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Abouhagger A, Celiešiūtė-Germanienė R, Bakute N, Stirke A, Melo WCMA. Electrochemical biosensors on microfluidic chips as promising tools to study microbial biofilms: a review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1419570. [PMID: 39386171 PMCID: PMC11462992 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1419570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial biofilms play a pivotal role in microbial infections and antibiotic resistance due to their unique properties, driving the urgent need for advanced methodologies to study their behavior comprehensively across varied environmental contexts. While electrochemical biosensors have demonstrated success in understanding the dynamics of biofilms, scientists are now synergistically merging these biosensors with microfluidic technology. This combined approach offers heightened precision, sensitivity, and real-time monitoring capabilities, promising a more comprehensive understanding of biofilm behavior and its implications. Our review delves into recent advancements in electrochemical biosensors on microfluidic chips, specifically tailored for investigating biofilm dynamics, virulence, and properties. Through a critical examination of these advantages, properties and applications of these devices, the review highlights the transformative potential of this technology in advancing our understanding of microbial biofilms in different settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wanessa C. M. A. Melo
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, State Research Institute Centre for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Vilnius, Lithuania
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2
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Bakute N, Andriukonis E, Kasperaviciute K, Dobilas J, Sapurov M, Mozolevskis G, Stirke A. Microphysiological system with integrated sensors to study the effect of pulsed electric field. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18713. [PMID: 39134607 PMCID: PMC11319666 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69693-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on the use of pulsed electric fields (PEF) in microfluidics for controlled cell studies. The commonly used material for soft lithography, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), does not fully ensure the necessary chemical and mechanical resistance in these systems. Integration of specific analytical measurement setups into microphysiological systems (MPS) are also challenging. We present an off-stoichiometry thiol-ene (OSTE)-based microchip, containing integrated electrodes for PEF and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurement and the equipment to monitor pH and oxygen concentration in situ. The effectiveness of the MPS was empirically demonstrated through PEF treatment of the C6 cells. The effects of PEF treatment on cell viability and permeability to the fluorescent dye DapI were tested in two modes: stop flow and continuous flow. The maximum permeability was achieved at 1.8 kV/cm with 16 pulses in stop flow mode and 64 pulses per cell in continuous flow mode, without compromising cell viability. Two integrated sensors detected changes in oxygen concentration before and after the PEF treatment, and the pH shifted towards alkalinity following PEF treatment. Therefore, our proof-of-concept technology serves as an MPS for PEF treatment of mammalian cells, enabling in situ physiological monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neringa Bakute
- Laboratory of Bioelectrics, State Research Institute, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Eivydas Andriukonis
- Laboratory of Bioelectrics, State Research Institute, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Kamile Kasperaviciute
- Laboratory of Bioelectrics, State Research Institute, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jorunas Dobilas
- Nanostructured Materials and Sensors Laboratory, State Research Institute, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Martynas Sapurov
- Nanostructured Materials and Sensors Laboratory, State Research Institute, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gatis Mozolevskis
- Micro and Nanodevices Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga Str. 8, Riga, 1063, Latvia
| | - Arunas Stirke
- Laboratory of Bioelectrics, State Research Institute, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania.
- Micro and Nanodevices Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga Str. 8, Riga, 1063, Latvia.
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3
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Abed H, Radha R, Anjum S, Paul V, AlSawaftah N, Pitt WG, Ashammakhi N, Husseini GA. Targeted Cancer Therapy-on-A-Chip. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400833. [PMID: 39101627 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Targeted cancer therapy (TCT) is gaining increased interest because it reduces the risks of adverse side effects by specifically treating tumor cells. TCT testing has traditionally been performed using two-dimensional (2D) cell culture and animal studies. Organ-on-a-chip (OoC) platforms have been developed to recapitulate cancer in vitro, as cancer-on-a-chip (CoC), and used for chemotherapeutics development and testing. This review explores the use of CoCs to both develop and test TCTs, with a focus on three main aspects, the use of CoCs to identify target biomarkers for TCT development, the use of CoCs to test free, un-encapsulated TCTs, and the use of CoCs to test encapsulated TCTs. Despite current challenges such as system scaling, and testing externally triggered TCTs, TCToC shows a promising future to serve as a supportive, pre-clinical platform to expedite TCT development and bench-to-bedside translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Abed
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Remya Radha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Shabana Anjum
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Vinod Paul
- Materials Science and Engineering PhD program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Nour AlSawaftah
- Materials Science and Engineering PhD program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - William G Pitt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1600, USA
| | - Ghaleb A Husseini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Materials Science and Engineering PhD program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
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4
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Mika T, Kalnins M, Spalvins K. The use of droplet-based microfluidic technologies for accelerated selection of Yarrowia lipolytica and Phaffia rhodozyma yeast mutants. Biol Methods Protoc 2024; 9:bpae049. [PMID: 39114747 PMCID: PMC11303513 DOI: 10.1093/biomethods/bpae049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are widely used for the industrial production of various valuable products, such as pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, biofuels, enzymes, amino acids, vaccines, etc. Research is constantly carried out to improve their properties, mainly to increase their productivity and efficiency and reduce the cost of the processes. The selection of microorganisms with improved qualities takes a lot of time and resources (both human and material); therefore, this process itself needs optimization. In the last two decades, microfluidics technology appeared in bioengineering, which allows for manipulating small particles (from tens of microns to nanometre scale) in the flow of liquid in microchannels. The technology is based on small-volume objects (microdroplets from nano to femtolitres), which are manipulated using a microchip. The chip is made of an optically transparent inert to liquid medium material and contains a series of channels of small size (<1 mm) of certain geometry. Based on the physical and chemical properties of microparticles (like size, weight, optical density, dielectric constant, etc.), they are separated using microsensors. The idea of accelerated selection of microorganisms is the application of microfluidic technologies to separate mutants with improved qualities after mutagenesis. This article discusses the possible application and practical implementation of microfluidic separation of mutants, including yeasts like Yarrowia lipolytica and Phaffia rhodozyma after chemical mutagenesis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taras Mika
- Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University, 12 – K1 Āzene street, Riga, LV-1048, Latvia
| | - Martins Kalnins
- Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University, 12 – K1 Āzene street, Riga, LV-1048, Latvia
| | - Kriss Spalvins
- Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University, 12 – K1 Āzene street, Riga, LV-1048, Latvia
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5
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Kemas AM, Zandi Shafagh R, Taebnia N, Michel M, Preiss L, Hofmann U, Lauschke VM. Compound Absorption in Polymer Devices Impairs the Translatability of Preclinical Safety Assessments. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303561. [PMID: 38053301 PMCID: PMC11469150 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Organotypic and microphysiological systems (MPS) that can emulate the molecular phenotype and function of human tissues, such as liver, are increasingly used in preclinical drug development. However, despite their improved predictivity, drug development success rates have remained low with most compounds failing in clinical phases despite promising preclinical data. Here, it is tested whether absorption of small molecules to polymers commonly used for MPS fabrication can impact preclinical pharmacological and toxicological assessments and contribute to the high clinical failure rates. To this end, identical devices are fabricated from eight different MPS polymers and absorption of prototypic compounds with different physicochemical properties are analyzed. It is found that overall absorption is primarily driven by compound hydrophobicity and the number of rotatable bonds. However, absorption can differ by >1000-fold between polymers with polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) being most absorptive, whereas polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and thiol-ene epoxy (TEE) absorbed the least. Strikingly, organotypic primary human liver cultures successfully flagged hydrophobic hepatotoxins in lowly absorbing TEE devices at therapeutically relevant concentrations, whereas isogenic cultures in PDMS devices are resistant, resulting in false negative safety signals. Combined, these results can guide the selection of MPS materials and facilitate the development of preclinical assays with improved translatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurino M. Kemas
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholm17177Sweden
| | - Reza Zandi Shafagh
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholm17177Sweden
- Dr. Margarete Fischer‐Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology70376StuttgartGermany
- University of Tuebingen72074TuebingenGermany
- Division of Micro‐ and NanosystemsKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholm10044Sweden
| | - Nayere Taebnia
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholm17177Sweden
| | - Maurice Michel
- Department of Oncology and PathologyScience for Life LaboratoryKarolinska InstitutetStockholm17165Sweden
| | - Lena Preiss
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholm17177Sweden
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK)Merck KGaA64293DarmstadtGermany
| | - Ute Hofmann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer‐Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology70376StuttgartGermany
| | - Volker M. Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholm17177Sweden
- Dr. Margarete Fischer‐Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology70376StuttgartGermany
- University of Tuebingen72074TuebingenGermany
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6
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Lenhart A, Kennedy RT. Evaluation of Surface Treatments of PDMS Microfluidic Devices for Improving Small-Molecule Recovery with Application to Monitoring Metabolites Secreted from Islets of Langerhans. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:380-389. [PMID: 37868359 PMCID: PMC10588933 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices are becoming an important tool for bioanalysis with applications including studying cell secretion, cell growth, and drug delivery. Small molecules such as drugs, cell products, or nutrients may partition into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a commonly used material for microfluidic devices, potentially leading to poor recovery or inaccurate delivery of such chemicals. To decrease small-molecule partitioning, surface and bulk PDMS treatments have been developed; however, these have been tested on few analytes, or their biocompatibility are unknown. Studies often focus on one analyte, whereas a diversity of chemicals are of interest and possibly affected. In this study, 11 device treatments are tested and applied to 21 biologically relevant small molecules with a variety of chemical structures. Device treatments are characterized using water contact angle measurements and evaluated by measuring recovery of the 21 target analytes using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. 1,5-Dimethyl-1,5-diazaundecamethylene polymethobromide (polybrene), a positively charged polymer, produced the least hydrophilic surface and was found to provide the best recovery with most of the analytes having >50% recovery and up to 92% recovery; however, recovery varied by analyte highlighting the importance of analyte diversity rather than targeting a single analyte in evaluating treatments. A polybrene-treated device was applied to investigate secretion from pancreatic islets, which are micro-organs involved in glucose homeostasis and diabetes. Islets secrete small molecules that have been shown to modulate the secretion of islets' main functional products, glucose-regulating hormones. The polybrene treatment enabled the detection of 20 target analytes from islets-on-chip during isosmotic and hypo-osmotic glucose perfusions and resulted in detection of more significant secretion changes compared to untreated PDMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley
E. Lenhart
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Robert T. Kennedy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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7
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Cardoso BD, Castanheira EMS, Lanceros‐Méndez S, Cardoso VF. Recent Advances on Cell Culture Platforms for In Vitro Drug Screening and Cell Therapies: From Conventional to Microfluidic Strategies. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202936. [PMID: 36898671 PMCID: PMC11468737 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The clinical translations of drugs and nanomedicines depend on coherent pharmaceutical research based on biologically accurate screening approaches. Since establishing the 2D in vitro cell culture method, the scientific community has improved cell-based drug screening assays and models. Those advances result in more informative biochemical assays and the development of 3D multicellular models to describe the biological complexity better and enhance the simulation of the in vivo microenvironment. Despite the overall dominance of conventional 2D and 3D cell macroscopic culture methods, they present physicochemical and operational challenges that impair the scale-up of drug screening by not allowing a high parallelization, multidrug combination, and high-throughput screening. Their combination and complementarity with microfluidic platforms enable the development of microfluidics-based cell culture platforms with unequivocal advantages in drug screening and cell therapies. Thus, this review presents an updated and consolidated view of cell culture miniaturization's physical, chemical, and operational considerations in the pharmaceutical research scenario. It clarifies advances in the field using gradient-based microfluidics, droplet-based microfluidics, printed-based microfluidics, digital-based microfluidics, SlipChip, and paper-based microfluidics. Finally, it presents a comparative analysis of the performance of cell-based methods in life research and development to achieve increased precision in the drug screening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz D. Cardoso
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF‐UM‐UP), Campus de GualtarUniversity of MinhoBraga4710‐057Portugal
- LaPMET‐Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent TechnologiesUniversity of Minho4710‐057BragaPortugal
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS‐UMinho)Campus de AzurémUniversity of Minho4800‐058GuimarãesPortugal
- LABBELS‐Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology and Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical SystemsUniversity of MinhoBraga/GuimarãesPortugal
| | - Elisabete M. S. Castanheira
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF‐UM‐UP), Campus de GualtarUniversity of MinhoBraga4710‐057Portugal
- LaPMET‐Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent TechnologiesUniversity of Minho4710‐057BragaPortugal
| | - Senentxu Lanceros‐Méndez
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF‐UM‐UP), Campus de GualtarUniversity of MinhoBraga4710‐057Portugal
- LaPMET‐Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent TechnologiesUniversity of Minho4710‐057BragaPortugal
- BCMaterialsBasque Center for MaterialsApplications and NanostructuresUPV/EHU Science ParkLeioa48940Spain
- IKERBASQUEBasque Foundation for ScienceBilbao48009Spain
| | - Vanessa F. Cardoso
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS‐UMinho)Campus de AzurémUniversity of Minho4800‐058GuimarãesPortugal
- LABBELS‐Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology and Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical SystemsUniversity of MinhoBraga/GuimarãesPortugal
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8
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Son M, Wang AG, Kenna E, Tay S. High-throughput co-culture system for analysis of spatiotemporal cell-cell signaling. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 225:115089. [PMID: 36736159 PMCID: PMC9991101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Study of spatial and temporal aspects of signaling between individual cells is essential in understanding development, the immune response, and host-pathogen interactions. We present an automated high-throughput microfluidic platform that chemically stimulates immune cells to initiate cytokine secretion, and controls the formation of signal gradients that activate neighboring cell populations. Furthermore, our system enables controlling the cell type and density based on distance, and retrieval of cells from different regions for gene expression analysis. Our device performs these tasks in 192 independent chambers to simultaneously test different co-culture conditions. We demonstrate these capabilities by creating various cellular communication scenarios between macrophages and fibroblasts in vitro. We find that spatial distribution of macrophages and heterogeneity in cytokine secretion determine spatiotemporal gene expression responses. Furthermore, we describe how gene expression dynamics depend on a cell's distance from the signaling source. Our device addresses key challenges in the study of cell-to-cell signaling, and provides high-throughput and automated analysis over a wide range of co-culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjun Son
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA; Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Andrew G Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Emma Kenna
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Savaş Tay
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA; Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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9
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Flexible Capillary Microfluidic Devices Based on Surface-Energy Modified Polydimethylsiloxane and Polymethylmethacrylate with Room-Temperature Chemical Bonding. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-023-00096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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10
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Lee JB, Kim H, Kim S, Sung GY. Fabrication and Evaluation of Tubule-on-a-Chip with RPTEC/HUVEC Co-Culture Using Injection-Molded Polycarbonate Chips. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13111932. [PMID: 36363953 PMCID: PMC9698344 DOI: 10.3390/mi13111932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To simulate the ADME process such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in the human body after drug administration and to confirm the applicability of the mass production process, a microfluidic chip injection molded with polycarbonate (injection-molded chip (I-M chip)) was fabricated. Polycarbonate materials were selected to minimize drug absorption. As a first step to evaluate the I-M chip, RPTEC (Human Renal Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells) and HUVEC (Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells) were co-cultured, and live and dead staining, TEER (trans-epithelial electrical resistance), glucose reabsorption, and permeability were compared using different membrane pore sizes of 0.4 μm and 3 μm. Drug excretion was confirmed through a pharmacokinetic test with metformin and cimetidine, and the gene expression of drug transporters was confirmed. As a result, it was confirmed that the cell viability was higher in the 3 μm pore size than in the 0.4 μm, the cell culture performed better, and the drug secretion was enhanced when the pore size was large. The injection-molded polycarbonate microfluidic chip is anticipated to be commercially viable for drug screening devices, particularly ADME tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Bi Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program of Nano-Medical Device Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Integrative Materials Research Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Hyoungseob Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of Nano-Medical Device Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Integrative Materials Research Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Sol Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of Nano-Medical Device Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Integrative Materials Research Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Gun Yong Sung
- Interdisciplinary Program of Nano-Medical Device Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Integrative Materials Research Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Major in Materials Science and Engineering, School of Future Convergence, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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11
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Dalsbecker P, Beck Adiels C, Goksör M. Liver-on-a-chip devices: the pros and cons of complexity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 323:G188-G204. [PMID: 35819853 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00346.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically relevant and broadly applicable liver cell culture platforms are of great importance in both drug development and disease modeling. Organ-on-a-chip systems offer a promising alternative to conventional, static two-dimensional (2-D) cultures, providing much-needed cues such as perfusion, shear stress, and three-dimensional (3-D) cell-cell communication. However, such devices cover a broad range of complexity both in manufacture and in implementation. In this review, we summarize the key features of the human liver that should be reflected in a physiologically relevant liver-on-a-chip model. We also discuss different material properties of importance in producing liver-on-a-chip devices and summarize recent and current progress in the field, highlighting different types of devices at different levels of complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mattias Goksör
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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12
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Sasaki Y, Tatsuoka H, Tsuda M, Sumi T, Eguchi Y, So K, Higuchi Y, Takayama K, Torisawa Y, Yamashita F. Intestinal Permeability of Drugs in Caco-2 Cells Cultured in Microfluidic Devices. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1246-1253. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Sasaki
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Hirotaka Tatsuoka
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Masahiro Tsuda
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Takumi Sumi
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Yuka Eguchi
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Kanako So
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Yuriko Higuchi
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University
| | - Yusuke Torisawa
- Department of Micro Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Fumiyoshi Yamashita
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
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13
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Mair DB, Williams MAC, Chen JF, Goldstein A, Wu A, Lee PHU, Sniadecki NJ, Kim DH. PDMS-PEG Block Copolymer and Pretreatment for Arresting Drug Absorption in Microphysiological Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:38541-38549. [PMID: 35984038 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is a commonly used polymer in organ-on-a-chip devices and microphysiological systems. However, due to its hydrophobicity and permeability, it absorbs drug compounds, preventing accurate drug screening applications. Here, we developed an effective and facile method to prevent the absorption of drugs by utilizing a PDMS-PEG block copolymer additive and drug pretreatment. First, we incorporated a PDMS-PEG block copolymer into PDMS to address its inherent hydrophobicity. Next, we addressed the permeability of PDMS by eliminating the concentration gradient via pretreatment of the PDMS with the drug prior to experimentally testing drug absorption. The combined use of a PDMS-PEG block copolymer with drug pretreatment resulted in a mean reduction of drug absorption by 91.6% in the optimal condition. Finally, we demonstrated that the proposed method can be applied to prevent drug absorption in a PDMS-based cardiac microphysiological system, enabling more accurate drug studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin B Mair
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Marcus Alonso Cee Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Jeffrey Fanzhi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Alex Goldstein
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alex Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Peter H U Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Nathan J Sniadecki
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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14
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Rodrigues PM, Xavier M, Calero V, Pastrana L, Gonçalves C. Partitioning of Small Hydrophobic Molecules into Polydimethylsiloxane in Microfluidic Analytical Devices. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:713. [PMID: 35630180 PMCID: PMC9148048 DOI: 10.3390/mi13050713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is ubiquitously used in microfluidics. However, PDMS is porous and hydrophobic, potentially leading to small molecule partitioning. Although many studies addressed this issue and suggested surface/bulk modifications to overcome it, most were not quantitative, did not address which variables besides hydrophobicity governed molecule absorption, and no modification has been shown to completely obviate it. We evaluated qualitatively (confocal microscopy) and quantitatively (fluorescence spectroscopy) the effects of solute/solvent pairings, concentration, and residence time on molecule partitioning into PDMS. Additionally, we tested previously reported surface/bulk modifications, aiming to determine whether reduced PDMS hydrophobicity was stable and hindered molecule partitioning. Partitioning was more significant at lower concentrations, with the relative concentration of rhodamine-B at 20 µM remaining around 90% vs. 10% at 1 µM. Solute/solvent pairings were demonstrated to be determinant by the dramatically higher partitioning of Nile-red in a PBS-based solvent as opposed to ethanol. A paraffin coating slightly decreased the partitioning of Nile-red, and a sol-gel modification hindered the rhodamine-B diffusion into the PDMS bulk. However, there was no direct correlation between reduced surface hydrophobicity and molecule partitioning. This work highlighted the need for pre-assessing the absorption of test molecules into the microfluidic substrates and considering alternative materials for fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia M. Rodrigues
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (P.M.R.); (M.X.); (V.C.); (L.P.)
- University of Minho, Gualtar Campus, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Miguel Xavier
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (P.M.R.); (M.X.); (V.C.); (L.P.)
| | - Victor Calero
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (P.M.R.); (M.X.); (V.C.); (L.P.)
| | - Lorenzo Pastrana
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (P.M.R.); (M.X.); (V.C.); (L.P.)
| | - Catarina Gonçalves
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (P.M.R.); (M.X.); (V.C.); (L.P.)
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15
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Hawkins J, Miao X, Cui W, Sun Y. Surface functionalization of poly(dimethylsiloxane) substrates facilitates culture of pre-implantation mouse embryos by blocking non-selective adsorption. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20210929. [PMID: 35382579 PMCID: PMC8984368 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is widely used in biomedical settings such as microfluidics for its optical transparency, castability, gas permeability and relative biocompatibility. While PDMS devices with certain modifications or treatments have been used for mammalian pre-implantation embryo culture, it is unclear why native PDMS leads to significant embryo death. In this study, we employ Nile Red as a model hydrophobic small molecule to demonstrate that significant hydrophobic sequestration occurs on native PDMS substrates even with a bovine serum albumin-containing KSOM pre-equilibration. Our results suggest that this small molecule sequestration has detrimental effects on mouse embryo development in PDMS static culture wells, with 0% blastocyst development rates from embryos cultured on native PDMS. We found that prior saturation of the PDMS culture well with water vapour only rescues about 10% of blastocyst development rates, indicating osmolality alone is not responsible for the high rates of embryo arrest. We also present a safe and simple Pluronic F127 pretreatment for PDMS substrates that successfully circumvented the harmful effects of native PDMS, achieving a blastocyst and implantation rate akin to that of our polystyrene controls. Our results call into question how researchers and clinicians can account for the alterations in medium composition and embryo secretions when using hydrophobic substrates, especially in the mammalian embryo culture setting where minimum effective concentrations of peptides and amino acids are commonplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamar Hawkins
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Xiaosu Miao
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.,Animal Models Core Facility, Institute for Applied Life Sciences (IALS), University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Yubing Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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16
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Valverde MG, Mille LS, Figler KP, Cervantes E, Li VY, Bonventre JV, Masereeuw R, Zhang YS. Biomimetic models of the glomerulus. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:241-257. [PMID: 35064233 PMCID: PMC9949601 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of biomimetic models of the glomerulus has the potential to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of kidney diseases and to enable progress in therapeutics. Current in vitro models comprise organ-on-a-chip, scaffold-based and organoid approaches. Glomerulus-on-a-chip designs mimic components of glomerular microfluidic flow but lack the inherent complexity of the glomerular filtration barrier. Scaffold-based 3D culture systems and organoids provide greater microenvironmental complexity but do not replicate fluid flows and dynamic responses to fluidic stimuli. As the available models do not accurately model the structure or filtration function of the glomerulus, their applications are limited. An optimal approach to glomerular modelling is yet to be developed, but the field will probably benefit from advances in biofabrication techniques. In particular, 3D bioprinting technologies could enable the fabrication of constructs that recapitulate the complex structure of the glomerulus and the glomerular filtration barrier. The next generation of in vitro glomerular models must be suitable for high(er)-content or/and high(er)-throughput screening to enable continuous and systematic monitoring. Moreover, coupling of glomerular or kidney models with those of other organs is a promising approach to enable modelling of partial or full-body responses to drugs and prediction of therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta G Valverde
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Luis S Mille
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kianti P Figler
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ernesto Cervantes
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vanessa Y Li
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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17
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Haque MR, Wessel CR, Leary DD, Wang C, Bhushan A, Bishehsari F. Patient-derived pancreatic cancer-on-a-chip recapitulates the tumor microenvironment. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:36. [PMID: 35450328 PMCID: PMC8971446 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00370-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The patient population suffering from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) presents, as a whole, with a high degree of molecular tumor heterogeneity. The heterogeneity of PDAC tumor composition has complicated treatment and stalled success in clinical trials. Current in vitro techniques insufficiently replicate the intricate stromal components of PDAC tumor microenvironments (TMEs) and fail to model a given tumor's unique genetic phenotype. The development of patient-derived organoids (PDOs) has opened the door for improved personalized medicine since PDOs are derived directly from patient tumors, thus preserving the tumors' unique behaviors and genetic phenotypes. This study developed a tumor-chip device engineered to mimic the PDAC TME by incorporating PDOs and stromal cells, specifically pancreatic stellate cells and macrophages. Establishing PDOs in a multicellular microfluidic chip device prolongs cellular function and longevity and successfully establishes a complex organotypic tumor environment that incorporates desmoplastic stroma and immune cells. When primary cancer cells in monoculture were subjected to stroma-depleting agents, there was no effect on cancer cell viability. However, targeting stroma in our tumor-chip model resulted in a significant increase in the chemotherapy effect on cancer cells, thus validating the use of this tumor-chip device for drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad R. Haque
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome & Chronobiology Research, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Caitlin R. Wessel
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
| | - Daniel D. Leary
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome & Chronobiology Research, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Chengyao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616 USA
| | - Abhinav Bhushan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616 USA
| | - Faraz Bishehsari
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome & Chronobiology Research, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
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18
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Winkler TE, Herland A. Sorption of Neuropsychopharmaca in Microfluidic Materials for In Vitro Studies. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:45161-45174. [PMID: 34528803 PMCID: PMC8485331 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sorption (i.e., adsorption and absorption) of small-molecule compounds to polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a widely acknowledged phenomenon. However, studies to date have largely been conducted under atypical conditions for microfluidic applications (lack of perfusion, lack of biological fluids, etc.), especially considering biological studies such as organs-on-chips where small-molecule sorption poses the largest concern. Here, we present an in-depth study of small-molecule sorption under relevant conditions for microphysiological systems, focusing on a standard geometry for biological barrier studies that find application in pharmacokinetics. We specifically assess the sorption of a broad compound panel including 15 neuropsychopharmaca at in vivo concentration levels. We consider devices constructed from PDMS as well as two material alternatives (off-stoichiometry thiol-ene-epoxy, or tape/polycarbonate laminates). Moreover, we study the much neglected impact of peristaltic pump tubing, an essential component of the recirculating systems required to achieve in vivo-like perfusion shear stresses. We find that the choice of the device material does not have a significant impact on the sorption behavior in our barrier-on-chip-type system. Our PDMS observations in particular suggest that excessive compound sorption observed in prior studies is not sufficiently described by compound hydrophobicity or other suggested predictors. Critically, we show that sorption by peristaltic tubing, including the commonly utilized PharMed BPT, dominates over device sorption even on an area-normalized basis, let alone at the typically much larger tubing surface areas. Our findings highlight the importance of validating compound dosages in organ-on-chip studies, as well as the need for considering tubing materials with equal or higher care than device materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Winkler
- Division
of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Herland
- Division
of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- AIMES,
Center for Integrated Medical and Engineering Science, Department
of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solna 17165, Sweden
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19
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Prasanna P, Rathee S, Rahul V, Mandal D, Chandra Goud MS, Yadav P, Hawthorne S, Sharma A, Gupta PK, Ojha S, Jha NK, Villa C, Jha SK. Microfluidic Platforms to Unravel Mysteries of Alzheimer's Disease: How Far Have We Come? Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101022. [PMID: 34685393 PMCID: PMC8537508 DOI: 10.3390/life11101022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a significant health concern with enormous social and economic impact globally. The gradual deterioration of cognitive functions and irreversible neuronal losses are primary features of the disease. Even after decades of research, most therapeutic options are merely symptomatic, and drugs in clinical practice present numerous side effects. Lack of effective diagnostic techniques prevents the early prognosis of disease, resulting in a gradual deterioration in the quality of life. Furthermore, the mechanism of cognitive impairment and AD pathophysiology is poorly understood. Microfluidics exploits different microscale properties of fluids to mimic environments on microfluidic chip-like devices. These miniature multichambered devices can be used to grow cells and 3D tissues in vitro, analyze cell-to-cell communication, decipher the roles of neural cells such as microglia, and gain insights into AD pathophysiology. This review focuses on the applications and impact of microfluidics on AD research. We discuss the technical challenges and possible solutions provided by this new cutting-edge technique to understand disease-associated pathways and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Prasanna
- School of Applied Sciences, KK University, Nalanda 803115, Bihar, India;
- Correspondence: or (P.P.); (S.K.J.)
| | - Shweta Rathee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonipat 131028, Haryana, India;
| | - Vedanabhatla Rahul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India;
| | - Debabrata Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844101, Bihar, India;
| | | | - Pardeep Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India; (P.Y.); (N.K.J.)
| | - Susan Hawthorne
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co., Londonderry BT52 1SA, UK;
| | - Ankur Sharma
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Science and Research (SBSR), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India; (A.S.); (P.K.G.)
| | - Piyush Kumar Gupta
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Science and Research (SBSR), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India; (A.S.); (P.K.G.)
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India; (P.Y.); (N.K.J.)
| | - Chiara Villa
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India; (P.Y.); (N.K.J.)
- Correspondence: or (P.P.); (S.K.J.)
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20
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Hahnel SR, Roberts WM, Heisler I, Kulke D, Weeks JC. Comparison of electrophysiological and motility assays to study anthelmintic effects in Caenorhabditis elegans. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2021; 16:174-187. [PMID: 34252686 PMCID: PMC8350797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Currently, only a few chemical drug classes are available to control the global burden of nematode infections in humans and animals. Most of these drugs exert their anthelmintic activity by interacting with proteins such as ion channels, and the nematode neuromuscular system remains a promising target for novel intervention strategies. Many commonly-used phenotypic readouts such as motility provide only indirect insight into neuromuscular function and the site(s) of action of chemical compounds. Electrophysiological recordings provide more specific information but are typically technically challenging and lack high throughput for drug discovery. Because drug discovery relies strongly on the evaluation and ranking of drug candidates, including closely related chemical derivatives, precise assays and assay combinations are needed for capturing and distinguishing subtle drug effects. Past studies show that nematode motility and pharyngeal pumping (feeding) are inhibited by most anthelmintic drugs. Here we compare two microfluidic devices (“chips”) that record electrophysiological signals from the nematode pharynx (electropharyngeograms; EPGs) ─ the ScreenChip™ and the 8-channel EPG platform ─ to evaluate their respective utility for anthelmintic research. We additionally compared EPG data with whole-worm motility measurements obtained with the wMicroTracker instrument. As references, we used three macrocyclic lactones (ivermectin, moxidectin, and milbemycin oxime), and levamisole, which act on different ion channels. Drug potencies (IC50 and IC95 values) from concentration-response curves, and the time-course of drug effects, were compared across platforms and across drugs. Drug effects on pump timing and EPG waveforms were also investigated. These experiments confirmed drug-class specific effects of the tested anthelmintics and illustrated the relative strengths and limitations of the different assays for anthelmintic research. Anthelmintic drugs inhibit pharyngeal pumping and motility in C. elegans. Two electrophysiological assays and one motility assay were compared. Macrocyclic lactones and levamisole have drug-class-specific effects. A combination of assays most fully reveals anthelmintic effects. Strengths and limitations of the three assays were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Janis C Weeks
- InVivo Biosystems Inc. (formerly NemaMetrix Inc.), Eugene, OR, USA.
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21
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Rimsa R, Galvanovskis A, Plume J, Rumnieks F, Grindulis K, Paidere G, Erentraute S, Mozolevskis G, Abols A. Lung on a Chip Development from Off-Stoichiometry Thiol-Ene Polymer. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:546. [PMID: 34064627 PMCID: PMC8151799 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Current in vitro models have significant limitations for new respiratory disease research and rapid drug repurposing. Lung on a chip (LOAC) technology offers a potential solution to these problems. However, these devices typically are fabricated from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), which has small hydrophobic molecule absorption, which hinders the application of this technology in drug repurposing for respiratory diseases. Off-stoichiometry thiol-ene (OSTE) is a promising alternative material class to PDMS. Therefore, this study aimed to test OSTE as an alternative material for LOAC prototype development and compare it to PDMS. We tested OSTE material for light transmission, small molecule absorption, inhibition of enzymatic reactions, membrane particle, and fluorescent dye absorption. Next, we microfabricated LOAC devices from PDMS and OSTE, functionalized with human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) and A549 cell lines, and analyzed them with immunofluorescence. We demonstrated that compared to PDMS, OSTE has similar absorption of membrane particles and effect on enzymatic reactions, significantly lower small molecule absorption, and lower light transmission. Consequently, the immunofluorescence of OSTE LOAC was significantly impaired by OSTE optical properties. In conclusion, OSTE is a promising material for LOAC, but optical issues should be addressed in future LOAC prototypes to benefit from the material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberts Rimsa
- Institute of Solid-State Physics, University of Latvia, 8 Kengaraga Str., LV-1063 Riga, Latvia; (R.R.); (K.G.); (G.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Artis Galvanovskis
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str 1, k-1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (A.G.); (J.P.); (F.R.); (S.E.)
| | - Janis Plume
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str 1, k-1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (A.G.); (J.P.); (F.R.); (S.E.)
| | - Felikss Rumnieks
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str 1, k-1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (A.G.); (J.P.); (F.R.); (S.E.)
| | - Karlis Grindulis
- Institute of Solid-State Physics, University of Latvia, 8 Kengaraga Str., LV-1063 Riga, Latvia; (R.R.); (K.G.); (G.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Gunita Paidere
- Institute of Solid-State Physics, University of Latvia, 8 Kengaraga Str., LV-1063 Riga, Latvia; (R.R.); (K.G.); (G.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Sintija Erentraute
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str 1, k-1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (A.G.); (J.P.); (F.R.); (S.E.)
| | - Gatis Mozolevskis
- Institute of Solid-State Physics, University of Latvia, 8 Kengaraga Str., LV-1063 Riga, Latvia; (R.R.); (K.G.); (G.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Arturs Abols
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str 1, k-1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (A.G.); (J.P.); (F.R.); (S.E.)
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22
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Ratri MC, Brilian AI, Setiawati A, Nguyen HT, Soum V, Shin K. Recent Advances in Regenerative Tissue Fabrication: Tools, Materials, and Microenvironment in Hierarchical Aspects. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Cahyaning Ratri
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces Sogang University Seoul 04107 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry Education Sanata Dharma University Yogyakarta 55281 Indonesia
| | - Albertus Ivan Brilian
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces Sogang University Seoul 04107 Republic of Korea
| | - Agustina Setiawati
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces Sogang University Seoul 04107 Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Science Sogang University Seoul 04107 Republic of Korea
- Faculty of Pharmacy Sanata Dharma University Yogyakarta 55281 Indonesia
| | - Huong Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces Sogang University Seoul 04107 Republic of Korea
| | - Veasna Soum
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces Sogang University Seoul 04107 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanwoo Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces Sogang University Seoul 04107 Republic of Korea
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23
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Malijauskaite S, Connolly S, Newport D, McGourty K. Gradients in the in vivo intestinal stem cell compartment and their in vitro recapitulation in mimetic platforms. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2021; 60:76-88. [PMID: 33858768 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal tissue, and specifically its mucosal layer, is a complex and gradient-rich environment. Gradients of soluble factor (BMP, Noggin, Notch, Hedgehog, and Wnt), insoluble extracellular matrix proteins (laminins, collagens, fibronectin, and their cognate receptors), stromal stiffness, oxygenation, and sheer stress induced by luminal fluid flow at the crypt-villus axis controls and supports healthy intestinal tissue homeostasis. However, due to current technological challenges, very few of these features have so far been included in in vitro intestinal tissue mimetic platforms. In this review, the tightly defined and dynamic microenvironment of the intestinal tissue is presented in detail. Additionally, the authors introduce the current state-of-the-art intestinal tissue mimetic platforms, as well as the design drawbacks and challenges they face while attempting to capture the complexity of the intestinal tissue's physiology. Finally, the compositions of an "idealized" mimetic system is presented to guide future developmental efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigita Malijauskaite
- Dept. of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Sinead Connolly
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - David Newport
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Kieran McGourty
- Dept. of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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24
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Quiñones-Pérez M, Cieza RJ, Ngo BKD, Grunlan MA, Domenech M. Amphiphilic silicones to reduce the absorption of small hydrophobic molecules. Acta Biomater 2021; 121:339-348. [PMID: 33271355 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Silicones (i.e. crosslinked poly(dimethylsiloxane), PDMS) are commonly used material for microfluidic device fabrication. Nonetheless, due to the uncontrollable absorption of small hydrophobic molecules (<1 kDa) into the bulk, its applicability to cell-based drug assays and sensing applications has been limited. Here, we demonstrate the use of substrates made of silicones bulk modified with a poly(ethylene oxide) silane amphiphile (PEO-SA) to reduce hydrophobic small molecule sequestration for cell-based assays. Modified silicone substrates were generated with concentrations of 2 wt.%, 9 wt.% and, 14 wt.% PEO-SA. Incorporation of PEO-SA into the silicone bulk was assessed by FTIR analysis in addition to water contact angle analysis to evaluate surface hydrophobicity. Cell toxicity, absorption of small hydrophobic drugs, and cell response to hydrophobic molecules were also evaluated. Results showed that the incorporation of the PEO-SA into the silicone led to a reduction in water contact angle from 114° to as low as 16° that was stable for at least three months. The modified silicones showed viability values above 85% for NIH-3T3, MCF7, MDA-MB-468, and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. A drug response assay using tamoxifen and the MCF7 cell line showed full recovery of cell toxicity response when exposed to PDMS modified with 9 wt.% or 14 wt.% PEO-SA compared to tissue culture plastic. Therefore, our study supports the use of PEO-SA at concentrations of 9 wt.% or higher for enhanced surface wettability and reduced absorption of small hydrophobic molecules in PDMS-based platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Quiñones-Pérez
- Industrial Biotechnology Program, University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez, PR-108, Mayagüez, PR 00682, Puerto Rico
| | - Ruben J Cieza
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez, PR-108, Mayagüez, PR 00682, Puerto Rico
| | - Bryan Khai D Ngo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Melissa A Grunlan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Maribella Domenech
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez, PR-108, Mayagüez, PR 00682, Puerto Rico.
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25
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Kang SM, Kim D, Lee JH, Takayama S, Park JY. Engineered Microsystems for Spheroid and Organoid Studies. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001284. [PMID: 33185040 PMCID: PMC7855453 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
3D in vitro model systems such as spheroids and organoids provide an opportunity to extend the physiological understanding using recapitulated tissues that mimic physiological characteristics of in vivo microenvironments. Unlike 2D systems, 3D in vitro systems can bridge the gap between inadequate 2D cultures and the in vivo environments, providing novel insights on complex physiological mechanisms at various scales of organization, ranging from the cellular, tissue-, to organ-levels. To satisfy the ever-increasing need for highly complex and sophisticated systems, many 3D in vitro models with advanced microengineering techniques have been developed to answer diverse physiological questions. This review summarizes recent advances in engineered microsystems for the development of 3D in vitro model systems. The relationship between the underlying physics behind the microengineering techniques, and their ability to recapitulate distinct 3D cellular structures and functions of diverse types of tissues and organs are highlighted and discussed in detail. A number of 3D in vitro models and their engineering principles are also introduced. Finally, current limitations are summarized, and perspectives for future directions in guiding the development of 3D in vitro model systems using microengineering techniques are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min Kang
- Department of Green Chemical Engineering, Sangmyung University, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31066, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehan Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Shuichi Takayama
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Joong Yull Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
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26
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Shi Y, Cai Y, Cao Y, Hong Z, Chai Y. Recent advances in microfluidic technology and applications for anti-cancer drug screening. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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27
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Chramiec A, Teles D, Yeager K, Marturano-Kruik A, Pak J, Chen T, Hao L, Wang M, Lock R, Tavakol DN, Lee MB, Kim J, Ronaldson-Bouchard K, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Integrated human organ-on-a-chip model for predictive studies of anti-tumor drug efficacy and cardiac safety. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:4357-4372. [PMID: 32955072 PMCID: PMC8092329 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00424c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Traditional drug screening models are often unable to faithfully recapitulate human physiology in health and disease, motivating the development of microfluidic organs-on-a-chip (OOC) platforms that can mimic many aspects of human physiology and in the process alleviate many of the discrepancies between preclinical studies and clinical trials outcomes. Linsitinib, a novel anti-cancer drug, showed promising results in pre-clinical models of Ewing Sarcoma (ES), where it suppressed tumor growth. However, a Phase II clinical trial in several European centers with patients showed relapsed and/or refractory ES. We report an integrated, open setting, imaging and sampling accessible, polysulfone-based platform, featuring minimal hydrophobic compound binding. Two bioengineered human tissues - bone ES tumor and heart muscle - were cultured either in isolation or in the integrated platform and subjected to a clinically used linsitinib dosage. The measured anti-tumor efficacy and cardiotoxicity were compared with the results observed in the clinical trial. Only the engineered tumor tissues, and not monolayers, recapitulated the bone microenvironment pathways targeted by linsitinib, and the clinically-relevant differences in drug responses between non-metastatic and metastatic ES tumors. The responses of non-metastatic ES tumor tissues and heart muscle to linsitinib were much closer to those observed in the clinical trial for tissues cultured in an integrated setting than for tissues cultured in isolation. Drug treatment of isolated tissues resulted in significant decreases in tumor viability and cardiac function. Meanwhile, drug treatment in an integrated setting showed poor tumor response and less cardiotoxicity, which matched the results of the clinical trial. Overall, the integration of engineered human tumor and cardiac tissues in the integrated platform improved the predictive accuracy for both the direct and off-target effects of linsitinib. The proposed approach could be readily extended to other drugs and tissue systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Chramiec
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diogo Teles
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarāes, Braga, Portugal
| | - Keith Yeager
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alessandro Marturano-Kruik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G Natta”, Politecnico de Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Joseph Pak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luke Hao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miranda Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roberta Lock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Marcus Busub Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jinho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA
| | | | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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28
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Zhang F, Zhang R, Wei M, Zhang Y. A novel method of cell culture based on the microfluidic chip for regulation of cell density. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:852-862. [PMID: 33124683 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of cell density is an important segment in microfluidic cell culture, particularly in the repeated assays. Traditionally, consistent cell density is difficult to achieve, owing to the inaccurate regulation of cell density with manual feedback. A novel cell culture method with automatic feedback is proposed for real-time regulation of cell density based on microfluidic chip in this paper. Here, an integrated microfluidic system combining cell culture, density detection, and control of proliferation rate was developed. Interdigital electrode structures were sputtered on the microchannel automatically to provide the real-time feedback information of impedance. The most sensitive frequency was studied to improve the detection resolution of the sensing chip. Cells were cultured on the chip surface and cell density was detected by monitoring the alternation of the impedance. The feedback controller was established by the least squares support vector machines. Then, the cell proliferation rate was automatically controlled using the feedback controller to achieve the desired cell density in the repeated assays. The results show that the standard error of this method is 2.8% indicating that the method can keep a consistency of cell density in the repeated assays. This study provides a basis for improving the accuracy and repeatability in the further assays of finding the optimal drug concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongbiao Zhang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingji Wei
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yecheng Zhang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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29
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Jackson-Holmes EL, Schaefer AW, McDevitt TC, Lu H. Microfluidic perfusion modulates growth and motor neuron differentiation of stem cell aggregates. Analyst 2020; 145:4815-4826. [PMID: 32515433 PMCID: PMC8102133 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00491j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic technologies provide many advantages for studying differentiation of three-dimensional (3D) stem cell aggregates, including the ability to control the culture microenvironment, isolate individual aggregates for longitudinal tracking, and perform imaging-based assays. However, applying microfluidics to studying mechanisms of stem cell differentiation requires an understanding of how microfluidic culture conditions impact cell phenotypes. Conventional cell culture techniques cannot directly be applied to the microscale, as microscale culture varies from macroscale culture in multiple aspects. Therefore, the objective of this work was to explore key parameters in microfluidic culture of 3D stem cell aggregates and to understand how these parameters influence stem cell behavior and differentiation. These studies were done in the context of differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to motor neurons (MNs). We assessed how media exchange frequency modulates the biochemical microenvironment, including availability of exogenous factors (e.g. nutrients, small molecule additives) and cell-secreted molecules, and thereby impacts differentiation. The results of these studies provide guidance on how key characteristics of 3D cell cultures can be considered when designing microfluidic culture parameters. We demonstrate that discontinuous perfusion is effective at supporting stem cell aggregate growth. We find that there is a balance between the frequency of media exchange, which is needed to ensure that cells are not nutrient-limited, and the need to allow accumulation of cell-secreted factors to promote differentiation. Finally, we show how microfluidic device geometries can influence transport of biomolecules and potentially promote asymmetric spatial differentiation. These findings are instructive for future work in designing devices and experiments for culture of cell aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Jackson-Holmes
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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30
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Ongaro AE, Di Giuseppe D, Kermanizadeh A, Miguelez Crespo A, Mencattini A, Ghibelli L, Mancini V, Wlodarczyk KL, Hand DP, Martinelli E, Stone V, Howarth N, La Carrubba V, Pensabene V, Kersaudy-Kerhoas M. Polylactic is a Sustainable, Low Absorption, Low Autofluorescence Alternative to Other Plastics for Microfluidic and Organ-on-Chip Applications. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6693-6701. [PMID: 32233401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-chip (OOC) devices are miniaturized devices replacing animal models in drug discovery and toxicology studies. The majority of OOC devices are made from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), an elastomer widely used in microfluidic prototyping, but posing a number of challenges to experimentalists, including leaching of uncured oligomers and uncontrolled absorption of small compounds. Here we assess the suitability of polylactic acid (PLA) as a replacement material to PDMS for microfluidic cell culture and OOC applications. We changed the wettability of PLA substrates and demonstrated the functionalization method to be stable over a time period of at least 9 months. We successfully cultured human cells on PLA substrates and devices, without coating. We demonstrated that PLA does not absorb small molecules, is transparent (92% transparency), and has low autofluorescence. As a proof of concept of its manufacturability, biocompatibility, and transparency, we performed a cell tracking experiment of prostate cancer cells in a PLA device for advanced cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo E Ongaro
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.,Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH164SB, United Kingdom.,Department of Engineering, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze building 5, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Davide Di Giuseppe
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ali Kermanizadeh
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Bangor, LL57 2AS Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Allende Miguelez Crespo
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Arianna Mencattini
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Lina Ghibelli
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Vanessa Mancini
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Krystian L Wlodarczyk
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan P Hand
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Eugenio Martinelli
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Vicki Stone
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Howarth
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo La Carrubba
- Department of Engineering, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze building 5, 90128 Palermo, Italy.,INSTM, Palermo Research Unit, Viale delle Scienze building 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy.,ATeN Center, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze building 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Virginia Pensabene
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.,School of Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Maïwenn Kersaudy-Kerhoas
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.,Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH164SB, United Kingdom
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31
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Fattahi P, Haque A, Son KJ, Guild J, Revzin A. Microfluidic devices, accumulation of endogenous signals and stem cell fate selection. Differentiation 2019; 112:39-46. [PMID: 31884176 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Fattahi
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amranul Haque
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kyung Jin Son
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Joshua Guild
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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32
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Santos DA, Shi L, Tu BP, Weissman JS. Cycloheximide can distort measurements of mRNA levels and translation efficiency. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:4974-4985. [PMID: 30916348 PMCID: PMC6547433 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the efficiency with which an mRNA is translated into proteins represents a key mechanism for controlling gene expression. Such regulation impacts the number of actively translating ribosomes per mRNA molecule, referred to as translation efficiency (TE), which can be monitored using ribosome profiling and RNA-seq, or by evaluating the position of an mRNA in a polysome gradient. Here we show that in budding yeast, under nutrient limiting conditions, the commonly used translation inhibitor cycloheximide induces rapid transcriptional upregulation of hundreds of genes involved in ribosome biogenesis. Cycloheximide also prevents translation of these newly transcribed messages, leading to an apparent drop in TE of these genes under conditions that include key transitions during the yeast metabolic cycle, meiosis, and amino acid starvation; however, this effect is abolished when cycloheximide pretreatment is omitted. This response requires TORC1 signaling, and is modulated by the genetic background as well as the vehicle used to deliver the drug. The present work highlights an important caveat to the use of translation inhibitors when measuring TE or mRNA levels, and will hopefully aid in future experimental design as well as interpretation of prior results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Santos
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Benjamin P Tu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Jonathan S Weissman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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33
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Nguyen T, Jung SH, Lee MS, Park TE, Ahn SK, Kang JH. Robust chemical bonding of PMMA microfluidic devices to porous PETE membranes for reliable cytotoxicity testing of drugs. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3706-3713. [PMID: 31577312 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00338j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report a simple yet reliable method for bonding poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) to polyethylene terephthalate (PETE) track-etched membranes using (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GLYMO), which enables reliable cytotoxicity tests in a microfluidic device impermeable to small molecules, such as anti-cancer drugs. The porous PETE membranes treated with 5% GLYMO were assembled with microfluidic channel-engraved PMMA substrates after air plasma treatment for 1 minute, followed by heating at 100 °C for 2 minutes, which permits irreversible and complete bonding to be achieved within 1 h. The bonding strength between the two substrates (1.97 × 107 kg m-2) was robust enough to flow culture medium through the device without leakage even at a gauge pressure of above 135 kPa. For validation of its utility in drugs testing, we successfully demonstrated that human lung adenocarcinoma cells cultured in the PMMA devices show more reliable cytotoxicity results for vincristine in comparison to conventional polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) devices due to the inherent property of PMMA of it being impervious to small molecules. Given that the current organ-on-a-chip fabrication methods mostly rely on PDMS, this bonding strategy will expand simple fabrication capability using various thermoplastics and porous track-etched membranes, and allow us to create 3D-micro-constructs that more precisely mimic organ-level physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Nguyen
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, Republic of Korea 44919.
| | - Su Hyun Jung
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, Republic of Korea 44919.
| | - Min Seok Lee
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, Republic of Korea 44919.
| | - Tae-Eun Park
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, Republic of Korea 44919.
| | - Suk-Kyun Ahn
- Dept. of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea 46241.
| | - Joo H Kang
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, Republic of Korea 44919.
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34
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Zhou Y, Shen JX, Lauschke VM. Comprehensive Evaluation of Organotypic and Microphysiological Liver Models for Prediction of Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1093. [PMID: 31616302 PMCID: PMC6769037 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major concern for the pharmaceutical industry and constitutes one of the most important reasons for the termination of promising drug development projects. Reliable prediction of DILI liability in preclinical stages is difficult, as current experimental model systems do not accurately reflect the molecular phenotype and functionality of the human liver. As a result, multiple drugs that passed preclinical safety evaluations failed due to liver toxicity in clinical trials or postmarketing stages in recent years. To improve the selection of molecules that are taken forward into the clinics, the development of more predictive in vitro systems that enable high-throughput screening of hepatotoxic liabilities and allow for investigative studies into DILI mechanisms has gained growing interest. Specifically, it became increasingly clear that the choice of cell types and culture method both constitute important parameters that affect the predictive power of test systems. In this review, we present current 3D culture paradigms for hepatotoxicity tests and critically evaluate their utility and performance for DILI prediction. In addition, we highlight possibilities of these emerging platforms for mechanistic evaluations of selected drug candidates and present current research directions towards the further improvement of preclinical liver safety tests. We conclude that organotypic and microphysiological liver systems have provided an important step towards more reliable DILI prediction. Furthermore, we expect that the increasing availability of comprehensive benchmarking studies will facilitate model dissemination that might eventually result in their regulatory acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Volker M. Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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35
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Gökaltun A, Kang YBA, Yarmush ML, Usta OB, Asatekin A. Simple Surface Modification of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) via Surface Segregating Smart Polymers for Biomicrofluidics. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7377. [PMID: 31089162 PMCID: PMC6517421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43625-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is likely the most popular material for microfluidic devices in lab-on-a-chip and other biomedical applications. However, the hydrophobicity of PDMS leads to non-specific adsorption of proteins and other molecules such as therapeutic drugs, limiting its broader use. Here, we introduce a simple method for preparing PDMS materials to improve hydrophilicity and decrease non-specific protein adsorption while retaining cellular biocompatibility, transparency, and good mechanical properties without the need for any post-cure surface treatment. This approach utilizes smart copolymers comprised of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and PDMS segments (PDMS-PEG) that, when blended with PDMS during device manufacture, spontaneously segregate to surfaces in contact with aqueous solutions and reduce the hydrophobicity without any added manufacturing steps. PDMS-PEG-modified PDMS samples showed contact angles as low as 23.6° ± 1° and retained this hydrophilicity for at least twenty months. Their improved wettability was confirmed using capillary flow experiments. Modified devices exhibited considerably reduced non-specific adsorption of albumin, lysozyme, and immunoglobulin G. The modified PDMS was biocompatible, displaying no adverse effects when used in a simple liver-on-a-chip model using primary rat hepatocytes. This PDMS modification method can be further applied in analytical separations, biosensing, cell studies, and drug-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslıhan Gökaltun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA, 02474, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hacettepe University, 06532, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Young Bok Abraham Kang
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - O Berk Usta
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - Ayse Asatekin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA, 02474, USA.
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36
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Kumar V, Varghese S. Ex Vivo Tumor-on-a-Chip Platforms to Study Intercellular Interactions within the Tumor Microenvironment. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801198. [PMID: 30516355 PMCID: PMC6384151 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of immunotherapies and recent FDA approval of several of them makes them a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer. While these advancements underscore the potential of engaging the immune system to target tumors, this approach has so far been efficient only for certain cancers. Extending immunotherapy as a widely acceptable treatment for various cancers requires a deeper understanding of the interactions of tumor cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). The immune cells are a key component of the TME, which also includes other stromal cells, soluble factors, and extracellular matrix-based cues. While in vivo studies function as a gold standard, tissue-engineered microphysiological tumor models can offer patient-specific insights into cancer-immune interactions. These platforms, which recapitulate cellular and non-cellular components of the TME, enable a systematic understanding of the contribution of each component toward disease progression in isolation and in concert. Microfluidic-based microphysiological platforms recreating these environments, also known as "tumor-on-a-chip," are increasingly being utilized to study the effect of various elements of TME on tumor development. Herein are reviewed advancements in tumor-on-a-chip technology that are developed and used to understand the interaction of tumor cells with other surrounding cells, including immune cells, in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vardhman Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Shyni Varghese
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA,
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine Durham, NC 27703, USA
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Weeks JC, Robinson KJ, Lockery SR, Roberts WM. Anthelmintic drug actions in resistant and susceptible C. elegans revealed by electrophysiological recordings in a multichannel microfluidic device. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2018; 8:607-628. [PMID: 30503202 PMCID: PMC6287544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Many anthelmintic drugs used to treat parasitic nematode infections target proteins that regulate electrical activity of neurons and muscles: ion channels (ICs) and neurotransmitter receptors (NTRs). Perturbation of IC/NTR function disrupts worm behavior and can lead to paralysis, starvation, immune attack and expulsion. Limitations of current anthelmintics include a limited spectrum of activity across species and the threat of drug resistance, highlighting the need for new drugs for human and veterinary medicine. Although ICs/NTRs are valuable anthelmintic targets, electrophysiological recordings are not commonly included in drug development pipelines. We designed a medium-throughput platform for recording electropharyngeograms (EPGs)-the electrical signals emitted by muscles and neurons of the pharynx during pharyngeal pumping (feeding)-in Caenorhabditis elegans and parasitic nematodes. The current study in C. elegans expands previous work in several ways. Detecting anthelmintic bioactivity in drugs, compounds or natural products requires robust, sustained pharyngeal pumping under baseline conditions. We generated concentration-response curves for stimulating pumping by perfusing 8-channel microfluidic devices (chips) with the neuromodulator serotonin, or with E. coli bacteria (C. elegans' food in the laboratory). Worm orientation in the chip (head-first vs. tail-first) affected the response to E. coli but not to serotonin. Using a panel of anthelmintics-ivermectin, levamisole and piperazine-targeting different ICs/NTRs, we determined the effects of concentration and treatment duration on EPG activity, and successfully distinguished control (N2) and drug-resistant worms (avr-14; avr-15; glc-1, unc-38 and unc-49). EPG recordings detected anthelmintic activity of drugs that target ICs/NTRs located in the pharynx as well as at extra-pharyngeal sites. A bus-8 mutant with enhanced permeability was more sensitive than controls to drug treatment. These results provide a useful framework for investigators who would like to more easily incorporate electrophysiology as a routine component of their anthelmintic research workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis C Weeks
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-1254, USA.
| | - Kristin J Robinson
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-1254, USA.
| | - Shawn R Lockery
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-1254, USA.
| | - William M Roberts
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-1254, USA.
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38
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Hirama H, Satoh T, Sugiura S, Shin K, Onuki-Nagasaki R, Kanamori T, Inoue T. Glass-based organ-on-a-chip device for restricting small molecular absorption. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 127:641-646. [PMID: 30473393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of organ-on-a-chip (OOC) devices is a promising alternative to existing cell-based assays and animal testing in drug discovery. A rapid prototyping method with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is widely used for developing OOC devices. However, because PDMS tends to absorb small hydrophobic molecules, the loss of test compounds in cell-based assays and increases in background fluorescence during observation often lead to biased results in cell-based assays. To address this issue, we have fabricated a glass-based OOC device and characterized the medium flow and molecular absorption properties in comparison with PDMS-based devices. Consequently, we revealed that the glass device generated a stable medium flow, restricted the absorption of small hydrophobic molecules, and showed enhanced cell adhesiveness. This glass device is expected to be applicable to precise cell-based assays to evaluate small hydrophobic molecules, for which PDMS devices cannot be applied because of their absorption of small hydrophobic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotada Hirama
- Research Center for Ubiquitous MEMS and Micro Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-2-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan.
| | - Taku Satoh
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Shinji Sugiura
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kazumi Shin
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Reiko Onuki-Nagasaki
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kanamori
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Tomoya Inoue
- Research Center for Ubiquitous MEMS and Micro Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-2-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan
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Abstract
Microfluidics has played a vital role in developing novel methods to investigate biological phenomena at the molecular and cellular level during the last two decades. Microscale engineering of cellular systems is nevertheless a nascent field marked inherently by frequent disruptive advancements in technology such as PDMS-based soft lithography. Viable culture and manipulation of cells in microfluidic devices requires knowledge across multiple disciplines including molecular and cellular biology, chemistry, physics, and engineering. There has been numerous excellent reviews in the past 15 years on applications of microfluidics for molecular and cellular biology including microfluidic cell culture (Berthier et al., 2012; El-Ali, Sorger, & Jensen, 2006; Halldorsson et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2007; Mehling & Tay, 2014; Sackmann et al., 2014; Whitesides, 2006; Young & Beebe, 2010), cell culture models (Gupta et al., 2016; Inamdar & Borenstein, 2011; Meyvantsson & Beebe, 2008), cell secretion (Schrell et al., 2016), chemotaxis (Kim & Wu, 2012; Wu et al., 2013), neuron culture (Millet & Gillette, 2012a, 2012b), drug screening (Dittrich & Manz, 2006; Eribol, Uguz, & Ulgen, 2016; Wu, Huang, & Lee, 2010), cell sorting (Autebert et al., 2012; Bhagat et al., 2010; Gossett et al., 2010; Wyatt Shields Iv, Reyes, & López, 2015), single cell studies (Lecault et al., 2012; Reece et al., 2016; Yin & Marshall, 2012), stem cell biology (Burdick & Vunjak-Novakovic, 2009; Wu et al., 2011; Zhang & Austin, 2012), cell differentiation (Zhang et al., 2017a), systems biology (Breslauer, Lee, & Lee, 2006), 3D cell culture (Huh et al., 2011; Li et al., 2012; van Duinen et al., 2015), spheroids and organoids (Lee et al., 2016; Montanez-Sauri, Beebe, & Sung, 2015; Morimoto & Takeuchi, 2013; Skardal et al., 2016; Young, 2013), organ-on-chip (Bhatia & Ingber, 2014; Esch, Bahinski, & Huh, 2015; Huh et al., 2011; van der Meer & van den Berg, 2012), and tissue engineering (Andersson & Van Den Berg, 2004; Choi et al., 2007; Hasan et al., 2014). In this chapter, we provide an overview of PDMS-based microdevices for microfluidic cell culture. We discuss the advantages and challenges of using PDMS-based soft lithography for microfluidic cell culture and highlight recent progress and future directions in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melikhan Tanyeri
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Savaş Tay
- Institute of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Institute of Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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40
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Abstract
Microfluidic organ-on-a-chip models of human intestine have been developed and used to study intestinal physiology and pathophysiology. In this article, we review this field and describe how microfluidic Intestine Chips offer new capabilities not possible with conventional culture systems or organoid cultures, including the ability to analyze contributions of individual cellular, chemical, and physical control parameters one-at-a-time; to coculture human intestinal cells with commensal microbiome for extended times; and to create human-relevant disease models. We also discuss potential future applications of human Intestine Chips, including how they might be used for drug development and personalized medicine.
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Nawroth J, Rogal J, Weiss M, Brucker SY, Loskill P. Organ-on-a-Chip Systems for Women's Health Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 28985032 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical research, for a long time, has paid little attention to the influence of sex in many areas of study, ranging from molecular and cellular biology to animal models and clinical studies on human subjects. Many studies solely rely on male cells/tissues/animals/humans, although there are profound differences in male and female physiology, which can significantly impact disease mechanisms, toxicity of compounds, and efficacy of pharmaceuticals. In vitro systems have been traditionally very limited in their capacity to recapitulate female-specific physiology and anatomy such as dynamic sex-hormone levels and the complex interdependencies of female reproductive tract organs. However, the advent of microphysiological organ-on-a-chip systems, which attempt to recreate the 3D structure and function of human organs, now gives researchers the opportunity to integrate cells and tissues from a variety of individuals. Moreover, adding a dynamic flow environment allows mimicking endocrine signaling during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, as well as providing a controlled microfluidic environment for pharmacokinetic modeling. This review gives an introduction into preclinical and clinical research on women's health and discusses where organ-on-a-chip systems are already utilized or have the potential to deliver new insights and enable entirely new types of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Rogal
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering; Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB; Nobelstrasse 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Martin Weiss
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; University Medicine Tübingen; Calwerstrasse 7 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Sara Y. Brucker
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; University Medicine Tübingen; Calwerstrasse 7 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Peter Loskill
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering; Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB; Nobelstrasse 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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42
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Wang YI, Carmona C, Hickman JJ, Shuler ML. Multiorgan Microphysiological Systems for Drug Development: Strategies, Advances, and Challenges. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:10.1002/adhm.201701000. [PMID: 29205920 PMCID: PMC5805562 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Traditional cell culture and animal models utilized for preclinical drug screening have led to high attrition rates of drug candidates in clinical trials due to their low predictive power for human response. Alternative models using human cells to build in vitro biomimetics of the human body with physiologically relevant organ-organ interactions hold great potential to act as "human surrogates" and provide more accurate prediction of drug effects in humans. This review is a comprehensive investigation into the development of tissue-engineered human cell-based microscale multiorgan models, or multiorgan microphysiological systems for drug testing. The evolution from traditional models to macro- and microscale multiorgan systems is discussed in regards to the rationale for recent global efforts in multiorgan microphysiological systems. Current advances in integrating cell culture and on-chip analytical technologies, as well as proof-of-concept applications for these multiorgan microsystems are discussed. Major challenges for the field, such as reproducibility and physiological relevance, are discussed with comparisons of the strengths and weaknesses of various systems to solve these challenges. Conclusions focus on the current development stage of multiorgan microphysiological systems and new trends in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying I Wang
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Carlos Carmona
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - James J Hickman
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
- Hesperos, Inc., 3259 Progress Dr, Room 158, Orlando, FL 32826
| | - Michael L Shuler
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Hesperos, Inc., 3259 Progress Dr, Room 158, Orlando, FL 32826
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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43
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Chen T, Gomez-Escoda B, Munoz-Garcia J, Babic J, Griscom L, Wu PYJ, Coudreuse D. A drug-compatible and temperature-controlled microfluidic device for live-cell imaging. Open Biol 2017; 6:rsob.160156. [PMID: 27512142 PMCID: PMC5008015 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring cellular responses to changes in growth conditions and perturbation of targeted pathways is integral to the investigation of biological processes. However, manipulating cells and their environment during live-cell-imaging experiments still represents a major challenge. While the coupling of microfluidics with microscopy has emerged as a powerful solution to this problem, this approach remains severely underexploited. Indeed, most microdevices rely on the polymer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), which strongly absorbs a variety of molecules commonly used in cell biology. This effect of the microsystems on the cellular environment hampers our capacity to accurately modulate the composition of the medium and the concentration of specific compounds within the microchips, with implications for the reliability of these experiments. To overcome this critical issue, we developed new PDMS-free microdevices dedicated to live-cell imaging that show no interference with small molecules. They also integrate a module for maintaining precise sample temperature both above and below ambient as well as for rapid temperature shifts. Importantly, changes in medium composition and temperature can be efficiently achieved within the chips while recording cell behaviour by microscopy. Compatible with different model systems, our platforms provide a versatile solution for the dynamic regulation of the cellular environment during live-cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- SyntheCell team, Institute of Genetics and Development, CNRS UMR 6290, 2 avenue du Pr. Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Blanca Gomez-Escoda
- Genome Duplication and Maintenance team, Institute of Genetics and Development, CNRS UMR 6290, 2 avenue du Pr. Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Javier Munoz-Garcia
- SyntheCell team, Institute of Genetics and Development, CNRS UMR 6290, 2 avenue du Pr. Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Julien Babic
- SyntheCell team, Institute of Genetics and Development, CNRS UMR 6290, 2 avenue du Pr. Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Griscom
- SyntheCell team, Institute of Genetics and Development, CNRS UMR 6290, 2 avenue du Pr. Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Pei-Yun Jenny Wu
- Genome Duplication and Maintenance team, Institute of Genetics and Development, CNRS UMR 6290, 2 avenue du Pr. Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Damien Coudreuse
- SyntheCell team, Institute of Genetics and Development, CNRS UMR 6290, 2 avenue du Pr. Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France
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44
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Lane K, Van Valen D, DeFelice MM, Macklin DN, Kudo T, Jaimovich A, Carr A, Meyer T, Pe'er D, Boutet SC, Covert MW. Measuring Signaling and RNA-Seq in the Same Cell Links Gene Expression to Dynamic Patterns of NF-κB Activation. Cell Syst 2017; 4:458-469.e5. [PMID: 28396000 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Signaling proteins display remarkable cell-to-cell heterogeneity in their dynamic responses to stimuli, but the consequences of this heterogeneity remain largely unknown. For instance, the contribution of the dynamics of the innate immune transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) to gene expression output is disputed. Here we explore these questions by integrating live-cell imaging approaches with single-cell sequencing technologies. We used this approach to measure both the dynamics of lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-κB activation and the global transcriptional response in the same individual cell. Our results identify multiple, distinct cytokine expression patterns that are correlated with NF-κB activation dynamics, establishing a functional role for NF-κB dynamics in determining cellular phenotypes. Applications of this approach to other model systems and single-cell sequencing technologies have significant potential for discovery, as it is now possible to trace cellular behavior from the initial stimulus, through the signaling pathways, down to genome-wide changes in gene expression, all inside of a single cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keara Lane
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David Van Valen
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mialy M DeFelice
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Derek N Macklin
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Takamasa Kudo
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ariel Jaimovich
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ambrose Carr
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tobias Meyer
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dana Pe'er
- Program in Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stéphane C Boutet
- R&D Department, Fluidigm Corporation, 7000 Shoreline Court, Suite 100, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Markus W Covert
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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45
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Tähkä SM, Bonabi A, Jokinen VP, Sikanen TM. Aqueous and non-aqueous microchip electrophoresis with on-chip electrospray ionization mass spectrometry on replica-molded thiol-ene microfluidic devices. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1496:150-156. [PMID: 28347516 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This work describes aqueous and non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis on thiol-ene-based microfluidic separation devices that feature fully integrated and sharp electrospray ionization (ESI) emitters. The chip fabrication is based on simple and low-cost replica-molding of thiol-ene polymers under standard laboratory conditions. The mechanical rigidity and the stability of the materials against organic solvents, acids and bases could be tuned by adjusting the respective stoichiometric ratio of the thiol and allyl ("ene") monomers, which allowed us to carry out electrophoresis separation in both aqueous and non-aqueous (methanol- and ethanol-based) background electrolytes. The stability of the ESI signal was generally ≤10% RSD for all emitters. The respective migration time repeatabilities in aqueous and non-aqueous background electrolytes were below 3 and 14% RSD (n=4-6, with internal standard). The analytical performance of the developed thiol-ene microdevices was shown in mass spectrometry (MS) based analysis of peptides, proteins, and small molecules. The theoretical plate numbers were the highest (1.2-2.4×104m-1) in ethanol-based background electrolytes. The ionization efficiency also increased under non-aqueous conditions compared to aqueous background electrolytes. The results show that replica-molding of thiol-enes is a feasible approach for producing ESI microdevices that perform in a stable manner in both aqueous and non-aqueous electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari M Tähkä
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Research Programme, Viikinkaari 5E, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Ashkan Bonabi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Research Programme, Viikinkaari 5E, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Ville P Jokinen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Tiina M Sikanen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Research Programme, Viikinkaari 5E, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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46
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Gokaltun A, Yarmush ML, Asatekin A, Usta OB. Recent advances in nonbiofouling PDMS surface modification strategies applicable to microfluidic technology. TECHNOLOGY 2017; 5:1-12. [PMID: 28695160 PMCID: PMC5501164 DOI: 10.1142/s2339547817300013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade microfabrication processes including rapid prototyping techniques have advanced rapidly and achieved a fairly mature stage. These advances have encouraged and enabled the use of microfluidic devices by a wider range of users with applications in biological separations and cell and organoid cultures. Accordingly, a significant current challenge in the field is controlling biomolecular interactions at interfaces and the development of novel biomaterials to satisfy the unique needs of the biomedical applications. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is one of the most widely used materials in the fabrication of microfluidic devices. The popularity of this material is the result of its low cost, simple fabrication allowing rapid prototyping, high optical transparency, and gas permeability. However, a major drawback of PDMS is its hydrophobicity and fast hydrophobic recovery after surface hydrophilization. This results in significant nonspecific adsorption of proteins as well as small hydrophobic molecules such as therapeutic drugs limiting the utility of PDMS in biomedical microfluidic circuitry. Accordingly, here, we focus on recent advances in surface molecular treatments to prevent fouling of PDMS surfaces towards improving its utility and expanding its use cases in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslihan Gokaltun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02474, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hacettepe University, 06532, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ayse Asatekin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02474, USA
| | - O Berk Usta
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
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47
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Wang YI, Oleaga C, Long CJ, Esch MB, McAleer CW, Miller PG, Hickman JJ, Shuler ML. Self-contained, low-cost Body-on-a-Chip systems for drug development. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1701-1713. [PMID: 29065797 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217694101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrated multi-organ microphysiological systems are an evolving tool for preclinical evaluation of the potential toxicity and efficacy of drug candidates. Such systems, also known as Body-on-a-Chip devices, have a great potential to increase the successful conversion of drug candidates entering clinical trials into approved drugs. Systems, to be attractive for commercial adoption, need to be inexpensive, easy to operate, and give reproducible results. Further, the ability to measure functional responses, such as electrical activity, force generation, and barrier integrity of organ surrogates, enhances the ability to monitor response to drugs. The ability to operate a system for significant periods of time (up to 28 d) will provide potential to estimate chronic as well as acute responses of the human body. Here we review progress towards a self-contained low-cost microphysiological system with functional measurements of physiological responses. Impact statement Multi-organ microphysiological systems are promising devices to improve the drug development process. The development of a pumpless system represents the ability to build multi-organ systems that are of low cost, high reliability, and self-contained. These features, coupled with the ability to measure electrical and mechanical response in addition to chemical or metabolic changes, provides an attractive system for incorporation into the drug development process. This will be the most complete review of the pumpless platform with recirculation yet written.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying I Wang
- 1 Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Carlota Oleaga
- 2 NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Christopher J Long
- 2 NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.,3 Hesperos, Inc., Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Mandy B Esch
- 4 Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Christopher W McAleer
- 2 NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.,3 Hesperos, Inc., Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Paula G Miller
- 1 Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - James J Hickman
- 2 NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.,3 Hesperos, Inc., Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Michael L Shuler
- 1 Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.,3 Hesperos, Inc., Orlando, FL 32826, USA
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van Meer BJ, de Vries H, Firth KSA, van Weerd J, Tertoolen LGJ, Karperien HBJ, Jonkheijm P, Denning C, IJzerman AP, Mummery CL. Small molecule absorption by PDMS in the context of drug response bioassays. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 482:323-328. [PMID: 27856254 PMCID: PMC5240851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The polymer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is widely used to build microfluidic devices compatible with cell culture. Whilst convenient in manufacture, PDMS has the disadvantage that it can absorb small molecules such as drugs. In microfluidic devices like "Organs-on-Chip", designed to examine cell behavior and test the effects of drugs, this might impact drug bioavailability. Here we developed an assay to compare the absorption of a test set of four cardiac drugs by PDMS based on measuring the residual non-absorbed compound by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). We showed that absorption was variable and time dependent and not determined exclusively by hydrophobicity as claimed previously. We demonstrated that two commercially available lipophilic coatings and the presence of cells affected absorption. The use of lipophilic coatings may be useful in preventing small molecule absorption by PDMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J van Meer
- Dept. of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - H de Vries
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - K S A Firth
- Dept. of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - J van Weerd
- LipoCoat B.V., PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - L G J Tertoolen
- Dept. of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - H B J Karperien
- LipoCoat B.V., PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands; Dept. of Developmental BioEngineering, University of Twente, Driernerlolaan 5, 7522 NB, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - P Jonkheijm
- LipoCoat B.V., PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands; Dept. of Molecular Nanofabrication, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - C Denning
- Dept. of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - A P IJzerman
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - C L Mummery
- Dept. of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands; Dept. of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Aymerich M, Gómez-Varela AI, Álvarez E, Flores-Arias MT. Study of Different Sol-Gel Coatings to Enhance the Lifetime of PDMS Devices: Evaluation of Their Biocompatibility. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9090728. [PMID: 28773848 PMCID: PMC5457110 DOI: 10.3390/ma9090728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A study of PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) sol-gel–coated channels fabricated using soft lithography and a laser direct writing technique is presented. PDMS is a biocompatible material that presents a high versatility to reproduce several structures. It is widely employed in the fabrication of preclinical devices due to its advantages but it presents a rapid chemical deterioration to organic solvents. The use of sol-gel layers to cover the PDMS overcomes this problem since it provides the robustness of glass for the structures made with PDMS, decreasing its deterioration and changing the biocompatibility of the surface. In this work, PDMS channels are coated with three different kinds of sol-gel compositions (60MTES/40TEOS, 70MTES/30TISP and 80MTES/20TISP). The endothelial cell adhesion to the different coated devices is evaluated in order to determine the most suitable sol-gel preparation conditions to enhance cellular adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Aymerich
- Photonics4 Life Research Group, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
| | - Ana I Gómez-Varela
- Photonics4 Life Research Group, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
| | - Ezequiel Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS) SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
| | - María T Flores-Arias
- Photonics4 Life Research Group, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
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50
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Lee H, Cho DW. One-step fabrication of an organ-on-a-chip with spatial heterogeneity using a 3D bioprinting technology. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2618-25. [PMID: 27302471 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00450d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Although various types of organs-on-chips have been introduced recently as tools for drug discovery, the current studies are limited in terms of fabrication methods. The fabrication methods currently available not only need a secondary cell-seeding process and result in severe protein absorption due to the material used, but also have difficulties in providing various cell types and extracellular matrix (ECM) environments for spatial heterogeneity in the organs-on-chips. Therefore, in this research, we introduce a novel 3D bioprinting method for organ-on-a-chip applications. With our novel 3D bioprinting method, it was possible to prepare an organ-on-a-chip in a simple one-step fabrication process. Furthermore, protein absorption on the printed platform was very low, which will lead to accurate measurement of metabolism and drug sensitivity. Moreover, heterotypic cell types and biomaterials were successfully used and positioned at the desired position for various organ-on-a-chip applications, which will promote full mimicry of the natural conditions of the organs. The liver organ was selected for the evaluation of the developed method, and liver function was shown to be significantly enhanced on the liver-on-a-chip, which was prepared by 3D bioprinting. Consequently, the results demonstrate that the suggested 3D bioprinting method is easier and more versatile for production of organs-on-chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungseok Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyungbuk 790-784, South Korea.
| | - Dong-Woo Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyungbuk 790-784, South Korea.
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