1
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Costa JNY, Pimentel GJC, Poker JA, Merces L, Paschoalino WJ, Vieira LCS, Castro ACH, Alves WA, Ayres LB, Kubota LT, Santhiago M, Garcia CD, Piazzetta MHO, Gobbi AL, Shimizu FM, Lima RS. Single-Response Duplexing of Electrochemical Label-Free Biosensor from the Same Tag. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303509. [PMID: 38245830 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Multiplexing is a valuable strategy to boost throughput and improve clinical accuracy. Exploiting the vertical, meshed design of reproducible and low-cost ultra-dense electrochemical chips, the unprecedented single-response multiplexing of typical label-free biosensors is reported. Using a cheap, handheld one-channel workstation and a single redox probe, that is, ferro/ferricyanide, the recognition events taking place on two spatially resolved locations of the same working electrode can be tracked along a single voltammetry scan by collecting the electrochemical signatures of the probe in relation to different quasi-reference electrodes, Au (0 V) and Ag/AgCl ink (+0.2 V). This spatial isolation prevents crosstalk between the redox tags and interferences over functionalization and binding steps, representing an advantage over the existing non-spatially resolved single-response multiplex strategies. As proof of concept, peptide-tethered immunosensors are demonstrated to provide the duplex detection of COVID-19 antibodies, thereby doubling the throughput while achieving 100% accuracy in serum samples. The approach is envisioned to enable broad applications in high-throughput and multi-analyte platforms, as it can be tailored to other biosensing devices and formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana N Y Costa
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Gabriel J C Pimentel
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Júlia A Poker
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Leandro Merces
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Waldemir J Paschoalino
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Luis C S Vieira
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Ana C H Castro
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Wendel A Alves
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Lucas B Ayres
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Lauro T Kubota
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Murilo Santhiago
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Carlos D Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Maria H O Piazzetta
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Angelo L Gobbi
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Flávio M Shimizu
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Renato S Lima
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, 09210-580, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-590, Brazil
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2
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Scala-Benuzzi M, Fernández SN, Giménez G, Ybarra G, Soler-Illia GJAA. Ordered Mesoporous Electrodes for Sensing Applications. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:24128-24152. [PMID: 37457464 PMCID: PMC10339336 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical sensors have become increasingly relevant in fields such as medicine, environmental monitoring, and industrial process control. Selectivity, specificity, sensitivity, signal reproducibility, and robustness are among the most important challenges for their development, especially when the target compound is present in low concentrations or in complex analytical matrices. In this context, electrode modification with Mesoporous Thin Films (MTFs) has aroused great interest in the past years. MTFs present high surface area, uniform pore distribution, and tunable pore size. Furthermore, they offer a wide variety of electrochemical signal modulation possibilities through molecular sieving, electrostatic or steric exclusion, and preconcentration effects which are due to mesopore confinement and surface functionalization. In order to fully exploit these advantages, it is central to develop reproducible routes for sensitive, selective, and robust MTF-modified electrodes. In addition, it is necessary to understand the complex mass and charge transport processes that take place through the film (particularly in the mesopores, pore surfaces, and interfaces) and on the electrode in order to design future intelligent and adaptive sensors. We present here an overview of MTFs applied to electrochemical sensing, in which we address their fabrication methods and the transport processes that are critical to the electrode response. We also summarize the current applications in biosensing and electroanalysis, as well as the challenges and opportunities brought by integrating MTF synthesis with electrode microfabrication, which is critical when moving from laboratory work to in situ sensing in the field of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- María
L. Scala-Benuzzi
- INTI-Micro
y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Nacional
de Tecnología Industrial, Av. Gral. Paz 5445, 1560 San Martín, Buenos
Aires, Argentina
- Instituto
de Nanosistemas, Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, UNSAM-CONICET, Av. 25 de Mayo 1169, 1650 San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sol N. Fernández
- INTI-Micro
y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Nacional
de Tecnología Industrial, Av. Gral. Paz 5445, 1560 San Martín, Buenos
Aires, Argentina
- Instituto
de Nanosistemas, Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, UNSAM-CONICET, Av. 25 de Mayo 1169, 1650 San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto
de Calidad Industrial (INCALIN-UNSAM), Av. 25 de Mayo y Francia, 1650 San Martín, Provincia
de Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Gustavo Giménez
- INTI-Micro
y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Nacional
de Tecnología Industrial, Av. Gral. Paz 5445, 1560 San Martín, Buenos
Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Ybarra
- INTI-Micro
y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Nacional
de Tecnología Industrial, Av. Gral. Paz 5445, 1560 San Martín, Buenos
Aires, Argentina
| | - Galo J. A. A. Soler-Illia
- Instituto
de Nanosistemas, Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, UNSAM-CONICET, Av. 25 de Mayo 1169, 1650 San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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3
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Jung HS, Jung WB, Wang J, Abbott J, Horgan A, Fournier M, Hinton H, Hwang YH, Godron X, Nicol R, Park H, Ham D. CMOS electrochemical pH localizer-imager. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm6815. [PMID: 35895813 PMCID: PMC9328676 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm6815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
pH controls a large repertoire of chemical and biochemical processes in water. Densely arrayed pH microenvironments would parallelize these processes, enabling their high-throughput studies and applications. However, pH localization, let alone its arrayed realization, remains challenging because of fast diffusion of protons in water. Here, we demonstrate arrayed localizations of picoliter-scale aqueous acids, using a 256-electrochemical cell array defined on and operated by a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-integrated circuit. Each cell, comprising a concentric pair of cathode and anode with their current injections controlled with a sub-nanoampere resolution by the CMOS electronics, creates a local pH environment, or a pH "voxel," via confined electrochemistry. The system also monitors the spatiotemporal pH profile across the array in real time for precision pH control. We highlight the utility of this CMOS pH localizer-imager for high-throughput tasks by parallelizing pH-gated molecular state encoding and pH-regulated enzymatic DNA elongation at any selected set of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sae Jung
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Woo-Bin Jung
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey Abbott
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | | | - Henry Hinton
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Young-Ha Hwang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | - Robert Nicol
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Hongkun Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Donhee Ham
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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4
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Hsueh AJ, Mutalib NA, Shirato Y, Suzuki H. Bipolar Electrode Arrays for Chemical Imaging and Multiplexed Sensing. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:20298-20305. [PMID: 35721987 PMCID: PMC9202012 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar electrodes (BPEs) with arrays of cathodic and anodic poles were developed for use in closed bipolar systems. To increase the number of BPEs in the array, the anodic and cathodic poles were connected with each other using thin leads. A further increase in the number of BPEs was achieved by forming the cathodic and anodic poles of the BPEs and the leads in different layers. A device with 9 × 10 arrays of cathodes and anodes was thus realized. When using this device to sense hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the sensitivity and linear range of calibration plots could be adjusted by changing the driving voltage and the area ratio between the cathodic and anodic poles. The devices were used to image H2O2 and obtain time-lapse images for the diffusion and dilution of H2O2. Furthermore, DNA detection was demonstrated using an electroactive intercalator. The sensitivity could be improved by making the anodic poles smaller with respect to the cathodic pole and concentrating the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) in a small area. The ECL intensity changed according to the target DNA concentration in the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Ju Hsueh
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Nurul Asyikeen
Ab Mutalib
- Graduate
School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shirato
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Faculty
of Pure and Applied Sciences, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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5
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Bounik R, Cardes F, Ulusan H, Modena MM, Hierlemann A. Impedance Imaging of Cells and Tissues: Design and Applications. BME FRONTIERS 2022; 2022:1-21. [PMID: 35761901 PMCID: PMC7612906 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9857485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their label-free and noninvasive nature, impedance measurements have attracted increasing interest in biological research. Advances in microfabrication and integrated-circuit technology have opened a route to using large-scale microelectrode arrays for real-time, high-spatiotemporal-resolution impedance measurements of biological samples. In this review, we discuss different methods and applications of measuring impedance for cell and tissue analysis with a focus on impedance imaging with microelectrode arrays in in vitro applications. We first introduce how electrode configurations and the frequency range of the impedance analysis determine the information that can be extracted. We then delve into relevant circuit topologies that can be used to implement impedance measurements and their characteristic features, such as resolution and data-acquisition time. Afterwards, we detail design considerations for the implementation of new impedance-imaging devices. We conclude by discussing future fields of application of impedance imaging in biomedical research, in particular applications where optical imaging is not possible, such as monitoring of ex vivo tissue slices or microelectrode-based brain implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raziyeh Bounik
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fernando Cardes
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hasan Ulusan
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mario M. Modena
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland
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6
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Abbott J, Mukherjee A, Wu W, Ye T, Jung HS, Cheung KM, Gertner RS, Basan M, Ham D, Park H. Multi-parametric functional imaging of cell cultures and tissues with a CMOS microelectrode array. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1286-1296. [PMID: 35266462 PMCID: PMC8963257 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00878a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Electrode-based impedance and electrochemical measurements can provide cell-biology information that is difficult to obtain using optical-microscopy techniques. Such electrical methods are non-invasive, label-free, and continuous, eliminating the need for fluorescence reporters and overcoming optical imaging's throughput/temporal resolution limitations. Nonetheless, electrode-based techniques have not been heavily employed because devices typically contain few electrodes per well, resulting in noisy aggregate readouts. Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) microelectrode arrays (MEAs) have sometimes been used for electrophysiological measurements with thousands of electrodes per well at sub-cellular pitches, but only basic impedance mappings of cell attachment have been performed outside of electrophysiology. Here, we report on new field-based impedance mapping and electrochemical mapping/patterning techniques to expand CMOS-MEA cell-biology applications. The methods enable accurate measurement of cell attachment, growth/wound healing, cell-cell adhesion, metabolic state, and redox properties with single-cell spatial resolution (20 μm electrode pitch). These measurements allow the quantification of adhesion and metabolic differences of cells expressing oncogenes versus wild-type controls. The multi-parametric, cell-population statistics captured by the chip-scale integrated device opens up new avenues for fully electronic high-throughput live-cell assays for phenotypic screening and drug discovery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Abbott
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Avik Mukherjee
- Department of System Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Wenxuan Wu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Tianyang Ye
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Han Sae Jung
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Kevin M Cheung
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Rona S Gertner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Markus Basan
- Department of System Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Donhee Ham
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Hongkun Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Shojaei Baghini M, Vilouras A, Douthwaite M, Georgiou P, Dahiya R. Ultra‐thin ISFET‐based sensing systems. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Shojaei Baghini
- Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies (BEST) Group School of Engineering University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Anastasios Vilouras
- Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies (BEST) Group School of Engineering University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Matthew Douthwaite
- Centre for Bio‐Inspired Technology Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Imperial College London London UK
| | - Pantelis Georgiou
- Centre for Bio‐Inspired Technology Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Imperial College London London UK
| | - Ravinder Dahiya
- Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies (BEST) Group School of Engineering University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
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8
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Fu K, Seo J, Kesler V, Maganzini N, Wilson BD, Eisenstein M, Murmann B, Soh HT. Accelerated Electron Transfer in Nanostructured Electrodes Improves the Sensitivity of Electrochemical Biosensors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2102495. [PMID: 34668339 PMCID: PMC8655170 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors hold the exciting potential to integrate molecular detection with signal processing and wireless communication in a miniaturized, low-cost system. However, as electrochemical biosensors are miniaturized to the micrometer scale, their signal-to-noise ratio degrades and reduces their utility for molecular diagnostics. Studies have reported that nanostructured electrodes can improve electrochemical biosensor signals, but since the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood, it remains difficult to fully exploit this phenomenon to improve biosensor performance. In this work, electrochemical aptamer biosensors on nanoporous electrode are optimized to achieve improved sensitivity by tuning pore size, probe density, and electrochemical measurement parameters. Further, a novel mechanism in which electron transfer is physically accelerated within nanostructured electrodes due to reduced charge screening, resulting in enhanced sensitivity is proposed and experimentally validated. In concert with the increased surface areas achieved with this platform, this newly identified effect can yield an up to 24-fold increase in signal level and nearly fourfold lower limit of detection relative to planar electrodes with the same footprint. Importantly, this strategy can be generalized to virtually any electrochemical aptamer sensor, enabling sensitive detection in applications where miniaturization is a necessity, and should likewise prove broadly applicable for improving electrochemical biosensor performance in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Fu
- Department of Electrical EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
- Department of RadiologyStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Ji‐Won Seo
- Department of Electrical EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
- Department of RadiologyStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Vladimir Kesler
- Department of Electrical EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Nicolo Maganzini
- Department of Electrical EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Brandon D. Wilson
- Department of Chemical EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Michael Eisenstein
- Department of Electrical EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
- Department of RadiologyStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Boris Murmann
- Department of Electrical EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - H. Tom Soh
- Department of Electrical EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
- Department of RadiologyStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoCA94158USA
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9
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Bao B, Rivkin B, Akbar F, Karnaushenko DD, Bandari VK, Teuerle L, Becker C, Baunack S, Karnaushenko D, Schmidt OG. Digital Electrochemistry for On-Chip Heterogeneous Material Integration. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101272. [PMID: 34028906 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many modern electronic applications rely on functional units arranged in an active-matrix integrated on a single chip. The active-matrix allows numerous identical device pixels to be addressed within a single system. However, next-generation electronics requires heterogeneous integration of dissimilar devices, where sensors, actuators, and display pixels sense and interact with the local environment. Heterogeneous material integration allows the reduction of size, increase of functionality, and enhancement of performance; however, it is challenging since front-end fabrication technologies in microelectronics put extremely high demands on materials, fabrication protocols, and processing environments. To overcome the obstacle in heterogeneous material integration, digital electrochemistry is explored here, which site-selectively carries out electrochemical processes to deposit and address electroactive materials within the pixel array. More specifically, an amorphous indium-gallium-zinc oxide (a-IGZO) thin-film-transistor (TFT) active-matrix is used to address pixels within the matrix and locally control electrochemical reactions for material growth and actuation. The digital electrochemistry procedure is studied in-depth by using polypyrrole (PPy) as a model material. Active-matrix-driven multicolored electrochromic patterns and actuator arrays are fabricated to demonstrate the capabilities of this approach for material integration. The approach can be extended to a broad range of materials and structures, opening up a new path for advanced heterogeneous microsystem integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Bao
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Boris Rivkin
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Farzin Akbar
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Vineeth Kumar Bandari
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Laura Teuerle
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Becker
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Baunack
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Nanophysics, Faculty of Physics, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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10
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White KA, Kim BN. Quantifying neurotransmitter secretion at single-vesicle resolution using high-density complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor electrode array. Nat Commun 2021; 12:431. [PMID: 33462204 PMCID: PMC7813837 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20267-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal exocytosis facilitates the propagation of information through the nervous system pertaining to bodily function, memory, and emotions. Using amperometry, the sub-millisecond dynamics of exocytosis can be monitored and the modulation of exocytosis due to drug treatment or neurodegenerative diseases can be studied. Traditional single-cell amperometry is a powerful technique for studying the molecular mechanisms of exocytosis, but it is both costly and labor-intensive to accumulate statistically significant data. To surmount these limitations, we have developed a silicon-based electrode array with 1024 on-chip electrodes that measures oxidative signal in 0.1 millisecond intervals. Using the developed device, we are able to capture the modulation of exocytosis due to Parkinson's disease treatment (L-Dopa), with statistical significance, within 30 total minutes of recording. The validation study proves our device's capability to accelerate the study of many pharmaceutical treatments for various neurodegenerative disorders that affect neurotransmitter secretion to a matter of minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A White
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Brian N Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA.
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA.
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11
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Sassa F, Biswas GC, Suzuki H. Microfabricated electrochemical sensing devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1358-1389. [PMID: 32129358 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01112a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry provides possibilities to realize smart microdevices of the next generation with high functionalities. Electrodes, which constitute major components of electrochemical devices, can be formed by various microfabrication techniques, and integration of the same (or different) components for that purpose is not difficult. Merging this technique with microfluidics can further expand the areas of application of the resultant devices. To augment the development of next generation devices, it will be beneficial to review recent technological trends in this field and clarify the directions required for moving forward. Even when limiting the discussion to electrochemical microdevices, a variety of useful techniques should be considered. Therefore, in this review, we attempted to provide an overview of all relevant techniques in this context in the hope that it can provide useful comprehensive information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Sassa
- Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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12
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Welden R, Schöning MJ, Wagner PH, Wagner T. Light-Addressable Electrodes for Dynamic and Flexible Addressing of Biological Systems and Electrochemical Reactions. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20061680. [PMID: 32192226 PMCID: PMC7147159 DOI: 10.3390/s20061680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this review article, we are going to present an overview on possible applications of light-addressable electrodes (LAE) as actuator/manipulation devices besides classical electrode structures. For LAEs, the electrode material consists of a semiconductor. Illumination with a light source with the appropiate wavelength leads to the generation of electron-hole pairs which can be utilized for further photoelectrochemical reaction. Due to recent progress in light-projection technologies, highly dynamic and flexible illumination patterns can be generated, opening new possibilities for light-addressable electrodes. A short introduction on semiconductor–electrolyte interfaces with light stimulation is given together with electrode-design approaches. Towards applications, the stimulation of cells with different electrode materials and fabrication designs is explained, followed by analyte-manipulation strategies and spatially resolved photoelectrochemical deposition of different material types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Welden
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Heinrich-Mußmann-Str. 1, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (R.W.); (M.J.S.)
- Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael J. Schöning
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Heinrich-Mußmann-Str. 1, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (R.W.); (M.J.S.)
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-8), Research Center Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Patrick H. Wagner
- Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Torsten Wagner
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Heinrich-Mußmann-Str. 1, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (R.W.); (M.J.S.)
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-8), Research Center Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-241-6009-53766
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13
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Punjiya M, Mocker A, Napier B, Zeeshan A, Gutsche M, Sonkusale S. CMOS microcavity arrays for single-cell electroporation and lysis. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 150:111931. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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14
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Tedjo W, Chen T. An Integrated Biosensor System With a High-Density Microelectrode Array for Real-Time Electrochemical Imaging. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2020; 14:20-35. [PMID: 31751250 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2019.2953579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical methods have been shown to be advantageous to life sciences by supporting studies and discoveries in metabolism activities, DNA analysis, and neurotransmitter signaling. Meanwhile, the integration of Microelectrode Array (MEA) and the accessibility of CMOS technology permit high-density electrochemical sensing method. This paper describes an electrochemical imaging system equipped with a custom CMOS microchip. The microchip holds a 3.6 mm × 3.6 mm sensing area containing 16,064 Pt MEA, the associated 16,064 integrated read channels, and digital control circuits. The novel three-electrode system geometry with a 27.5 μm spatial pitch enables cellular level chemical gradient imaging of bio-samples. The noise level of the on-chip read channel array allows amperometric detection of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine (NE) with concentrations from 4 μM to 512 μM with 4.7 pA/μM sensitivity (R2 = 0.98). Electrochemical response to dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration was also characterized by deoxygenated deionized water containing 5% to 80% of the ambient oxygen concentrations with 86 pA/mg/L sensitivity (R2 = 0.89). The system also demonstrated selectivity to different target analytes using cyclic voltammetry method to simultaneously detect NE and uric acid. Also, a custom indium tin oxide with deposited Au glass electrode was integrated into the microfluidic system to enable pH measurement, ensuring the viability of bio-samples during experiments. Electrochemical images confirm the spatiotemporal performance at four frames per second while maintaining the sensitivity to target analytes. Finally, the overall system is controlled and continuously monitored by a MATLAB-based custom user interface, which is optimized for real-time high spatiotemporal resolution chemical imaging.
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15
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Rivera JF, Sridharan SV, Nolan JK, Miloro SA, Alam MA, Rickus JL, Janes DB. Real-time characterization of uptake kinetics of glioblastoma vs. astrocytes in 2D cell culture using microelectrode array. Analyst 2018; 143:4954-4966. [PMID: 30225487 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01198b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular measurement of uptake/release kinetics and associated concentration dependencies provides mechanistic insight into the underlying biochemical processes. Due to the recognized importance of preserving the natural diffusion processes within the local microenvironment, measurement approaches which provide uptake rate and local surface concentration of adherent cells in static media are needed. This paper reports a microelectrode array device and a methodology to measure uptake kinetics as a function of cell surface concentration in adherent 2D cell cultures in static fluids. The microelectrode array simultaneously measures local concentrations at five positions near the cell surface in order to map the time-dependent concentration profile which in turn enables determination of surface concentrations and uptake rates, via extrapolation to the cell plane. Hydrogen peroxide uptake by human astrocytes (normal) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM43, cancer) was quantified for initial concentrations of 20 to 500 μM over time intervals of 4000 s. For both cell types, the overall uptake rate versus surface concentration relationships exhibited non-linear kinetics, well-described by a combination of linear and Michaelis-Menten mechanisms and in agreement with the literature. The GBM43 cells showed a higher uptake rate over the full range of concentrations, primarily due to a larger linear component. Diffusion-reaction models using the non-linear parameters and standard first-order relationships are compared. In comparison to results from typical volumetric measurements, the ability to extract both uptake rate and surface concentration in static media provides kinetic parameters that are better suited for developing reaction-diffusion models to adequately describe behavior in more complex culture/tissue geometries. The results also highlight the need for characterization of the uptake rate over a wider range of cell surface concentrations in order to evaluate the potential therapeutic role of hydrogen peroxide in cancerous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose F Rivera
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C. Sun
- Electrical and Computer Engineering; University of California in; San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Drew A. Hall
- Electrical and Computer Engineering; University of California in; San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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17
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Abe H, Iwama T, Yabu H, Ino K, Inoue KY, Suda A, Kunikata R, Matsudaira M, Matsue T. Simultaneous and Selective Imaging of Dopamine and Glutamate Using an Enzyme‐modified Large‐scale Integration (LSI)‐based Amperometric Electrochemical Device. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Abe
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
| | - Tomoki Iwama
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yabu
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University 6-6-11-406 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
| | - Kumi Y. Inoue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
| | - Atsushi Suda
- Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Ltd. 1-1, Musashino 3-chome, Akishima-shi Tokyo 196-8555 Japan
| | - Ryota Kunikata
- Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Ltd. 1-1, Musashino 3-chome, Akishima-shi Tokyo 196-8555 Japan
| | - Masahki Matsudaira
- Micro System Integration Center Tohoku University 519-1176 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-0845 Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
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18
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Dorta-Quiñones CI, Huang M, Ruelas JC, Delacruz J, Apsel AB, Minch BA, Lindau M. A Bidirectional-Current CMOS Potentiostat for Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry Detector Arrays. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2018; 12:894-903. [PMID: 29994774 PMCID: PMC6131114 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2018.2828828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A potentiostat circuit for the application of bipolar electrode voltages and detection of bidirectional currents using a microelectrode array is presented. The potentiostat operates as a regulated-cascode amplifier for positive input currents, and as an active-input regulated-cascode mirror for negative input currents. This topology enables constant-potential amperometry and fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at microelectrode arrays for parallel recording of quantal release events, electrode impedance characterization, and high-throughput drug screening. A 64-channel FSCV detector array, fabricated in a 0.5-$\mu$m, 5-V CMOS process, is also demonstrated. Each detector occupies an area of 45 $\mu$m $\times$ 30 $\mu$m and consists of only 14 transistors and a 50-fF integrating capacitor. The system was validated using prerecorded input stimuli from actual FSCV measurements at a carbon-fiber microelectrode.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meng Huang
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA ()
| | - John C. Ruelas
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA ()
| | - Joannalyn Delacruz
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA ()
| | - Alyssa B. Apsel
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA ()
| | - Bradley A. Minch
- Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering, Needham,MA 02492 USA ()
| | - Manfred Lindau
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA ()
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19
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Electrochemical biosensor system using a CMOS microelectrode array provides high spatially and temporally resolved images. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 114:78-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Sun AC, Alvarez-Fontecilla E, Venkatesh AG, Aronoff-Spencer E, Hall DA. High-Density Redox Amplified Coulostatic Discharge-Based Biosensor Array. IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS 2018; 53:2054-2064. [PMID: 30559530 PMCID: PMC6294472 DOI: 10.1109/jssc.2018.2820705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
High-density biosensor arrays are essential for many cutting-edge biomedical applications including point-of-care vaccination screening to detect multiple highly-contagious diseases. Typical electrochemical biosensing techniques are based on the measurement of sub-pA currents for micron-sized sensors requiring highly-sensitive readout circuits. Such circuits are often too complex to scale down for high-density arrays. In this paper, a high-density 4,096-pixel electrochemical biosensor array in 180 nm CMOS is presented. It uses a coulostatic discharge sensing technique and interdigitated electrode geometry to reduce both the complexity and size of the readout circuitry. Each biopixel contains an interdigitated microelectrode with a 13 aA low-leakage readout circuit directly underneath. Compared to standard planar electrodes, the implemented interdigitated electrodes achieve a maximum amplification factor of 10.5× from redox cycling. The array's sensor density is comparable to state-of-the-art arrays, all without augmenting the sensors with complex post-processing. The detection of anti-Rubella and anti-Mumps antibodies in human serum is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Sun
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Enrique Alvarez-Fontecilla
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - A G Venkatesh
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | | | - Drew A Hall
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
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21
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Sismaet HJ, Goluch ED. Electrochemical Probes of Microbial Community Behavior. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2018; 11:441-461. [PMID: 29490192 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-125627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Advances in next-generation sequencing technology along with decreasing costs now allow the microbial population, or microbiome, of a location to be determined relatively quickly. This research reveals that microbial communities are more diverse and complex than ever imagined. New and specialized instrumentation is required to investigate, with high spatial and temporal resolution, the dynamic biochemical environment that is created by microbes, which allows them to exist in every corner of the Earth. This review describes how electrochemical probes and techniques are being used and optimized to learn about microbial communities. Described approaches include voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electrochemical microscopy, separation techniques coupled with electrochemical detection, and arrays of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor circuits. Microbial communities also interact with and influence their surroundings; therefore, the review also includes a discussion of how electrochemical probes optimized for microbial analysis are utilized in healthcare diagnostics and environmental monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter J Sismaet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Edgar D Goluch
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Biology, and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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22
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Lin TE, Rapino S, Girault HH, Lesch A. Electrochemical imaging of cells and tissues. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4546-4554. [PMID: 29899947 PMCID: PMC5969511 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01035h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This minireview summarizes the recent achievements of electrochemical imaging platforms to map cellular functions in biological specimens using electrochemical scanning nano/micro-probe microscopy and 2D chips containing microelectrode arrays.
The technological and experimental progress in electrochemical imaging of biological specimens is discussed with a view on potential applications for skin cancer diagnostics, reproductive medicine and microbial testing. The electrochemical analysis of single cell activity inside cell cultures, 3D cellular aggregates and microtissues is based on the selective detection of electroactive species involved in biological functions. Electrochemical imaging strategies, based on nano/micrometric probes scanning over the sample and sensor array chips, respectively, can be made sensitive and selective without being affected by optical interference as many other microscopy techniques. The recent developments in microfabrication, electronics and cell culturing/tissue engineering have evolved in affordable and fast-sampling electrochemical imaging platforms. We believe that the topics discussed herein demonstrate the applicability of electrochemical imaging devices in many areas related to cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-En Lin
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA) , École Polytechnique Fédéderale de Lausanne , EPFL Valais Valais , Rue de l'Industrie 17 , CP 440 , 1951 Sion , Switzerland .
| | - Stefania Rapino
- Chemistry Department "Giacomo Ciamician" , University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Hubert H Girault
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA) , École Polytechnique Fédéderale de Lausanne , EPFL Valais Valais , Rue de l'Industrie 17 , CP 440 , 1951 Sion , Switzerland .
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA) , École Polytechnique Fédéderale de Lausanne , EPFL Valais Valais , Rue de l'Industrie 17 , CP 440 , 1951 Sion , Switzerland .
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23
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Miniature Fluidic Microtissue Culturing Device for Rapid Biological Detection. INTEGRATED ANALYTICAL SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-64747-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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24
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Gillis KD, Liu XA, Marcantoni A, Carabelli V. Electrochemical measurement of quantal exocytosis using microchips. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:97-112. [PMID: 28866728 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-fiber electrodes (CFEs) are the gold standard for quantifying the release of oxidizable neurotransmitters from single vesicles and single cells. Over the last 15 years, microfabricated devices have emerged as alternatives to CFEs that offer the possibility of higher throughput, subcellular spatial resolution of exocytosis, and integration with other techniques for probing exocytosis including microfluidic cell handling and solution exchange, optical imaging and stimulation, and electrophysiological recording and stimulation. Here we review progress in developing electrochemical electrode devices capable of resolving quantal exocytosis that are fabricated using photolithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Gillis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Xin A Liu
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Andrea Marcantoni
- Department of Drug Science and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Carabelli
- Department of Drug Science and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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25
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Xu W, Fu K, Bohn PW. Electrochromic Sensor for Multiplex Detection of Metabolites Enabled by Closed Bipolar Electrode Coupling. ACS Sens 2017; 2:1020-1026. [PMID: 28750540 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors based on converting electrochemical signals into optical readouts are attractive candidates as low-cost, high-throughput sensor platforms. Here, we described a closed bipolar electrode (CBE)-based two-cell electrochromic device for sensing multiple metabolites, using the simultaneous detection of lactate, glucose, and uric acid as a model system. In the two-cell configuration, an analytical cell contains a redox mediator combined with a specific oxidase, e.g., lactate oxidase, glucose oxidase, or uricase, to form an electrochemical mediator-electrocatalyst pair that supports redox cycling. A closed bipolar electrode couples the electron transfer event in the analytical cell to an electrochromic reaction in a separate reporter cell, such that the magnitude of the color change is related to the concentration of metabolites in the analytical cell. To demonstrate multiplex operation, the CBE-based electrochromic detector is modified by integrating three sets of detection chemistries into a single device, in which simultaneous determination of glucose, lactate, and uric acid is demonstrated. Device sensitivity can be tuned by using reporter cells with different volumes. Furthermore, the analytical cell of this device can be fabricated as a disposable, paper-based carbon electrode without any pretreatment, demonstrating the potential to screen phenotypes that require multiple biomarkers in a point-of-care format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Kaiyu Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Paul W. Bohn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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26
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Seichepine F, Rothe J, Dudina A, Hierlemann A, Frey U. Dielectrophoresis-Assisted Integration of 1024 Carbon Nanotube Sensors into a CMOS Microsystem. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:10.1002/adma.201606852. [PMID: 28295737 PMCID: PMC5424878 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201606852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-nanotube (CNT)-based sensors offer the potential to detect single-molecule events and picomolar analyte concentrations. An important step toward applications of such nanosensors is their integration in large arrays. The availability of large arrays would enable multiplexed and parallel sensing, and the simultaneously obtained sensor signals would facilitate statistical analysis. A reliable method to fabricate an array of 1024 CNT-based sensors on a fully processed complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor microsystem is presented. A high-yield process for the deposition of CNTs from a suspension by means of liquid-coupled floating-electrode dielectrophoresis (DEP), which yielded 80% of the sensor devices featuring between one and five CNTs, is developed. The mechanism of floating-electrode DEP on full arrays and individual devices to understand its self-limiting behavior is studied. The resistance distributions across the array of CNT devices with respect to different DEP parameters are characterized. The CNT devices are then operated as liquid-gated CNT field-effect-transistors (LG-CNTFET) in liquid environment. Current dependency to the gate voltage of up to two orders of magnitude is recorded. Finally, the sensors are validated by studying the pH dependency of the LG-CNTFET conductance and it is demonstrated that 73% of the CNT sensors of a given microsystem show a resistance decrease upon increasing the pH value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jörg Rothe
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Dudina
- RIKEN QBiC, 650-0047 Kobe, Japan; ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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27
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Wang T, Kim S, An JH. A novel CMOS image sensor system for quantitative loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays to detect food-borne pathogens. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 133:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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28
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Robust Functionalization of Large Microelectrode Arrays by Using Pulsed Potentiostatic Deposition. SENSORS 2016; 17:s17010022. [PMID: 28025569 PMCID: PMC5298595 DOI: 10.3390/s17010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Surface modification of microelectrodes is a central step in the development of microsensors and microsensor arrays. Here, we present an electrodeposition scheme based on voltage pulses. Key features of this method are uniformity in the deposited electrode coatings, flexibility in the overall deposition area, i.e., the sizes and number of the electrodes to be coated, and precise control of the surface texture. Deposition and characterization of four different materials are demonstrated, including layers of high-surface-area platinum, gold, conducting polymer poly(ethylenedioxythiophene), also known as PEDOT, and the non-conducting polymer poly(phenylenediamine), also known as PPD. The depositions were conducted using a fully integrated complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) chip with an array of 1024 microelectrodes. The pulsed potentiostatic deposition scheme is particularly suitable for functionalization of individual electrodes or electrode subsets of large integrated microelectrode arrays: the required deposition waveforms are readily available in an integrated system, the same deposition parameters can be used to functionalize the surface of either single electrodes or large arrays of thousands of electrodes, and the deposition method proved to be robust and reproducible for all materials tested.
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29
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Giménez-Gómez P, Escudé-Pujol R, Capdevila F, Puig-Pujol A, Jiménez-Jorquera C, Gutiérrez-Capitán M. Portable Electronic Tongue Based on Microsensors for the Analysis of Cava Wines. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16111796. [PMID: 27801796 PMCID: PMC5134455 DOI: 10.3390/s16111796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cava is a quality sparkling wine produced in Spain. As a product with a designation of origin, Cava wine has to meet certain quality requirements throughout its production process; therefore, the analysis of several parameters is of great interest. In this work, a portable electronic tongue for the analysis of Cava wine is described. The system is comprised of compact and low-power-consumption electronic equipment and an array of microsensors formed by six ion-selective field effect transistors sensitive to pH, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl−, and CO32−, one conductivity sensor, one redox potential sensor, and two amperometric gold microelectrodes. This system, combined with chemometric tools, has been applied to the analysis of 78 Cava wine samples. Results demonstrate that the electronic tongue is able to classify the samples according to the aging time, with a percentage of correct prediction between 80% and 96%, by using linear discriminant analysis, as well as to quantify the total acidity, pH, volumetric alcoholic degree, potassium, conductivity, glycerol, and methanol parameters, with mean relative errors between 2.3% and 6.0%, by using partial least squares regressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Giménez-Gómez
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Roger Escudé-Pujol
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Fina Capdevila
- Institut Català de la Vinya i el Vi (IRTA-INCAVI), Plaça Àgora 2, 08720 Vilafranca del Penedès, Spain.
| | - Anna Puig-Pujol
- Institut Català de la Vinya i el Vi (IRTA-INCAVI), Plaça Àgora 2, 08720 Vilafranca del Penedès, Spain.
| | - Cecilia Jiménez-Jorquera
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Manuel Gutiérrez-Capitán
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
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30
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Kanno Y, Ino K, Sakamoto C, Inoue KY, Matsudaira M, Suda A, Kunikata R, Ishikawa T, Abe H, Shiku H, Matsue T. Potentiometric bioimaging with a large-scale integration (LSI)-based electrochemical device for detection of enzyme activity. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 77:709-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Picollo F, Battiato A, Bernardi E, Plaitano M, Franchino C, Gosso S, Pasquarelli A, Carbone E, Olivero P, Carabelli V. All-carbon multi-electrode array for real-time in vitro measurements of oxidizable neurotransmitters. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20682. [PMID: 26857940 PMCID: PMC4746641 DOI: 10.1038/srep20682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on the ion beam fabrication of all-carbon multi electrode arrays (MEAs) based on 16 graphitic micro-channels embedded in single-crystal diamond (SCD) substrates. The fabricated SCD-MEAs are systematically employed for the in vitro simultaneous amperometric detection of the secretory activity from populations of chromaffin cells, demonstrating a new sensing approach with respect to standard techniques. The biochemical stability and biocompatibility of the SCD-based device combined with the parallel recording of multi-electrodes array allow: i) a significant time saving in data collection during drug screening and/or pharmacological tests over a large number of cells, ii) the possibility of comparing altered cell functionality among cell populations, and iii) the repeatition of acquisition runs over many cycles with a fully non-toxic and chemically robust bio-sensitive substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Picollo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sez. Torino; via P. Giuria 1, 10125, Torino, Italy.,Physics Department and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre - University of Torino; via P. Giuria 1, 10125, Torino, Italy.,Consorzio Nazionale Inter-universitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM) Sez. Torino, Italy
| | - Alfio Battiato
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sez. Torino; via P. Giuria 1, 10125, Torino, Italy.,Physics Department and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre - University of Torino; via P. Giuria 1, 10125, Torino, Italy.,Consorzio Nazionale Inter-universitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM) Sez. Torino, Italy
| | - Ettore Bernardi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sez. Torino; via P. Giuria 1, 10125, Torino, Italy.,Physics Department and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre - University of Torino; via P. Giuria 1, 10125, Torino, Italy.,Consorzio Nazionale Inter-universitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM) Sez. Torino, Italy
| | - Marilena Plaitano
- Physics Department and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre - University of Torino; via P. Giuria 1, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Franchino
- Consorzio Nazionale Inter-universitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM) Sez. Torino, Italy.,Drug Science and Technology Department and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre - University of Torino; Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Sara Gosso
- Consorzio Nazionale Inter-universitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM) Sez. Torino, Italy.,Drug Science and Technology Department and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre - University of Torino; Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Pasquarelli
- Institute of Electron Devices and Circuits - University of Ulm - Ulm; Albert Einstein Allee 45, 89069, Germany
| | - Emilio Carbone
- Consorzio Nazionale Inter-universitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM) Sez. Torino, Italy.,Drug Science and Technology Department and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre - University of Torino; Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Olivero
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sez. Torino; via P. Giuria 1, 10125, Torino, Italy.,Physics Department and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre - University of Torino; via P. Giuria 1, 10125, Torino, Italy.,Consorzio Nazionale Inter-universitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM) Sez. Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Carabelli
- Consorzio Nazionale Inter-universitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM) Sez. Torino, Italy.,Drug Science and Technology Department and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre - University of Torino; Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
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32
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Electrochemical camera chip for simultaneous imaging of multiple metabolites in biofilms. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10535. [PMID: 26813638 PMCID: PMC4737866 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring spatial distribution of metabolites in multicellular structures can enhance understanding of the biochemical processes and regulation involved in cellular community development. Here we report on an electrochemical camera chip capable of simultaneous spatial imaging of multiple redox-active phenazine metabolites produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 colony biofilms. The chip features an 8 mm × 8 mm array of 1,824 electrodes multiplexed to 38 parallel output channels. Using this chip, we demonstrate potential-sweep-based electrochemical imaging of whole-biofilms at measurement rates in excess of 0.2 s per electrode. Analysis of mutants with various capacities for phenazine production reveals distribution of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) throughout the colony, with 5-methylphenazine-1-carboxylic acid (5-MCA) and pyocyanin (PYO) localized to the colony edge. Anaerobic growth on nitrate confirms the O2-dependence of PYO production and indicates an effect of O2 availability on 5-MCA synthesis. This integrated-circuit-based technique promises wide applicability in detecting redox-active species from diverse biological samples.
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33
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Misun PM, Rothe J, Schmid YR, Hierlemann A, Frey O. Multi-analyte biosensor interface for real-time monitoring of 3D microtissue spheroids in hanging-drop networks. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2016; 2:16022. [PMID: 31057823 PMCID: PMC6444714 DOI: 10.1038/micronano.2016.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics is becoming a technology of growing interest for building microphysiological systems with integrated read-out functionalities. Here we present the integration of enzyme-based multi-analyte biosensors into a multi-tissue culture platform for 'body-on-a-chip' applications. The microfluidic platform is based on the technology of hanging-drop networks, which is designed for the formation, cultivation, and analysis of fluidically interconnected organotypic spherical three-dimensional (3D) microtissues of multiple cell types. The sensor modules were designed as small glass plug-ins featuring four platinum working electrodes, a platinum counter electrode, and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. They were placed directly into the ceiling substrate from which the hanging drops that host the spheroid cultures are suspended. The electrodes were functionalized with oxidase enzymes to enable continuous monitoring of lactate and glucose through amperometry. The biosensors featured high sensitivities of 322±41 nA mM-1 mm-2 for glucose and 443±37 nA mM-1 mm-2 for lactate; the corresponding limits of detection were below 10 μM. The proposed technology enabled tissue-size-dependent, real-time detection of lactate secretion from single human colon cancer microtissues cultured in the hanging drops. Furthermore, glucose consumption and lactate secretion were monitored in parallel, and the impact of different culture conditions on the metabolism of cancer microtissues was recorded in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M. Misun
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
- ()
| | - Jörg Rothe
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Yannick R.F. Schmid
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Frey
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
- ()
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Wydallis JB, Feeny RM, Wilson W, Kern T, Chen T, Tobet S, Reynolds MM, Henry CS. Spatiotemporal norepinephrine mapping using a high-density CMOS microelectrode array. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:4075-4082. [PMID: 26333296 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00778j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A high-density amperometric electrode array containing 8192 individually addressable platinum working electrodes with an integrated potentiostat fabricated using Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) processes is reported. The array was designed to enable electrochemical imaging of chemical gradients with high spatiotemporal resolution. Electrodes are arranged over a 2 mm × 2 mm surface area into 64 subarrays consisting of 128 individual Pt working electrodes as well as Pt pseudo-reference and auxiliary electrodes. Amperometric measurements of norepinephrine in tissue culture media were used to demonstrate the ability of the array to measure concentration gradients in complex media. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidics were incorporated to control the chemical concentrations in time and space, and the electrochemical response at each electrode was monitored to generate electrochemical heat maps, demonstrating the array's imaging capabilities. A temporal resolution of 10 ms can be achieved by simultaneously monitoring a single subarray of 128 electrodes. The entire 2 mm × 2 mm area can be electrochemically imaged in 64 seconds by cycling through all subarrays at a rate of 1 Hz per subarray. Monitoring diffusional transport of norepinephrine is used to demonstrate the spatiotemporal resolution capabilities of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Wydallis
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, USA.
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35
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Livi P, Kwiat M, Shadmani A, Pevzner A, Navarra G, Rothe J, Stettler A, Chen Y, Patolsky F, Hierlemann A. Monolithic integration of a silicon nanowire field-effect transistors array on a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor chip for biochemical sensor applications. Anal Chem 2015; 87:9982-90. [PMID: 26348408 PMCID: PMC5424868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We present a monolithic complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-based sensor system comprising an array of silicon nanowire field-effect transistors (FETs) and the signal-conditioning circuitry on the same chip. The silicon nanowires were fabricated by chemical vapor deposition methods and then transferred to the CMOS chip, where Ti/Pd/Ti contacts had been patterned via e-beam lithography. The on-chip circuitry measures the current flowing through each nanowire FET upon applying a constant source-drain voltage. The analog signal is digitized on chip and then transmitted to a receiving unit. The system has been successfully fabricated and tested by acquiring I-V curves of the bare nanowire-based FETs. Furthermore, the sensing capabilities of the complete system have been demonstrated by recording current changes upon nanowire exposure to solutions of different pHs, as well as by detecting different concentrations of Troponin T biomarkers (cTnT) through antibody-functionalized nanowire FETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Livi
- ETH Zurich, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Moria Kwiat
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 69978
| | - Amir Shadmani
- ETH Zurich, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Giulio Navarra
- Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Rothe
- ETH Zurich, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Stettler
- ETH Zurich, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yihui Chen
- ETH Zurich, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fernando Patolsky
- ETH Zurich, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- ETH Zurich, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
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36
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Abstract
This minireview discusses universal electronic modules (generic programmable units) and their use by analytical chemists to construct inexpensive, miniature or automated devices. Recently, open-source platforms have gained considerable popularity among tech-savvy chemists because their implementation often does not require expert knowledge and investment of funds. Thus, chemistry students and researchers can easily start implementing them after a few hours of reading tutorials and trial-and-error. Single-board microcontrollers and micro-computers such as Arduino, Teensy, Raspberry Pi or BeagleBone enable collecting experimental data with high precision as well as efficient control of electric potentials and actuation of mechanical systems. They are readily programmed using high-level languages, such as C, C++, JavaScript or Python. They can also be coupled with mobile consumer electronics, including smartphones as well as teleinformatic networks. More demanding analytical tasks require fast signal processing. Field-programmable gate arrays enable efficient and inexpensive prototyping of high-performance analytical platforms, thus becoming increasingly popular among analytical chemists. This minireview discusses the advantages and drawbacks of universal electronic modules, considering their application in prototyping and manufacture of intelligent analytical instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel L Urban
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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37
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Frey O, Misun PM, Rothe J, Hierlemann A. Real-time In-situ Lactate Monitoring in 3D Multi-cellular Spheroid Cultures by Using Enzyme-based Biosensors in Hanging Drop Networks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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