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Fabris AL, Martins AF, Costa JL, Yonamine M. A new application of the switchable hydrophilicity solvent-based homogenous liquid-liquid microextraction to analyze synthetic cannabinoids in plasma by LC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115588. [PMID: 37517261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids are still a growing trend among drug users and consist of a group of hundreds of highly potent compounds. To investigate the use of such substances, sample preparation of biological matrices is a crucial step prior to instrumental analysis. Although different efficient extraction techniques have been proposed for that aim, they usually do not fit eco-friendly guidelines that have been gaining popularity in recent years, such as Green Analytical Toxicology. This work uses describes for the first time the use of switchable hydrophilicity solvent-based homogenous liquid-liquid microextraction (SHS-HLLME) for synthetic cannabinoids. This is a green technique that replaces highly toxic organic reagents for switchable hydrophilicity solvents (SHS), substances that can be either water-miscible or immiscible depending on their protonation. Thus, by simply adjusting the pH of the system, these SHS can be used as extraction solvents. A full optimization study including type of SHS, volume of protonated SHS, volume of NaOH, salting-out effect, and extraction time was performed. The optimized procedure consisted of precipitating the proteins of 300 µL of plasma with 300 µL of acetonitrile followed by centrifugation; evaporation of the organic solvent under N2 stream; addition of 500 µL of the protonated DPA, DPA-HCl (6 M) (1:1, v/v); addition of 500 µL of NaOH (10 M); and finally centrifugation and evaporation. Validation results showed determination coefficients ≥ 0.99 for the 0.1-10 ng/mL linear range; 0.01-0.08 ng/mL as limit of detection; 0.1 ng/mL as limit of quantitation; accuracy and imprecision were within acceptable ranges; matrix effect, recovery, and process efficiency ranged from -55.6 to 185.9%, 36-56.7%, and 18.5-148.4%, respectively. The SHS-HLLME herein described was fully optimized providing satisfactory recoveries of 31 synthetic cannabinoids at low concentrations requiring only 300 µL of plasma. In addition, the validation results showed that the technique is a reliable eco-friendly alternative for clinical and toxicological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luis Fabris
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Aline Franco Martins
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-859, Brazil; Campinas Poison Control Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Jose Luiz Costa
- Campinas Poison Control Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-859, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Yonamine
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
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2
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Ke X, Tian Y, He D, Mu P, Wan X, Zhang L, Jia W, Wang Q, Fan Y, Zhang Y. Rapid Simultaneous Determination of Three Synthetic Cannabinoids in Urine and Plasma of Rats Using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. TOXICS 2022; 10:619. [PMID: 36287899 PMCID: PMC9611048 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids, a class of psychoactive compounds, are controlled as new psychoactive substances (NPSs) identified by the early warning system (EWS) of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). At present, several new synthetic cannabinoids have appeared in the illegal drug market, including 4-methylnaphthalen-1-yl-(1-pentylindol-3-yl) methanone (JWH-122), methyl (1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carbonyl)-L-valinate (5F-AMB), and methyl 2-(1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1Hindazole-3-carboxamido)-3-methylbutanoate (AMB-FUBINACA). A convenient, rapid, and highly sensitive analytical method was developed to determine three synthetic cannabinoids in rat plasma and urine. The liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was optimized and validated to analyze the three synthetic cannabinoids in rat plasma and urine. The method identified intra-assay precision (1.3-9.0% and 2.8-6.7%), inter-assay precision (3.0-8.6% and 3.9-8.8%), limits of detection (0.003-0.004 ng/mL and 0.00125-0.002 ng/mL) and quantification (0.012-0.016 ng/mL and 0.003-0.005 ng/mL), recovery (95.4-106.8% and 92.0-106.8%) for rat plasma and urine, and the matrix effect (93.4-118.0%) for rat urine, and the correlation coefficients were above 0.99 in the linear range. The established LC-MS/MS method was successfully used to simultaneously detect the JWH-122 and 5F-AMB in rat plasma and JWH-122, 5F-AMB, and AMB-FUBINACA in rat urine. The present study provides methodological support for internal exposure assessment of three synthetic cannabinoids and promotes the quantitative analysis and technical supervision of synthetic cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Ke
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yimei Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dandan He
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | | | - Xuzhi Wan
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lange Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Jia
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yilei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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3
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Yu JS, Nothias LF, Wang M, Kim DH, Dorrestein PC, Kang KB, Yoo HH. Tandem Mass Spectrometry Molecular Networking as a Powerful and Efficient Tool for Drug Metabolism Studies. Anal Chem 2022; 94:1456-1464. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sang Yu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Louis-Félix Nothias
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Mingxun Wang
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kyo Bin Kang
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
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4
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Abstract
Metabolite profiling is an indispensable part of drug discovery and development, enabling a comprehensive understanding of the drug's metabolic behavior. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry facilitates metabolite profiling by reducing sample complexity and providing high sensitivity. This review discusses the in vivo metabolite profiling involving LC-MS/MS and the utilization of QTOF, QQQ mass analyzers with a particular emphasis on a mass filter. Further, a summary of sample extraction procedures in biological matrices such as plasma, urine, feces, serum and hair as in vivo samples are outlined. toward the end, we present 15 case studies in biological matrices and their LC-MS/MS conditions to understand the metabolic disposition.
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5
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Andersen JE. Assessment of measurement uncertainty using longitudinal calibration data in the forensic context. Forensic Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2021.100317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Takakuwa KM, Schears RM. The emergency department care of the cannabis and synthetic cannabinoid patient: a narrative review. Int J Emerg Med 2021; 14:10. [PMID: 33568074 PMCID: PMC7874647 DOI: 10.1186/s12245-021-00330-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis is the most prevalent illegal drug used and the second most common cause of ED drug-related complaints in the USA. Recently, newer more potent strains, concentrated THC products, and consumption methods have become available. OBJECTIVE Our first objective was to define cannabis use in the USA and provide a summary background on its current preparations, pharmacokinetics, vital sign and physical exam findings, adverse effects, and laboratory testing. Our second objective, using the aforementioned summary as relevant background information, was to present and summarize the care and treatment of the most commonly reported cannabis-related topics relevant to ED physicians. METHODS We first performed an extensive literature search of peer-reviewed publications using New PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials to identify the most commonly reported cannabis-related topics in emergency care. Once the six topic areas were identified, we undertook an extensive narrative literature review for each section of this paper using New PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from the inception of the databases to September 30, 2020. RESULTS The six subject areas that were most frequently reported in the medical literature relevant to cannabis-related ED care were acute intoxication/overdose, pediatric exposure, cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome, cannabis withdrawal, e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI), and synthetic cannabinoids. CONCLUSION As cannabis becomes more widely available with the adoption of state medical cannabis laws, ED-related cannabis visits will likely rise. While cannabis has historically been considered a relatively safe drug, increased legal and illegal access to newer formulations of higher potency products and consumption methods have altered the management and approach to ED patient care and forced physicians to become more vigilant about recognizing and treating some new cannabis-related life-threatening conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Takakuwa
- Society of Cannabis Clinicians, PO Box 27574, San Francisco, CA, 94127, USA.
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7
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Li J, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Feng XS. Cannabinoids: Recent Updates on Public Perception, Adverse Reactions, Pharmacokinetics, Pretreatment Methods and Their Analysis Methods. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1197-1222. [PMID: 33557608 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1864718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids (CBDs) have been traditionally used as a folk medicine. Recently, they have been found to exhibit a high pharmacological potential. However, they are addicted and are often abused by drug users, thereby, becoming a threat to public safety. CBDs and their metabolites are usually found in trace levels in plants or in biological matrices and, are therefore not easy to be detected. Advances have been made toward accurately analyzing CBDs in plants or in biological matrices. This review aims at elucidating on the consumption of CBDs as well as its adverse effects and to provide a comprehensive overview of CBD pretreatment and detection methods. Moreover, novel pretreatment methods such as microextraction, Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe and online technology as well as novel analytic methods such as ion-mobility mass spectrometry, application of high resolution mass spectrometry in nontarget screening are summarized. In addition, we discuss and compare the strengths and weaknesses of different methods and suggest their future prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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8
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Overview of the major classes of new psychoactive substances, psychoactive effects, analytical determination and conformational analysis of selected illegal drugs. OPEN CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2021-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The misuse of psychoactive substances is attracting a great deal of attention from the general public. An increase use of psychoactive substances is observed among young people who do not have enough awareness of the harmful effects of these substances. Easy access to illicit drugs at low cost and lack of effective means of routine screening for new psychoactive substances (NPS) have contributed to the rapid increase in their use. New research and evidence suggest that drug use can cause a variety of adverse psychological and physiological effects on human health (anxiety, panic, paranoia, psychosis, and seizures). We describe different classes of these NPS drugs with emphasis on the methods used to identify them and the identification of their metabolites in biological specimens. This is the first review that thoroughly gives the literature on both natural and synthetic illegal drugs with old known data and very hot new topics and investigations, which enables the researcher to use it as a starting point in the literature exploration and planning of the own research. For the first time, the conformational analysis was done for selected illegal drugs, giving rise to the search of the biologically active conformations both theoretically and using lab experiments.
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Borden SA, Palaty J, Termopoli V, Famiglini G, Cappiello A, Gill CG, Palma P. MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF DRUGS OF ABUSE: CHALLENGES AND EMERGING STRATEGIES. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:703-744. [PMID: 32048319 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has been the "gold standard" for drugs of abuse (DoA) analysis for many decades because of the selectivity and sensitivity it affords. Recent progress in all aspects of mass spectrometry has seen significant developments in the field of DoA analysis. Mass spectrometry is particularly well suited to address the rapidly proliferating number of very high potency, novel psychoactive substances that are causing an alarming number of fatalities worldwide. This review surveys advancements in the areas of sample preparation, gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, as well as the rapidly emerging field of ambient ionization mass spectrometry. We have predominantly targeted literature progress over the past ten years and present our outlook for the future. © 2020 Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Borden
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Jan Palaty
- LifeLabs Medical Laboratories, Burnaby, BC, V3W 1H8, Canada
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Famiglini
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Achille Cappiello
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Pierangela Palma
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
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10
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Zheng J, Zhang L, Johnson M, Mandal R, Wishart DS. Comprehensive Targeted Metabolomic Assay for Urine Analysis. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10627-10634. [PMID: 32634308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Among all the human biological fluids used for disease biomarker discovery or clinical chemistry, urine stands out. It can be collected easily and noninvasively, it is readily available in large volumes, it is typically free from protein contamination, and it is chemically complex-reflecting a wide range of physiological states and functions. However, the comprehensive metabolomic analysis of urine has been somewhat less studied compared to blood. Indeed, most published metabolomic assays are specifically optimized for serum or plasma. In an effort to improve this situation, we have developed a comprehensive, quantitative MS-based assay for urine analysis. The assay robustly detects and quantifies 142 urinary metabolites including 28 amino acids and derivatives, 17 organic acids, 22 biogenic amines and derivatives, 40 acylcarnitines, 34 lipids, and glucose/hexose, among which 67 metabolites are absolutely quantified and 75 metabolites are semiquantified. All the analysis methods in this assay are based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using both positive and negative-mode multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The recovery rates of spiked urine samples at three different concentration levels, that is, low, medium and high, are in the range of 80% to 120% with satisfactory precision values of less than 20%. This targeted metabolomic assay has been successfully applied to the analysis of large numbers of human urine samples, with results closely matching those reported in the literature as well as those obtained from orthogonal analysis via NMR spectroscopy. Moreover, the assay was specifically developed in a 96-well plate format, which enables automated, high-throughput sample analysis. The assay has already been used to analyze more than 1800 urine samples in our laboratory since early 2019.
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11
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Balaban S, Man E, Durmus C, Bor G, Ceylan AE, Pinar Gumus Z, Evran S, Coskunol H, Timur S. Sensor Platform with a Custom‐tailored Aptamer for Diagnosis of Synthetic Cannabinoids. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simge Balaban
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of ScienceEge University 35100 Izmir Turkey
| | - Ezgi Man
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of ScienceEge University 35100 Izmir Turkey
| | - Ceren Durmus
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of ScienceEge University 35100 Izmir Turkey
| | - Gulsah Bor
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of ScienceEge University 35100 Izmir Turkey
| | - Ayse Elcin Ceylan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of ScienceEge University 35100 Izmir Turkey
| | - Z. Pinar Gumus
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Mental Health and Diseases 35100 Bornova, Izmir Turkey
| | - Serap Evran
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of ScienceEge University 35100 Izmir Turkey
| | - Hakan Coskunol
- Central Research Test and Analysis Laboratory Application and Research CenterEge University 35100 Izmir Turkey
| | - Suna Timur
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of ScienceEge University 35100 Izmir Turkey
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Mental Health and Diseases 35100 Bornova, Izmir Turkey
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12
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Worob A, Wenthur C. DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Synthetic Cannabinoids (Spice/K2). ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 11:3881-3892. [PMID: 31799831 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This Review covers the background, pharmacology, adverse effects, synthesis, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and history of synthetic cannabinoid compounds. Synthetic cannabinoids are a class of novel psychoactive substances that act as agonists at cannabinoid receptors. This class of compounds is structurally diverse and rapidly changing, with multiple generations of molecules having been developed in the past decade. The structural diversity of synthetic cannabinoids is supported by the breadth of chemical space available for exploitation by clandestine chemists and incentivized by attempts to remain ahead of legal pressures. As a class, synthetic cannabinoid products have a more serious adverse effect profile than that of traditional phytocannabinoids, including notable risks of lethality, as well as a history of dangerous adulteration. Most synthetic cannabinoids are rapidly metabolized to active species with prolonged residence times and peripheral tissue distribution, and analytical confirmation of use of these compounds remains challenging. Overall, the emergence of synthetic cannabinoids serves as a noteworthy example of the pressing public health challenges associated with the increasing development of easily synthesized, structurally flexible, highly potent, psychoactive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Worob
- Divisions of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Cody Wenthur
- Divisions of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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13
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Kimble AN, DeCaprio AP. Systematic analysis of novel psychoactive substances. II. Development of a screening/confirmatory LC-QqQ-MS/MS method for 800+ compounds and metabolites in urine. Forensic Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2019.100189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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14
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Gaunitz F, Kieliba T, Thevis M, Mercer‐Chalmers‐Bender K. Solid‐phase extraction–liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the qualitative analysis of 61 synthetic cannabinoid metabolites in urine. Drug Test Anal 2019; 12:27-40. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Gaunitz
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Tobias Kieliba
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Katja Mercer‐Chalmers‐Bender
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Cologne Cologne Germany
- Health Department Basel‐Stadt Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Basel Switzerland, Basel Switzerland
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15
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Nash C, Glowacki L, Gerostamoulos D, Pigou P, Scott T, Kostakis C. Identification of a thermal degradation product of CUMYL‐PEGACLONE and its detection in biological samples. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1480-1485. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Nash
- Forensic Science SA GPO Box 2790 Adelaide 5001 South Australia Australia
| | - Linda Glowacki
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine 65 Kavanagh St, Southbank 3006 Victoria Australia
| | - Dimitri Gerostamoulos
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine 65 Kavanagh St, Southbank 3006 Victoria Australia
- Department of Forensic Medicine Monash University Southbank 3006 Victoria Australia
| | - Paul Pigou
- Forensic Science SA GPO Box 2790 Adelaide 5001 South Australia Australia
- Flinders University of South Australia Sturt Road Bedford Park 5042 South Australia Australia
| | - Timothy Scott
- Forensic Science SA GPO Box 2790 Adelaide 5001 South Australia Australia
- Flinders University of South Australia Sturt Road Bedford Park 5042 South Australia Australia
| | - Chris Kostakis
- Forensic Science SA GPO Box 2790 Adelaide 5001 South Australia Australia
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16
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Staeheli SN, Veloso VP, Bovens M, Bissig C, Kraemer T, Poetzsch M. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry screening method using information‐dependent acquisition of enhanced product ion mass spectra for synthetic cannabinoids including metabolites in urine. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1369-1376. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra N. Staeheli
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic MedicineUniversity of Zurich Switzerland
| | - Veronica P. Veloso
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic MedicineUniversity of Zurich Switzerland
| | | | | | - Thomas Kraemer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic MedicineUniversity of Zurich Switzerland
| | - Michael Poetzsch
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic MedicineUniversity of Zurich Switzerland
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Potential Mechanisms Underlying the Deleterious Effects of Synthetic Cannabinoids Found in Spice/K2 Products. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9010014. [PMID: 30654473 PMCID: PMC6357179 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The chief psychoactive constituent of many bioactive phytocannabinoids (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ9-THC) found in hemp, cannabis or marijuana plants are scientifically denoted by the Latin term, Cannabis sativa, acts on cell surface receptors. These receptors are ubiquitously expressed. To date, two cannabinoid receptors have been cloned and characterized. Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) is found to serve as the archetype for cannabinoid action in the brain. They have attracted wide interest as the mediator of all psychoactive properties of exogenous and endogenous cannabinoids and they are abundantly expressed on most inhibitory and excitatory neurons. Recent evidence established that cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2R) is also expressed in the neurons at both presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals and are involved in neuropsychiatric effects. Distinct types of cells in many regions in the brain express CB2Rs and the cellular origin of CB2Rs that induce specific behavioral effects are emerging. To mimic the bliss effects of marijuana, synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) have been sprayed onto plant material, and this plant material has been consequently packaged and sold under brand name “Spice” or “K2”. These SCBs have been shown to maintain their affinity and functional activity for CB1R and CB2R and have been shown to cause severe harmful effects when compared to the effects of Δ9-THC. The present review discusses the potential brain mechanisms that are involved in the deleterious effects of SCBs.
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Eckberg MN, Arroyo-Mora LE, Stoll DR, DeCaprio AP. Separation and Identification of Isomeric and Structurally Related Synthetic Cannabinoids Using 2D Liquid Chromatography and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 43:170-178. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are emerging drugs of abuse that are variations of existing compounds intended to cause a CNS psychotropic effect. Some NPS are so comparable in structure and physicochemical properties that they co-elute using traditional single column chromatographic techniques and therefore will not be detected as individual compounds. 2D liquid chromatography (2D-LC) has demonstrated applicability in difficult separations of small molecules and compounds in complex mixtures. It was hypothesized that this technique could also be used to separate co-eluting isomeric and structurally related, non-isomeric NPS, including synthetic cannabinoids (SC). Initial studies assessed several parameters, including column type, mobile phase, analysis time, gradient and flow rate, to optimize a 2D-LC method for separation and analysis of SC. The final comprehensive on-line 2D-LC method employed a Bonus-RP column in the first dimension (1D) coupled with UV detection and a biphenyl column in the second dimension (2D) coupled with QTOF-MS detection in full scan positive mode. To test the utility of the method, three SC mixes were created, each containing five compounds that were unresolvable in a traditional, 1D-LC separation; one mix with isomeric compounds and two with structurally related but non-isomeric compounds. Contour plots of UV absorbance in 1D and MS ion intensity in 2D demonstrated that all components in each mixture were successfully resolved using the 2D-LC separation method. This research serves as proof-of-concept for the application of 2D-LC to the separation of isomeric and structurally related SC. With further optimization and validation, 2D-LC may be a generally useful tool for separation of complex mixtures of NPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie N Eckberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL, USA
| | - Luis E Arroyo-Mora
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dwight R Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 West College Ave., Saint Peter, MN, USA
| | - Anthony P DeCaprio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL, USA
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19
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Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid (SC) products have gained popularity as abused drugs over the past decade in many countries. The SCs broadly impact psychological state (e.g., mood, suicidal thoughts and psychosis) and physiological functions (e.g., cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and urinary). This review is about the effects of SCs on psychotic symptoms in clinical settings and the potentially relevant chemistry and mechanisms of action for SCs. Induction of psychotic symptoms after consuming SC products were reported, including new-onset psychosis and psychotic relapses. The role of SCs in psychosis is more complex than any single chemical component might explain, and these effects may not be a simple extension of the typical effects of cannabis or natural cannabinoids.
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20
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Synthetic cannabinoids in biological specimens: a review of current analytical methods and sample preparation techniques. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:1609-1623. [PMID: 30226077 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids are a new class of chemical drugs capable of modifying human behavior. These products do not contain cannabis, but produce similar effects after consumption. The fact that they are easily accessed, and are many times considered to be harmless, justifies their widespread use among young people. This fact, together with the difficulty in their detection by routine drug tests, makes it extremely important to develop new procedures able to detect and monitor their consumption. The aim of this work is to perform a critical review regarding the human biological samples that can be used for the determination of synthetic cannabinoids, paying special attention to analytical methods and sample preparation techniques. The reviewed articles deal with the determination of synthetic cannabinoids in the context of forensic and toxicological analysis.
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21
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Meng Q, Buchanan B, Zuccolo J, Poulin MM, Gabriele J, Baranowski DC. A reliable and validated LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of 4 cannabinoids in 40 consumer products. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196396. [PMID: 29718956 PMCID: PMC5931681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past 50 years, Cannabis sativa (C. sativa) has gone from a substance essentially prohibited worldwide to one that is gaining acceptance both culturally and legally in many countries for medicinal and recreational use. As additional jurisdictions legalize Cannabis products and the variety and complexity of these products surpass the classical dried plant material, appropriate methods for measuring the biologically active constituents is paramount to ensure safety and regulatory compliance. While there are numerous active compounds in C. sativa the primary cannabinoids of regulatory and safety concern are (-)-Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and their respective acidic forms THCA-A and CBDA. Using the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) bioanalytical method validation guidelines we developed a sensitive, selective, and accurate method for the simultaneous analysis CBD, CBDA, THC, and THCA-A in oils and THC & CBD in more complex matrices. This HPLC-MS/MS method was simple and reliable using standard sample dilution and homogenization, an isocratic chromatographic separation, and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for analytes was 0.195 ng/mL over a 0.195-50.0 ng/mL range of quantification with a coefficient of correlation of >0.99. Average intra-day and inter-day accuracies were 94.2-112.7% and 97.2-110.9%, respectively. This method was used to quantify CBD, CBDA, THC, and THCA-A in 40 commercial hemp products representing a variety of matrices including oils, plant materials, and creams/cosmetics. All products tested met the federal regulatory restrictions on THC content in Canada (<10 μg/g) except two, with concentrations of 337 and 10.01 μg/g. With respect to CBD, the majority of analyzed products contained low CBD levels and a CBD: CBDA ratio of <1.0. In contrast, one product contained 8,410 μg/g CBD and a CBD: CBDA ratio of >1,000 (an oil-based product). Overall, the method proved amenable to the analysis of various commercial products including oils, creams, and plant material and may be diagnostically indicative of adulteration with non-hemp C. sativa, specialized hemp cultivars, or unique manufacturing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfang Meng
- Research and Development, Delivra Corp., Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Beth Buchanan
- Research and Development, Delivra Corp., Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Jonathan Zuccolo
- Research and Development, Delivra Corp., Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | | | - Joseph Gabriele
- Research and Development, Delivra Corp., Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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22
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Sengel TY, Celik EG, Aydogan C, Gumus ZP, Ilktac R, Aydindogan E, Ciftci M, Aldemir E, Coskunol H, Timur S, Yagci Y. A Functional Platform for the Detection of JWH-073 as a Model for Synthetic Cannabinoids. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tulay Yilmaz Sengel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science; Ege University; 35100 Bornova, Izmir Turkey
| | - Emine Guler Celik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science; Ege University; 35100 Bornova, Izmir Turkey
| | - Cansu Aydogan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters; Istanbul Technical University; 34469, Maslak Istanbul Turkey
| | - Zinar Pinar Gumus
- Institute of Drug Abuse, Toxicology & Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ege University; 35100 Bornova, Izmir Turkey
- Central Research Testing and Analysis Laboratory Research and Application Center; Ege University; 35100 Bornova, Izmir Turkey
| | - Raif Ilktac
- Central Research Testing and Analysis Laboratory Research and Application Center; Ege University; 35100 Bornova, Izmir Turkey
| | - Eda Aydindogan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science; Ege University; 35100 Bornova, Izmir Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ciftci
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters; Istanbul Technical University; 34469, Maslak Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ebru Aldemir
- Institute of Drug Abuse, Toxicology & Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ege University; 35100 Bornova, Izmir Turkey
| | - Hakan Coskunol
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Addiction Treatment Center; 35100 Bornova, Izmir/ Turkey
| | - Suna Timur
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science; Ege University; 35100 Bornova, Izmir Turkey
- Central Research Testing and Analysis Laboratory Research and Application Center; Ege University; 35100 Bornova, Izmir Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters; Istanbul Technical University; 34469, Maslak Istanbul Turkey
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department; Jeddah/ Saudi Arabia
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23
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Huestis MA, Smith ML. Cannabinoid Markers in Biological Fluids and Tissues: Revealing Intake. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:156-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Yeter O. Identification of the Synthetic Cannabinoid 1-(4-cyanobutyl)-N-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (CUMYL-4CN-BINACA) in Plant Material and Quantification in Post-Mortem Blood Samples. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:720-728. [PMID: 28977413 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In May 2016, a new type of synthetic indazole-3-carboxamide cannabinoid (CUMYL-4CN-BINACA) was detected in seized plant material submitted to the Istanbul Council of Forensic Medicine by the National Police Office. The major ingredient in this material was purified using preparative liquid chromatography, and its structure was identified using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HR/MS), gas chromatography-electron ionization/mass spectrometry (GC-EI/MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Using HR-MS, the molecular formula of the compound was determined to be C22H24N4O (MW = 360.1950). The 1H and 13C-NMR and FT-IR spectrometric data revealed that the structure of compound was 1-(4-cyanobutyl)-N-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (CUMYL-4CN-BINACA). After identification, it was quickly added to our generic drug list, and an ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS) method was developed to determine its presence in blood samples. This study reports on the identification of CUMYL-4CN-BINACA in plant material using LC-HR/MS, GC-EI/MS, NMR and FT-IR as well as a validated method for quantification of CUMYL-4CN-BINACA in post-mortem blood samples by UPLC-MS-MS analysis. The quantification method has been validated in terms of linearity (0.1-50 ng/mL), selectivity, intra- and inter-assay accuracy and precision (CV < 15%), recovery (94-99%), limit of detection (0.07 ng/mL) and limit of quantification (0.1 ng/mL). Matrix effects, stability and process efficiency were also assessed. The method has been applied to 2,350 post-mortem blood samples from the autopsy cases in the Morgue Department of the Council of Forensic Medicine (Istanbul, Turkey) between 1 July 2016 and 31 December 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oya Yeter
- Department of Chemistry, Council of Forensic Medicine, 34196 Bahcelievler, Istanbul, Turkey
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25
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Fojtíková L, Šuláková A, Blažková M, Holubová B, Kuchař M, Mikšátková P, Lapčík O, Fukal L. Lateral flow immunoassay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay as effective immunomethods for the detection of synthetic cannabinoid JWH-200 based on the newly synthesized hapten. Toxicol Rep 2017; 5:65-75. [PMID: 29276691 PMCID: PMC5738196 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the use of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) as drugs of abuse has greatly increased. SCs are associated with a risk of severe poisoning or even death. Therefore, more rapid, cost effective and reliable methods are needed, especially for the screening of drivers after traffic accidents and for detailed toxicological analysis in forensic laboratories. In this study, we developed a lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) and an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of JWH-200 in oral fluids. For this purpose a new hapten was prepared using a ten-step synthetic route. The developed immuno methods are based on antibodies obtained from rabbit immunized with synthesized hapten conjugated to carrier protein. The proposed methods are highly sensitive (LODLFIA = 0.08 ± 0.04 ng mL-1; LODELISA = 0.04 ± 0.02 ng mL-1). They were applied to the quantification of JHW-200 in spiked oral fluids. The recoveries ranged from 82 to 134% for both methods. The results correlated excellently with results obtained using UHPLC-MS/MS (R2LFIA = 0.99; R2ELISA = 0.99). Our developed methods could be an important tool for analyses of JWH-200 in human oral fluids. The one-step LFIA is particularly suitable for roadside and on-site monitoring due to the rapid qualitative results it delivers, while the ELISA is especially useful for laboratory quantitative analyses of positive samples captured by LFIA.
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Key Words
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- DCC, N,N’-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
- DIBAH, diisobutylaluminium hydride
- DMF, N,N-dimethylformamide
- ELISA
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- GAR, goat anti-rabbit antibody
- GAR-Po, peroxidase labelled goat anti-rabbit antibody
- Hapten synthesis
- Immunomethods
- JWH-200
- LFIA
- LFIA, lateral flow immunoassay
- LOD, limit of detection
- NBS, N-bromosuccinimide
- NHS, N-hydroxysuccinimide
- NPS, new psychoactive substances
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- RSA, rabbit serum albumin
- RSD, relative standard deviation
- SCs, synthetic cannabinoids
- Synthetic cannabinoid
- THC, thin layer chromatography
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Fojtíková
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Šuláková
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Blažková
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Holubová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kuchař
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Mikšátková
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Oldřich Lapčík
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Fukal
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
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26
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Longworth M, Connor M, Banister SD, Kassiou M. Synthesis and Pharmacological Profiling of the Metabolites of Synthetic Cannabinoid Drugs APICA, STS-135, ADB-PINACA, and 5F-ADB-PINACA. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1673-1680. [PMID: 28574245 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) containing a 1-pentyl-1-H substituted indole or indazole are abused around the world and are associated with an array of serious side effects. These compounds undergo extensive phase 1 metabolism after ingestion with little understanding whether these metabolites are contributing to the cannabimimetic activity of the drugs. This work presents the synthesis and pharmacological characterization of the major metabolites of two high concern SCs; APICA and ADB-PINACA. In a fluorometric assay of membrane potential, all metabolites that did not contain a carboxylic acid functionality retained potent activity at both the CB1 (EC50 = 14-787 nM) and CB2 (EC50 = 5.5-291 nM) receptors regardless of heterocyclic core or 3-carboxamide substituent. Of note were the 5-hydroxypentyl and 4-pentanone metabolites which showed significant increases in CB2 functional selectivity. These results suggest that the metabolites of SCs potentially contribute to the overall pharmacological profile of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Longworth
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark Connor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Samuel D. Banister
- Department
of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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27
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Sundström M, Pelander A, Ojanperä I. Comparison of Post-targeted and Pre-targeted Urine Drug Screening by UHPLC–HR-QTOFMS. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:623-630. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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28
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Gracia-Lor E, Castiglioni S, Bade R, Been F, Castrignanò E, Covaci A, González-Mariño I, Hapeshi E, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Kinyua J, Lai FY, Letzel T, Lopardo L, Meyer MR, O'Brien J, Ramin P, Rousis NI, Rydevik A, Ryu Y, Santos MM, Senta I, Thomaidis NS, Veloutsou S, Yang Z, Zuccato E, Bijlsma L. Measuring biomarkers in wastewater as a new source of epidemiological information: Current state and future perspectives. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 99:131-150. [PMID: 28038971 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The information obtained from the chemical analysis of specific human excretion products (biomarkers) in urban wastewater can be used to estimate the exposure or consumption of the population under investigation to a defined substance. A proper biomarker can provide relevant information about lifestyle habits, health and wellbeing, but its selection is not an easy task as it should fulfil several specific requirements in order to be successfully employed. This paper aims to summarize the current knowledge related to the most relevant biomarkers used so far. In addition, some potential wastewater biomarkers that could be used for future applications were evaluated. For this purpose, representative chemical classes have been chosen and grouped in four main categories: (i) those that provide estimates of lifestyle factors and substance use, (ii) those used to estimate the exposure to toxicants present in the environment and food, (iii) those that have the potential to provide information about public health and illness and (iv) those used to estimate the population size. To facilitate the evaluation of the eligibility of a compound as a biomarker, information, when available, on stability in urine and wastewater and pharmacokinetic data (i.e. metabolism and urinary excretion profile) has been reviewed. Finally, several needs and recommendations for future research are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Gracia-Lor
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Universitat Jaume I, Castellon, Spain; IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Milan, Italy.
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Milan, Italy.
| | - Richard Bade
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Universitat Jaume I, Castellon, Spain.
| | - Frederic Been
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Erika Castrignanò
- Deparment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Iria González-Mariño
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Milan, Italy.
| | - Evroula Hapeshi
- NIREAS-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | | | - Juliet Kinyua
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Letzel
- Analytical Group, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
| | - Luigi Lopardo
- Deparment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
| | - Jake O'Brien
- National Research Center for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - Pedram Ramin
- Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.
| | - Nikolaos I Rousis
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Milan, Italy.
| | - Axel Rydevik
- Deparment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Yeonsuk Ryu
- Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, LA-Interdisciplinary Centre for marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Portugal; FCUP-Dept of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ivan Senta
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Sofia Veloutsou
- Analytical Group, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
| | - Zhugen Yang
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, G128LT Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Milan, Italy.
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Universitat Jaume I, Castellon, Spain.
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29
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Mathai D, Gordon M, Muchmore P, Matorin A, Shah A, Moukaddam N. Paradoxical increase in synthetic cannabinoid emergency-related presentations after a citywide ban: Lessons from Houston, Texas. Bull Menninger Clin 2016; 80:357-370. [PMID: 27936903 DOI: 10.1521/bumc.2016.80.4.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) have become a major drug of abuse associated with severe hospital presentations. There have been a variety of legislative efforts to regulate these drugs: The authors focus on trends in SC-related hospitalizations at Ben Taub General Hospital before and after a ban enacted by the city of Houston. Data from all consults seen by Ben Taub's Licensed Chemical Dependency Counselor were examined for changes in SC-related presentations before and after the ban. The findings were compared alongside other reports of current SC use. A significant increase was found in the prevalence of SC-related presentations at Ben Taub Hospital following Houston's citywide ban. These findings are consistent with other state and national data. Houston's ordinance was expected to decrease harmful effects of SC in the community; however, the data suggest an increase in presentations since the legislation was passed. While further study is needed, it initially appears that the threat of SCs is still considerable despite policy efforts. These results suggest the need for further monitoring of SC use and continued collaboration toward effective public health measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mathai
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Mollie Gordon
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Peter Muchmore
- Department of Social Work, Harris Health Systems, Houston, Texas
| | - Anu Matorin
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Asim Shah
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Nidal Moukaddam
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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30
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Diao X, Huestis MA. Approaches, Challenges, and Advances in Metabolism of New Synthetic Cannabinoids and Identification of Optimal Urinary Marker Metabolites. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 101:239-253. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X Diao
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - MA Huestis
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; Baltimore Maryland USA
- University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland USA
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31
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Borg D, Tverdovsky A, Stripp R. A Fast and Comprehensive Analysis of 32 Synthetic Cannabinoids Using Agilent Triple Quadrupole LC–MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 41:6-16. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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32
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Yi T, Zhu L, Zhu GY, Tang YN, Xu J, Fan JY, Zhao ZZ, Chen HB. HSCCC-based strategy for preparative separation of in vivo metabolites after administration of an herbal medicine: Saussurea laniceps, a case study. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33036. [PMID: 27618988 PMCID: PMC5020495 DOI: 10.1038/srep33036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports a novel strategy based on high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) technique to separate in vivo metabolites from refined extract of urine after administration of an herbal medicine. Saussurea laniceps (SL) was chosen as a model herbal medicine to be used to test the feasibility of our proposed strategy. This strategy succeeded in the case of separating four in vivo metabolites of SL from the urine of rats. Briefly, after oral administration of SL extract to three rats for ten days (2.0 g/kg/d), 269.1 mg of umbelliferone glucuronide (M1, purity, 92.5%), 432.5 mg of scopoletin glucuronide (M2, purity, 93.2%), 221.4 mg of scopoletin glucuronide (M3, purity, 92.9%) and 319.0 mg of scopoletin glucuronide (M4, purity, 90.4%) were separated from 420 mL of the rat urine by HSCCC using a two-phase solvent system composed of methyl tert-butyl ether-n-butanol-acetonitrile-water (MTBE-n-BuOH-ACN-H2O) at a volume ratio of 10:30:11:49. The chemical structures of the four metabolites, M1 to M4, were confirmed by MS and (1)H, (13)C NMR. As far as we know, this is the first report of the successful separation of in vivo metabolites by HSCCC after administration of an herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yi
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Institute of Research and Continuing Education (Shenzhen), Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yi-Na Tang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Institute of Research and Continuing Education (Shenzhen), Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Institute of Research and Continuing Education (Shenzhen), Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jia-Yi Fan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zhong-Zhen Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hu-Biao Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Institute of Research and Continuing Education (Shenzhen), Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Synthetic cannabinoids are touted as legal alternatives to cannabis, at least when first released, and routine urine cannabinoid screening methods do not detect these novel psychoactive substances. Synthetic cannabinoids are widely available, are a major public health and safety problem, and a difficult challenge for drug-testing laboratories. We evaluated performance of the National Medical Services (NMS) JWH-018 direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit to sensitively, selectively, and rapidly screen urinary synthetic cannabinoids. METHODS The NMS ELISA kit targeting the JWH-018 N-(5-hydroxypentyl) metabolite was used to screen 2492 urine samples with 5 and 10 mcg/L cutoffs. A fully validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for 29 synthetic cannabinoids markers confirmed all presumptive positive and negative results. Performance challenges at ±25% and ±50% of cutoffs determined intraplate and interplate imprecision around proposed cutoffs. RESULTS The immunoassay was linear from 1 to 500 mcg/L with intraplate and interplate imprecision of ≤8.2% and <14.0%, respectively. No interferences were present from 93 common drugs of abuse, metabolites, coadministered drugs, over-the-counter medications, or structurally similar compounds, and 19 of 73 individual synthetic cannabinoids (26%) exhibited moderate to high cross-reactivity to JWH-018 N-(5-hydroxypentyl) metabolite. Sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency results were 83.7%, 99.4%, and 97.6%, as well as 71.6%, 99.7%, and 96.4% with the 5 and 10 mcg/L urine cutoffs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This high throughput immunoassay exhibited good diagnostic efficiency and documented that the NMS JWH-018 direct ELISA is a viable method for screening synthetic cannabinoids in urine targeting the JWH-018 N-(5-hydroxypentyl) and related analytes. Optimal performance was achieved with a matrix-matched 5 mcg/L urine cutoff.
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Remane D, Wissenbach DK, Peters FT. Recent advances of liquid chromatography–(tandem) mass spectrometry in clinical and forensic toxicology — An update. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:1051-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Analysis of psychoactive substances in water by information dependent acquisition on a hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1461:98-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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36
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Carlier J, Scheidweiler KB, Wohlfarth A, Salmeron BD, Baumann MH, Huestis MA. Quantification of [1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](naphthalene-1-yl)methanone (AM-2201) and 13 metabolites in human and rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1451:97-106. [PMID: 27208987 PMCID: PMC4886661 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AM-2201 is a popular synthetic cannabinoid first synthesized in 2000. AM-2201 pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data are scarce, requiring further investigation. We developed a sensitive method for quantifying AM-2201 and 13 metabolites in plasma to provide a tool to further metabolic, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies. Analysis was performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Chromatographic separation was performed by gradient elution on a biphenyl column with 0.1% formic acid in water/0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile:methanol 50:50 (v/v) mobile phase. Sample preparation (75μL) consisted of an enzymatic hydrolysis and a supported liquid extraction. The method was validated with human plasma with a 0.025 or 0.050-50μg/L working range, and cross-validated for rat plasma. Analytical recovery was 88.8-110.1% of target concentration, and intra- (n=30) and inter-day (n=30) imprecision<11.9% coefficient of variation. Method recoveries and matrix effects ranged from 58.4-84.4% and -62.1 to -15.6%, respectively. AM-2201 and metabolites were stable (±20%) at room temperature for 24h, at 4°C for 72h, and after three freeze-thaw cycles, and for 72h in the autosampler after extraction. The method was developed for pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies with controlled administration in rats but is applicable for pre-clinical and clinical research and forensic investigations. Rat plasma specimen analysis following subcutaneous AM-2201 administration demonstrated the suitability of the method. AM-2201, JWH-018 N-(5-hydroxypentyl), and JWH-018 N-pentanoic acid concentrations were 4.8±1.0, 0.15±0.03, and 0.34±0.07μg/L, respectively, 8h after AM-2201 administration at 0.3mg/kg (n=5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Carlier
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics Research Branch, Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 251 Bayview Boulevard Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Karl B Scheidweiler
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics Research Branch, Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 251 Bayview Boulevard Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Ariane Wohlfarth
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics Research Branch, Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 251 Bayview Boulevard Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Bonita D Salmeron
- Designer Drug Research Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 333 Cassell Drive Suite 4400, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Michael H Baumann
- Designer Drug Research Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 333 Cassell Drive Suite 4400, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics Research Branch, Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 251 Bayview Boulevard Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Zhang Y, Sun S, Xing X, Du Z, Guo Q, Yu W. Detection and Identification of Leachables in Vaccine from Plastic Packaging Materials Using UPLC-QTOF MS with Self-Built Polymer Additives Library. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6749-57. [PMID: 27258161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The direct contact of plastic parts with the medical products raises the possibility that plastic-related contaminants (leachables) may be present in the finished medical product. The leachable components from plastic materials may impact the safety and efficacy of the final medical product, so identification and determination of the leachables are essential for the safety assessment of medical products. A method to identify main leachables-polymer additives in medical products was developed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF MS) and a self-built library. The library contains 174 additives and the information on their names, formulas, structures, retention times, fragments, classifications, origin, and corresponding MS(E) and MSMS spectra. The reliability of the construction process of the library was guaranteed by the system stability and suitability test. Identification parameters of library application, such as mass error, retention times, fragments, and isotope pattern, were evaluated. Leachables in real vaccine and the intermediates were identified using automatic library searching. In vaccine, the peak m/z 239.0887 that could not be assigned by the library was identified as dimethyl 2-hydroxy-1,3-cyclohexanedicarboxylate using a series of elucidation tools. As a result, the concentrations of leachables in vaccine and the intermediates ranged from 0.85 to 21.91 μg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- College of Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, China 100029
| | - Shuqi Sun
- College of Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, China 100029
| | - Xuebin Xing
- College of Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, China 100029
| | - Zhenxia Du
- College of Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, China 100029
| | - Qiaozhen Guo
- College of Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, China 100029.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing, China 100013
| | - Wenlian Yu
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China 100123
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38
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Aldlgan AA, Torrance. HJ. Bioanalytical methods for the determination of synthetic cannabinoids and metabolites in biological specimens. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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39
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Determination of selected synthetic cannabinoids and their metabolites by micellar electrokinetic chromatography – mass spectrometry employing perfluoroheptanoic acid-based micellar phase. Talanta 2016; 150:568-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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40
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Gerostamoulos D, Elliott S, Walls HC, Peters FT, Lynch M, Drummer OH. To Measure or Not to Measure? That is the NPS Question. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 40:318-20. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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41
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Multiple stage MS in analysis of plasma, serum, urine and in vitro samples relevant to clinical and forensic toxicology. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:457-81. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.16.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews MS approaches applied to metabolism studies, structure elucidation and qualitative or quantitative screening of drugs (of abuse) and/or their metabolites. Applications in clinical and forensic toxicology were included using blood plasma or serum, urine, in vitro samples, liquids, solids or plant material. Techniques covered are liquid chromatography coupled to low-resolution and high-resolution multiple stage mass analyzers. Only PubMed listed studies published in English between January 2008 and January 2015 were considered. Approaches are discussed focusing on sample preparation and mass spectral settings. Comments on advantages and limitations of these techniques complete the review.
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42
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Smith JP, Sutcliffe OB, Banks CE. An overview of recent developments in the analytical detection of new psychoactive substances (NPSs). Analyst 2016; 140:4932-48. [PMID: 26031385 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00797f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
New psychoactive substances (NPSs), sometimes referred to as "legal highs" in more colloquial environments/the media, are a class of compounds that have been recently made available for abuse (not necessarily recently discovered) which provide similar effects to the traditional well studied illegal drugs but are not always controlled under existing local, regional or international drug legislation. Following an unprecedented increase in the number of NPSs in the last 5 years (with 101 substances discovered for the first time in 2014 alone) its, occasionally fatal, consequences have been extensively reported in the media. Such NPSs are typically marketed as 'not for human consumption' and are instead labelled and sold as plant food, bath salts as well as a whole host of other equally nondescript aliases in order to bypass legislative controls. NPSs are a new multi-disciplinary research field with the main emphasis in terms of forensic identification due to their adverse health effects, which can range from minimal to life threatening and even fatalities. In this mini-review we overview this recent emerging research area of NPSs and the analytical approaches reported to provide detection strategies as well as detailing recent reports towards providing point-of-care/in-the-field NPS ("legal high") sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie P Smith
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Science and the Environment, Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK.
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43
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Davies BB, Bayard C, Larson SJ, Zarwell LW, Mitchell RA. Retrospective Analysis of Synthetic Cannabinoid Metabolites in Urine of Individuals Suspected of Driving Impaired. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 40:89-96. [PMID: 26687103 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkv136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification and analysis of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) in biological specimens remains an ongoing challenge for forensic toxicologists. Analytical method development is both resource and time consuming, and falls behind the illicit production of newer SCs. Distinguishing optimal metabolic targets and specific SC use is further complicated by metabolic pathway convergence between different SCs. Gaining further insight into the prevalence and psychopharmacologic role of these drugs in forensic cases, particularly in individuals suspected of driving impaired, is important. The prevalence of SC metabolites (SCMs) in suspects of impaired driving in Washington, DC between June 2012 and August 2013 was studied. A total of 526 urine samples were screened for 12 SCMs by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in separate duplicate analyses. Nineteen cases (3.6%) confirmed positive for the following SCMs: UR-144 N-pentanoic acid (n = 17;89%), JWH-073 butanoic acid (n = 3;16%), JWH-018 pentanoic acid (n = 3;16%), AM-2201 4-hydroxypentyl (n = 3;16%) and 5-fluoro PB22 3-carboxyindole (n = 1;5%). This study made use of existing analytical methodology to provide insight into the prevalence of synthetic cannabinoid use in DUID cases. Understanding the range and extent of use in these cases can provide valuable information to the forensic community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwen B Davies
- Department of Forensic Sciences, The George Washington University, 2100 Foxhall Road N.W., Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ciena Bayard
- The Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 401 E Street, SW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Scott J Larson
- Forensic Science Division, Montana Department of Justice, 2679 Palmer Street, Missoula, MT 59808, USA
| | - Lucas W Zarwell
- The Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 401 E Street, SW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Roger A Mitchell
- The Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 401 E Street, SW, Washington, DC, USA
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44
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Ma Q, Bai H, Li W, Wang C, Cooks RG, Ouyang Z. Rapid analysis of synthetic cannabinoids using a miniature mass spectrometer with ambient ionization capability. Talanta 2015; 142:190-6. [PMID: 26003711 PMCID: PMC4447189 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids are an emerging class of drugs of abuse and are of a great concern for transport control and usage regulation. In this study, we have developed rapid analytical methods using a miniature mass spectrometer for the identification of synthetic cannabinoids, as the traces of bulk powders on surfaces or substances in blood and urine. Significantly simplified work flows were developed by employing two ambient ionization methods, the paper spray and extraction spray ionization. Using five synthetic cannabinoids as examples, a limit of detection of 2 ng was estimated for the detection of trace powders on a bench surface and limits of quantitation as good as 10 ng/mL were obtained for the analysis of blood and urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ma
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Hua Bai
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Wentao Li
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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45
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Yan Z, Yan R. Increase the accessibility and scale of targeted metabolomics: Construction of a human urinary metabolome-wide multiple reaction monitoring library using directly-coupled reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 894:65-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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46
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Berg T, Kaur L, Risnes A, Havig SM, Karinen R. Determination of a selection of synthetic cannabinoids and metabolites in urine by UHPSFC-MS/MS and by UHPLC-MS/MS. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:708-22. [PMID: 26304456 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two different analytical techniques, ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPSFC-MS/MS) and reversed phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), were used for the determination of two synthetic cannabinoids and eleven metabolites in urine; AM-2201 N-4-OH-pentyl, AM-2233, JWH-018 N-5-OH-pentyl, JWH-018 N-pentanoic acid, JWH-073 N-4-OH-butyl, JWH-073 N-butanoic acid, JWH-122 N-5-OH-pentyl, MAM-2201, MAM-2201 N-4-OH-pentyl, RCS-4 N-5-OH-pentyl, UR-144 degradant N-pentanoic acid, UR-144 N-4-OH-pentyl, and UR-144 N-pentanoic acid. Sample preparation included a liquid-liquid extraction after deconjugation with ß-glucuronidase. The UHPSFC-MS/MS method used an Acquity UPC(2 TM) BEH column with a mobile phase consisting of CO2 and 0.3% ammonia in methanol, while the UHPLC-MS/MS method used an Acquity UPLC® BEH C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of 5 mM ammonium formate (pH 10.2) and methanol. MS/MS detection was performed with positive electrospray ionization and two multiple reaction monitoring transitions. Deuterated internal standards were used for six of the compounds. Limits of quantification (LOQs) were between 0.04 and 0.4 µg/L. Between-day relative standard deviations at concentrations ≥ LOQ were ≤20%, with biases within ±19%. Recoveries ranged from 40 to 90%. Corrected matrix effects were within 100 ± 10%, except for MAM-2201 with UHPSFC-MS/MS, and for UR-144 N-pentanoic acid and MAM-2201 N-4-OH-pentyl with UHPLC-MS/MS. Elution order obtained by UHPSFC-MS/MS was almost opposite to that obtained by UHPLC-MS/MS, making this instrument setup an interesting combination for screening and confirmation analyses in forensic cases. The UHPLC-MS/MS method has, since August 2014, been successfully used for confirmation of synthetic cannabinoids in urine samples revealing a positive immunoassay screening result. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Berg
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Sciences, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lakhwinder Kaur
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Sciences, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Risnes
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Sciences, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine Marie Havig
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Sciences, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ritva Karinen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Sciences, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway
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48
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Gao Y, Zhang R, Bai J, Xia X, Chen Y, Luo Z, Xu J, Gao Y, Liu Y, He J, Abliz Z. Targeted Data-Independent Acquisition and Mining Strategy for Trace Drug Metabolite Identification Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:7535-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruiping Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinfa Bai
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Xia
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Luo
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Gao
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuling Liu
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiuming He
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zeper Abliz
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People’s Republic of China
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49
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Hung CH, Zukowski J, Jensen DS, Miles AJ, Sulak C, Dadson AE, Linford MR. Separation of cannabinoids on three different mixed-mode columns containing carbon/nanodiamond/amine-polymer superficially porous particles. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2968-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Hsi Hung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
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Freijo TD, Harris SE, Kala SV. A rapid quantitative method for the analysis of synthetic cannabinoids by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 38:466-78. [PMID: 25217534 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids represent an emerging drug problem in the USA, as these compounds are constantly being modified and rapidly sold as soon as they become available. Laboratories around the world are constantly improving the analytical methods to detect and identify these newly available designer drugs. This study used a simple approach to detect and quantify a variety of synthetic cannabinoids (14 parent compounds and 15 metabolites including series XLR, AM, JWH, UR, RCS, PB, HU and AB-FUBINACA) using LC-MS-MS. Drug-free urine samples spiked with various synthetic cannabinoids and their metabolites were separated on a C18-Hypersil Gold column using an Agilent 1290 ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and detected by an AB Sciex API 4000 tandem mass spectrometer. Studies were carried out to determine limit of detection, limit of quantitation, upper limit of linearity, ion suppression, interference, precision and accuracy to validate the method. Urine samples from patients and known users were hydrolyzed with β-glucuronidase prior to the analysis by LC-MS-MS, and the data are presented. The method described here is rapid, highly sensitive and specific for the identification of a variety of synthetic cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom D Freijo
- One Source Toxicology Laboratory, 1213 Genoa Red Bluff, Pasadena, TX 77504, USA
| | - Steve E Harris
- One Source Toxicology Laboratory, 1213 Genoa Red Bluff, Pasadena, TX 77504, USA
| | - Subbarao V Kala
- One Source Toxicology Laboratory, 1213 Genoa Red Bluff, Pasadena, TX 77504, USA
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