1
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Wakolo SW, Syouji A, Sakai M, Nishiyama H, Inukai J. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy system for observation of water molecules in anion exchange membrane. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 309:123875. [PMID: 38217988 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.123875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) provide one of the most feasible remedies to fuel cells' dependency on the dwindling Pt group catalysts. Nevertheless, AEMFCs still suffer reduced durability, which requires an in-depth understanding of their membranes. The low thermal endurance of the anion exchange membranes (AEMs) usually limits the direct application of powerful techniques, such as Raman spectroscopy. We sought to establish a system for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy capable of taking measurements inside an AEM rapidly and accurately without photodamage. A 785 nm CARS system was newly developed to study the water species in an AEM (QPAF-4) located vertically in a fuel cell. From the results of water measurement in a QPAF-4 membrane, the OH-related region was deconvoluted into nine Gaussian peaks: Five H-bonded OH peaks, non-H-bonded OH, OH-, and two CH peaks. The H-bonded species increased with increasing relative humidity, but the other species remained constant. These results open unlimited possibilities for studying and comparing different AEMFCs, enabling more rapid technology optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Wekesa Wakolo
- Integrated Graduate School of Medicine, Engineering, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Atsushi Syouji
- Center for Basic Education in Faculty of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Masaru Sakai
- Faculty of Engineering, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Nishiyama
- Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center, University of Yamanashi, 6-43 Miyamae, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0021, Japan.
| | - Junji Inukai
- Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center, University of Yamanashi, 6-43 Miyamae, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0021, Japan; Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan.
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2
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Gieroba B, Kalisz G, Krysa M, Khalavka M, Przekora A. Application of Vibrational Spectroscopic Techniques in the Study of the Natural Polysaccharides and Their Cross-Linking Process. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032630. [PMID: 36768949 PMCID: PMC9916414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides are one of the most abundant natural polymers and their molecular structure influences many crucial characteristics-inter alia hydrophobicity, mechanical, and physicochemical properties. Vibrational spectroscopic techniques, such as infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopies are excellent tools to study their arrangement during polymerization and cross-linking processes. This review paper summarizes the application of the above-mentioned analytical methods to track the structure of natural polysaccharides, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, glucan, starch, chitosan, dextran, and their derivatives, which affects their industrial and medical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gieroba
- Independent Unit of Spectroscopy and Chemical Imaging, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Grzegorz Kalisz
- Independent Unit of Spectroscopy and Chemical Imaging, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mikolaj Krysa
- Independent Unit of Spectroscopy and Chemical Imaging, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Maryna Khalavka
- Independent Unit of Spectroscopy and Chemical Imaging, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Industrial Technology of Drugs, National University of Pharmacy, Pushkins’ka 63 Street, 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Agata Przekora
- Independent Unit of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1 Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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3
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Xu S, Camp CH, Lee YJ. Coherent
anti‐Stokes
Raman scattering microscopy for polymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Xu
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg Maryland USA
| | - Charles H. Camp
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg Maryland USA
| | - Young Jong Lee
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg Maryland USA
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4
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Zeng J, Zhao W, Yue S. Coherent Raman Scattering Microscopy in Oncology Pharmacokinetic Research. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:630167. [PMID: 33613294 PMCID: PMC7887381 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.630167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The high attrition rates of anti-cancer drugs during clinical development remains a bottleneck problem in pharmaceutical industry. This is partially due to the lack of quantitative, selective, and rapid readouts of anti-cancer drug activity in situ with high resolution. Although fluorescence microscopy has been commonly used in oncology pharmacological research, fluorescent labels are often too large in size for small drug molecules, and thus may disturb the function or metabolism of these molecules. Such challenge can be overcome by coherent Raman scattering microscopy, which is capable of chemically selective, highly sensitive, high spatial resolution, and high-speed imaging, without the need of any labeling. Coherent Raman scattering microscopy has tremendously improved the understanding of pharmaceutical materials in the solid state, pharmacokinetics of anti-cancer drugs and nanocarriers in vitro and in vivo. This review focuses on the latest applications of coherent Raman scattering microscopy as a new emerging platform to facilitate oncology pharmacokinetic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zeng
- Institute of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenying Zhao
- Institute of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhua Yue
- Institute of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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5
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Ramya AN, Arya JS, Madhukrishnan M, Shamjith S, Vidyalekshmi MS, Maiti KK. Raman Imaging: An Impending Approach Towards Cancer Diagnosis. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:409-422. [PMID: 33443291 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In accordance with the recent studies, Raman spectroscopy is well experimented as a highly sensitive analytical and imaging technique in biomedical research, mainly for various disease diagnosis including cancer. In comparison with other imaging modalities, Raman spectroscopy facilitate numerous assistances owing to its low background signal, immense spatial resolution, high chemical specificity, multiplexing capability, excellent photo stability and non-invasive detection capability. In cancer diagnosis Raman imaging intervened as a promising investigative tool to provide molecular level information to differentiate the cancerous vs non-cancerous cells, tissues and even in body fluids. Anciently, spontaneous Raman scattering is very feeble due to its low signal intensity and long acquisition time but new advanced techniques like coherent Raman scattering (CRS) and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) gradually superseded these issues. So, the present review focuses on the recent developments and applications of Raman spectroscopy-based imaging techniques for cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adukkadan N Ramya
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division (CSTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Jayadev S Arya
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division (CSTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Murali Madhukrishnan
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division (CSTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shanmughan Shamjith
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division (CSTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Murukan S Vidyalekshmi
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division (CSTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Kaustabh K Maiti
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division (CSTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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6
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Figueroa B, Nguyen T, Sotthivirat S, Xu W, Rhodes T, Lamm MS, Smith RL, John CT, Su Y, Fu D. Detecting and Quantifying Microscale Chemical Reactions in Pharmaceutical Tablets by Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6894-6901. [PMID: 31009215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
It has been estimated that approximately 50% of all marketed drug molecules are manufactured and administered in the form of salts, often with the goal of improving solubility, dissolution rate, and efficacy of the drug. However, salt disproportionation during processing or storage is a common adverse effect in these formulations. Due to the heterogeneous nature of solid drug formulations, it is essential to characterize the drug substances noninvasively at micrometer resolution to understand the molecular mechanism of salt disproportionation. However, there is a lack of such capability with current characterization methods. In this study, we demonstrate that stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy can be used to provide sensitive and quantitative chemical imaging of the salt disproportionation reaction of pioglitazone hydrochloride (PIO-HCl) at a very low drug loading (1% w/w). Our findings illuminate a water mediated pathway of drug disproportionation and highlight the importance of noninvasive chemical imaging in a mechanistic study of solid-state chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Tai Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Sutthilug Sotthivirat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL , Merck & Co, Inc. , Kenilworth , New Jersey 07033 , United States
| | - Wei Xu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL , Merck & Co, Inc. , Kenilworth , New Jersey 07033 , United States
| | - Timothy Rhodes
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL , Merck & Co, Inc. , Kenilworth , New Jersey 07033 , United States
| | - Matthew S Lamm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL , Merck & Co, Inc. , Kenilworth , New Jersey 07033 , United States
| | - Ronald L Smith
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL , Merck & Co, Inc. , Kenilworth , New Jersey 07033 , United States
| | - Christopher T John
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL , Merck & Co, Inc. , Kenilworth , New Jersey 07033 , United States
| | - Yongchao Su
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL , Merck & Co, Inc. , Kenilworth , New Jersey 07033 , United States
| | - Dan Fu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
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7
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Francis AT, Nguyen TT, Lamm MS, Teller R, Forster SP, Xu W, Rhodes T, Smith RL, Kuiper J, Su Y, Fu D. In Situ Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) Microscopy Study of the Dissolution of Sustained-Release Implant Formulation. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:5793-5801. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Francis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Tai T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Matthew S. Lamm
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ryan Teller
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Seth P. Forster
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Timothy Rhodes
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ronald L. Smith
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jesse Kuiper
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yongchao Su
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Dan Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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8
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Novakovic D, Saarinen J, Rojalin T, Antikainen O, Fraser-Miller SJ, Laaksonen T, Peltonen L, Isomäki A, Strachan CJ. Multimodal Nonlinear Optical Imaging for Sensitive Detection of Multiple Pharmaceutical Solid-State Forms and Surface Transformations. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11460-11467. [PMID: 28950703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two nonlinear imaging modalities, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and sum-frequency generation (SFG), were successfully combined for sensitive multimodal imaging of multiple solid-state forms and their changes on drug tablet surfaces. Two imaging approaches were used and compared: (i) hyperspectral CARS combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and SFG imaging and (ii) simultaneous narrowband CARS and SFG imaging. Three different solid-state forms of indomethacin-the crystalline gamma and alpha forms, as well as the amorphous form-were clearly distinguished using both approaches. Simultaneous narrowband CARS and SFG imaging was faster, but hyperspectral CARS and SFG imaging has the potential to be applied to a wider variety of more complex samples. These methodologies were further used to follow crystallization of indomethacin on tablet surfaces under two storage conditions: 30 °C/23% RH and 30 °C/75% RH. Imaging with (sub)micron resolution showed that the approach allowed detection of very early stage surface crystallization. The surfaces progressively crystallized to predominantly (but not exclusively) the gamma form at lower humidity and the alpha form at higher humidity. Overall, this study suggests that multimodal nonlinear imaging is a highly sensitive, solid-state (and chemically) specific, rapid, and versatile imaging technique for understanding and hence controlling (surface) solid-state forms and their complex changes in pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunja Novakovic
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5E, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Saarinen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5E, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tatu Rojalin
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5E, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Osmo Antikainen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5E, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sara J Fraser-Miller
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5E, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago , Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Timo Laaksonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5E, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology , Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5E, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Isomäki
- Biomedicum Imaging Unit, University of Helsinki , Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Clare J Strachan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5E, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Novel Poly(Diol Sebacate)s as Additives to Modify Paclitaxel Release From Poly(Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) Thin Films. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2106-2114. [PMID: 28535975 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Paclitaxel (PTX) incorporation in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) matrices produce films with high tensile rigidity and slow release that fail to deliver the required release rate for most biomedical applications such as in drug eluting stents and cancer treatments. To modify and improve this behavior, a set of poly(diol sebacate)s were synthesized and fully characterized as possible additives. The tensile properties of PLGA blends were evaluated as these materials could be used as coatings in drug eluting stent applications. A significant improvement in mechanical flexibility was observed with 20% additive content, as it reduced the Young's modulus value and increased the maximum deformation at break. PTX release was studied and correlated with the release of additive from PLGA films. An increase in the initial burst release phase was observed on all blends when compared to the control films of PLGA. Modulation of PTX release was achieved by altering the hydrophilicity degree of the additive or its percentage content on the blend. This supports the possibility that PTX was partitioned into the additive phase. Cytotoxicity analyses of novel additives were performed on mouse embryonic fibroblasts NIH/3T3.
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10
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Li C, Zhang D, Slipchenko MN, Cheng JX. Mid-Infrared Photothermal Imaging of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients at Submicrometer Spatial Resolution. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4863-4867. [PMID: 28398722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Delong Zhang
- Weldon
School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Mikhail N. Slipchenko
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Weldon
School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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11
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Schmitt PD. Recent Advances in Nonlinear Optical Analyses of Pharmaceutical Materials in the Solid State. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:555-565. [PMID: 28125239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has seen an increase in the use of nonlinear optical (NLO) techniques such as second harmonic generation, coherent antistokes Raman scattering, stimulated Raman scattering, and two-photon fluorescence for the solid-state characterization of pharmaceutical materials. These combined techniques offer several advantages (e.g., speed, selectivity, quantitation) of potential interest to the pharmaceutical community, as decreased characterization times in formulation development and testing could help decrease the time required to bring new, higher quality drugs to market. The large body of literature recently published in this field merits a review. Literature will be discussed in order of drug development, starting with applications in initial therapeutic molecule crystallization and polymorphic analysis, followed by final dosage form characterization, and ending with drug product performance testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Schmitt
- Department of Chemistry, Wabash College , Crawfordsville, Indiana 47933, United States
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12
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Cheng JX, Xie XS. Vibrational spectroscopic imaging of living systems: An emerging platform for biology and medicine. Science 2015; 350:aaa8870. [PMID: 26612955 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa8870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopy has been extensively applied to the study of molecules in gas phase, in condensed phase, and at interfaces. The transition from spectroscopy to spectroscopic imaging of living systems, which allows the spectrum of biomolecules to act as natural contrast, is opening new opportunities to reveal cellular machinery and to enable molecule-based diagnosis. Such a transition, however, involves more than a simple combination of spectrometry and microscopy. We review recent efforts that have pushed the boundary of the vibrational spectroscopic imaging field in terms of spectral acquisition speed, detection sensitivity, spatial resolution, and imaging depth. We further highlight recent applications in functional analysis of single cells and in label-free detection of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - X Sunney Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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13
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Darville N, Saarinen J, Isomäki A, Khriachtchev L, Cleeren D, Sterkens P, van Heerden M, Annaert P, Peltonen L, Santos HA, Strachan CJ, Van den Mooter G. Multimodal non-linear optical imaging for the investigation of drug nano-/microcrystal–cell interactions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 96:338-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Smith GP, McGoverin CM, Fraser SJ, Gordon KC. Raman imaging of drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 89:21-41. [PMID: 25632843 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This review article includes an introduction to the principals of Raman spectroscopy, an outline of the experimental systems used for Raman imaging and the associated important considerations and limitations of this method. Common spectral analysis methods are briefly described and examples of interesting published studies which utilised Raman imaging of pharmaceutical and biomedical devices are discussed, along with summary tables of the literature at this point in time.
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15
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Christophersen PC, Birch D, Saarinen J, Isomäki A, Nielsen HM, Yang M, Strachan CJ, Mu H. Investigation of protein distribution in solid lipid particles and its impact on protein release using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. J Control Release 2015; 197:111-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy driving the future of loaded mesoporous silica imaging. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:4870-4877. [PMID: 25064000 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the use of variants of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy as a novel method for improved physicochemical characterization of drug-loaded silica particles. Ordered mesoporous silica is a biomaterial that can be loaded to carry a number of biochemicals, including poorly water-soluble drugs, by allowing the incorporation of drug into nanometer-sized pores. In this work, the loading of two poorly water-soluble model drugs, itraconazole and griseofulvin, in MCM-41 silica microparticles is characterized qualitatively, using the novel approach of CARS microscopy, which has advantages over other analytical approaches used to date and is non-destructive, rapid, label free, confocal and has chemical and physical specificity. The study investigated the effect of two solvent-based loading methods, namely immersion and rotary evaporation, and microparticle size on the three-dimensional (3-D) distribution of the two loaded drugs. Additionally, hyperspectral CARS microscopy was used to confirm the amorphous nature of the loaded drugs. Z-stacked CARS microscopy suggested that the drug, but not the loading method or particle size range, affected 3-D drug distribution. Hyperspectral CARS confirmed that the drug loaded in the MCM-41 silica microparticles was in an amorphous form. The results show that CARS microscopy and hyperspectral CARS microscopy can be used to provide further insights into the structural nature of loaded mesoporous silica microparticles as biomaterials.
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17
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Fussell AL, Kleinebudde P, Herek J, Strachan CJ, Offerhaus HL. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy visualizes pharmaceutical tablets during dissolution. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 25045833 PMCID: PMC4211842 DOI: 10.3791/51847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional pharmaceutical dissolution tests determine the amount of drug dissolved over time by measuring drug content in the dissolution medium. This method provides little direct information about what is happening on the surface of the dissolving tablet. As the tablet surface composition and structure can change during dissolution, it is essential to monitor it during dissolution testing. In this work coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy is used to image the surface of tablets during dissolution while UV absorption spectroscopy is simultaneously providing inline analysis of dissolved drug concentration for tablets containing a 50% mixture of theophylline anhydrate and ethyl cellulose. The measurements showed that in situ CARS microscopy is capable of imaging selectively theophylline in the presence of ethyl cellulose. Additionally, the theophylline anhydrate converted to theophylline monohydrate during dissolution, with needle-shaped crystals growing on the tablet surface during dissolution. The conversion of theophylline anhydrate to monohydrate, combined with reduced exposure of the drug to the flowing dissolution medium resulted in decreased dissolution rates. Our results show that in situ CARS microscopy combined with inline UV absorption spectroscopy is capable of monitoring pharmaceutical tablet dissolution and correlating surface changes with changes in dissolution rate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Kleinebudde
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich-Heine University
| | - Jennifer Herek
- Optical Sciences Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente
| | - Clare J Strachan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki
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Fussell A, Garbacik E, Offerhaus H, Kleinebudde P, Strachan C. In situ dissolution analysis using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and hyperspectral CARS microscopy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 85:1141-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Smith B, Naji M, Murugkar S, Alarcon E, Brideau C, Stys P, Anis H. Portable, miniaturized, fibre delivered, multimodal CARS exoscope. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:17161-75. [PMID: 23938563 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.017161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate for the first time, a portable multimodal coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscope (exoscope) for minimally invasive in-vivo imaging of tissues. This device is based around a micro-electromechanical system scanning mirror and miniaturized optics with light delivery accomplished by a photonic crystal fibre. A single Ti:sapphire femtosecond pulsed laser is used as the light source to produce CARS, two photon excitation fluorescence and second harmonic generation images. The high resolution and distortion-free images obtained from various resolution and bio-samples, particularly in backward direction (epi) successfully demonstrate proof of concept, and pave the path towards future non or minimally-invasive in vivo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Smith
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, 800 King Edward, PO Box450 Stn A, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
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20
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Huang CL, Kumar S, Tan JJ, Boey FY, Venkatraman SS, Steele TW, Loo JS. Modulating drug release from poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) thin films through terminal end-groups and molecular weight. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Conovaloff A, Wang HW, Cheng JX, Panitch A. Imaging growth of neurites in conditioned hydrogel by coherent anti-stokes raman scattering microscopy. Organogenesis 2012; 5:231-7. [PMID: 20539743 DOI: 10.4161/org.5.4.10404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultured DRGs in different gel scaffolds were analyzed using CA RS microscopy to determine its possible use as a label-free imaging option for tracking cellular growth in a gel scaffold. This study demonstrates for the first time the applicability of CA RS microscopy to the imaging of live neuronal cells in GAG hydrogels. By tuning the laser beating frequency, omega(p)-omega(s), to match the vibration of C-H bonds in the cell membrane, the CA RS signal yields detailed, high-quality images of neurites with single membrane detection sensitivity. The results demonstrate that CA RS imaging allows monitoring of cellular growth in a tissue scaffold over time, with a contrast that shows comparable cellular structures to those obtained using standard fluorescent staining techniques. These findings show the potential of CARS microscopy to assist in the understanding of organogenesis processes in a tissue scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Conovaloff
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering; West Lafayette, Indiana USA
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22
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Yuk SH, Oh KS, Park J, Kim SJ, Kim JH, Kwon IK. Paclitaxel-loaded poly(lactide-co-glycolide)/poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) composite for stent coating by ultrasonic atomizing spray. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2012; 13:025005. [PMID: 27877483 PMCID: PMC5090633 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/13/2/025005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The mixture of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) (PEVA) forms a homogeneous liquid in an organic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, and a phase-separated PLGA/PEVA composite can be prepared from it by evaporating the organic solvent. Exploiting this phenomenon, we designed a novel method of preparing a drug-loaded PLGA/PEVA composite and used it for coating drug-eluting stents (DESs). Paclitaxel (PTX), an anticancer drug, was chosen as a model drug. PLGA acts as a microdepot for PTX, and PEVA provides mechanical strength to the coating material. The presence of PLGA in the PLGA/PEVA composite suppressed PTX crystallization in the coating material, and PTX showed a sustained release rate over more than 30 days. The mechanical strength of the PLGA/PEVA composite was better than that of PEVA used as a control. After coating the stent with a PLGA/PEVA composite using ultrasonic atomizing spray, the morphology of the coated material was observed by scanning electron microscopy, and the release pattern of PTX was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Hong Yuk
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Jochiwon, Yeongi, Chungnam, 339–700, Korea
| | - Keun Sang Oh
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 136–791, Korea
| | - Jinah Park
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Jochiwon, Yeongi, Chungnam, 339–700, Korea
| | - Soon-Joong Kim
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 136–791, Korea
| | - Jung Ho Kim
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 136–791, Korea
| | - Il Keun Kwon
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 136–791, Korea
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23
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Liu KL, Widjaja E, Huang Y, Ng XW, Loo SCJ, Boey FYC, Venkatraman SS. A New Insight for an Old System: Protein-PEG Colocalization in Relation to Protein Release from PCL/PEG Blends. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:2173-82. [DOI: 10.1021/mp200513b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerh Lin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1-02-06,
Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Effendi Widjaja
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833
| | - Yingying Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1-02-06,
Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Xu Wen Ng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1-02-06,
Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Say Chye Joachim Loo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1-02-06,
Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Freddy Yin Chiang Boey
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1-02-06,
Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Subbu S. Venkatraman
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1-02-06,
Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
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24
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Breunig HG, Bückle R, Kellner-Höfer M, Weinigel M, Lademann J, Sterry W, König K. Combined in vivo multiphoton and CARS imaging of healthy and disease-affected human skin. Microsc Res Tech 2011; 75:492-8. [PMID: 21972128 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.21082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We present combined epi-coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and multiphoton imaging with both chemical discrimination and subcellular resolution on human skin in vivo. The combination of both image modalities enables label-free imaging of the autofluorescence of endogenous fluorophores by two-photon excited fluorescence, as well as imaging of the distribution of intercellular lipids, topically applied substances and water by CARS. As an example for medical imaging, we investigated healthy and psoriasis-affected human skin with both image modalities in vivo and found indications for different lipid distributions on the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Georg Breunig
- JenLab GmbH, Campus D1.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, and Schillerstr 1, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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25
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Strachan CJ, Windbergs M, Offerhaus HL. Pharmaceutical applications of non-linear imaging. Int J Pharm 2011; 417:163-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Yue S, Slipchenko MN, Cheng JX. Multimodal Nonlinear Optical Microscopy. LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS 2011; 5:10.1002/lpor.201000027. [PMID: 24353747 PMCID: PMC3863942 DOI: 10.1002/lpor.201000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Because each nonlinear optical (NLO) imaging modality is sensitive to specific molecules or structures, multimodal NLO imaging capitalizes the potential of NLO microscopy for studies of complex biological tissues. The coupling of multiphoton fluorescence, second harmonic generation, and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) has allowed investigation of a broad range of biological questions concerning lipid metabolism, cancer development, cardiovascular disease, and skin biology. Moreover, recent research shows the great potential of using CARS microscope as a platform to develop more advanced NLO modalities such as electronic-resonance-enhanced four-wave mixing, stimulated Raman scattering, and pump-probe microscopy. This article reviews the various approaches developed for realization of multimodal NLO imaging as well as developments of new NLO modalities on a CARS microscope. Applications to various aspects of biological and biomedical research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Yue
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Mikhail N. Slipchenko
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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27
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Pezacki JP, Blake JA, Danielson DC, Kennedy DC, Lyn RK, Singaravelu R. Chemical contrast for imaging living systems: molecular vibrations drive CARS microscopy. Nat Chem Biol 2011; 7:137-45. [PMID: 21321552 PMCID: PMC7098185 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The nonlinear variant of Raman spectroscopy, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy, combines powerful Raman signal enhancement with several other advantages such as label-free detection and has been used to image various cellular processes including host-pathogen interactions and lipid metabolism.![]() Cellular biomolecules contain unique molecular vibrations that can be visualized by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy without the need for labels. Here we review the application of CARS microscopy for label-free imaging of cells and tissues using the natural vibrational contrast that arises from biomolecules like lipids as well as for imaging of exogenously added probes or drugs. High-resolution CARS microscopy combined with multimodal imaging has allowed for dynamic monitoring of cellular processes such as lipid metabolism and storage, the movement of organelles, adipogenesis and host-pathogen interactions and can also be used to track molecules within cells and tissues. The CARS imaging modality provides a unique tool for biological chemists to elucidate the state of a cellular environment without perturbing it and to perceive the functional effects of added molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Paul Pezacki
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
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28
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Brackmann C, Esguerra M, Olausson D, Delbro D, Krettek A, Gatenholm P, Enejder A. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy of human smooth muscle cells in bioengineered tissue scaffolds. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:021115. [PMID: 21361678 DOI: 10.1117/1.3534782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The integration of living, human smooth muscle cells in biosynthesized cellulose scaffolds was monitored by nonlinear microscopy toward contractile artificial blood vessels. Combined coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy was applied for studies of the cell interaction with the biopolymer network. CARS microscopy probing CH(2)-groups at 2845 cm(-1) permitted three-dimensional imaging of the cells with high contrast for lipid-rich intracellular structures. SHG microscopy visualized the fibers of the cellulose scaffold, together with a small signal obtained from the cytoplasmic myosin of the muscle cells. From the overlay images we conclude a close interaction between cells and cellulose fibers. We followed the cell migration into the three-dimensional structure, illustrating that while the cells submerge into the scaffold they extrude filopodia on top of the surface. A comparison between compact and porous scaffolds reveals a migration depth of <10 μm for the former, whereas the porous type shows cells further submerged into the cellulose. Thus, the scaffold architecture determines the degree of cell integration. We conclude that the unique ability of nonlinear microscopy to visualize the three-dimensional composition of living, soft matter makes it an ideal instrument within tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brackmann
- Chalmers University of Technology, Molecular Microscopy, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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29
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Kim DH, Jarvis RM, Allwood JW, Batman G, Moore RE, Marsden-Edwards E, Hampson L, Hampson IN, Goodacre R. Raman chemical mapping reveals site of action of HIV protease inhibitors in HPV16 E6 expressing cervical carcinoma cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:3051-61. [PMID: 20957472 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that the HIV protease inhibitors indinavir and lopinavir may have activity against the human papilloma virus (HPV) type 16 inhibiting HPV E6-mediated proteasomal degradation of p53 in cultured cervical carcinoma cells. However, their mode and site of action is unknown. HPV-negative C33A cervical carcinoma cells and the same cells stably transfected with E6 (C33AE6) were exposed to indinavir and lopinavir at concentrations of 1 mM and 30 μM, respectively. The intracellular distribution of metabolites and metabolic changes induced by these treatments were investigated by Raman microspectroscopic imaging combined with the analysis of cell fractionation products by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). A uniform cellular distribution of proteins was found in drug-treated cells irrespective of cell type. Indinavir was observed to co-localise with nucleic acid in the nucleus, but only in E6 expressing cells. Principal components analysis (PCA) score maps generated on the full Raman hypercube and the corresponding PCA loadings plots revealed that the majority of metabolic variations influenced by the drug exposure within the cells were associated with changes in nucleic acids. Analysis of cell fractionation products by LC-MS confirmed that the level of indinavir in nuclear extracts was approximately eight-fold greater than in the cytoplasm. These data demonstrate that indinavir undergoes enhanced nuclear accumulation in E6-expressing cells, which suggests that this is the most likely site of action for this compound against HPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyun Kim
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
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30
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Kano H. Molecular Spectroscopic Imaging Using a White-Light Laser Source. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2010. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Slipchenko MN, Chen H, Ely DR, Jung Y, Carvajal MT, Cheng JX. Vibrational imaging of tablets by epi-detected stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Analyst 2010; 135:2613-9. [PMID: 20625604 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00252f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Proper chemical imaging tools are critical to the pharmaceutical industry due to growing regulatory demand for intermediate and end-product content uniformity testing. Herein we demonstrate stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) imaging of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and four excipients within tablets. Tablets from six manufactures were imaged with a speed of 53 s per frame of 512 × 512 pixels (i.e., 200 μs per pixel) and a lateral spatial resolution as high as 0.62 μm. The SRS chemical imaging was compared to confocal Raman mapping and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) chemical imaging in terms of speed and chemical selectivity. The acquisition speed of SRS imaging is ca. 10(4) times faster than confocal Raman mapping and SRS technique showed superior to CARS chemical selectivity for studied samples. Our data demonstrate the potential of SRS microscopy in high-speed screening of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail N Slipchenko
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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32
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Volkmer A. Coherent Raman Scattering Microscopy. EMERGING RAMAN APPLICATIONS AND TECHNIQUES IN BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL FIELDS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-02649-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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33
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Fisher GL, Belu AM, Mahoney CM, Wormuth K, Sanada N. Three-Dimensional Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Imaging of a Pharmaceutical in a Coronary Stent Coating as a Function of Elution Time. Anal Chem 2009; 81:9930-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901587k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L. Fisher
- Physical Electronics, Incorporated, 18725 Lake Drive East, Chanhassen, Minnesota 55317, Medtronic, Incorporated, 710 Medtronic Parkway LT130, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55432, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive MS8371, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, SurModics, Incorporated, 9924 West 74th Street, Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55344, and ULVAC-PHI, Incorporated, 370 Enzo, Chigasaki City, Kanagawa 253-8522, Japan
| | - Anna M. Belu
- Physical Electronics, Incorporated, 18725 Lake Drive East, Chanhassen, Minnesota 55317, Medtronic, Incorporated, 710 Medtronic Parkway LT130, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55432, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive MS8371, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, SurModics, Incorporated, 9924 West 74th Street, Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55344, and ULVAC-PHI, Incorporated, 370 Enzo, Chigasaki City, Kanagawa 253-8522, Japan
| | - Christine M. Mahoney
- Physical Electronics, Incorporated, 18725 Lake Drive East, Chanhassen, Minnesota 55317, Medtronic, Incorporated, 710 Medtronic Parkway LT130, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55432, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive MS8371, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, SurModics, Incorporated, 9924 West 74th Street, Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55344, and ULVAC-PHI, Incorporated, 370 Enzo, Chigasaki City, Kanagawa 253-8522, Japan
| | - Klaus Wormuth
- Physical Electronics, Incorporated, 18725 Lake Drive East, Chanhassen, Minnesota 55317, Medtronic, Incorporated, 710 Medtronic Parkway LT130, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55432, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive MS8371, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, SurModics, Incorporated, 9924 West 74th Street, Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55344, and ULVAC-PHI, Incorporated, 370 Enzo, Chigasaki City, Kanagawa 253-8522, Japan
| | - Noriaki Sanada
- Physical Electronics, Incorporated, 18725 Lake Drive East, Chanhassen, Minnesota 55317, Medtronic, Incorporated, 710 Medtronic Parkway LT130, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55432, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive MS8371, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, SurModics, Incorporated, 9924 West 74th Street, Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55344, and ULVAC-PHI, Incorporated, 370 Enzo, Chigasaki City, Kanagawa 253-8522, Japan
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Wang HW, Fu Y, Huff TB, Le TT, Wang H, Cheng JX. Chasing lipids in health and diseases by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY 2009; 50:160-167. [PMID: 19763281 PMCID: PMC2744966 DOI: 10.1016/j.vibspec.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The integration of near IR picosecond pulse excitation, collinear beam geometry, epi-detection, and laser-scanning has produced a coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscope with a detection sensitivity of 10(5) vibrational oscillators, sub-micron 3D resolution, and video-rate acquisition speed. The incorporation of spectral detection and other imaging modalities has added versatility to the CARS microscope. These advances allowed sensitive interrogation of biological samples, particularly lipids that have a high density of CH(2) groups. With initial applications to membrane domains, lipid bodies, demyelinating diseases, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases, CARS microscopy is poised to become a powerful bio-imaging tool with the availability of a multifunctional, affordable, easy-to-operate CARS microscope, and the development of CARS endoscopy for in vivo diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Wei Wang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yan Fu
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Terry B. Huff
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Thuc T. Le
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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35
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Windbergs M, Jurna M, Offerhaus HL, Herek JL, Kleinebudde P, Strachan CJ. Chemical Imaging of Oral Solid Dosage Forms and Changes upon Dissolution Using Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy. Anal Chem 2009; 81:2085-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8020856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maike Windbergs
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany, Centre for Drug Research, University of Helsinki, Finland, Optical Sciences Group, MESA+Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands, and School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Martin Jurna
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany, Centre for Drug Research, University of Helsinki, Finland, Optical Sciences Group, MESA+Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands, and School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Herman L. Offerhaus
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany, Centre for Drug Research, University of Helsinki, Finland, Optical Sciences Group, MESA+Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands, and School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer L. Herek
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany, Centre for Drug Research, University of Helsinki, Finland, Optical Sciences Group, MESA+Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands, and School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Peter Kleinebudde
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany, Centre for Drug Research, University of Helsinki, Finland, Optical Sciences Group, MESA+Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands, and School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Clare J. Strachan
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany, Centre for Drug Research, University of Helsinki, Finland, Optical Sciences Group, MESA+Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands, and School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, New Zealand
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36
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Kang E, Wang H, Kwon IK, Song YH, Kamath K, Miller KM, Barry J, Cheng JX, Park K. Application of coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering microscopy to image the changes in a paclitaxel-poly(styrene-b-isobutylene-b-styrene) matrix pre- and post-drug elution. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 87:913-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Awa K, Okumura T, Shinzawa H, Otsuka M, Ozaki Y. Self-modeling curve resolution (SMCR) analysis of near-infrared (NIR) imaging data of pharmaceutical tablets. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 619:81-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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38
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Wang HW, Le TT, Cheng JX. Label-free Imaging of Arterial Cells and Extracellular Matrix Using a Multimodal CARS Microscope. OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS 2008; 281:1813-1822. [PMID: 19343073 PMCID: PMC2350222 DOI: 10.1016/j.optcom.2007.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A multimodal nonlinear optical imaging system that integrates coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), sum-frequency generation (SFG), and two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) on the same platform was developed and applied to visualize single cells and extracellular matrix in fresh carotid arteries. CARS signals arising from CH(2)-rich membranes allowed visualization of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells of the arterial wall. Additionally, CARS microscopy allowed vibrational imaging of elastin and collagen fibrils which are also rich in CH(2) bonds. The extracellular matrix organization were further confirmed by TPEF signals arising from elastin's autofluorescence and SFG signals arising from collagen fibrils' non-centrosymmetric structure. Label-free imaging of significant components of arterial tissues suggests the potential application of multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy to monitor onset and progression of arterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Wei Wang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Thuc T. Le
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Balss KM, Llanos G, Papandreou G, Maryanoff CA. Quantitative spatial distribution of sirolimus and polymers in drug-eluting stents using confocal Raman microscopy. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 85:258-70. [PMID: 17876804 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy was used to differentiate each component found in the CYPHER Sirolimus-eluting Coronary Stent. The unique spectral features identified for each component were then used to develop three separate calibration curves to describe the solid phase distribution found on drug-polymer coated stents. The calibration curves were obtained by analyzing confocal Raman spectral depth profiles from a set of 16 unique formulations of drug-polymer coatings sprayed onto stents and planar substrates. The sirolimus model was linear from 0 to 100 wt % of drug. The individual polymer calibration curves for poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) [PEVA] and poly(n-butyl methacrylate) [PBMA] were also linear from 0 to 100 wt %. The calibration curves were tested on three independent drug-polymer coated stents. The sirolimus calibration predicted the drug content within 1 wt % of the laboratory assay value. The polymer calibrations predicted the content within 7 wt % of the formulation solution content. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra from five formulations confirmed a linear response to changes in sirolimus and polymer content.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Balss
- Cordis Corporation, a Johnson & Johnson Company, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, USA.
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Chemical imaging of drug eluting coatings: combining surface analysis and confocal Raman microscopy. J Control Release 2007; 126:111-21. [PMID: 18201791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemical images of the surfaces and the interiors of coatings of rapamycin in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) obtained by mass spectrometry and light scattering methods reveal a three dimensional picture of the chemical morphology of drug eluting coatings before, during, and after drug elution. The coating formulations examined ranged from 5 to 50 wt.% rapamycin in PLGA with and without a top layer ("capcoat") of PLGA. Surface sensitive electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) indicated that the outer surface of the coatings (without a PLGA capcoat) were drug-rich prior to elution. TOF-SIMS depth profiling using SF5+ polyatomic primary ions revealed a drug-enriched region at the near surface of the non-capcoated coatings ranging in thickness from 5 to 115 nm. The chemical morphology of the rapamycin/PLGA coatings on stents was determined using scanning confocal Raman microscopy, from the surface through the bulk of the coatings. Images of the coatings on stents showed a homogeneous distribution of rapamycin for the coatings with low concentrations of drug (5 wt.%) and more non-uniform distributions for higher concentrations of rapamycin (>25 wt.%). Images acquired from the interior of the films during the elution process indicated that rapamycin diffuses out of the coating but also segregates into drug-rich domains with increasing elution time. Optical interferometry measurements of coating thickness suggested that PLGA eroded from the coating during the elution experiment.
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Mansour HM, Hickey AJ. Raman characterization and chemical imaging of biocolloidal self-assemblies, drug delivery systems, and pulmonary inhalation aerosols: a review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2007; 8:E99. [PMID: 18181559 PMCID: PMC2750560 DOI: 10.1208/pt0804099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Revised: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents an introduction to Raman scattering and describes the various Raman spectroscopy, Raman microscopy, and chemical imaging techniques that have demonstrated utility in biocolloidal self-assemblies, pharmaceutical drug delivery systems, and pulmonary research applications. Recent Raman applications to pharmaceutical aerosols in the context of pulmonary inhalation aerosol delivery are discussed. The "molecular fingerprint" insight that Raman applications provide includes molecular structure, drug-carrier/excipient interactions, intramolecular and intermolecular bonding, surface structure, surface and interfacial interactions, and the functional groups involved therein. The molecular, surface, and interfacial properties that Raman characterization can provide are particularly important in respirable pharmaceutical powders, as these particles possess a higher surface-area-to-volume ratio; hence, understanding the nature of these solid surfaces can enable their manipulation and tailoring for functionality at the nanometer level for targeted pulmonary delivery and deposition. Moreover, Raman mapping of aerosols at the micro- and nanometer level of resolution is achievable with new, sophisticated, commercially available Raman microspectroscopy techniques. This noninvasive, highly versatile analytical and imaging technique exhibits vast potential for in vitro and in vivo molecular investigations of pulmonary aerosol delivery, lung deposition, and pulmonary cellular drug uptake and disposition in unfixed living pulmonary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M Mansour
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Campus Box #7360, 311 Pharmacy Lane, 1311 Kerr Hall, Dispersed Systems Laboratory, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7360, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Kang E, Robinson J, Park K, Cheng JX. Paclitaxel distribution in poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(lactide-co-glycolic acid) blends and its release visualized by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. J Control Release 2007; 122:261-8. [PMID: 17574291 PMCID: PMC2035948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying the release of paclitaxel (PTX) from poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PEG/PLGA) blends were investigated by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. PLGA, PEG, and PTX were selectively imaged by using the resonant CARS signal from the CH3, CH2, and aromatic CH stretch vibrations, respectively. Phase segregation was observed in PLGA films containing 10 to 40 wt.% PEG in the absence of PTX loading. The PEG phase existed in the form of crystalline fibers in the (8:2, weight ratio) and (7:3) PLGA/PEG films. CARS observation indicated that PTX preferentially partitioned into the PEG domains in the (9:1) and (8:2) PLGA/PTX films, but exhibited a uniform mixing with both PLGA and PEG in the (7:3) PLGA/PEG film. The solid dispersion of PTX into PEG domains was attributed to a strong interaction between PTX and PEG, supported by the disappearance of PEG crystallization in the PTX-loaded PLGA/PEG film evidenced through X-ray diffraction analysis. PTX release was induced by exposing the film to an aqueous solution and monitored in real time by CARS and two-photon fluorescence microscopy. Fast dissolution of both PEG and PTX was observed at the film surface. Upon infiltration of water into the film, the PEG domains were rearranged into ring structures enriched by both PTX and PEG. The CARS data provided visual evidence explaining the accelerated burst release followed by more sustained release of PTX from the PLGA/PEG films as measured by HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunah Kang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
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