1
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Childers K, Freed IM, Hupert ML, Shaw B, Larsen N, Herring P, Norton JH, Shiri F, Vun J, August KJ, Witek MA, Soper SA. Novel thermoplastic microvalves based on an elastomeric cyclic olefin copolymer. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:4422-4439. [PMID: 39171671 PMCID: PMC11339931 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00501e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidic systems combine multiple processing steps and components to perform complex assays in an autonomous fashion. To enable the integration of several bio-analytical processing steps into a single system, valving is used as a component that directs fluids and controls introduction of sample and reagents. While elastomer polydimethylsiloxane has been the material of choice for valving, it does not scale well to accommodate disposable integrated systems where inexpensive and fast production is needed. As an alternative to polydimethylsiloxane, we introduce a membrane made of thermoplastic elastomeric cyclic olefin copolymer (eCOC), that displays unique attributes for the fabrication of reliable valving. The eCOC membrane can be extruded or injection molded to allow for high scale production of inexpensive valves. Normally hydrophobic, eCOC can be activated with UV/ozone to produce a stable hydrophilic monolayer. Valves are assembled following in situ UV/ozone activation of eCOC membrane and thermoplastic valve seat and bonded by lamination at room temperature. eCOC formed strong bonding with polycarbonate (PC) and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) able to hold high fluidic pressures of 75 kPa and 350 kPa, respectively. We characterized the eCOC valves with mechanical and pneumatic actuation and found the valves could be reproducibly actuated >50 times without failure. Finally, an integrated system with eCOC valves was employed to detect minimal residual disease (MRD) from a blood sample of a pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patient. The two module integrated system evaluated MRD by affinity-selecting CD19(+) cells and enumerating leukemia cells via immunophenotyping with ALL-specific markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Childers
- Bioengineering Program, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Ian M Freed
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Shaw
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Noah Larsen
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Department of Engineering Physics, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Paul Herring
- Department of Plastics Engineering Technology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, KS 66762, USA
| | - Jeanne H Norton
- Department of Plastics Engineering Technology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, KS 66762, USA
| | - Farhad Shiri
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Judy Vun
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Keith J August
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Małgorzata A Witek
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Steven A Soper
- Bioengineering Program, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- KU Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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2
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Shebindu A, Kaveti D, Umutoni L, Kirk G, Burton MD, Jones CN. A programmable microfluidic platform to monitor calcium dynamics in microglia during inflammation. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:106. [PMID: 39101003 PMCID: PMC11294448 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-024-00733-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is characterized by the elevation of cytokines and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which in turn activates microglia. These immunoregulatory molecules typically form gradients in vivo, which significantly influence microglial behaviors such as increasing calcium signaling, migration, phagocytosis, and cytokine secretion. Quantifying microglial calcium signaling in the context of inflammation holds the potential for developing precise therapeutic strategies for neurological diseases. However, the current calcium imaging systems are technically challenging to operate, necessitate large volumes of expensive reagents and cells, and model immunoregulatory molecules as uniform concentrations, failing to accurately replicate the in vivo microenvironment. In this study, we introduce a novel calcium monitoring micro-total analysis system (CAM-μTAS) designed to quantify calcium dynamics in microglia (BV2 cells) within defined cytokine gradients. Leveraging programmable pneumatically actuated lifting gate microvalve arrays and a Quake valve, CAM-μTAS delivers cytokine gradients to microglia, mimicking neuroinflammation. Our device automates sample handling and cell culture, enabling rapid media changes in just 1.5 s, thus streamlining the experimental workflow. By analyzing BV2 calcium transient latency to peak, we demonstrate location-dependent microglial activation patterns based on cytokine and ATP gradients, offering insights contrasting those of non-gradient-based perfusion systems. By harnessing advancements in microsystem technology to quantify calcium dynamics, we can construct simplified human models of neurological disorders, unravel the intricate mechanisms of cell-cell signaling, and conduct robust evaluations of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shebindu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Durga Kaveti
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
| | - Linda Umutoni
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
| | - Gia Kirk
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
| | - Michael D. Burton
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
| | - Caroline N. Jones
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
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3
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Amartumur S, Nguyen H, Huynh T, Kim TS, Woo RS, Oh E, Kim KK, Lee LP, Heo C. Neuropathogenesis-on-chips for neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2219. [PMID: 38472255 PMCID: PMC10933492 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing diagnostics and treatments for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) is challenging due to multifactorial pathogenesis that progresses gradually. Advanced in vitro systems that recapitulate patient-like pathophysiology are emerging as alternatives to conventional animal-based models. In this review, we explore the interconnected pathogenic features of different types of ND, discuss the general strategy to modelling NDs using a microfluidic chip, and introduce the organoid-on-a-chip as the next advanced relevant model. Lastly, we overview how these models are being applied in academic and industrial drug development. The integration of microfluidic chips, stem cells, and biotechnological devices promises to provide valuable insights for biomedical research and developing diagnostic and therapeutic solutions for NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarnai Amartumur
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Huong Nguyen
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Thuy Huynh
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Testaverde S Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Ran-Sook Woo
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, 34824, Korea
| | - Eungseok Oh
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Kyeong Kyu Kim
- Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science (GSBMS), Institute for Anti-microbial Resistance Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Luke P Lee
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Engineering in Medicine and Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Chaejeong Heo
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Korea.
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4
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Shebindu A, Kaveti D, Umutoni L, Kirk G, Burton MD, Jones CN. A Programmable Microfluidic Platform to Monitor Calcium Dynamics in Microglia during Inflammation. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3750595. [PMID: 38234790 PMCID: PMC10793498 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3750595/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Calcium dynamics significantly influence microglial cell immune responses, regulating activation, migration, phagocytosis, and cytokine release. Understanding microglial calcium signaling is vital for insights into central nervous system immune responses and their impact on neuroinflammation. We introduce a calcium monitoring micro-total analysis system (CAM-μTAS) for quantifying calcium dynamics in microglia (BV2 cells) within defined cytokine microenvironments. The CAM-μTAS leverages the high efficiency pumping capabilities of programmable pneumatically actuated lifting gate microvalve arrays and the flow blocking capabilities of the Quake valve to deliver a cytokine treatment to microglia through a concentration gradient, therefore, biomimicking microglia response to neuroinflammation. Lifting gate microvalves precisely transfer a calcium indicator and culture medium to microglia cells, while the Quake valve controls the cytokine gradient. In addition, a method is presented for the fabrication of the device to incorporate the two valve systems. By automating the sample handling and cell culture using the lifting gate valves, we could perform media changes in 1.5 seconds. BV2 calcium transient latency to peak reveals location-dependent microglia activation based on cytokine and ATP gradients, contrasting non-gradient-based widely used perfusion systems. This device streamlines cell culture and quantitative calcium analysis, addressing limitations of existing perfusion systems in terms of sample size, setup time, and biomimicry. By harnessing advancements in microsystem technology to quantify calcium dynamics, we can construct simplified human models of neurological disorders, unravel the intricate mechanisms of cell-cell signaling, and conduct robust evaluations of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shebindu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390
| | - Durga Kaveti
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Linda Umutoni
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Gia Kirk
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Michael D. Burton
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Caroline N. Jones
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390
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5
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Bao M, Dollery SJ, Yuqing F, Tobin GJ, Du K. Micropillar enhanced FRET-CRISPR biosensor for nucleic acid detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 24:47-55. [PMID: 38019145 PMCID: PMC11221459 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00780d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR technology has gained widespread adoption for pathogen detection due to its exceptional sensitivity and specificity. Although recent studies have investigated the potential of high-aspect-ratio microstructures in enhancing biochemical applications, their application in CRISPR-based detection has been relatively rare. In this study, we developed a FRET-based biosensor in combination with high-aspect-ratio microstructures and Cas12a-mediated trans-cleavage for detecting HPV 16 DNA fragments. Remarkably, our results show that micropillars with higher density exhibit superior molecular binding capabilities, leading to a tenfold increase in detection sensitivity. Furthermore, we investigated the effectiveness of two surface chemical treatment methods for enhancing the developed FRET assay. A simple and effective approach was also developed to mitigate bubble generation in microfluidic devices, a crucial issue in biochemical reactions within such devices. Overall, this work introduces a novel approach using micropillars for CRISPR-based viral detection and provides valuable insights into optimizing biochemical reactions within microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Bao
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | | | - Fnu Yuqing
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Gregory J Tobin
- Biological Mimetics, Inc., 124 Byte Drive, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
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6
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Sano T, Losakul R, Schmidt H. Dual optofluidic distributed feedback dye lasers for multiplexed biosensing applications. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16824. [PMID: 37803034 PMCID: PMC10558432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42671-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrated optofluidic devices have become subjects of high interest for rapid biosensor devices due to their unique ability to combine the fluidic processing of small volumes of microfluidics with the analysis capabilities of photonic structures. By integrating dynamically reconfigurable optofluidic lasers on-chip, complex coupling can be eliminated while further increasing the capabilities of sensors to detect an increasing number of target biomarkers. Here, we report a polydimethylsiloxane-based device with two on-chip fluidic distributed feedback (DFB) laser cavities that are integrated with an orthogonal analyte channel for multiplexed fluorescence excitation. One DFB grating is filled with 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. The second grating is filled with rhodamine 6G dissolved in a diluted ethylene glycol solution. We present characterization of both lasers through analysis of the lasing spectra for spectral narrowing along with a power series to observe threshold behavior. We then demonstrate simultaneous detection of two different fluorescent microbeads as a proof of concept for scalable, single biomarker analysis using on-chip optofluidic lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Sano
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
| | - Ravipa Losakul
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Holger Schmidt
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
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7
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Bao M, Waitkus J, Liu L, Chang Y, Xu Z, Qin P, Chen J, Du K. Micro- and nanosystems for the detection of hemorrhagic fever viruses. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4173-4200. [PMID: 37675935 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00482a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic fever viruses (HFVs) are virulent pathogens that can cause severe and often fatal illnesses in humans. Timely and accurate detection of HFVs is critical for effective disease management and prevention. In recent years, micro- and nano-technologies have emerged as promising approaches for the detection of HFVs. This paper provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art systems for micro- and nano-scale approaches to detect HFVs. It covers various aspects of these technologies, including the principles behind their sensing assays, as well as the different types of diagnostic strategies that have been developed. This paper also explores future possibilities of employing micro- and nano-systems for the development of HFV diagnostic tools that meet the practical demands of clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Bao
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Jacob Waitkus
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Yu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Zhiheng Xu
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Peiwu Qin
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juhong Chen
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
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8
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Bao M, Dollery SJ, Yuqing F, Tobin GJ, Du K. Micropillar enhanced FRET-CRISPR biosensor for nucleic acid detection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.23.554533. [PMID: 37662406 PMCID: PMC10473682 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.23.554533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR technology has gained widespread adoption for pathogen detection due to its exceptional sensitivity and specificity. Although recent studies have investigated the potential of high-aspect-ratio microstructures in enhancing biochemical applications, their application in CRISPR-based detection has been relatively rare. In this study, we developed a FRET-based biosensor in combination with high-aspect-ratio microstructures and Cas12a-mediated trans-cleavage for detecting HPV 16 DNA fragments. Remarkably, our results show that micropillars with higher density exhibit superior molecular binding capabilities, leading to a tenfold increase in detection sensitivity. Furthermore, we investigated the effectiveness of two surface chemical treatment methods for enhancing the developed FRET assay. A simple and effective approach was also developed to mitigate bubble generation in microfluidic devices, a crucial issue in biochemical reactions within such devices. Overall, this work introduces a novel approach using micropillars for CRISPR-based viral detection and provides valuable insights into optimizing biochemical reactions within microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Bao
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J Dollery
- Biological Mimetics, Inc. 124 Byte Drive, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Fnu Yuqing
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Gregory J Tobin
- Biological Mimetics, Inc. 124 Byte Drive, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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9
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Ren J, Xu G, Liu H, He N, Zhao Z, Wang M, Gu P, Chen Z, Deng Y, Wu D, Li S. A Chamber-Based Digital PCR Based on a Microfluidic Chip for the Absolute Quantification and Analysis of KRAS Mutation. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:778. [PMID: 37622864 PMCID: PMC10452697 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The Kirsten rat sarcoma virus gene (KRAS) is the most common tumor in human cancer, and KRAS plays an important role in the growth of tumor cells. Normal KRAS inhibits tumor cell growth. When mutated, it will continuously stimulate cell growth, resulting in tumor development. There are currently few drugs that target the KRAS gene. Here, we developed a microfluidic chip. The chip design uses parallel fluid channels combined with cylindrical chamber arrays to generate 20,000 cylindrical microchambers. The microfluidic chip designed by us can be used for the microsegmentation of KRAS gene samples. The thermal cycling required for the PCR stage is performed on a flat-panel instrument and detected using a four-color fluorescence system. "Glass-PDMS-glass" sandwich structure effectively reduces reagent volatilization; in addition, a valve is installed at the sample inlet and outlet on the upper layer of the chip to facilitate automatic control. The liquid separation performance of the chip was verified by an automated platform. Finally, using the constructed KRAS gene mutation detection system, it is verified that the chip has good application potential for digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR). The experimental results show that the chip has a stable performance and can achieve a dynamic detection range of four orders of magnitude and a gene mutation detection of 0.2%. In addition, the four-color fluorescence detection system developed based on the chip can distinguish three different KRAS gene mutation types simultaneously on a single chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; (J.R.)
| | - Gangwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Hunan Shengzhou Biotechnology Company Limited, Shanghai 200439, China
| | - Hongna Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; (J.R.)
| | - Nongyue He
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; (J.R.)
| | - Zhehao Zhao
- Hunan Shengzhou Biotechnology Company Limited, Shanghai 200439, China
| | - Meiling Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; (J.R.)
| | - Peipei Gu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; (J.R.)
| | - Zhu Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; (J.R.)
| | - Yan Deng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; (J.R.)
| | - Dongping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Hunan Shengzhou Biotechnology Company Limited, Shanghai 200439, China
| | - Song Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; (J.R.)
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
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10
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Estlack Z, Golozar M, Butterworth AL, Mathies RA, Kim J. Operation of a programmable microfluidic organic analyzer under microgravity conditions simulating space flight environments. NPJ Microgravity 2023; 9:41. [PMID: 37286631 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-023-00290-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A programmable microfluidic organic analyzer was developed for detecting life signatures beyond Earth and clinical monitoring of astronaut health. Extensive environmental tests, including various gravitational environments, are required to confirm the functionality of this analyzer and advance its overall Technology Readiness Level. This work examines how the programmable microfluidic analyzer performed under simulated Lunar, Martian, zero, and hypergravity conditions during a parabolic flight. We confirmed that the functionality of the programmable microfluidic analyzer was minimally affected by the significant changes in the gravitational field, thus paving the way for its use in a variety of space mission opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Estlack
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Matin Golozar
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Biophysics Graduate Group and Chemistry Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Anna L Butterworth
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Richard A Mathies
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Biophysics Graduate Group and Chemistry Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jungkyu Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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11
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Chen C, Li P, Guo T, Chen S, Xu D, Chen H. Generation of Dynamic Concentration Profile Using A Microfluidic Device Integrating Pneumatic Microvalves. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12100868. [PMID: 36291005 PMCID: PMC9599525 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Generating and maintaining the concentration dilutions of diffusible molecules in microchannels is critical for high-throughput chemical and biological analysis. Conventional serial network microfluidic technologies can generate high orders of arbitrary concentrations by a predefined microchannel network. However, a previous design requires a large occupancy area and is unable to dynamically generate different profiles in the same chip, limiting its applications. This study developed a microfluidic device enabling dynamic variations of both the concentration in the same channel and the concentration distribution in multiple channels by adjusting the flow resistance using programmable pneumatic microvalves. The key component (the pneumatic microvalve) allowed dynamic adjustment of the concentration profile but occupied a tiny space. Additionally, a Matlab program was developed to calculate the flow rates and flow resistance of various sections of the device, which provided theoretical guidance for dimension design. In silico investigations were conducted to evaluate the microvalve deformation with widths from 100 to 300 µm and membrane thicknesses of 20 and 30 µm under the activation pressures between 0 and 2000 mbar. The flow resistance of the deformed valve was studied both numerically and experimentally and an empirical model for valve flow resistance with the form of Rh=aebP was proposed. Afterward, the fluid flow in the valve region was characterized using Micro PIV to further demonstrate the adjustment mechanism of the flow resistance. Then, the herringbone structures were employed for fast mixing to allow both quick variation of concentration and minor space usage of the channel network. Finally, an empirical formula-supported computational program was developed to provide the activation pressures required for the specific concentration profile. Both linear (Ck = -0.2k + 1) and nonlinear (Ck = (110)k) concentration distribution in four channels were varied using the same device by adjusting microvalves. The device demonstrated the capability to control the concentration profile dynamically in a small space, offering superior application potentials in analytical chemistry, drug screening, and cell biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Panpan Li
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tianruo Guo
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Siyuan Chen
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dong Xu
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huaying Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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12
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Estlack Z, Compton B, Razu ME, Kim J. A simple and reliable microfabrication process for a programmable microvalve array. MethodsX 2022; 9:101860. [PMID: 36187155 PMCID: PMC9519606 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2022.101860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe our reliable methodology for fabricating a complex programmable microvalve array (PMA) and its integration with a glass microcapillary electrophoresis chip. This methodology is applicable to any device that requires multilayered PDMS, multiple alignment processes, selective PDMS bonding, and multilayered integration with downstream sensing systems. Along with the detailed step-by-step process, we discuss essential quality assurance checks that can be performed throughout fabrication to assist in troubleshooting and maximizing chip yield.•Comprehensive instructions for designing and fabricating a programmable microvalve array.•Selective bonding of PDMS and glass by microcontact printing.•Numerous quality control procedures to boost chip yield.
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13
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Ogo A, Okayama S, Nakatani M, Hashimoto M. CO 2-Laser-Micromachined, Polymer Microchannels with a Degassed PDMS slab for the Automatic Production of Monodispersed Water-in-Oil Droplets. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1389. [PMID: 36144013 PMCID: PMC9502940 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In our recent study, we fabricated a pump/tube-connection-free microchip comprising top and bottom polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) slabs to produce monodispersed water-in-oil droplets in a fully automated, fluid-manipulation fashion. All microstructures required for droplet production were directly patterned on the surfaces of the two PDMS slabs through CO2-laser micromachining, facilitating the fast fabrication of the droplet-production microchips. In the current extension study, we replaced the bottom PDMS slab, which served as a microfluidic layer in the microchip, with a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) slab. This modification was based on our idea that the bottom PDMS slab does not contribute to the automatic fluid manipulation and that replacing the bottom PDMS slab with a more affordable and accessible, ready-to-use polymer slab, such as a PMMA, would further facilitate the rapid and low-cost fabrication of the connection-free microchips. Using a new PMMA/PDMS microchip, we produced water-in-oil droplets with high degree of size-uniformity (a coefficient of variation for droplet diameters of <5%) without a decrease in the droplet production rate (~270 droplets/s) as compared with that achieved via the previous PDMS/PDMS microchip (~220 droplets/s).
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14
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Microvalve array fabrication using selective PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) bonding through Perfluorooctyl-trichlorosilane passivation for long-term space exploration. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12398. [PMID: 35858972 PMCID: PMC9300634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16574-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the versatility and robustness of microfluidic analytical devices for space exploration, a programmable microfluidic array (PMA) has been implemented to support a variety of missions. When designing a PMA, normally closed valves are advantageous to avoid cross contamination and leaking. However, a stable fabrication method is required to prevent these valves from sticking and bonding over time. This work presents how polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) can be bonded selectively using chemical passivation to overcome PDMS sticking issue during long-term space exploration. First, on a PDMS stamp, the vaporized perfluorooctyl-trichlorosilane (PFTCS) are deposited under − 80 kPa and 150 °C conditions. The PFTCS was then transferred onto PDMS or glass substrates by controlling temperature and time and 15 min at 150 °C provides the optimal PFTCS transfer for selective bonding. With these characterized parameters, we successfully demonstrated the fabrication of PMA to support long-term space missions. To estimate the stability of the stamped PFTCS, a PMA has been tested regularly for three years and no stiction or performance alteration was observed. A flight test has been done with a Cessaroni L1395 rocket for high g-force and vibration test and there is no difference on PMA performance after exposure of launch and landing conditions. This work shows promise as a simple and robust technique that will expand the stability and capability of PMA for space exploration.
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15
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Tischler J, Swank Z, Hsiung HA, Vianello S, Lutolf MP, Maerkl SJ. An automated do-it-yourself system for dynamic stem cell and organoid culture in standard multi-well plates. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100244. [PMID: 35880022 PMCID: PMC9308133 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We present a low-cost, do-it-yourself system for complex mammalian cell culture under dynamically changing medium formulations by integrating conventional multi-well tissue culture plates with simple microfluidic control and system automation. We demonstrate the generation of complex concentration profiles, enabling the investigation of sophisticated input-response relations. We further apply our automated cell-culturing platform to the dynamic stimulation of two widely employed stem-cell-based in vitro models for early mammalian development: the conversion of naive mouse embryonic stem cells into epiblast-like cells and mouse 3D gastruloids. Performing automated medium-switch experiments, we systematically investigate cell fate commitment along the developmental trajectory toward mouse epiblast fate and examine symmetry-breaking, germ layer formation, and cardiac differentiation in mouse 3D gastruloids as a function of time-varying Wnt pathway activation. With these proof-of-principle examples, we demonstrate a highly versatile and scalable tool that can be adapted to specific research questions, experimental demands, and model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tischler
- Laboratory of Biological Network Characterization, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Zoe Swank
- Laboratory of Biological Network Characterization, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Vaud, Switzerland
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hao-An Hsiung
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Vianello
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Matthias P. Lutolf
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Vaud, Switzerland
- Roche Institute for Translational Bioengineering (TB), Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian J. Maerkl
- Laboratory of Biological Network Characterization, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Vaud, Switzerland
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16
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All-in-One Optofluidic Chip for Molecular Biosensing Assays. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12070501. [PMID: 35884304 PMCID: PMC9313335 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Integrated biosensor platforms have become subjects of high interest for consolidated assay preparation and analysis to reduce sample-to-answer response times. By compactly combining as many biosensor processes and functions as possible into a single lab-on-chip device, all-in-one point-of-care devices can aid in the accessibility and speed of deployment due to their compact size and portability. Biomarker assay preparation and sensing are functionalities that are often carried out on separate devices, thus increasing opportunity of contamination, loss of sample volume, and other forms of error. Here, we demonstrate a complete lab-on-chip system combining sample preparation, on-chip optofluidic dye laser, and optical detection. We first show the integration of an on-chip distributed feedback dye laser for alignment-free optical excitation of particles moving through a fluidic channel. This capability is demonstrated by using Rhodamine 6G as the gain medium to excite single fluorescent microspheres at 575 nm. Next, we present an optofluidic PDMS platform combining a microvalve network (automaton) for sample preparation of nanoliter volumes, on-chip distributed feedback dye laser for target excitation, and optical detection. We conduct concurrent capture and fluorescence tagging of Zika virus nucleic acid on magnetic beads in 30 min. Target-carrying beads are then optically excited using the on-chip laser as they flow through an analysis channel, followed by highly specific fluorescence detection. This demonstration of a complete all-in-one biosensor is a tangible step in the development of a rapid, point-of-care device that can assist in limiting the severity of future outbreaks.
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17
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Jain V, Patel VB, Singh B, Varade D. Microfluidic Device Based Molecular Self-Assembly Structures. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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18
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Okayama S, Nakatani M, Hashimoto M. Rapid Fabrication of a Pumpless PDMS Microfluidic Device Using CO2 Laser Micromachining for Automated Formation of Monodisperse Water-in-Oil Droplets. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Okayama
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakatani
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hashimoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
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19
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Castiaux AD, Selemani MA, Ward MA, Martin RS. Fully 3D printed fluidic devices with integrated valves and pumps for flow injection analysis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:5017-5024. [PMID: 34643627 PMCID: PMC8638614 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01569a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of a PolyJet 3D printer to create a microfluidic device that has integrated valves and pumps is described. The process uses liquid support and stacked printing to result in fully printed devices that are ready to use within minutes of fabrication after minimal post-processing. A unique feature of PolyJet printing is the ability to incorporate several different materials of varying properties into one print. In this work, two commercially available materials were used: a rigid-transparent plastic material (VeroClear) was used to define the channel regions and the bulk of the device, while the pumps/valves were printed in a flexible, rubber-like material (Agilus30). The entire process, from initial design to testing takes less than 4 hours to complete. The performance of the valves and pumps were characterized by fluorescence microscopy. A flow injection analysis device that enabled the discrete injections of analyte plugs was created, with on-chip pumps being used to move the fluid streams. The injection process was found to be reproducible and linearly correlated with changes in analyte concentration. The utility was demonstrated with the injection and rapid lysis of fluorescently-labeled endothelial cells. The ability to produce a device with integrated pumps/valves in one process significantly adds to the applicability of 3D printing to create microfluidic devices for analytical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre D Castiaux
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Additive Manufacturing, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA.
| | | | - Morgan A Ward
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, USA
| | - R Scott Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Additive Manufacturing, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA.
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20
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Miller DR, Schaffer DK, Neely MD, McClain ES, Travis AR, Block FE, Mckenzie J, Werner EM, Armstrong L, Markov DA, Bowman AB, Ess KC, Cliffel DE, Wikswo JP. A bistable, multiport valve enables microformulators creating microclinical analyzers that reveal aberrant glutamate metabolism in astrocytes derived from a tuberous sclerosis patient. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2021; 341:129972. [PMID: 34092923 PMCID: PMC8174775 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.129972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for valves and pumps that operate at the microscale with precision and accuracy, are versatile in their application, and are easily fabricated. To that end, we developed a new rotary planar multiport valve to faithfully select solutions (contamination = 5.22 ± 0.06 ppb) and a rotary planar peristaltic pump to precisely control fluid delivery (flow rate = 2.4 ± 1.7 to 890 ± 77 μL/min). Both the valve and pump were implemented in a planar format amenable to single-layer soft lithographic fabrication. These planar microfluidics were actuated by a rotary motor controlled remotely by custom software. Together, these two devices constitute an innovative microformulator that was used to prepare precise, high-fidelity mixtures of up to five solutions (deviation from prescribed mixture = ±|0.02 ± 0.02| %). This system weighed less than a kilogram, occupied around 500 cm3, and generated pressures of 255 ± 47 kPa. This microformulator was then combined with an electrochemical sensor creating a microclinical analyzer (μCA) for detecting glutamate in real time. Using the chamber of the μCA as an in-line bioreactor, we compared glutamate homeostasis in human astrocytes differentiated from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from a control subject (CC-3) and a Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) patient carrying a pathogenic TSC2 mutation. When challenged with glutamate, TSC astrocytes took up less glutamate than control cells. These data validate the analytical power of the μCA and the utility of the microformulator by leveraging it to assess disease-related alterations in cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusty R. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
| | - David K. Schaffer
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
| | - M. Diana Neely
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr., Nashville, TN 37232, U.S.A
| | - Ethan S. McClain
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
| | - Adam R. Travis
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
| | - Frank E. Block
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
| | - Jennifer Mckenzie
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
| | - Erik M. Werner
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
| | - Laura Armstrong
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr., Nashville, TN 37232, U.S.A
| | - Dmitry A. Markov
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
| | - Aaron B. Bowman
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, U.S.A
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A
| | - Kevin C. Ess
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr., Nashville, TN 37232, U.S.A
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, U.S.A
| | - David E. Cliffel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
| | - John P. Wikswo
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, U.S.A
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21
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Quantitative Monitoring of Dynamic Blood Flows Using Coflowing Laminar Streams in a Sensorless Approach. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11167260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Determination of blood viscosity requires consistent measurement of blood flow rates, which leads to measurement errors and presents several issues when there are continuous changes in hematocrit changes. Instead of blood viscosity, a coflowing channel as a pressure sensor is adopted to quantify the dynamic flow of blood. Information on blood (i.e., hematocrit, flow rate, and viscosity) is not provided in advance. Using a discrete circuit model for the coflowing streams, the analytical expressions for four properties (i.e., pressure, shear stress, and two types of work) are then derived to quantify the flow of the test fluid. The analytical expressions are validated through numerical simulations. To demonstrate the method, the four properties are obtained using the present method by varying the flow patterns (i.e., constant flow rate or sinusoidal flow rate) as well as test fluids (i.e., glycerin solutions and blood). Thereafter, the present method is applied to quantify the dynamic flows of RBC aggregation-enhanced blood with a peristaltic pump, where any information regarding the blood is not specific. The experimental results indicate that the present method can quantify dynamic blood flow consistently, where hematocrit changes continuously over time.
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22
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Rothbauer M, Bachmann BE, Eilenberger C, Kratz SR, Spitz S, Höll G, Ertl P. A Decade of Organs-on-a-Chip Emulating Human Physiology at the Microscale: A Critical Status Report on Progress in Toxicology and Pharmacology. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:470. [PMID: 33919242 PMCID: PMC8143089 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip technology has the potential to accelerate pharmaceutical drug development, improve the clinical translation of basic research, and provide personalized intervention strategies. In the last decade, big pharma has engaged in many academic research cooperations to develop organ-on-a-chip systems for future drug discoveries. Although most organ-on-a-chip systems present proof-of-concept studies, miniaturized organ systems still need to demonstrate translational relevance and predictive power in clinical and pharmaceutical settings. This review explores whether microfluidic technology succeeded in paving the way for developing physiologically relevant human in vitro models for pharmacology and toxicology in biomedical research within the last decade. Individual organ-on-a-chip systems are discussed, focusing on relevant applications and highlighting their ability to tackle current challenges in pharmacological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rothbauer
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (B.E.M.B.); (C.E.); (S.R.A.K.); (S.S.); (G.H.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-22, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara E.M. Bachmann
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (B.E.M.B.); (C.E.); (S.R.A.K.); (S.S.); (G.H.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Allgemeine Unfallversicherungsanstalt (AUVA) Research Centre, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Eilenberger
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (B.E.M.B.); (C.E.); (S.R.A.K.); (S.S.); (G.H.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian R.A. Kratz
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (B.E.M.B.); (C.E.); (S.R.A.K.); (S.S.); (G.H.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Drug Delivery and 3R-Models Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences & Institute for Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University Frankfurt Am Main, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sarah Spitz
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (B.E.M.B.); (C.E.); (S.R.A.K.); (S.S.); (G.H.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Höll
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (B.E.M.B.); (C.E.); (S.R.A.K.); (S.S.); (G.H.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (B.E.M.B.); (C.E.); (S.R.A.K.); (S.S.); (G.H.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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23
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Zhou X, Cao H, Zeng Y. Microfluidic circulating reactor system for sensitive and automated duplex-specific nuclease-mediated microRNA detection. Talanta 2021; 232:122396. [PMID: 34074392 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Duplex-specific nuclease signal amplification (DSNSA) is a promising microRNA (miRNA) quantification strategy. However, existing DSNSA based miRNA detection methods suffer from costly chemical consumptions and require laborious multi-step sample pretreatment that are prone to sample loss and contamination, including total RNA extraction and enrichment. To address these problems, herein we devised a pneumatically automated microfluidic reactor device that integrates both analyte extraction/enrichment and DSNSA-mediated miRNA detection in one streamlined analysis workflow. Two flow circulation strategies were investigated to determine the effects of flow conditions on the kinetics of on-chip DSNSA reaction in a bead-packed microreactor. With the optimized workflow, we demonstrated rapid, robust on-chip detection of miR-21 with a limit-of-detection of 35 amol, while greatly reducing the consumption of DSN enzyme to 0.1 U per assay. Therefore, this microfluidic system provides a useful tool for many applications, including clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Hongmei Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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24
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Shebindu A, Somaweera H, Estlack Z, Kim J, Kim J. A fully integrated isotachophoresis with a programmable microfluidic platform. Talanta 2021; 225:122039. [PMID: 33592763 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.122039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional isotachophoresis (ITP) can be used for pre-concentration of a single analyte, but preconcentration of multiple analytes is time consuming due to handling and washing steps required for the extensive buffer optimization procedure. In this work, we present a programmable microfluidic platform (PMP) to demonstrate fully automated optimization of ITP of multiple analytes. By interfacing a PMP with ITP, buffer selection and repetitive ITP procedures were automated. Using lifting-gate microvalve technology, a PMP consisting of a two-dimensional microvalve array was designed and fabricated for seamless integration with an ITP chip. The microvalve array was used for basic liquid manipulation such as metering, mixing, selecting, delivering, and washing procedures to prime and run ITP. Initially, the performances of the PMP and ITP channel were validated individually by estimating volume per pumping cycle and preconcentrating Alexa Fluor 594 with appropriate trailing (TE) and leading (LE) buffers, respectively. After confirming basic functions, autonomous ITP was demonstrated using multiple analytes (Pacific blue, Alexa Fluor 594, and Alexa Fluor 488). The optimal buffer combination was was determined by performing multiple ITP runs with three different TEs (borate, HEPES, and phosphate buffers) and three different concentrations of Tris-HCl for the LE. We found that 40 mM borate and 100 mM Tris-HCl successfully preconcentrated all analytes during a single ITP run. The integrated PMP-ITP system can simplify overall buffer selection and validation procedures for various biological and chemical target samples. Furthermore, by incorporating analytical tools that interconnect with the PMP, it can provide high sample concentrations to aid in downstream analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shebindu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Himali Somaweera
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Zachary Estlack
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | | | - Jungkyu Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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25
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Sano T, Black J, Mitchell S, Zhang H, Schmidt H. Pneumatically tunable optofluidic DFB dye laser using corrugated sidewalls. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:5978-5981. [PMID: 33137048 DOI: 10.1364/ol.404303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane-based optofluidics provides a powerful platform for a complete analytical lab-on-chip. Here, we report on a novel on-chip laser source that can be integrated with sample preparation and analysis functions. A corrugated sidewall structure is integrated into a microfluidic channel to form a distributed feedback (DFB) laser using rhodamine 6G dissolved in an ethylene glycol and water solution. Lasing is demonstrated with a threshold pump power of 87.9 µW, corresponding to a pump intensity of 52.7mW/cm2. Laser threshold and output power are optimized with respect to rhodamine 6G concentration and core index and found to be in good agreement with a rate equation model. Additionally, the laser can be switched on and off mechanically using a pneumatic cell inducing positive pressure on the grating.
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26
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Somaweera H, Estlack Z, Devadhasan JP, Kim J, Kim J. Characterization and Optimization of Isotachophoresis Parameters for Pacific Blue Succinimidyl Ester Dye on a PDMS Microfluidic Chip. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11110951. [PMID: 33105673 PMCID: PMC7690402 DOI: 10.3390/mi11110951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Isotachophoresis (ITP) for Pacific Blue (PB) dye using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic chip is developed and characterized by determining the types and concentrations of electrolytes, the ITP duration, and the electric field density. Among candidate buffers for the trailing electrolyte (TE) and leading electrolyte (LE), 40 mM borate buffer (pH 9) and 200 mM trisaminomethane hydrochloride (Tris-HCl) (pH 8) were selected to obtain the maximum preconcentration and resolution of the PB bands, respectively. With the selected TE and LE buffers, further optimization was performed to determine the electric field (EF) density and the ITP duration. These ITP parameters showed a 20–170,000 preconcentration ratio from initial PB concentrations of 10 nM–100 fM. Further demonstration was implemented to preconcentrate PB-conjugated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) using the PDMS microfluidic chip. By utilizing the quenching nature of PB-LDH conjugation, we were able to identify concentrations of LDH as low as 10 ng/mL. This simple PDMS microfluidic chip-based ITP for PB preconcentration enables highly sensitive biological and chemical analyses by coupling with various downstream detection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himali Somaweera
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (H.S.); (J.P.D.)
| | - Zachary Estlack
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | | | | | - Jungkyu Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(801)-581-6743
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Morales Navarrete P, Yuan J. A Single-Layer PDMS Chamber for On-Chip Bacteria Culture. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E395. [PMID: 32290319 PMCID: PMC7231344 DOI: 10.3390/mi11040395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
On-chip cell culture devices have been actively developed for both mammalian cells and bacteria. Most designs are based on PDMS multi-layer microfluidic valves, which require complicated fabrication and operation. In this work, single-layer PDMS microfluidic valves are introduced in the design of an on-chip culture chamber for E. coli bacteria. To enable the constant flow of culturing medium, we have developed a (semi-)always-closed single-layer microfluidic valve. As a result, the growth chamber can culture bacteria over long duration. The device is applied for the whole-cell detection of heavy metal ions with genetically modified E. coli. The platform is tested with culturing period of 3 h. It is found to achieve a limit-of-detection (LoD) of 44.8 ppb for Cadmium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Morales Navarrete
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jie Yuan
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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28
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Zhou X, Ravichandran GC, Zhang P, Yang Y, Zeng Y. A microfluidic alternating-pull-push active digitization method for sample-loss-free digital PCR. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:4104-4116. [PMID: 31720646 PMCID: PMC6894176 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00932a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) is a powerful tool for genetic analysis, providing superior sensitivity and accuracy. In many applications that demand minuscule reaction volumes, such as single cell analysis, efficient and reproducible sample handling and digitization is pivotal for accurate absolute quantification of targets, but remains a significant technical challenge. In this paper, we described a robust and flexible microfluidic alternating-pull-push active digitization (μAPPAD) strategy that confers close to 100% sample digitization efficiency for microwell-based dPCR. Our strategy employs pneumatic valve control to periodically manipulate air pressure inside the chip to greatly facilitate the vacuum-driven partition of solution into microwells, enabling efficient digitization of a small-volume solution with significantly reduced volume variability. The μAPPAD method was evaluated on both tandem-channel and parallel-channel chips, which achieved a digitization efficiency of 99.5 ± 0.3% and 94.6 ± 0.9% within 10.5 min and 2 min, respectively. To assess the analytical performance of the μAPPAD chip, we calibrated it for absolution dPCR quantitation of λDNA across a range of concentrations. The results obtained with our chip matched well with the theoretical curve computed from Poisson statistics. Compared to the existing methods for highly efficient sample digitization, not only does our technology greatly reduce the constraints on microwell geometries and channel design, but also benefits from the intrinsic amenability of the pneumatic valve technique with device integration and automation. Thus we envision that the μAPPAD technology will provide a scalable and widely adaptable platform to promote the development of advanced lab-on-a-chip systems integrating microscale sample processing with dPCR for a broad scope of applications, such as single cell analysis of tumor heterogeneity and genetic profiling of circulating exosomes directly in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | | | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. and University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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29
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Wang X, Agasid MT, Baker CA, Aspinwall CA. Surface Modification of Glass/PDMS Microfluidic Valve Assemblies Enhances Valve Electrical Resistance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:34463-34470. [PMID: 31496217 PMCID: PMC7719350 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic instrumentation offers unique advantages in biotechnology applications including reduced sample and reagent consumption, rapid mixing and reaction times, and a high degree of process automation. As dimensions decrease, the ratio of surface area to volume within a fluidic architecture increases, which gives rise to some of the unique advantages inherent to microfluidics. Thus, manipulation of surface characteristics presents a promising approach to tailor the performance of microfluidic systems. Microfluidic valves are essential components in a number of small volume applications and for automated microfluidic platforms, but rigorous evaluation of the sealing quality of these valves is often overlooked. In this work, the glass valve seat of hybrid glass/PDMS microfluidic valves was surface modified with hydrophobic silanes, octyldimethylchlorosilane (ODCS) or (tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl)dimethylchlorosilane (PFDCS), to investigate the effect of surface energy on electrical resistance of valves. Valves with ODCS- or PFDCS-modified valve seats both exhibited >70-fold increases in electrical resistance (>500 GΩ) when compared to the same valve design with unmodified glass valve seats (7 ± 3 GΩ), indicative of higher sealing capacity. The opening times for valves with ODCS- or PFDCS-modified valve seats was ca. 5× shorter compared to unmodified valve seats, whereas the closing time was up to 8× longer for modified valve seats, although the total closing time was ≤1.5 s, compatible with numerous microfluidic valving applications. Surface modified valve assemblies offered sufficient electrical resistance to isolate sub-pA current signals resulting from electrophysiology measurement of α-hemolysin conductance in a suspended lipid bilayer. This approach is well-suited for the design of novel microfluidic architectures that integrate fluidic manipulations with electrophysiological or electrochemical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, United States
| | - Mark T. Agasid
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, United States
| | - Christopher A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, United States
| | - Craig A. Aspinwall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, United States
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, United States
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30
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Dang BV, Hassanzadeh-Barforoushi A, Syed MS, Yang D, Kim SJ, Taylor RA, Liu GJ, Liu G, Barber T. Microfluidic Actuation via 3D-Printed Molds toward Multiplex Biosensing of Cell Apoptosis. ACS Sens 2019; 4:2181-2189. [PMID: 31321976 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiplexed analysis of biochemical analytes such as proteins, enzymes, and immune products using a microfluidic device has the potential to cut assay time, reduce sample volume, realize high-throughput, and decrease experimental error without compromising sensitivity. Despite these huge benefits, the need for expensive specialized equipment and the complex photolithography fabrication process for the multiplexed devices have, to date, prevented widespread adoption of microfluidic systems. Here, we present a simple method to fabricate a new microfluidic-based multiplexed biosensing device by taking advantage of 3D-printing. The device is an integration of normally closed (NC) microfluidic valving units which offer superior operational flexibility by using PDMS membrane (E ∼ 1-2 MPa) and require minimized energy input (1-5 kPa). To systematically engineer the device, we first report on the geometrical and operational analysis of a single 3D-printed valving unit. Based on the characterization, we introduce a full prototype multiplexed chip comprising several microfluidic valves. The prototype offers-for the first time in a 3D-printed microfluidic device-the capability of on-demand performce of both a sequential and a parallel biochemical assay. As a proof of concept, our device has been used to simultaneously measure the apoptotic activity of 5 different members of the caspase protease enzyme family. In summary, the 3D-printed valving system showcased in this study overcomes traditional bottlenecks of microfabrication, enabling a new class of sophisticated liquid manipulation required in performing multiplexed sensing for biochemical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bac Van Dang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Amin Hassanzadeh-Barforoushi
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Maira Shakeel Syed
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Danting Yang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Sung-Jin Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert A. Taylor
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Guo-Jun Liu
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
- Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Guozhen Liu
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Tracie Barber
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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31
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Szydzik C, Brazilek RJ, Akbaridoust F, de Silva C, Moon M, Marusic I, Ooi ASH, Nandurkar HH, Hamilton JR, Mitchell A, Nesbitt WS. Active Micropump-Mixer for Rapid Antiplatelet Drug Screening in Whole Blood. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10830-10839. [PMID: 31343155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for scalable automated lab-on-chip systems incorporating precise hemodynamic control that can be applied to high-content screening of new more efficacious antiplatelet therapies. This paper reports on the development and characterization of a novel active micropump-mixer microfluidic to address this need. Using a novel reciprocating elastomeric micropump design, we take advantage of the flexible structural and actuation properties of this framework to manage the hemodynamics for on-chip platelet thrombosis assay on type 1 fibrillar collagen, using whole blood. By characterizing and harnessing the complex three-dimensional hemodynamics of the micropump operation in conjunction with a microvalve controlled reagent injection system we demonstrate that this prototype can act as a real-time assay of antiplatelet drug pharmacokinetics. In a proof-of-concept preclinical application, we utilize this system to investigate the way in which rapid dosing of human whole blood with isoform selective inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase dose dependently modulate platelet thrombus dynamics. This modular system exhibits utility as an automated multiplexable assay system with applications to high-content chemical library screening of new antiplatelet therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispin Szydzik
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases , Monash University , 99 Commercial Road , Melbourne , Victoria 3004 , Australia.,School of Engineering , RMIT University , 124 La Trobe Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - Rose J Brazilek
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases , Monash University , 99 Commercial Road , Melbourne , Victoria 3004 , Australia
| | - Farzan Akbaridoust
- School of Engineering , RMIT University , 124 La Trobe Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Charitha de Silva
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia.,School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , The University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - Mitchell Moon
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases , Monash University , 99 Commercial Road , Melbourne , Victoria 3004 , Australia
| | - Ivan Marusic
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Andrew S H Ooi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Harshal H Nandurkar
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases , Monash University , 99 Commercial Road , Melbourne , Victoria 3004 , Australia
| | - Justin R Hamilton
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases , Monash University , 99 Commercial Road , Melbourne , Victoria 3004 , Australia
| | - Arnan Mitchell
- School of Engineering , RMIT University , 124 La Trobe Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - Warwick S Nesbitt
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases , Monash University , 99 Commercial Road , Melbourne , Victoria 3004 , Australia.,School of Engineering , RMIT University , 124 La Trobe Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
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32
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Rothbauer M, Charwat V, Bachmann B, Sticker D, Novak R, Wanzenböck H, Mathies RA, Ertl P. Monitoring transient cell-to-cell interactions in a multi-layered and multi-functional allergy-on-a-chip system. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1916-1921. [PMID: 31070645 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00108e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a highly integrated lab-on-a-chip containing embedded electrical microsensors, μdegassers and pneumatically-actuated micropumps to monitor allergic hypersensitivity. Rapid antigen-mediated histamine release (e.g. s to min) and resulting muscle contraction (<30 min) is detected by connecting an immune compartment containing sensitized basophile cells to a vascular co-culture model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rothbauer
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria. and Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Charwat
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Bachmann
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria. and Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria and AUVA Research Centre, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Drago Sticker
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard Novak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Lewis Hall, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Heinz Wanzenböck
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gußhausstr. 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard A Mathies
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Lewis Hall, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria. and Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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33
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Qin P, Park M, Alfson KJ, Tamhankar M, Carrion R, Patterson JL, Griffiths A, He Q, Yildiz A, Mathies R, Du K. Rapid and Fully Microfluidic Ebola Virus Detection with CRISPR-Cas13a. ACS Sens 2019; 4:1048-1054. [PMID: 30860365 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Highly infectious illness caused by pathogens is endemic especially in developing nations where there is limited laboratory infrastructure and trained personnel. Rapid point-of-care (POC) serological assays with minimal sample manipulation and low cost are desired in clinical practice. In this study, we report an automated POC system for Ebola RNA detection with RNA-guided RNA endonuclease Cas13a, utilizing its collateral RNA degradation after its activation. After automated microfluidic mixing and hybridization, nonspecific cleavage products of Cas13a are immediately measured by a custom integrated fluorometer which is small in size and convenient for in-field diagnosis. Within 5 min, a detection limit of 20 pfu/mL (5.45 × 107 copies/mL) of purified Ebola RNA is achieved. This isothermal and fully solution-based diagnostic method is rapid, amplification-free, simple, and sensitive, thus establishing a key technology toward a useful POC diagnostic platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwu Qin
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Center of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Myeongkee Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Kendra J. Alfson
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78227, United States
| | - Manasi Tamhankar
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78227, United States
| | - Ricardo Carrion
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78227, United States
| | - Jean L. Patterson
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78227, United States
| | - Anthony Griffiths
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78227, United States
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Qian He
- Center of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
| | - Ahmet Yildiz
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Richard Mathies
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
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34
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Meena GG, Jain A, Parks JW, Stambaugh A, Patterson JL, Hawkins AR, Schmidt H. Integration of sample preparation and analysis into an optofluidic chip for multi-target disease detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:3678-3686. [PMID: 30376021 PMCID: PMC6264894 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00966j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Detection of molecular biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity from biological samples requires both sophisticated sample preparation and subsequent analysis. These tasks are often carried out on separate platforms which increases required sample volumes and the risk of errors, sample loss, and contamination. Here, we present an optofluidic platform which combines an optical detection section with single nucleic acid strand sensitivity, and a sample processing unit capable of on-chip, specific extraction and labeling of nucleic acid and protein targets in complex biological matrices. First, on-chip labeling and detection of individual lambda DNA molecules down to concentrations of 8 fM is demonstrated. Subsequently, we demonstrate the simultaneous capture, fluorescence tagging and detection of both Zika specific nucleic acid and NS-1 protein targets in both buffer and human serum. We show that the dual DNA and protein assay allows for successful differentiation and diagnosis of Zika against cross-reacting species like dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopikrishnan G Meena
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Aadhar Jain
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Joshua W Parks
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Alexandra Stambaugh
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Jean L Patterson
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Aaron R Hawkins
- ECEn Department, Brigham Young University, 459 Clyde Building, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Holger Schmidt
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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35
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Ergir E, Bachmann B, Redl H, Forte G, Ertl P. Small Force, Big Impact: Next Generation Organ-on-a-Chip Systems Incorporating Biomechanical Cues. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1417. [PMID: 30356887 PMCID: PMC6190857 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanobiology-on-a-chip is a growing field focusing on how mechanical inputs modulate physico-chemical output in microphysiological systems. It is well known that biomechanical cues trigger a variety of molecular events and adjustment of mechanical forces is therefore essential for mimicking in vivo physiologies in organ-on-a-chip technology. Biomechanical inputs in organ-on-a-chip systems can range from variations in extracellular matrix type and stiffness and applied shear stresses to active stretch/strain or compression forces using integrated flexible membranes. The main advantages of these organ-on-a-chip systems are therefore (a) the control over spatiotemporal organization of in vivo-like tissue architectures, (b) the ability to precisely control the amount, duration and intensity of the biomechanical stimuli, and (c) the capability of monitoring in real time the effects of applied mechanical forces on cell, tissue and organ functions. Consequently, over the last decade a variety of microfluidic devices have been introduced to recreate physiological microenvironments that also account for the influence of physical forces on biological functions. In this review we present recent advances in mechanobiological lab-on-a-chip systems and report on lessons learned from these current mechanobiological models. Additionally, future developments needed to engineer next-generation physiological and pathological organ-on-a-chip models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Ergir
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Bachmann
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- AUVA Research Centre, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Kompetenzzentrum für MechanoBiologie (INTERREG V-A Austria – Czech Republic Programme, ATCZ133), Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- AUVA Research Centre, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Kompetenzzentrum für MechanoBiologie (INTERREG V-A Austria – Czech Republic Programme, ATCZ133), Vienna, Austria
| | - Giancarlo Forte
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
- Competence Center for Mechanobiology (INTERREG V-A Austria – Czech Republic Programme, ATCZ133), Brno, Czechia
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Kompetenzzentrum für MechanoBiologie (INTERREG V-A Austria – Czech Republic Programme, ATCZ133), Vienna, Austria
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36
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Li Y, Jiang Y, Wang K, Wu W. Passive Micropump for Highly Stable, Long-Termed, and Large Volume of Droplet Generation/Transport Inside 3D Microchannels Capable of Surfactant-Free and Droplet-Based Thermocycled Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reactions Based on a Single Thermostatic Heater. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11925-11932. [PMID: 30215252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is still one key challenge for traditional passive micropumps (e.g., surface tension micropump, hydrostatic micropump, enzymatic micropump, degassed-polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micropump, etc.) to transport a large volume of two-phased fluid for a long period. Herein we propose a user-friendly and passive approach to realize the microdroplet generation by waiving expensive or complex equipment. The automation principle is systemically studied in this paper. It is affirmed that this micropump can continuously transport over 2000 μL of two-phased aqueous/oil microdroplets over a 4 m long 3D microchannel for 8 h. In addition, variations in flow rate are little within each hour-period, and the evaporation bubbles can be well suppressed under high temperature (95 °C). As a proof of this concept, the novel micropump is applied to droplet-based continuous flow real-time polymerase chain reactions (PCRs), which only require several disposable syringes for oil/aqueous-phase storage, two 34 gauge needles for droplet generation, a Teflon tube for PCR amplification, and a single thermostatic heater for the thermal cycle. The results suggest this droplet generation method is acceptable for a house-made setup of microfluidic PCRs. Besides, the amplification efficiency of the droplet-based microcontinuous flow PCRs here is much higher than the plug-based microcontinuous flow PCRs in our previous work and reaches 91% of the commercial qPCR thermocycler for the target gene of Rubella virus (Rubv). Without expensive microfabrication instruments, this novel method is more accessible to nonprofessionals than previous reports and would extend the droplet-based applications to in-field and real-time analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics , Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , 130033 Jilin China
| | - Yangyang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics , Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , 130033 Jilin China
| | - Kangning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics , Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , 130033 Jilin China
| | - Wenming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics , Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , 130033 Jilin China.,State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
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37
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Lee J, Estlack Z, Somaweera H, Wang X, Lacerda CMR, Kim J. A microfluidic cardiac flow profile generator for studying the effect of shear stress on valvular endothelial cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2946-2954. [PMID: 30123895 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00545a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To precisely investigate the mechanobiological responses of valvular endothelial cells, we developed a microfluidic flow profile generator using a pneumatically-actuated micropump consisting of microvalves of various sizes. By controlling the closing pressures and the actuation times of these microvalves, we modulated the magnitude and frequency of the shear stress to mimic mitral and aortic inflow profiles with frequencies in the range of 0.8-2 Hz and shear stresses up to 20 dyn cm-2. To demonstrate this flow profile generator, aortic inflow with an average of 5.9 dyn cm-2 shear stress at a frequency of 1.2 Hz with a Reynolds number of 2.75, a Womersley number of 0.27, and an oscillatory shear index (OSI) value of 0.2 was applied to porcine aortic valvular endothelial cells (PAVECs) for mechanobiological studies. The cell alignment, cell elongation, and alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression of PAVECs under perfusion, steady flow, and aortic inflow conditions were analyzed to determine their shear-induced cell migration and trans-differentiation. In this morphological and immunocytochemical study, we found that the PAVECs elongated and aligned themselves perpendicular to the directions of the steady flow and the aortic inflow. In contrast, under perfusion with a fluidic shear stress of 0.47 dyn cm-2, the PAVECs elongated and aligned themselves parallel to the direction of flow. The PAVECs exposed to the aortic inflow upregulated their αSMA-protein expression to a greater degree than those exposed to perfusion and steady flow. By comparing these results to those of previous studies of pulsatile flow, we also found that the ratio of positive to negative shear stress plays an important role in determining PAVECs' trans-differentiation and adaptation to flow. This microfluidic cardiac flow profile generator will enable future valvular mechanobiological studies to determine the roles of magnitude and frequency of shear stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohyung Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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38
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Darestani M, Locq J, Millar GJ. Powering reversible actuators using forward osmosis membranes: feasibility study and modeling. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2018.1498519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Darestani
- Institute for Future Environments; and School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Infrastructure Engineering, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jerome Locq
- SeaTech Engineering School, University of Toulon CS 60584 - 83041 TOULON CEDEX 9, Toulon, France
| | - Graeme J. Millar
- Institute for Future Environments; and School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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39
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Szydzik C, Brazilek RJ, Khoshmanesh K, Akbaridoust F, Knoerzer M, Thurgood P, Muir I, Marusic I, Nandurkar H, Mitchell A, Nesbitt WS. Elastomeric microvalve geometry affects haemocompatibility. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1778-1792. [PMID: 29789838 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc01320e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the parameters that determine the haemocompatibility of elastomeric microvalves for blood handling in microfluidic systems. Using a comprehensive investigation of blood function, we describe a hierarchy of haemocompatibility as a function of microvalve geometry and identify a "normally-closed" v-gate pneumatic microvalve design that minimally affects blood plasma fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor composition, minimises effects on erythrocyte structure and function, and limits effects on platelet activation and aggregation, while facilitating rapid switching control for blood sample delivery. We propose that the haemodynamic profile of valve gate geometries is a significant determinant of platelet-dependent biofouling and haemocompatibility. Overall our findings suggest that modification of microvalve gate geometry and consequently haemodynamic profile can improve haemocompatibility, while minimising the requirement for chemical or protein modification of microfluidic surfaces. This biological insight and approach may be harnessed to inform future haemocompatible microfluidic valve and component design, and is an advance towards lab-on-chip automation for blood based diagnostic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispin Szydzik
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
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40
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Bennet D, Estlack Z, Reid T, Kim J. A microengineered human corneal epithelium-on-a-chip for eye drops mass transport evaluation. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1539-1551. [PMID: 29736535 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00158h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Animals are commonly used for pharmacokinetic studies which are the most frequent events tested during ocular drug development and preclinical evaluation. Inaccuracy, cost, and ethical criticism in these tests have created a need to construct an in vitro model for studying corneal constraints. In this work, a porous membrane embedded microfluidic platform is fabricated that separates a chip into an apical and basal side. After functionalizing the membrane surface with fibronectin, the membrane's mechanical and surface properties are measured to ensure correct modeling of in vivo characteristics. Immortalized human corneal epithelial cells are cultured on the membrane to create a microengineered corneal epithelium-on-a-chip (cornea chip) that is validated with experiments designed to test the barrier properties of the human corneal epithelium construct using model drugs. A pulsatile flow model is used that closely mimics the ocular precorneal constraints and is reasonable for permeability analysis that models in vivo conditions. This model can be used for preclinical evaluations of potential therapeutic drugs and to mimic the environment of the human cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devasier Bennet
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA.
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41
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Cheng C, Nair AR, Thakur R, Fridman G. Normally closed plunger-membrane microvalve self-actuated electrically using a shape memory alloy wire. MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS 2018; 22:29. [PMID: 30555287 PMCID: PMC6291303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Various microfluidic architectures designed for in vivo and point-of-care diagnostic applications require larger channels, autonomous actuation, and portability. In this paper, we present a normally closed microvalve design capable of fully autonomous actuation for wide diameter microchannels (tens to hundreds of μm). We fabricated the multilayer plunger-membrane valve architecture using the silicone elastomer, poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and optimized it to reduce the force required to open the valve. A 50-μm Nitinol (NiTi) shape memory alloy wire is incorporated into the device and can operate the valve when actuated with 100-mA current delivered from a 3-V supply. We characterized the valve for its actuation kinetics using an electrochemical assay and tested its reliability at 1.5-s cycle duration for 1 million cycles during which we observed no operational degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojun Cheng
- Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Raviraj Thakur
- Otolaryngology HNS, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Gene Fridman
- Otolaryngology HNS, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
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42
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Damiati S, Kompella UB, Damiati SA, Kodzius R. Microfluidic Devices for Drug Delivery Systems and Drug Screening. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E103. [PMID: 29462948 PMCID: PMC5852599 DOI: 10.3390/genes9020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic devices present unique advantages for the development of efficient drug carrier particles, cell-free protein synthesis systems, and rapid techniques for direct drug screening. Compared to bulk methods, by efficiently controlling the geometries of the fabricated chip and the flow rates of multiphase fluids, microfluidic technology enables the generation of highly stable, uniform, monodispersed particles with higher encapsulation efficiency. Since the existing preclinical models are inefficient drug screens for predicting clinical outcomes, microfluidic platforms might offer a more rapid and cost-effective alternative. Compared to 2D cell culture systems and in vivo animal models, microfluidic 3D platforms mimic the in vivo cell systems in a simple, inexpensive manner, which allows high throughput and multiplexed drug screening at the cell, organ, and whole-body levels. In this review, the generation of appropriate drug or gene carriers including different particle types using different configurations of microfluidic devices is highlighted. Additionally, this paper discusses the emergence of fabricated microfluidic cell-free protein synthesis systems for potential use at point of care as well as cell-, organ-, and human-on-a-chip models as smart, sensitive, and reproducible platforms, allowing the investigation of the effects of drugs under conditions imitating the biological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Damiati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Uday B Kompella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ophthalmology, and Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Safa A Damiati
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rimantas Kodzius
- Mathematics and Natural Sciences Department, The American University of Iraq, Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq.
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
- Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), 80539 Munich, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany.
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43
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Wang T, Handschuh-Wang S, Huang L, Zhang L, Jiang X, Kong T, Zhang W, Lee CS, Zhou X, Tang Y. Controlling Directional Liquid Motion on Micro- and Nanocrystalline Diamond/β-SiC Composite Gradient Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:1419-1428. [PMID: 29251943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b04072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this Article, we report the synthesis of micro- and nanocrystalline diamond/β-SiC composite gradient films, using a hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) technique and its application as a robust and chemically inert means to actuate water and hazardous liquids. As revealed by scanning electron microscopy, the composition of the surface changed gradually from pure nanocrystalline diamond (hydrophobic) to a nanocrystalline β-SiC surface (hydrophilic). Transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were employed to determine the presence of diamond, graphite, and β-SiC phases. The as-prepared gradient films were evaluated for their ability to actuate water. Indeed, water was transported via the gradient from the hydrophobic (hydrogen-terminated diamond) to the hydrophilic side (hydroxyl-terminated β-SiC) of the gradient surface. The driving distance and velocity of water is pivotally influenced by the surface roughness. The nanogradient surface showed significant promise as the lower roughness combined with the longer gradient yields in transport distances of up to 3.7 mm, with a maximum droplet velocity of nearly 250 mm/s measured by a high-speed camera. As diamond and β-SiC are chemically inert, the gradient surfaces can be used to drive hazardous liquids and reactive mixtures, which was signified by the actuation of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solution. We envision that the diamond/β-SiC gradient surface has high potential as an actuator for water transport in microfluidic devices, DNA sensors, and implants, which induce guided cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Stephan Handschuh-Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Huang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics , Mianyang 621907, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Siegen , Paul-Bonatz-Straße 9-11, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Tiantian Kong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chun-Sing Lee
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongbing Tang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
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44
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Du K, Park M, Griffiths A, Carrion R, Patterson J, Schmidt H, Mathies R. Microfluidic System for Detection of Viral RNA in Blood Using a Barcode Fluorescence Reporter and a Photocleavable Capture Probe. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12433-12440. [PMID: 29073356 PMCID: PMC5990416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic sample preparation multiplexer (SPM) and assay procedure is developed to improve amplification-free detection of Ebola virus RNA from blood. While a previous prototype successfully detected viral RNA following off-chip RNA extraction from infected cells, the new device and protocol can detect Ebola virus in raw blood with clinically relevant sensitivity. The Ebola RNA is hybridized with sequence specific capture and labeling DNA probes in solution and then the complex is pulled down onto capture beads for purification and concentration. After washing, the captured RNA target is released by irradiating the photocleavable DNA capture probe with ultraviolet (UV) light. The released, labeled, and purified RNA is detected by a sensitive and compact fluorometer. Exploiting these capabilities, a detection limit of 800 attomolar (aM) is achieved without target amplification. The new SPM can run up to 80 assays in parallel using a pneumatic multiplexing architecture. Importantly, our new protocol does not require time-consuming and problematic off-chip probe conjugation and washing. This improved SPM and labeling protocol is an important step toward a useful POC device and assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Myeongkee Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Anthony Griffiths
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, Texas 78227, United States
| | - Ricardo Carrion
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, Texas 78227, United States
| | - Jean Patterson
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, Texas 78227, United States
| | - Holger Schmidt
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Richard Mathies
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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45
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Microfluidic-Based Measurement Method of Red Blood Cell Aggregation under Hematocrit Variations. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17092037. [PMID: 28878199 PMCID: PMC5620946 DOI: 10.3390/s17092037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) aggregation and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) are considered to be promising biomarkers for effectively monitoring blood rheology at extremely low shear rates. In this study, a microfluidic-based measurement technique is suggested to evaluate RBC aggregation under hematocrit variations due to the continuous ESR. After the pipette tip is tightly fitted into an inlet port, a disposable suction pump is connected to the outlet port through a polyethylene tube. After dropping blood (approximately 0.2 mL) into the pipette tip, the blood flow can be started and stopped by periodically operating a pinch valve. To evaluate variations in RBC aggregation due to the continuous ESR, an EAI (Erythrocyte-sedimentation-rate Aggregation Index) is newly suggested, which uses temporal variations of image intensity. To demonstrate the proposed method, the dynamic characterization of the disposable suction pump is first quantitatively measured by varying the hematocrit levels and cavity volume of the suction pump. Next, variations in RBC aggregation and ESR are quantified by varying the hematocrit levels. The conventional aggregation index (AI) is maintained constant, unrelated to the hematocrit values. However, the EAI significantly decreased with respect to the hematocrit values. Thus, the EAI is more effective than the AI for monitoring variations in RBC aggregation due to the ESR. Lastly, the proposed method is employed to detect aggregated blood and thermally-induced blood. The EAI gradually increased as the concentration of a dextran solution increased. In addition, the EAI significantly decreased for thermally-induced blood. From this experimental demonstration, the proposed method is able to effectively measure variations in RBC aggregation due to continuous hematocrit variations, especially by quantifying the EAI.
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46
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Ozcelik D, Cai H, Leake KD, Hawkins AR, Schmidt H. Optofluidic bioanalysis: fundamentals and applications. NANOPHOTONICS 2017; 6:647-661. [PMID: 29201591 PMCID: PMC5708574 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2016-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, optofluidics has established itself as a new and dynamic research field for exciting developments at the interface of photonics, microfluidics, and the life sciences. The strong desire for developing miniaturized bioanalytic devices and instruments, in particular, has led to novel and powerful approaches to integrating optical elements and biological fluids on the same chip-scale system. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in optofluidic research with emphasis on applications in bioanalysis and a focus on waveguide-based approaches that represent the most advanced level of integration between optics and fluidics. We discuss recent work in photonically reconfigurable devices and various application areas. We show how optofluidic approaches have been pushing the performance limits in bioanalysis, e.g. in terms of sensitivity and portability, satisfying many of the key requirements for point-of-care devices. This illustrates how the requirements for bianalysis instruments are increasingly being met by the symbiotic integration of novel photonic capabilities in a miniaturized system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damla Ozcelik
- School of Engineering, University of California-Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Hong Cai
- School of Engineering, University of California-Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Kaelyn D. Leake
- School of Engineering, University of California-Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Aaron R. Hawkins
- ECEn Department, 459 Clyde Building, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Holger Schmidt
- Corresponding author: Holger Schmidt, School of Engineering, University of California-Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA,
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47
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Estlack Z, Bennet D, Reid T, Kim J. Microengineered biomimetic ocular models for ophthalmological drug development. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1539-1551. [PMID: 28401229 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00112f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Current ophthalmological drug discovery and testing methods have limitations and concerns regarding reliability, ethicality, and applicability. These drawbacks can be mitigated by developing biomimetic eye models through mathematical and experimental methods which are often referred to as "eye-on-a-chip" or "eye chip". These eye chip technologies emulate ocular physiology, anatomy, and microenvironmental conditions. Such models enable understanding of the fundamental biology, pharmacology, and toxicology mechanisms by investigating the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of various candidate drugs under ocular anatomical and physiological conditions without animal models. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in theoretical and in vitro experimental models of the anterior segment of the eye and its microenvironment, including eye motions and tear film dynamics. The current state of ocular modeling and simulation from predictive models to experimental models is discussed in detail with their advantages and limitations. The potential for future eye chip models to expedite new ophthalmic drug discoveries is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Estlack
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA.
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48
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Du K, Cai H, Park M, Wall TA, Stott MA, Alfson KJ, Griffiths A, Carrion R, Patterson JL, Hawkins AR, Schmidt H, Mathies RA. Multiplexed efficient on-chip sample preparation and sensitive amplification-free detection of Ebola virus. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 91:489-496. [PMID: 28073029 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An automated microfluidic sample preparation multiplexer (SPM) has been developed and evaluated for Ebola virus detection. Metered air bubbles controlled by microvalves are used to improve bead-solution mixing thereby enhancing the hybridization of the target Ebola virus RNA with capture probes bound to the beads. The method uses thermally stable 4-formyl benzamide functionalized (4FB) magnetic beads rather than streptavidin coated beads with a high density of capture probes to improve the target capture efficiency. Exploiting an on-chip concentration protocol in the SPM and the single molecule detection capability of the antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW) biosensor chip, a detection limit of 0.021pfu/mL for clinical samples is achieved without target amplification. This RNA target capture efficiency is two orders of magnitude higher than previous results using streptavidin beads and the limit of detection (LOD) improves 10×. The wide dynamic range of this technique covers the whole clinically applicable concentration range. In addition, the current sample preparation time is ~1h which is eight times faster than previous work. This multiplexed, miniaturized sample preparation microdevice establishes a key technology that intended to develop next generation point-of-care (POC) detection system.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - H Cai
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - M Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - T A Wall
- ECEn Department, Brigham Young University, 459 Clyde Building, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - M A Stott
- ECEn Department, Brigham Young University, 459 Clyde Building, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - K J Alfson
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - A Griffiths
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - R Carrion
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - J L Patterson
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - A R Hawkins
- ECEn Department, Brigham Young University, 459 Clyde Building, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - H Schmidt
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - R A Mathies
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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49
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Cai H, Stott MA, Ozcelik D, Parks JW, Hawkins AR, Schmidt H. On-chip wavelength multiplexed detection of cancer DNA biomarkers in blood. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:064116. [PMID: 28058082 PMCID: PMC5176344 DOI: 10.1063/1.4968033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an optofluidic analysis system that processes biomolecular samples starting from whole blood and then analyzes and identifies multiple targets on a silicon-based molecular detection platform. We demonstrate blood filtration, sample extraction, target enrichment, and fluorescent labeling using programmable microfluidic circuits. We detect and identify multiple targets using a spectral multiplexing technique based on wavelength-dependent multi-spot excitation on an antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide chip. Specifically, we extract two types of melanoma biomarkers, mutated cell-free nucleic acids -BRAFV600E and NRAS, from whole blood. We detect and identify these two targets simultaneously using the spectral multiplexing approach with up to a 96% success rate. These results point the way toward a full front-to-back chip-based optofluidic compact system for high-performance analysis of complex biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Cai
- School of Engineering, University of California , Santa Cruz. 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - M A Stott
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University , 459 Clyde Building, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - D Ozcelik
- School of Engineering, University of California , Santa Cruz. 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - J W Parks
- School of Engineering, University of California , Santa Cruz. 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - A R Hawkins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University , 459 Clyde Building, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - H Schmidt
- School of Engineering, University of California , Santa Cruz. 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
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50
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Nakashoji Y, Tanaka H, Tsukagoshi K, Hashimoto M. A poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic sheet reversibly adhered on a glass plate for creation of emulsion droplets for droplet digital PCR. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:296-304. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Nakashoji
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering; Doshisha University; Kyotanabe Kyoto Japan
| | - Hironari Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering; Doshisha University; Kyotanabe Kyoto Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Tsukagoshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering; Doshisha University; Kyotanabe Kyoto Japan
| | - Masahiko Hashimoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering; Doshisha University; Kyotanabe Kyoto Japan
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