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Wen H, Zhou Y, He Y, Wang T, Pu W, Zhang B, Cui J, Liu J, Wang X. Regional differences in molecular characteristics of atmospheric water-soluble organic carbon over northern China: Comparison of remote, rural, and urban environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174170. [PMID: 38917903 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) is a critical component of airborne particulates. It significantly affects the Earth's energy balance, air quality, and human health. Despite its importance, the molecular composition and sources of WSOC remain unclear, particularly in non-urban areas. In this study, we collected total suspended particulate (TSP) samples from three sites in northern China: Erenhot (remote site), Zhangbei (rural site), and Jinan (urban site). The WSOC components were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. The results showed that the formula numbers of identified compounds exhibited a decreasing trend of Jinan (2647) > Zhangbei (2046) > Erenhot (1399). Among the assigned formulas, CHO compounds were the most abundant category for all three sites, accounting for 33 %-38 % of the identified compounds, followed by the CHON compounds with contributions of 27 %-30 %. In the remote site of Erenhot, CHO compounds were dominated by oxidized unsaturated organic compounds, and CHON compounds were mainly low-oxygenated aliphatic compounds, suggesting a significant influence of primary emissions. In contrast, the urban site of Jinan showed higher contributions of CHO and CHON compounds with elevated oxidation degrees, indicating the influence of more extensive secondary oxidation processes. Atmospheric WSOC in Erenhot and Zhangbei had abundant reduced sulfur-containing species, likely from coal or diesel combustion, while that in Jinan was characterized by aliphatic organosulfates and nitrooxy-organosulfates, which are mainly associated with traffic emissions and biogenetic sources, respectively. These findings reveal significant differences in the molecular composition of WSOC in different atmospheric environments and improve our understanding of the chemical properties, potential sources, and transformations of organic aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wen
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yuhui He
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tianshuang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Meteorological Disaster Prevention Technology Center of Hainan Province, Haikou 570203, China
| | - Wei Pu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Baoqing Zhang
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiecan Cui
- Zhejiang Development and Planning Institute, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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2
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Fan T, Ren J, Liu C, Li Z, Liu J, Sun Y, Wang Y, Jin X, Zhang F. Evidence of Surface-Tension Lowering of Atmospheric Aerosols by Organics from Field Observations in an Urban Atmosphere: Relation to Particle Size and Chemical Composition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:11363-11375. [PMID: 38900148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c03141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Surface-active organics lower the aerosol surface tension (σs/a), leading to enhanced cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity and potentially exerting impacts on the climate. Quantification of σs/a is mainly limited to laboratory or modeling work for particles with selected sizes and known chemical compositions. Inferred values from ambient aerosol populations are deficient. In this study, we propose a new method to derive σs/a by combining field measurements made at an urban site in northern China with the κ-Köhler theory. The results present new evidence that organics remarkably lower the surface tension of aerosols in a polluted atmosphere. Particles sized around 40 nm have an averaged σs/a of 53.8 mN m-1, while particles sized up to 100 nm show σs/a values approaching that of pure water. The dependence curve of σs/a with the organic mass resembles the behavior of dicarboxylic acids, suggesting their critical role in reducing the surface tension. The study further reveals that neglecting the σs/a lowering effect would result in lowered ultrafine CCN (diameter <100 nm) concentrations by 6.8-42.1% at a typical range of supersaturations in clouds, demonstrating the significant impact of surface tension on the CCN concentrations of urban aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Fan
- Faculty of Geographical Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jingye Ren
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Chenxi Liu
- Faculty of Geographical Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Z Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jieyao Liu
- Faculty of Geographical Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yele Sun
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiaoai Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
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3
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Ma X, Tan Z, Lu K, Zhang Y. 复合污染大气环境中OH自由基测量干扰的定量研究. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2022. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2022-0581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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4
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Ma J, Ungeheuer F, Zheng F, Du W, Wang Y, Cai J, Zhou Y, Yan C, Liu Y, Kulmala M, Daellenbach KR, Vogel AL. Nontarget Screening Exhibits a Seasonal Cycle of PM 2.5 Organic Aerosol Composition in Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7017-7028. [PMID: 35302359 PMCID: PMC9179655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The molecular composition of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) in the urban environment is complex, and it remains a challenge to identify its sources and formation pathways. Here, we report the seasonal variation of the molecular composition of organic aerosols (OA), based on 172 PM2.5 filter samples collected in Beijing, China, from February 2018 to March 2019. We applied a hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) on a large nontarget-screening data set and found a strong seasonal difference in the OA chemical composition. Molecular fingerprints of the major compound clusters exhibit a unique molecular pattern in the Van Krevelen-space. We found that summer OA in Beijing features a higher degree of oxidation and a higher proportion of organosulfates (OSs) in comparison to OA during wintertime, which exhibits a high contribution from (nitro-)aromatic compounds. OSs appeared with a high intensity in summer-haze conditions, indicating the importance of anthropogenic enhancement of secondary OA in summer Beijing. Furthermore, we quantified the contribution of the four main compound clusters to total OA using surrogate standards. With this approach, we are able to explain a small fraction of the OA (∼11-14%) monitored by the Time-of-Flight Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ToF-ACSM). However, we observe a strong correlation between the sum of the quantified clusters and OA measured by the ToF-ACSM, indicating that the identified clusters represent the major variability of OA seasonal cycles. This study highlights the potential of using nontarget screening in combination with HCA for gaining a better understanding of the molecular composition and the origin of OA in the urban environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Ma
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Florian Ungeheuer
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Feixue Zheng
- Aerosol
and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University
of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Du
- Aerosol
and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University
of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Aerosol
and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University
of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Cai
- Aerosol
and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University
of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ying Zhou
- Aerosol
and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University
of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chao Yan
- Aerosol
and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University
of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Aerosol
and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University
of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Aerosol
and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University
of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaspar R. Daellenbach
- Aerosol
and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University
of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Alexander L. Vogel
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Wang W, Zhang Y, Jiang B, Chen Y, Song Y, Tang Y, Dong C, Cai Z. Molecular characterization of organic aerosols in Taiyuan, China: Seasonal variation and source identification. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149419. [PMID: 34392207 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples collected in 2018 in Taiyuan, a typical industrial and mining city in North China Plain (NCP), were characterized based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with orbitrap mass spectrometry. Potential molecular identifications based on precise molecular weight were conducted to obtain the compositional and source information of organic aerosols (OAs) in this city. Evident variation trends were observed during the sampling period in the composition, degree of oxidation and saturation of the obtained molecules. The proportion of CHOS- and CHO+ were increased from winter to summer and then decreased, conversely the proportion of CHN+ was decreased from winter to summer and then increased. By reclassifying the molecules, OA molecules were observed to be more saturated and oxidized in summer. It was caused by the high abundance of organosulfates (OSs) in summer, and aromatic amines/N-heterocycle aromatic hydrocarbons (PANHs) in winter. Molecular identification indicated that the OSs were basically originated from biogenic source isoprene or monoterpene, while the aromatic amines and PANHs were related to anthropogenic emissions of fossil fuel combustion, like other cities in the NCP area. The prevailing northwesterlies in winter may bring coal-burning pollutants from other cities, while the high abundance of organosulfates in summer may be related to the PM2.5 transportation from Shijiazhuang. This study firstly demonstrates the molecular composition characteristics, potential sources, and geographical origins of PM2.5 in Taiyuan, which gives a comprehensive understanding of PM2.5 in a typical industrial and mining city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yanhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yingtao Tang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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6
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Zhang Y, Wang K, Tong H, Huang RJ, Hoffmann T. The maximum carbonyl ratio (MCR) as a new index for the structural classification of secondary organic aerosol components. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9113. [PMID: 33908097 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Organic aerosols (OA) account for a large fraction of atmospheric fine particulate matter and thus are affecting climate and public health. Elucidation of the chemical composition of OA is the key for addressing the role of ambient fine particles at the atmosphere-biosphere interface and mass spectrometry is the main method to achieve this goal. METHODS High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is on its way to becoming one of the most prominent analytical techniques, also for the analysis of atmospheric aerosols. The combination of high mass resolution and accurate mass determination allows the elemental compositions of numerous compounds to be easily elucidated. Here a new parameter for the improved classification of OA is introduced - the maximum carbonyl ratio (MCR) - which is directly derived from the molecular composition and is particularly suitable for the identification and characterization of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). RESULTS The concept is exemplified by the analysis of ambient OA samples from two measurement sites (Hyytiälä, Finland; Beijing, China) and of laboratory-generated SOA based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to Orbitrap MS. To interpret the results, MCR-Van Krevelen (VK) diagrams are generated for the different OA samples and the individual compounds are categorized into specific areas in the diagrams. The results show that the MCR index is a valuable parameter for representing atmospheric SOA components in composition and structure-dependent visualization tools such as VK diagrams. CONCLUSIONS The MCR index is suggested as a tool for a better characterization of the sources and the processing of atmospheric OA components based on HRMS data. Since the MCR contains information on the concentration of highly electrophilic organic compounds in particulate matter (PM) as well as on the concentration of organic (hydro)peroxides, the MCR could be a promising metric for identifying health-related particulate matter parameters by HRMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Haijie Tong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, 55128, Germany
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7
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Ye Y, Zhan H, Yu X, Li J, Wang X, Xie Z. Detection of organosulfates and nitrooxy-organosulfates in Arctic and Antarctic atmospheric aerosols, using ultra-high resolution FT-ICR mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 767:144339. [PMID: 33434833 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates (OSs) are recognized as important secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) in recent years. Due to their amphipathy and light absorptive capacity, OSs may potentially impact climate. Moreover, OSs can serve as molecular tracers for precursors and multiple processes leading to the generation of SOA. However, studies on OSs are lacking in the polar regions which limits our understanding of both their formation pathways and impacts on the polar environment. Here we present the first investigation into OSs in both the Arctic and Antarctic. Organic compounds in aerosol samples collected from the polar regions during the 2013/2014 Chinese National Arctic/Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE) were analyzed by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) coupled with negative ion mode electrospray ionization (ESI(-)). Hundreds to thousands of OSs were detected at the polar sampling sites. The estimated total concentrations of OSs were in the range of 46-670 ng/m3 in the Arctic sampling area, and 47-260 ng/m3 in the Antarctic sampling area, accounting for 1-16% of total OM. OSs were found to have undergone a high degree of oxidation in the aerosol samples, which might be due to the combined effects of enhanced photo-oxidation in summertime or continuous oxidation during transport to the polar region. The potential appointment of OS precursors highlights the important role of long-range air-mass transport on the OSs derived from biogenic precursors and a notably large contribution from anthropogenic emissions, suggesting that human activities have significant impacts in remote polar environments. The results of this study provide important insights into the characteristics of OSs in the polar atmosphere. However, the need for further research focusing on the quantification, formation mechanisms and impacts of OSs on climate is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Ye
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences & Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Haicong Zhan
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences & Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiawei Yu
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences & Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Juan Li
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences & Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhouqing Xie
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences & Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China.
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8
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Wang T, Huang RJ, Li Y, Chen Q, Chen Y, Yang L, Guo J, Ni H, Hoffmann T, Wang X, Mai B. One-year characterization of organic aerosol markers in urban Beijing: Seasonal variation and spatiotemporal comparison. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140689. [PMID: 32663684 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosol (OA) is a major component of fine particulate matter (PM); however, only 10%-30% of OA have been identified as individual compounds, and some are used as markers to trace the sources and formation mechanisms of OA. The temporal and spatial coverage of these OA markers nonetheless remain inadequately characterized. This study presents a year-long measurement of 92 organic markers in PM2.5 samples collected at an urban site in Beijing from 2014 to 2015. Saccharides were the most abundant (340.1 ng m-3) species detected, followed by phthalic acids (283.4 ng m-3). In summer, high proportions (8%-24%) of phthalic acids, n-alkanes, fatty acids, and n-alcohols indicate dominant contributions of biogenic emission and atmospheric oxidation to OA in Beijing. In winter, when anthropogenic sources prevail, saccharides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and hopanes are more prominent (4%-25%). The spatial distributions of these OA markers in China show higher concentrations in northern cities (mainly from coal combustion and biomass burning) than in southern cities (mainly from vehicular emission). The inter-annual variations of OA markers, except for hopanes, from 2001 to 2015 suggest significant alleviation of the primary OA pollution in Beijing, with an average reduction of 35%-89% compared with those before 2008. The diagnostic ratio analyses between OA markers indicate that contributions from coal combustion and biomass burning decreased, whereas those from vehicular emission increased. Increasingly large vehicle fleets have increased hopane concentrations since 2008, but the levels were 35% lower in 2015 than those in 2010-2011 because of the tightening of emission controls for vehicles. This study provides a long-term and geographical comparison (from Beijing to other locations in China and beyond) of OA markers, demonstrating the temporal and spatial variations in primary OA, and calls for more studies on secondary OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong, Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Yongjie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Haiyan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong, Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong, Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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9
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Lee CP, Riva M, Wang D, Tomaz S, Li D, Perrier S, Slowik JG, Bourgain F, Schmale J, Prevot ASH, Baltensperger U, George C, El Haddad I. Online Aerosol Chemical Characterization by Extractive Electrospray Ionization-Ultrahigh-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (EESI-Orbitrap). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3871-3880. [PMID: 32146813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Current mass spectrometry techniques for the online measurement of organic aerosol (OA) composition are subjected to either thermal/ionization-induced artifacts or limited mass resolving power, hindering accurate molecular characterization. Here, we combined the soft ionization capability of extractive electrospray ionization (EESI) and the ultrahigh mass resolution of Orbitrap for real-time, near-molecular characterization of OAs. Detection limits as low as tens of ng m-3 with linearity up to hundreds of μg m-3 at 0.2 Hz time resolution were observed for single- and mixed-component calibrations. The performance of the EESI-Orbitrap system was further evaluated with laboratory-generated secondary OAs (SOAs) and filter extracts of ambient particulate matter. The high mass accuracy and resolution (140 000 at m/z 200) of the EESI-Orbitrap system enable unambiguous identification of the aerosol components' molecular composition and allow a clear separation between adjacent peaks, which would be significantly overlapping if a medium-resolution (20 000) mass analyzer was used. Furthermore, the tandem mass spectrometry (MS2) capability provides valuable insights into the compound structure. For instance, the MS2 analysis of ambient OA samples and lab-generated biogenic SOAs points to specific SOA precursors in ambient air among a range of possible isomers based on fingerprint fragment ions. Overall, this newly developed and characterized EESI-Orbitrap system will advance our understanding of the formation and evolution of atmospheric aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Ping Lee
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Riva
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Dongyu Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Tomaz
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Dandan Li
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sebastien Perrier
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jay G Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Frederic Bourgain
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Julia Schmale
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andre S H Prevot
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Christian George
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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10
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WEN ZY, TANG XF, WANG T, GU XJ, ZHANG WJ. Detection of Chemical Compositions of Ultrafine Nanoparticles by a Vacuum Ultraviolet Photoionization Nucleation Aerosol Mass Spectrometer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(20)60009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Golubkov GV, Grigoriev GY, Nabiev SS, Palkina LA, Golubkov MG. Use of IR Absorption Laser Spectroscopy at Nuclear Fuel Cycle Plants: Problems and Prospects (Review). RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793118050056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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12
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Zuth C, Vogel AL, Ockenfeld S, Huesmann R, Hoffmann T. Ultrahigh-Resolution Mass Spectrometry in Real Time: Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry of Atmospheric Organic Aerosol. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8816-8823. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Zuth
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Alexander L. Vogel
- Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry & Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Sara Ockenfeld
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Regina Huesmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz 55128, Germany
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13
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Li Y, Zhang H, Zhao Z, Tian Y, Liu K, Jie F, Zhu L, Chen H. Mass spectral chemical fingerprints reveal the molecular dependence of exhaust particulate matters on engine speeds. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 67:287-293. [PMID: 29778162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matters (PMs) emitted by automobile exhaust contribute to a significant fraction of the global PMs. Extractive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (EAPCI-MS) was developed to explore the molecular dependence of PMs collected from exhaust gases produced at different vehicle engine speeds. The mass spectral fingerprints of the organic compounds embedded in differentially sized PMs (e.g., 0.22-0.45, 0.45-1.00, 1.00-2.00, 2.00-3.00, 3.00-5.00, and 5.00-10.00μm) generated at different engine speeds (e.g., 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000r/min) were chemically profiled in the mass range of mass to charge ratio (m/z) 50-800. Organic compounds, including alcohols, aldehydes, and esters, were detected in all the PMs tested, with varied concentration levels for each individual PM sample. At relatively low engine speeds (≤1500r/min), the total amount of organic species embedded in PMs of 0.22-1.00μm was greater than in PMs of other sizes, while more organic species were found in PMs of 5.00-10.00μm at high engine speeds (≥3000r/min), indicating that the organic compounds distributed in different sizes of PMs strongly correlated with the engine speed. The experimental data showed that the EAPCI-MS technique enables molecular characterization of PMs in exhaust, revealing the chemical dependence of PMs on the engine speeds (i.e., the combustion conditions) of automobiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Zongshan Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yong Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Kun Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Feifan Jie
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China.
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14
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Swanson KD, Worth AL, Glish GL. Use of an Open Port Sampling Interface Coupled to Electrospray Ionization for the On-Line Analysis of Organic Aerosol Particles. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:297-303. [PMID: 28895085 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1776-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A simple design for an open port sampling interface coupled to electrospray ionization (OPSI-ESI) is presented for the analysis of organic aerosols. The design uses minimal modifications to a Bruker electrospray (ESI) emitter to create a continuous flow, self-aspirating open port sampling interface. Considerations are presented for introducing aerosol to the open port sampling interface including aerosol gas flow and solvent flow rates. The device has been demonstrated for use with an aerosol of nicotine as well as aerosol formed in the pyrolysis of biomass. Upon comparison with extractive electrospray ionization (EESI), this device has similar sensitivity with increased reproducibility by nearly a factor of three. The device has the form factor of a standard Bruker/Agilent ESI emitter and can be used without any further instrument modifications. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Swanson
- Department of Chemistry, Caudill Laboratories, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA
| | - Anne L Worth
- Department of Chemistry, Caudill Laboratories, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA
| | - Gary L Glish
- Department of Chemistry, Caudill Laboratories, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA.
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15
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Or VW, Estillore AD, Tivanski AV, Grassian VH. Lab on a tip: atomic force microscopy – photothermal infrared spectroscopy of atmospherically relevant organic/inorganic aerosol particles in the nanometer to micrometer size range. Analyst 2018; 143:2765-2774. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an00171e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AFM-PTIR is utilized to analyze atmospherically relevant multicomponent substrate deposited aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor W. Or
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Armando D. Estillore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| | | | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Department of Nanoengineering
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16
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Hayes PL. Quantification of the sources and composition of particulate matter by field-deployable mass spectrometry: implications for air quality and public health. Analyst 2017; 142:687-690. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an02378a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aerosol mass spectrometry has become an indispensable technique for characterizing the chemistry of one of the world's deadliest air pollutants.
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17
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Estillore AD, Trueblood JV, Grassian VH. Atmospheric chemistry of bioaerosols: heterogeneous and multiphase reactions with atmospheric oxidants and other trace gases. Chem Sci 2016; 7:6604-6616. [PMID: 28567251 PMCID: PMC5450524 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02353c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Once airborne, biologically-derived aerosol particles are prone to reaction with various atmospheric oxidants such as OH, NO3, and O3.
Advances in analytical techniques and instrumentation have now established methods for detecting, quantifying, and identifying the chemical and microbial constituents of particulate matter in the atmosphere. For example, recent cryo-TEM studies of sea spray have identified whole bacteria and viruses ejected from ocean seawater into air. A focal point of this perspective is directed towards the reactivity of aerosol particles of biological origin with oxidants (OH, NO3, and O3) present in the atmosphere. Complementary information on the reactivity of aerosol particles is obtained from field investigations and laboratory studies. Laboratory studies of different types of biologically-derived particles offer important information related to their impacts on the local and global environment. These studies can also unravel a range of different chemistries and reactivity afforded by the complexity and diversity of the chemical make-up of these particles. Laboratory experiments as the ones reviewed herein can elucidate the chemistry of biological aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando D Estillore
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1-858-534-2499
| | - Jonathan V Trueblood
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1-858-534-2499
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1-858-534-2499.,Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Department of Nanoengineering , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , USA
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18
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Heringa MF, Slowik JG, Prévôt ASH, Baltensperger U, Hemberger P, Bodi A. Dissociative Ionization Mechanism and Appearance Energies in Adipic Acid Revealed by Imaging Photoelectron Photoion Coincidence, Selective Deuteration, and Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:3397-405. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten F. Heringa
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Laboratory
for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen
PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jay G. Slowik
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - André S. H. Prévôt
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory
for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen
PSI, Switzerland
| | - Andras Bodi
- Laboratory
for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen
PSI, Switzerland
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19
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Herrmann H, Schaefer T, Tilgner A, Styler SA, Weller C, Teich M, Otto T. Tropospheric aqueous-phase chemistry: kinetics, mechanisms, and its coupling to a changing gas phase. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4259-334. [PMID: 25950643 DOI: 10.1021/cr500447k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah A Styler
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Weller
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Monique Teich
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Otto
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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20
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Brüggemann M, Karu E, Stelzer T, Hoffmann T. Real-Time Analysis of Ambient Organic Aerosols Using Aerosol Flowing Atmospheric-Pressure Afterglow Mass Spectrometry (AeroFAPA-MS). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:5571-5578. [PMID: 25861027 DOI: 10.1021/es506186c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic compounds contribute to a major fraction of atmospheric aerosols and have significant impacts on climate and human health. However, because of their chemical complexity, their measurement remains a major challenge for analytical instrumentation. Here we present the development and characterization of a new soft ionization technique that allows mass spectrometric real-time detection of organic compounds in aerosols. The aerosol flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow (AeroFAPA) ion source is based on a helium glow discharge plasma, which generates excited helium species and primary reagent ions. Ionization of the analytes occurs in the afterglow region after thermal desorption and produces mainly intact quasimolecular ions, facilitating the interpretation of the acquired mass spectra. We illustrate that changes in aerosol composition and concentration are detected on the time scale of seconds and in the ng m(-3) range. Additionally, the successful application of AeroFAPA-MS during a field study in a mixed forest region is presented. In general, the observed compounds are in agreement with previous offline studies; however, the acquisition of chemical information and compound identification is much faster. The results demonstrate that AeroFAPA-MS is a suitable tool for organic aerosol analysis and reveal the potential of this technique to enable new insights into aerosol formation, growth, and transformation in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Brüggemann
- †Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Einar Karu
- †Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- ‡College of Physical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB243UE, United Kingdom
| | - Torsten Stelzer
- †Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- †Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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21
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Nozière B, Kalberer M, Claeys M, Allan J, D'Anna B, Decesari S, Finessi E, Glasius M, Grgić I, Hamilton JF, Hoffmann T, Iinuma Y, Jaoui M, Kahnt A, Kampf CJ, Kourtchev I, Maenhaut W, Marsden N, Saarikoski S, Schnelle-Kreis J, Surratt JD, Szidat S, Szmigielski R, Wisthaler A. The molecular identification of organic compounds in the atmosphere: state of the art and challenges. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3919-83. [PMID: 25647604 DOI: 10.1021/cr5003485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nozière
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Barbara D'Anna
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Irena Grgić
- ○National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Yoshiteru Iinuma
- ¶Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Kourtchev
- ‡University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Willy Maenhaut
- §University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.,□Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Jason D Surratt
- ▼University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Brüggemann M, Vogel AL, Hoffmann T. Analysis of organic aerosols using a micro-orifice volatilization impactor coupled to an atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometer. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2014; 20:31-41. [PMID: 24881453 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present the development and characterization of a combination of a micro-orifice volatilization impactor (MOVI) and an ion trap mass spectrometer (IT/MS) with an atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source. The MOVI is a multi-jet impactor with 100 nozzles, allowing the collection of aerosol particles by inertial impaction on a deposition plate. The pressure drop behind the nozzles is approximately 5%, resulting in a pressure of 96kPa on the collection surface for ambient pressures of 101.3 kPa. The cut-point diameter (diameter of 50% collection efficiency) is at 0.13 microm for a sampling flow rate of 10 L min(-1). After the collection step, aerosol particles are evaporated by heating the impaction surface and transferred into the APCI-IT/MS for detection of the analytes. APCI was used in the negative ion mode to detect predominantly mono- and dicarboxylic acids, which are major oxidation products of biogenic terpenes. The MOVI-APCI-IT/MS instrument was used for the analysis of laboratory-generated secondary organic aerosol (SOA), which was generated by ozonolysis of alpha-pinene in a 100 L continuous-flow reactor under dark and dry conditions. The combination of the MOVI with an APCI-IT/MS improved the detection Limits for small dicarboxylic acids, such as pinic acid, compared to online measurements by APCI-IT/MS. The Limits of detection and quantification for pinic acid were determined by external calibration to 4.4 ng and 13.2 ng, respectively. During a field campaign in the southern Rocky Mountains (USA) in summer 2011 (BEACHON-RoMBAS), the MOVI-APCI-IT/MS was applied for the analysis of ambient organic aerosols and the quantification of individual biogenic SOA marker compounds. Based on a measurement frequency of approximately 5 h, a diurnal cycle for pinic acid in the sampled aerosol particles was found with maximum concentrations at night (median: 10.1 ngm(-3)) and minimum concentrations during the day (median: 8.2 ng m(-3)), which is likely due to the partitioning behavior of pinic acid and the changing phase state of the organic aerosol particles with changing relative humidity.
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Gallimore PJ, Kalberer M. Characterizing an extractive electrospray ionization (EESI) source for the online mass spectrometry analysis of organic aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:7324-7331. [PMID: 23710930 DOI: 10.1021/es305199h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Organic compounds comprise a major fraction of tropospheric aerosol and understanding their chemical complexity is a key factor for determining their climate and health effects. We present and characterize here a new online technique for measuring the detailed chemical composition of organic aerosols, namely extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS). Aerosol particles composed of soluble organic compounds were extracted into and ionized by a solvent electrospray, producing molecular ions from the aerosol with minimal fragmentation. We demonstrate here that the technique has a time resolution of seconds and is capable of making stable measurements over several hours. The ion signal in the MS was linearly correlated with the mass of aerosol delivered to the EESI source over the range tested (3-600 μg/m(3)) and was independent of particle size and liquid water content, suggesting that the entire particle bulk is extracted for analysis. Tandem MS measurements enabled detection of known analytes in the sub-μg/m(3) range. Proof-of-principle measurements of the ozonolysis of oleic acid aerosol (20 μg/m(3)) revealed the formation of a variety of oxidation products in good agreement with previous offline studies. This demonstrates the technique's potential for studying the product-resolved kinetics of aerosol-phase chemistry at a molecular level with high sensitivity and time resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gallimore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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Kourtchev I, Fuller S, Aalto J, Ruuskanen TM, McLeod MW, Maenhaut W, Jones R, Kulmala M, Kalberer M. Molecular composition of boreal forest aerosol from Hyytiälä, Finland, using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:4069-4079. [PMID: 23469832 DOI: 10.1021/es3051636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Organic compounds are important constituents of fine particulate matter (PM) in the troposphere. In this study, we applied direct infusion nanoelectrospray (nanoESI) ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (UHR-MS) and liquid chromatography LC/ESI-UHR-MS for the analysis of the organic fraction of PM1 aerosol samples collected over a two week period at a boreal forest site (Hyytiälä), southern Finland. Elemental formulas (460-730 in total) were identified with nanoESI-UHR-MS in the negative ionization mode and attributed to organic compounds with a molecular weight below 400. Kendrick Mass Defect and Van Krevelen approaches were used to identify compound classes and mass distributions of the detected species. The molecular composition of the aerosols strongly varied between samples with different air mass histories. An increased number of nitrogen, sulfur, and highly oxygenated organic compounds was observed during the days associated with continental air masses. However, the samples with Atlantic air mass history were marked by a presence of homologous series of unsaturated and saturated C12-C20 fatty acids suggesting their marine origin. To our knowledge, we show for the first time that the highly detailed chemical composition obtained from UHR-MS analyses can be clearly linked to meteorological parameters and trace gases concentrations that are relevant to atmospheric oxidation processes. The additional LC/ESI-UHR-MS analysis revealed 29 species, which were mainly attributed to oxidation products of biogenic volatile compounds BVOCs (i.e., α,β-pinene, Δ3-carene, limonene, and isoprene) supporting the results from the direct infusion analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kourtchev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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Laskin J, Laskin A, Nizkorodov SA. New mass spectrometry techniques for studying physical chemistry of atmospheric heterogeneous processes. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2012.752904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
For more than two decades a cadre of physical chemists has focused on understanding the formation processes, chemical composition, and chemical kinetics of atmospheric aerosol particles and droplets with diameters ranging from a few nanometers to ∼10,000 nm. They have adapted or invented a range of fundamental experimental and theoretical tools to investigate the thermochemistry, mass transport, and chemical kinetics of processes occurring at nanoscale gas-liquid and gas-solid interfaces for a wide range of nonideal, real-world substances. State-of-the-art laboratory methods devised to study molecular spectroscopy, chemical kinetics, and molecular dynamics also have been incorporated into field measurement instruments that are deployed routinely on research aircraft, ships, and mobile laboratories as well as at field sites from megacities to the most remote jungle, desert, and polar locations. These instruments can now provide real-time, size-resolved aerosol particle physical property and chemical composition data anywhere in Earth's troposphere and lower stratosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas R. Worsnop
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821-3976
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Miles REH, Walker JS, Burnham DR, Reid JP. Retrieval of the complex refractive index of aerosol droplets from optical tweezers measurements. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:3037-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23999j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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