding from males, although the identity of the relevant chemosignals has remained unknown. Here we show that the previously recognized male murine pheromones, the farnesenes and 2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole (SBT), strongly increase cell proliferation in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of adult female mice, but not younger female mice. In addition, we found that a unique female murine pheromone, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, facilitates similar changes in males. SBT stimulated cell proliferation in the SVZ of only adult females and not in young adult or pre- and post-puberty females. Our study suggests that pheromonal communication between males and females is enhancing reproductive success by controlling the estrous cycle and by promoting cell proliferation in a reciprocal manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Koyama
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Neuroscience and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Drea CM, Boulet M, Delbarco-Trillo J, Greene LK, Sacha CR, Goodwin TE, Dubay GR. The "secret" in secretions: methodological considerations in deciphering primate olfactory communication. Am J Primatol 2013; 75:621-42. [PMID: 23526595 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory communication in primates is gaining recognition; however, studies on the production and perception of primate scent signals are still scant. In general, there are five tasks to be accomplished when deciphering the chemical signals contained in excretions and secretions: (1) obtaining the appropriate samples; (2) extracting the target organic compounds from the biological matrix; (3) separating the extracted compounds from one another (by gas chromatography, GC or liquid chromatography, LC); (4) identifying the compounds (by mass spectrometry, MS and associated procedures); and (5) revealing biologically meaningful patterns in the data. Ultimately, because some of the compounds identified in odorants may not be relevant, associated steps in understanding signal function involve verifying the perception or biological activity of putative semiochemicals via (6) behavioral bioassays or (7) receptor response studies. This review will focus on the chemical analyses and behavioral bioassays of volatile, primate scent signals. Throughout, we highlight the potential pitfalls of working with highly complex, chemical matrices and suggest ways for minimizing problems. A recurring theme in this review is that multiple approaches and instrumentation are required to characterize the full range of information contained in the complex mixtures that typify primate or, indeed, many vertebrate olfactory cues. Only by integrating studies of signal production with those verifying signal perception will we better understand the function of olfactory communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Drea
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0383, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Aksenov AA, Novillo AVG, Sankaran S, Fung AG, Pasamontes A, Martinelli F, Cheung WHK, Ehsani R, Dandekar AM, Davis CE. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) for Noninvasive Plant Diagnostics. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2013-1141.ch006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Aksenov
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
- Signal and Information Processing for Sensing Systems, Institute for Bioengineering of Cataluña, Carrer Baldiri Reixac, 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
| | - Ana V. Guaman Novillo
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
- Signal and Information Processing for Sensing Systems, Institute for Bioengineering of Cataluña, Carrer Baldiri Reixac, 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
| | - Sindhuja Sankaran
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
- Signal and Information Processing for Sensing Systems, Institute for Bioengineering of Cataluña, Carrer Baldiri Reixac, 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
| | - Alexander G. Fung
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
- Signal and Information Processing for Sensing Systems, Institute for Bioengineering of Cataluña, Carrer Baldiri Reixac, 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
| | - Alberto Pasamontes
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
- Signal and Information Processing for Sensing Systems, Institute for Bioengineering of Cataluña, Carrer Baldiri Reixac, 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
| | - Frederico Martinelli
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
- Signal and Information Processing for Sensing Systems, Institute for Bioengineering of Cataluña, Carrer Baldiri Reixac, 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
| | - William H. K. Cheung
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
- Signal and Information Processing for Sensing Systems, Institute for Bioengineering of Cataluña, Carrer Baldiri Reixac, 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
| | - Reza Ehsani
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
- Signal and Information Processing for Sensing Systems, Institute for Bioengineering of Cataluña, Carrer Baldiri Reixac, 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
| | - Abhaya M. Dandekar
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
- Signal and Information Processing for Sensing Systems, Institute for Bioengineering of Cataluña, Carrer Baldiri Reixac, 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
| | - Cristina E. Davis
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
- Signal and Information Processing for Sensing Systems, Institute for Bioengineering of Cataluña, Carrer Baldiri Reixac, 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bojko B, Cudjoe E, Gómez-Ríos GA, Gorynski K, Jiang R, Reyes-Garcés N, Risticevic S, Silva ÉA, Togunde O, Vuckovic D, Pawliszyn J. SPME – Quo vadis? Anal Chim Acta 2012; 750:132-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
26
|
Mao X, Hu B, He M, Fan W. Stir bar sorptive extraction approaches with a home-made portable electric stirrer for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds in environmental water. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1260:16-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
27
|
A versatile cryo-focussing flow switching gas chromatography inlet for trace analysis of intractable compounds. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1257:171-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
28
|
Soini HA, Linville SU, Wiesler D, Posto AL, Williams DR, Novotny MV. Investigation of scents on cheeks and foreheads of large felines in connection to the facial marking behavior. J Chem Ecol 2012; 38:145-56. [PMID: 22354638 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated head- and cheek-rubbing behavior in four species of large felines, lions (Leo panther), leopards (Panthera pardus), tigers (Panthera tigris), and cougars (Puma concolor), in captivity. Preliminary behavioral observations found that lions and tigers, but not leopards and cougars, showed behavioral responses to cardboard rubbing samples from head and cheek areas from conspecific felines, compared to the blank cardboard controls. In this context, surface samples on the facial areas of each species were collected to analyze volatile organic compounds that could be involved in the facial marking of felines. Previously developed stir bar surface sampling methodology was used. From all cheek and forehead samples, 100 volatile organic compounds were identified or tentatively identified. Among these, 41 have been previously reported to be present in feline urine and marking secretions. Several new compounds were identified on facial surfaces. Some of the compounds showed substantial quantitative differences among the species. One compound, that has not been reported previously in mammals, 3-acetamidofuran, was found in all investigated species. It was synthesized and tested for behavioral responses. No responses were elicited in a preliminary test. Future research will test other potential signaling compounds and their mixtures for ability to elicit behavioral responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena A Soini
- Institute for Pheromone Research and Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
Li G, Wu D, Wang Y, Xie W, Zhang X, Liu B. Determination of the volatiles from tobacco by capillary gas chromatography with atomic emission detection and mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:334-40. [PMID: 22180172 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new gas chromatograph-atomic emission detector (GC-AED) coupled with Deans switching technique for analyzing volatiles from tobaccos were developed. The detector operating parameters (reagent gas pressure and make-up gas flow rate) were optimized. The detection limits for the elements carbon (193 nm), hydrogen (486 nm) and oxygen (171 nm) ranged 0.05-0.2, 0.05-0.3 and 1-11 ng, respectively, depending on the compound. The sensitivity and linearity for the elements carbon (193 nm), hydrogen (486 nm) and oxygen (171 nm) decreased in the order O>H>C. Calibration curves were obtained by plotting peak area versus concentration, and the correlation coefficients relating to linearity were at least 0.9359. Elemental response factors measured on these channels, relative to the carbon 193-nm channel, were hydrogen, 0.38-0.48 (mean %RSD=5.64), and oxygen, 0.085-0.128 (mean %RSD=14.9). The evaluation was also done for the new technique and for an established GC-MS technique for the same real samples. The results of GC-AED and GC-MS showed that there was a relatively good agreement between the two sets of data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China; Technology Center, Shanghai Tobacco Group Co., Ltd, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sánchez MDN, García EH, Pavón JLP, Cordero BM. Fast analytical methodology based on mass spectrometry for the determination of volatile biomarkers in saliva. Anal Chem 2011; 84:379-85. [PMID: 22103598 DOI: 10.1021/ac2026892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We report a methodology for the rapid determination of biomarkers in saliva. The method is based on direct coupling of a headspace sampler with a mass spectrometer. The saliva samples are subjected to the headspace generation process, and the volatiles generated are introduced directly into the mass spectrometer, thereby obtaining a fingerprint of the sample analyzed. The main advantage of the proposed methodology is that no prior chromatographic separation and no sample manipulation is required. The following model compounds were studied to check the possibilities of the methodology: methyl tert-butyl ether and styrene as biomarkers of exposure and dimethyl disulfide, limonene, and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol as biomarkers of diseases. The method was applied to the determination of biomarkers in 28 saliva samples: 24 of them were from healthy volunteers, and the others were from patients with different types of illness (including different types of cancer). Additionally, a separative analysis by GC/MS was performed for confirmatory purposes, and both methods provided similar results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel del Nogal Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Campagna S, Mardon J, Celerier A, Bonadonna F. Potential semiochemical molecules from birds: a practical and comprehensive compilation of the last 20 years studies. Chem Senses 2011; 37:3-25. [PMID: 21798850 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjr067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past 2 decades, considerable progress has been made in the study of bird semiochemistry, and our goal was to review and evaluate this literature with particular emphasis on the volatile organic constituents. Indeed, since the importance of social chemosignaling in birds is becoming more and more apparent, the search for molecules involved in chemical communication is of critical interest. These molecules can be found in different sources that include uropygial gland secretions, feather-surface compounds, and molecules from feces and skin. Although many studies have examined the chemical substances secreted by birds, research on bird chemical communication is still at the start, so new strategies for collecting samples and development of new methods of analysis are urgently required. As a first step, we built a database that brings together potential semiochemicals, using a unique chemical nomenclature for comparing different bird species and also for referencing the different classes of substances that can be found in order to adapt future parameters of analysis. The most important patterns of the wax fraction of preen secretions are highlighted and organized in an ordered table. We also draw up a list of various combinations of sampling and analytical techniques, so that each method can be compared at a glance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Campagna
- Behavioral Ecology Group, Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive-CNRS UMR 5175, Montpellier, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
In Vivo Solid-Phase Microextraction in Metabolomics: Opportunities for the Direct Investigation of Biological Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:5618-28. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
35
|
Vuckovic D, Risticevic S, Pawliszyn J. In-vivo-Festphasen-Mikroextraktion in der Metabolomik: Möglichkeiten zur direkten Erforschung biologischer Systeme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
36
|
Vuckovic D, de Lannoy I, Gien B, Shirey RE, Sidisky LM, Dutta S, Pawliszyn J. In vivo solid-phase microextraction: capturing the elusive portion of metabolome. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:5344-8. [PMID: 21509917 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Vuckovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Vuckovic D, de Lannoy I, Gien B, Shirey RE, Sidisky LM, Dutta S, Pawliszyn J. In Vivo Solid-Phase Microextraction: Capturing the Elusive Portion of Metabolome. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
38
|
Vuckovic D, Pawliszyn J. Systematic Evaluation of Solid-Phase Microextraction Coatings for Untargeted Metabolomic Profiling of Biological Fluids by Liquid Chromatography−Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 83:1944-54. [PMID: 21332182 DOI: 10.1021/ac102614v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Vuckovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Canada, N2L 3G1
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ouyang G, Vuckovic D, Pawliszyn J. Nondestructive Sampling of Living Systems Using in Vivo Solid-Phase Microextraction. Chem Rev 2011; 111:2784-814. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100203t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gangfeng Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Dajana Vuckovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Human Saliva by a Static Sorptive Extraction Method and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J Chem Ecol 2010; 36:1035-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
41
|
Solid-phase microextraction in bioanalysis: New devices and directions. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4041-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
42
|
Zhao W, Sankaran S, Ibáñez AM, Dandekar AM, Davis CE. Two-dimensional wavelet analysis based classification of gas chromatogram differential mobility spectrometry signals. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 647:46-53. [PMID: 19576384 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study introduces two-dimensional (2-D) wavelet analysis to the classification of gas chromatogram differential mobility spectrometry (GC/DMS) data which are composed of retention time, compensation voltage, and corresponding intensities. One reported method to process such large data sets is to convert 2-D signals to 1-D signals by summing intensities either across retention time or compensation voltage, but it can lose important signal information in one data dimension. A 2-D wavelet analysis approach keeps the 2-D structure of original signals, while significantly reducing data size. We applied this feature extraction method to 2-D GC/DMS signals measured from control and disordered fruit and then employed two typical classification algorithms to testify the effects of the resultant features on chemical pattern recognition. Yielding a 93.3% accuracy of separating data from control and disordered fruit samples, 2-D wavelet analysis not only proves its feasibility to extract feature from original 2-D signals but also shows its superiority over the conventional feature extraction methods including converting 2-D to 1-D and selecting distinguishable pixels from training set. Furthermore, this process does not require coupling with specific pattern recognition methods, which may help ensure wide applications of this method to 2-D spectrometry data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weixiang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Gallagher M, Wysocki CJ, Leyden JJ, Spielman AI, Sun X, Preti G. Analyses of volatile organic compounds from human skin. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159:780-91. [PMID: 18637798 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human skin emits a variety of volatile metabolites, many of them odorous. Much previous work has focused upon chemical structure and biogenesis of metabolites produced in the axillae (underarms), which are a primary source of human body odour. Nonaxillary skin also harbours volatile metabolites, possibly with different biological origins than axillary odorants. OBJECTIVES To take inventory of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the upper back and forearm skin, and assess their relative quantitative variation across 25 healthy subjects. METHODS Two complementary sampling techniques were used to obtain comprehensive VOC profiles, viz., solid-phase microextraction and solvent extraction. Analyses were performed using both gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. RESULTS Nearly 100 compounds were identified, some of which varied with age. The VOC profiles of the upper back and forearm within a subject were, for the most part, similar, although there were notable differences. CONCLUSIONS The natural variation in nonaxillary skin odorants described in this study provides a baseline of compounds we have identified from both endogenous and exogenous sources. Although complex, the profiles of volatile constituents suggest that the two body locations share a considerable number of compounds, but both quantitative and qualitative differences are present. In addition, quantitative changes due to ageing are also present. These data may provide future investigators of skin VOCs with a baseline against which any abnormalities can be viewed in searching for biomarkers of skin diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Gallagher
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Novotny MV, Soini HA, Mechref Y. Biochemical individuality reflected in chromatographic, electrophoretic and mass-spectrometric profiles. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 866:26-47. [PMID: 18551752 PMCID: PMC2603028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the current trends in molecular profiling for the emerging systems biology applications. Historically, the methodological developments in separation science were coincident with the availability of new ionization techniques in mass spectrometry. Coupling miniaturized separation techniques with technologically-advanced MS instrumentation and the modern data processing capabilities are at the heart of current platforms for proteomics, glycomics and metabolomics. These are being featured here by the examples from quantitative proteomics, glycan mapping and metabolomic profiling of physiological fluids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milos V Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Riazanskaia S, Blackburn G, Harker M, Taylor D, Thomas CLP. The analytical utility of thermally desorbed polydimethylsilicone membranes for in-vivo sampling of volatile organic compounds in and on human skin. Analyst 2008; 133:1020-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b802515k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
46
|
Xu Y, Gong F, Dixon SJ, Brereton RG, Soini HA, Novotny MV, Oberzaucher E, Grammer K, Penn DJ. Application of Dissimilarity Indices, Principal Coordinates Analysis, and Rank Tests to Peak Tables in Metabolomics of the Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry of Human Sweat. Anal Chem 2007; 79:5633-41. [PMID: 17602669 DOI: 10.1021/ac070134w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The majority of works in metabolomics employ approaches based on principal components analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares, primarily to determine whether samples fall within large groups. However, analytical chemists rarely tackle the problem of individual fingerprinting, and in order to do this effectively, it is necessary to study a large number of small groups rather than a small number of large groups and different approaches are required, as described in this paper. Furthermore, many metabolomic studies on mammals and humans involve analyzing compounds (or peaks) that are present in only a certain portion of samples, and conventional approaches of PCA do not cope well with sparse matrices where there may be many 0s. There is, however, a large number of qualitative similarity measures available for this purpose that can be exploited via principal coordinates analysis (PCO). It can be shown that PCA scores are a specific case of PCO scores, using a quantitative similarity measure. A large-scale study of human sweat consisting of nearly 1000 gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses from the sweat of an isolated population of 200 individuals in Carinthia (Southern Austria) sampled once per fortnight over 10 weeks was employed in this study and grouped into families. The first step was to produce a peak table requiring peak detection, alignment, and integration. Peaks were reduced from 5080 to 373 that occurred in at least 1 individual over 4 out of 5 fortnights. Both qualitative (presence/absence) and quantitative (equivalent to PCA) similarity measures can be computed. PCO and the Kolomorogov-Smirnoff (KS) rank test are applied to these similarity matrices. It is shown that for this data set there is a reproducible individual fingerprint, which is best represented using the qualitative similarity measure as assessed both by the Hotelling t2 statistic as applied to PCO scores and the probabilities associated with the KS rank test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xu
- Centre for Chemometrics, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantocks Close Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Soini HA, Schrock SE, Bruce KE, Wiesler D, Ketterson ED, Novotny MV. Seasonal variation in volatile compound profiles of preen gland secretions of the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis). J Chem Ecol 2007; 33:183-98. [PMID: 17146717 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-006-9210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative stir bar sorptive extraction methodology, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and element-specific atomic emission detection (AED) were utilized to analyze seasonal changes in volatile components of preen oil secretions in Junco hyemalis. Juncos were held in long days to simulate breeding conditions, or short days to simulate nonbreeding conditions. Linear alcohols (C(10)-C(18)) were the major volatile compounds found in preen oil, and in both sexes their levels were higher when birds were housed on long as opposed to short days. Methylketones were found at lower levels, but were enhanced in both sexes during long days. Levels of 2-tridecanone, 2-tetradecanone, and 2-pentadecanone were also greater on long days, but only in males. Among carboxylic acids (C(12), C(14), and C(16)), linear but not branched acids showed some differences between the breeding and nonbreeding conditions, although the individual variation for acidic compounds was large. Qualitatively, more sulfur-containing compounds were found in males than females during the breeding season. Functionally, the large increase in linear alcohols in male and female preen oil during the breeding season may be an indication of altered lipid biosynthesis, which might signal reproductive readiness. Linear alcohols might also facilitate junco odor blending with plant volatiles in the habitat to distract mammalian predators. Some of the volatile compounds from preen oil, including linear alcohols, were also found on the wing feather surface, along with additional compounds that could have been of either metabolic or environmental origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena A Soini
- Institute for Pheromone Research and Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Penn DJ, Oberzaucher E, Grammer K, Fischer G, Soini HA, Wiesler D, Novotny MV, Dixon SJ, Xu Y, Brereton RG. Individual and gender fingerprints in human body odour. J R Soc Interface 2007; 4:331-40. [PMID: 17251141 PMCID: PMC2359862 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2006.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals are thought to have their own distinctive scent, analogous to a signature or fingerprint. To test this idea, we collected axillary sweat, urine and saliva from 197 adults from a village in the Austrian Alps, taking five sweat samples per subject over 10 weeks using a novel skin sampling device. We analysed samples using stir bar sorptive extraction in connection with thermal desorption gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and then we statistically analysed the chromatographic profiles using pattern recognition techniques. We found more volatile compounds in axillary sweat than in urine or saliva, and among these we found 373 peaks that were consistent over time (detected in four out of five samples per individual). Among these candidate compounds, we found individually distinct and reproducible GC-MS fingerprints, a reproducible difference between the sexes, and we identified the chemical structures of 44 individual and 12 gender-specific volatile compounds. These individual compounds provide candidates for major histocompatibility complex and other genetically determined odours. This is the first study on human axillary odour to sample a large number of subjects, and our findings are relevant to understanding the chemical nature of human odour, and efforts to design electronic sensors (e-nose) for biometric fingerprinting and disease diagnoses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Penn
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Ethology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1160 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
David F, Sandra P. Stir bar sorptive extraction for trace analysis. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1152:54-69. [PMID: 17239895 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) was introduced in 1999 as a solventless sample preparation method for the extraction and enrichment of organic compounds from aqueous matrices. The method is based on sorptive extraction, whereby the solutes are extracted into a polymer coating on a magnetic stirring rod. The extraction is controlled by the partitioning coefficient of the solutes between the polymer coating and the sample matrix and by the phase ratio between the polymer coating and the sample volume. For a polydimethylsiloxane coating and aqueous samples, this partitioning coefficient resembles the octanol-water partitioning coefficient. In comparison to solid phase micro-extraction, a larger amount of sorptive extraction phase is used and consequently extremely high sensitivities can be obtained as illustrated by several successful applications in trace analysis in environmental, food and biomedical fields. Initially SBSE was mostly used for the extraction of compounds from aqueous matrices. The technique has also been applied in headspace mode for liquid and solid samples and in passive air sampling mode. In this review article, the principles of stir bar sorptive extraction are described and an overview of SBSE applications is given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank David
- Research Institute for Chromatography, Pres. Kennedypark 26, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Xu Y, Brereton RG, Trebesius K, Bergmaier I, Oberzaucher E, Grammer K, Penn DJ. A fuzzy distance metric for measuring the dissimilarity of planar chromatographic profiles with application to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis data from human skin microbes: demonstration of an individual and gender-based fingerprint. Analyst 2007; 132:638-46. [PMID: 17592582 DOI: 10.1039/b702410j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A newly devised fuzzy metric for measuring the dissimilarity between two planar chromatographic profiles is proposed in this paper. It does not require an accurately assigned sample-feature matrix and can cope with slight imprecision of the positional information. This makes it very suitable for 1-D techniques which do not have a second spectroscopic dimension to aid variable assignment. The usefulness of this metric has been demonstrated on a large data set consisting of nearly 400 samples from Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of microbes on human skin. The pattern revealed by this dissimilarity metric was compared with the one represented by a sample-feature matrix and highly consistent results were obtained. Several pattern recognition techniques have been applied on the dissimilarity matrix based on this dissimilarity metric. According to rank analysis, within-individual variation is significantly less than between-individual variation, suggesting a unique individual microbial fingerprint. Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCO) suggests that there is a considerable separation between genders. These results suggest that there are specific microbial colonies characteristic of individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xu
- Centre for Chemometrics, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantocks Close, Bristol, UK BS8 1TS
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|