1
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Rawson AM, Dempster AW, Humphreys CM, Minton NP. Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridium botulinum. Virulence 2023; 14:2205251. [PMID: 37157163 PMCID: PMC10171130 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2205251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum, a polyphyletic Gram-positive taxon of bacteria, is classified purely by their ability to produce botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT). BoNT is the primary virulence factor and the causative agent of botulism. A potentially fatal disease, botulism is classically characterized by a symmetrical descending flaccid paralysis, which is left untreated can lead to respiratory failure and death. Botulism cases are classified into three main forms dependent on the nature of intoxication; foodborne, wound and infant. The BoNT, regarded as the most potent biological substance known, is a zinc metalloprotease that specifically cleaves SNARE proteins at neuromuscular junctions, preventing exocytosis of neurotransmitters, leading to muscle paralysis. The BoNT is now used to treat numerous medical conditions caused by overactive or spastic muscles and is extensively used in the cosmetic industry due to its high specificity and the exceedingly small doses needed to exert long-lasting pharmacological effects. Additionally, the ability to form endospores is critical to the pathogenicity of the bacteria. Disease transmission is often facilitated via the metabolically dormant spores that are highly resistant to environment stresses, allowing persistence in the environment in unfavourable conditions. Infant and wound botulism infections are initiated upon germination of the spores into neurotoxin producing vegetative cells, whereas foodborne botulism is attributed to ingestion of preformed BoNT. C. botulinum is a saprophytic bacterium, thought to have evolved its potent neurotoxin to establish a source of nutrients by killing its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Rawson
- Clostridia Research Group, BBSRC/EPSRC Synthetic Biology Research Centre (SBRC), School of Life Sciences, The Biodiscovery Institute, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrew W Dempster
- Clostridia Research Group, BBSRC/EPSRC Synthetic Biology Research Centre (SBRC), School of Life Sciences, The Biodiscovery Institute, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Christopher M Humphreys
- Clostridia Research Group, BBSRC/EPSRC Synthetic Biology Research Centre (SBRC), School of Life Sciences, The Biodiscovery Institute, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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2
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Recent progress in microfluidic biosensors with different driving forces. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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3
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Microfluidics in smart packaging of foods. Food Res Int 2022; 161:111873. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Chavez‐Pineda OG, Rodriguez‐Moncayo R, Cedillo‐Alcantar DF, Guevara‐Pantoja PE, Amador‐Hernandez JU, Garcia‐Cordero JL. Microfluidic systems for the analysis of blood‐derived molecular biomarkers. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1667-1700. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oriana G. Chavez‐Pineda
- Laboratory of Microtechnologies Applied to Biomedicine (LMAB) Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav) Monterrey Nuevo León Mexico
| | - Roberto Rodriguez‐Moncayo
- Laboratory of Microtechnologies Applied to Biomedicine (LMAB) Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav) Monterrey Nuevo León Mexico
| | - Diana F. Cedillo‐Alcantar
- Laboratory of Microtechnologies Applied to Biomedicine (LMAB) Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav) Monterrey Nuevo León Mexico
| | - Pablo E. Guevara‐Pantoja
- Laboratory of Microtechnologies Applied to Biomedicine (LMAB) Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav) Monterrey Nuevo León Mexico
| | - Josue U. Amador‐Hernandez
- Laboratory of Microtechnologies Applied to Biomedicine (LMAB) Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav) Monterrey Nuevo León Mexico
| | - Jose L. Garcia‐Cordero
- Laboratory of Microtechnologies Applied to Biomedicine (LMAB) Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav) Monterrey Nuevo León Mexico
- Roche Institute for Translational Bioengineering (ITB) Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel Basel Switzerland
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5
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Electrified lab on disc systems: A comprehensive review on electrokinetic applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 214:114381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Velappan N, Nguyen HB, Micheva-Viteva S, Bedinger D, Ye C, Mangadu B, Watts AJ, Meagher R, Bradfute S, Hu B, Waldo GS, Lillo AM. Healthy humans can be a source of antibodies countering COVID-19. Bioengineered 2022; 13:12598-12624. [PMID: 35599623 PMCID: PMC9275966 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2076390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe the isolation of 18 unique anti SARS-CoV-2 human single-chain antibodies from an antibody library derived from healthy donors. The selection used a combination of phage and yeast display technologies and included counter-selection strategies meant to direct the selection of the receptor-binding motif (RBM) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein's receptor binding domain (RBD2). Selected antibodies were characterized in various formats including IgG, using flow cytometry, ELISA, high throughput SPR, and fluorescence microscopy. We report antibodies' RBD2 recognition specificity, binding affinity, and epitope diversity, as well as ability to block RBD2 binding to the human receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and to neutralize authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus infection in vitro. We present evidence supporting that: 1) most of our antibodies (16 out of 18) selectively recognize RBD2; 2) the best performing 8 antibodies target eight different epitopes of RBD2; 3) one of the pairs tested in sandwich assays detects RBD2 with sub-picomolar sensitivity; and 4) two antibody pairs inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection at low nanomolar half neutralization titers. Based on these results, we conclude that our antibodies have high potential for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Importantly, our results indicate that readily available non immune (naïve) antibody libraries obtained from healthy donors can be used to select high-quality monoclonal antibodies, bypassing the need for blood of infected patients, and offering a widely accessible and low-cost alternative to more sophisticated and expensive antibody selection approaches (e.g. single B cell analysis and natural evolution in humanized mice).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nileena Velappan
- Biosciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM87547, USA
| | - Hau B. Nguyen
- Biosciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM87547, USA
| | | | - Daniel Bedinger
- Experimental division, Carterra Inc, Walnut Creek, CA, 94568, USA
| | - Chunyan Ye
- Center for Global Health and Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Betty Mangadu
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA
| | - Austin J. Watts
- Biosciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM87547, USA
- Experimental division, Carterra Inc, Walnut Creek, CA, 94568, USA
- Center for Global Health and Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA
| | - Robert Meagher
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA
| | - Steven Bradfute
- Center for Global Health and Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Bin Hu
- Biosciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM87547, USA
| | - Geoffrey S. Waldo
- Biosciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM87547, USA
| | - Antonietta M. Lillo
- Biosciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM87547, USA
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7
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Current Developments in Diagnostic Assays for Laboratory Confirmation and Investigation of Botulism. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 60:e0013920. [PMID: 34586891 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00139-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of botulinum neurotoxin or isolation of the toxin producing organism is required for the laboratory confirmation of botulism in clinical specimens. In an effort to reduce animal testing required by the gold standard method of botulinum neurotoxin detection, the mouse bioassay, many technologies have been developed to detect and characterize the causative agent of botulism. Recent advancements in these technologies have led to improvements in technical performance of diagnostic assays; however, many emerging assays have not been validated for the detection of all serotypes in complex clinical and environmental matrices. Improvements to culture protocols, endopeptidase-based assays, and a variety of immunological and molecular methods have provided laboratories with a variety of testing options to evaluate and incorporate into their testing algorithms. While significant advances have been made to improve these assays, additional work is necessary to evaluate these methods in various clinical matrices and to establish standardized criteria for data analysis and interpretation.
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Rapid Detection of Clostridium botulinum in Food Using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094401. [PMID: 33919101 PMCID: PMC8122632 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins are considered as one of the most potent toxins and are produced by Clostridium botulinum. It is crucial to have a rapid and sensitive method to detect the bacterium Clostridium botulinum in food. In this study, a rapid detection assay of C. botulinum in food using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technology was developed. The optimal primers were identified among three sets of primers designed specifically based on the partial ntnh gene encoding nontoxic-nonhaemagglutinin (NTNH) for rapid detection of the target DNA in plasmids. The optimal temperature and reaction time of the LAMP assay were determined to be 64 °C and 60 min, respectively. The chemical kit could be assembled based on these optimized reaction conditions for quick, initial high-throughput screening of C. botulinum in food samples. The established LAMP assay showed high specificity and sensitivity in detecting the target DNA with a limit of 0.0001 pg/ul (i.e., ten times more sensitive than that of the PCR method) and an accuracy rate of 100%. This study demonstrated a potentially rapid, cost-effective, and easy-operating method to detect C. botulinum in food and clinical samples based on LAMP technology.
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9
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Kang SM, Kim D, Lee JH, Takayama S, Park JY. Engineered Microsystems for Spheroid and Organoid Studies. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001284. [PMID: 33185040 PMCID: PMC7855453 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
3D in vitro model systems such as spheroids and organoids provide an opportunity to extend the physiological understanding using recapitulated tissues that mimic physiological characteristics of in vivo microenvironments. Unlike 2D systems, 3D in vitro systems can bridge the gap between inadequate 2D cultures and the in vivo environments, providing novel insights on complex physiological mechanisms at various scales of organization, ranging from the cellular, tissue-, to organ-levels. To satisfy the ever-increasing need for highly complex and sophisticated systems, many 3D in vitro models with advanced microengineering techniques have been developed to answer diverse physiological questions. This review summarizes recent advances in engineered microsystems for the development of 3D in vitro model systems. The relationship between the underlying physics behind the microengineering techniques, and their ability to recapitulate distinct 3D cellular structures and functions of diverse types of tissues and organs are highlighted and discussed in detail. A number of 3D in vitro models and their engineering principles are also introduced. Finally, current limitations are summarized, and perspectives for future directions in guiding the development of 3D in vitro model systems using microengineering techniques are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min Kang
- Department of Green Chemical Engineering, Sangmyung University, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31066, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehan Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Shuichi Takayama
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Joong Yull Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
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10
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Abstract
Lab-on-a-Disc (LoaD) biosensors are increasingly a promising solution for many biosensing applications. In the search for a perfect match between point-of-care (PoC) microfluidic devices and biosensors, the LoaD platform has the potential to be reliable, sensitive, low-cost, and easy-to-use. The present global pandemic draws attention to the importance of rapid sample-to-answer PoC devices for minimising manual intervention and sample manipulation, thus increasing the safety of the health professional while minimising the chances of sample contamination. A biosensor is defined by its ability to measure an analyte by converting a biological binding event to tangible analytical data. With evolving manufacturing processes for both LoaDs and biosensors, it is becoming more feasible to embed biosensors within the platform and/or to pair the microfluidic cartridges with low-cost detection systems. This review considers the basics of the centrifugal microfluidics and describes recent developments in common biosensing methods and novel technologies for fluidic control and automation. Finally, an overview of current devices on the market is provided. This review will guide scientists who want to initiate research in LoaD PoC devices as well as providing valuable reference material to researchers active in the field.
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11
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Lonati D, Schicchi A, Crevani M, Buscaglia E, Scaravaggi G, Maida F, Cirronis M, Petrolini VM, Locatelli CA. Foodborne Botulism: Clinical Diagnosis and Medical Treatment. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12080509. [PMID: 32784744 PMCID: PMC7472133 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) produced by Clostridia species are the most potent identified natural toxins. Classically, the toxic neurological syndrome is characterized by an (afebrile) acute symmetric descending flaccid paralysis. The most know typical clinical syndrome of botulism refers to the foodborne form. All different forms are characterized by the same symptoms, caused by toxin-induced neuromuscular paralysis. The diagnosis of botulism is essentially clinical, as well as the decision to apply the specific antidotal treatment. The role of the laboratory is mandatory to confirm the clinical suspicion in relation to regulatory agencies, to identify the BoNTs involved and the source of intoxication. The laboratory diagnosis of foodborne botulism is based on the detection of BoNTs in clinical specimens/food samples and the isolation of BoNT from stools. Foodborne botulism intoxication is often underdiagnosed; the initial symptoms can be confused with more common clinical conditions (i.e., stroke, myasthenia gravis, Guillain–Barré syndrome—Miller–Fisher variant, Eaton–Lambert syndrome, tick paralysis and shellfish or tetrodotoxin poisoning). The treatment includes procedures for decontamination, antidote administration and, when required, support of respiratory function; few differences are related to the different way of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Lonati
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0382-26261; Fax: +39-0382-24605
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12
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Koike H, Kanda M, Hayashi H, Matsushima Y, Yoshikawa S, Ohba Y, Hayashi M, Nagano C, Sekimura K, Otsuka K, Kamiie J, Sasamoto T, Hashimoto T. Development of an alternative approach for detecting botulinum neurotoxin type A in honey: Analysis of non-toxic peptides with a reference labelled protein via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1359-1373. [PMID: 32515305 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1766121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a reference labelled protein containing the partial amino acid sequence of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNTA). We also applied it as an internal standard to detect specific and non-toxic peptides originated from BoNTA in honey with the use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Original proteins in the honey sample were collected through a two-step process that included solubilisation and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitation. Solubilisation by adding water enabled processing of proteins in honey. TCA precipitation collected proteins without specific binding. The combination of protein alkylation and an appropriate enzyme-to-protein ratio ensured feasibility of tryptic digestion. A desalting process eliminated a large amount of salts and other tryptic peptides in the honey sample. The use of the reference labelled protein enabled compensation for tryptic digestion efficiency and electrospray ionisation efficiency based on LC-MS/MS measurement. After the peptide selection and protein BlastP analysis, five unique peptides were chosen. The non-toxic peptides originating from BoNTA were reliably detected using LC-MS/MS based on a multiple-reaction monitoring mode. Detection of several peptides ensured screening of BoNTA in honey samples. Based on the responses, the proteotypic peptide LYGIAINPNR was selected as the quantitative peptide. Due to maintaining the relative ion ratios, the selective transition completely identified the non-toxic peptides. The intensity of the transitions established a detection limit of BoNTA estimated to be 9.4 ng mL-1. Although extraction efficiency was not evaluated using the BoNTA standard, the results suggested this method may be used for quantification of BoNTA in honey. The method was applied to 19 honey samples purchased in Tokyo; none of them was found to contain the target toxin. Overall, the method is expected to accelerate BoNTA monitoring for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Koike
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Kanda
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hairoshi Hayashi
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsushima
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Souichi Yoshikawa
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumi Ohba
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Momoka Hayashi
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chieko Nagano
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Sekimura
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Otsuka
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Kamiie
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University , Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Takeo Sasamoto
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Hashimoto
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health , Tokyo, Japan
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Chen W, Shao F, Xianyu Y. Microfluidics-Implemented Biochemical Assays: From the Perspective of Readout. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1903388. [PMID: 31532891 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, microfluidics has emerged as an increasingly important tool to perform biochemical assays for diagnosis and healthcare. The precise fluid control and molecule manipulation within microfluidics greatly contribute to developing assays with simplicity and convenience. The advantages of microfluidics, including decreased consumption of reagents and samples, lower operating and analysis time, much lower cost, and higher integration and automation over traditional systems, offer a great platform to meet the needs of point-of-care applications. In this Review, versatile strategies are outlined and recent advances in microfluidics-implemented assays are discussed from the perspective of readout, because a convenient and straightforward readout is what a biochemical assay requires and the end user desires. Functions and properties arising from each readout are reviewed and the advantages and limitations of each readout are discussed together with current challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Fangchi Shao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Yunlei Xianyu
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Shenbagavalli K, Yadav SK, Ananthappan P, Sundaram E, Ponmariappan S, Vasantha VS. A simple and fast protocol for the synthesis of 2-amino-4-(4-formylphenyl)-4 H-chromene-3-carbonitrile to develop an optical immunoassay for the quantification of botulinum neurotoxin type F. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04103c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel optical immunoassay platform using (S)-2-amino-4-(4-formylphenyl)-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile, which was synthesized by an ultra-sonication method, as an optical probe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shiv Kumar Yadav
- Defence Research and Development Establishment
- Gwalior-474 002
- India
| | | | - Ellairaja Sundaram
- Department of Chemistry
- Vivekanada College Tiruvedakam West
- Madurai 625 234
- India
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15
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Wang C, Xiao R, Wang S, Yang X, Bai Z, Li X, Rong Z, Shen B, Wang S. Magnetic quantum dot based lateral flow assay biosensor for multiplex and sensitive detection of protein toxins in food samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 146:111754. [PMID: 31605985 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Protein toxins, such as botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) and staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), easily pollute food and water and are ultra-toxic to humans and animals, thus requiring a sensitive on-site detection method. In this study, we reported a novel lateral flow assay (LFA) strip on the basis of magnetic quantum dot nanoparticles (MagQD NPs) for sensitive and multiplex protein toxin detection in food samples. A new type of MagQD NP was prepared by fixing the dense carboxylated QDs on the surface of polyethyleneimine-modified Fe3O4 magnetic NPs (MNPs) and applied in LFA with the following functions: capture and enrich target toxins from sample solutions and serve as advanced fluorescent labels for the quantitative determination of targets on the strip. Through this strategy, the assay realized quantified BoNT/A and SEB detection in 30 min with the limits of detection of 2.52 and 2.86 pg/mL, respectively. The selectivity and the ability of quantitative analysis of the method were validated in real food samples, including milk and juice. This MagQD-LFA biosensor showed considerable potential as a point-of-care testing tool for the sensitive detection of trace toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongwen Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of New Molecular Diagnosis Technologies for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of New Molecular Diagnosis Technologies for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Shu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China; Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, PR China
| | - Xingsheng Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Zikun Bai
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Xinying Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Zhen Rong
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of New Molecular Diagnosis Technologies for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100850, PR China.
| | - Beifen Shen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, PR China.
| | - Shengqi Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of New Molecular Diagnosis Technologies for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100850, PR China.
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16
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Li F, Zheng Y, Wu J, Zhao L, Shui L, Pu Q, Liu S. Smartphone assisted immunodetection of HIV p24 antigen using reusable, centrifugal microchannel array chip. Talanta 2019; 203:83-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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17
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Hobbs RJ, Thomas CA, Halliwell J, Gwenin CD. Rapid Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxins-A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E418. [PMID: 31319550 PMCID: PMC6669533 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A toxin is a poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms. One of the most potent groups of toxins currently known are the Botulinum Neurotoxins (BoNTs). These are so deadly that as little as 62 ng could kill an average human; to put this into context that is approximately 200,000 × less than the weight of a grain of sand. The extreme toxicity of BoNTs leads to the need for methods of determining their concentration at very low levels of sensitivity. Currently the mouse bioassay is the most widely used detection method monitoring the activity of the toxin; however, this assay is not only lengthy, it also has both cost and ethical issues due to the use of live animals. This review focuses on detection methods both existing and emerging that remove the need for the use of animals and will look at three areas; speed of detection, sensitivity of detection and finally cost. The assays will have wide reaching interest, ranging from the pharmaceutical/clinical industry for production quality management or as a point of care sensor in suspected cases of botulism, the food industry as a quality control measure, to the military, detecting BoNT that has been potentially used as a bio warfare agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Hobbs
- Applied Research in Chemistry and Health (ARCH) Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Carol A Thomas
- Applied Research in Chemistry and Health (ARCH) Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Jennifer Halliwell
- Applied Research in Chemistry and Health (ARCH) Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Christopher D Gwenin
- Applied Research in Chemistry and Health (ARCH) Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales LL57 2UW, UK.
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18
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Chen Y, Shen M, Zhu Y, Xu Y. A novel electromagnet-triggered pillar valve and its application in immunoassay on a centrifugal platform. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1728-1735. [PMID: 31020298 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00043g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The lab-on-a-disc is a powerful microfluidic platform that skillfully takes advantage of centrifugal force to controllably drive liquids with the assistance of passive or active valves. However, the passive valves are mainly triggered by the rotation speed and can be easily influenced by the surface chemistry of the channel, while the active valves usually require a complicated fabrication or actuation procedure. In this study, a novel active valve that can be easily triggered by an electromagnet was proposed and applied on the centrifugation platform. This valve, named the electromagnet-triggered pillar (ETP) valve, consisted of a metal pin and pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) tape, and is closed until the pin is lifted up by an electromagnet to partially separate the PSA tape from the substrate. As a typical application, this valve is utilized to construct a centrifugal chip for mycotoxin detection. With four ETP valves in a unit, the sample and liquid reagents can be sequentially released into the reaction chamber that was spotted with mycotoxin conjugates to accomplish the whole immunoassay. Four mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone) were simultaneously detected on this chip with limits of detection lower than the permissible limits set by the regulatory agencies of China, demonstrating the practicability of this easy-to-use active valve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing 100084, China.
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19
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Shin S, Kim B, Kim YJ, Choi S. Integrated microfluidic pneumatic circuit for point-of-care molecular diagnostics. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 133:169-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Phaneuf CR, Seamon KJ, Eckles TP, Sinha A, Schoeniger JS, Harmon B, Meagher RJ, Abhyankar V, Koh CY. Ultrasensitive Multi-Species Detection of CRISPR-Cas9 by a Portable Centrifugal Microfluidic Platform. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2019; 11:559-565. [PMID: 31565079 PMCID: PMC6764754 DOI: 10.1039/c8ay02726a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the RNA-guided DNA nuclease CRISPR-Cas9 has enabled the targeted editing of genomes from diverse organisms, but the permanent and inheritable nature of genome modification also poses immense risks. The potential for accidental exposure, malicious use, or undesirable persistence of Cas9 therapeutics and off-target genome effects highlight the need for detection assays. Here we report a centrifugal microfluidic platform for the measurement of both Cas9 protein levels and nuclease activity. Because Cas9 from many bacterial species have been adapted for biotechnology applications, we developed the capability to detect Cas9 from the widely-used S. pyogenes, as well as S. aureus, N. meningitides, and S. thermophilus using commercially-available antibodies. Further, we show that the phage-derived anti-CRISPR protein AcrIIC1, which binds to Cas9 from several species, can be used as a capture reagent to broaden the species range of detection. As genome modification generally requires Cas9 nuclease activity, a fluorescence-based sedimentation nuclease assay was also incorporated to allow the sensitive and simultaneous measurement of both Cas9 protein and activity in a single biological sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Phaneuf
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Kyle J. Seamon
- Systems Biology, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Tyler P. Eckles
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Anchal Sinha
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | | | - Brooke Harmon
- Systems Biology, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Robert J. Meagher
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Vinay Abhyankar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Chung-Yan Koh
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: , +1-925-294-2845
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21
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Lim CY, Granger JH, Porter MD. SERS detection of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A and B in buffer and serum: Towards the development of a biodefense test platform. Anal Chim Acta X 2018; 1:100002. [PMID: 33186413 PMCID: PMC7587037 DOI: 10.1016/j.acax.2018.100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are classified at a highest degree of threat in biodefense, due largely to their high lethality. With the growing risk of biowarfare, the shortcomings of the gold standard test for these neurotoxins, the mouse bioassay, have underscored the need to develop alternative diagnostic testing strategies. This paper reports on the detection of inactivated Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT-A) and serotype B (BoNT-B), the two most important markers of botulism infection, by using a sandwich immunoassay, gold nanoparticle labels, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) within the context of two threat scenarios. The first scenario mimics part of the analysis needed in response to a “white powder” threat by measuring both neurotoxins in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), a biocompatible solvent often used to recover markers dispersed in a powdered matrix. The second scenario detects the two neurotoxins in spiked human serum to assess the clinical potential of the platform. The overall goal is to develop a test applicable to both scenarios in terms of projections of required levels of detection. We demonstrate the ability to measure BoNT-A and BoNT-B in PBS at a limit of detection (LoD) of 700 pg/mL (5 pM) and 84 pg/mL (0.6 pM), respectively, and in human serum at 1200 pg/mL (8 pM) and 91 pg/mL (0.6 pM), respectively, with a time to result under 24 h. The steps required to transform this platform into an onsite biodefense screening tool that can simultaneously and rapidly detect (<1 h) these and other agents are briefly discussed. Raman-based immunoassays can successfully detect botulism neurotoxins. Limits of detection for botulism neurotoxins A/B rival those of the mouse bioassay. Serum and liquid extracts are suitable sample matrices for the Raman assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- China Y Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5001, USA
| | - Jennifer H Granger
- Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5001, USA
| | - Marc D Porter
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5001, USA.,Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5001, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5001, USA
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22
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Phaneuf CR, Mangadu B, Tran HM, Light YK, Sinha A, Charbonier FW, Eckles TP, Singh AK, Koh CY. Integrated LAMP and immunoassay platform for diarrheal disease detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 120:93-101. [PMID: 30172236 PMCID: PMC6145809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The challenges of diagnosing infectious disease, especially in the developing world, and the shortcomings of available instrumentation have exposed the need for portable, easy-to-use diagnostic tools capable of detecting the wide range of causative microbes while operating in low resource settings. We present a centrifugal microfluidic platform that combines ultrasensitive immunoassay and isothermal amplification-based screening for the orthogonal detection of both protein and nucleic acid targets at the point-of-care. A disposable disc with automatic aliquoting inlets is paired with a non-contact heating system and precise rotary control system to yield an easy-to-use, field-deployable platform with versatile screening capabilities. The detection of three enterotoxins (cholera toxin, Staphylococcal enterotoxin B, and Shiga-like toxin 1) and three enteric bacteria (C. jejuni, E. coli, and S. typhimurium) were performed independently and shown to be highly sensitive (limit of detection = 1.35-5.50 ng/mL for immunoassays and 1-30 cells for isothermal amplification), highly exclusive in the presence of non-specific targets, and capable of handling a complex sample matrix like stool. The full panel of toxins and bacteria were reliably detected simultaneously on a single disc at clinically relevant sample concentrations in less than an hour. The ability of our technology to detect multiple analyte types in parallel at the point-of-care can serve a variety of needs, from routine patient care to outbreak triage, in a variety of settings to reduce disease impact and expedite effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Phaneuf
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, United States
| | - Betty Mangadu
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, United States
| | - Huu M Tran
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, United States
| | - Yooli K Light
- Systems Biology, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, United States
| | - Anchal Sinha
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, United States
| | - Frank W Charbonier
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, United States
| | - Tyler P Eckles
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, United States
| | - Anup K Singh
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, United States
| | - Chung-Yan Koh
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, United States.
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23
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Tam CC, Flannery AR, Cheng LW. A Rapid, Sensitive, and Portable Biosensor Assay for the Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A in Complex Food Matrices. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10110476. [PMID: 30445734 PMCID: PMC6266793 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) intoxication can lead to the disease botulism, characterized by flaccid muscle paralysis that can cause respiratory failure and death. Due to the significant morbidity and mortality costs associated with BoNTs high toxicity, developing highly sensitive, rapid, and field-deployable assays are critically important to protect the nation’s food supply against either accidental or intentional contamination. We report here that the B-cell based biosensor assay CANARY® (Cellular Analysis and Notification of Antigen Risks and Yields) Zephyr detects BoNT/A holotoxin at limits of detection (LOD) of 10.0 ± 2.5 ng/mL in assay buffer. Milk matrices (whole milk, 2% milk and non-fat milk) with BoNT/A holotoxin were detected at similar levels (7.4–7.9 ng/mL). BoNT/A complex was positive in carrot, orange, and apple juices at LODs of 32.5–75.0 ng/mL. The detection of BoNT/A complex in solid complex foods (ground beef, smoked salmon, green bean baby puree) ranged from 14.8 ng/mL to 62.5 ng/mL. Detection of BoNT/A complex in the viscous liquid egg matrix required dilution in assay buffer and gave a LOD of 171.9 ± 64.7 ng/mL. These results show that the CANARY® Zephyr assay can be a highly useful qualitative tool in environmental and food safety surveillance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina C Tam
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | | | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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24
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Torres Delgado SM, Korvink JG, Mager D. The eLoaD platform endows centrifugal microfluidics with on-disc power and communication. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 117:464-473. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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25
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Measurement of Carcinoembryonic Antigen in Clinical Serum Samples Using a Centrifugal Microfluidic Device. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9090470. [PMID: 30424403 PMCID: PMC6187594 DOI: 10.3390/mi9090470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a broad-spectrum tumor marker used in clinical applications. The primarily clinical method for measuring CEA is based on chemiluminescence in serum during enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in 96-well plates. However, this multi-step process requires large and expensive instruments, and takes a long time. In this study, a high-throughput centrifugal microfluidic device was developed for detecting CEA in serum without the need for cumbersome washing steps normally used in immunoreactions. This centrifugal microdevice contains 14 identical pencil-like units, and the CEA molecules are separated from the bulk serum for subsequent immunofluorescence detection using density gradient centrifugation in each unit simultaneously. To determine the optimal conditions for CEA detection in serum, the effects of the density of the medium, rotation speed, and spin duration were investigated. The measured values from 34 clinical serum samples using this high-throughput centrifugal microfluidic device showed good agreement with the known values (average relative error = 9.22%). These results indicate that the high-throughput centrifugal microfluidic device could provide an alternative approach for replacing the classical method for CEA detection in clinical serum samples.
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26
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27
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Thirunavukkarasu N, Johnson E, Pillai S, Hodge D, Stanker L, Wentz T, Singh B, Venkateswaran K, McNutt P, Adler M, Brown E, Hammack T, Burr D, Sharma S. Botulinum Neurotoxin Detection Methods for Public Health Response and Surveillance. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:80. [PMID: 29988463 PMCID: PMC6024544 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulism outbreak due to consumption of food contaminated with botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) is a public health emergency. The threat of bioterrorism through deliberate distribution in food sources and/or aerosolization of BoNTs raises global public health and security concerns due to the potential for high mortality and morbidity. Rapid and reliable detection methods are necessary to support clinical diagnosis and surveillance for identifying the source of contamination, performing epidemiological analysis of the outbreak, preventing and responding to botulism outbreaks. This review considers the applicability of various BoNT detection methods and examines their fitness-for-purpose in safeguarding the public health and security goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarajan Thirunavukkarasu
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Eric Johnson
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Segaran Pillai
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - David Hodge
- Chemical and Biological Defense Division, Science and Technology Directorate, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Larry Stanker
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service Albany, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Travis Wentz
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - BalRam Singh
- Institute of Advanced Sciences, Botulinum Research Center, Dartmouth, MA, United States
| | | | - Patrick McNutt
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen, MD, United States
| | - Michael Adler
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen, MD, United States
| | - Eric Brown
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Thomas Hammack
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Donald Burr
- Office of Regulatory Affairs, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Shashi Sharma
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
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28
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Park J, Lee GH, Yull Park J, Lee JC, Kim HC. Hypergravity-induced multicellular spheroid generation with different morphological patterns precisely controlled on a centrifugal microfluidic platform. Biofabrication 2017; 9:045006. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa9472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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29
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Mou L, Jiang X. Materials for Microfluidic Immunoassays: A Review. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28322517 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201601403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Conventional immunoassays suffer from at least one of these following limitations: long processing time, high costs, poor user-friendliness, technical complexity, poor sensitivity and specificity. Microfluidics, a technology characterized by the engineered manipulation of fluids in channels with characteristic lengthscale of tens of micrometers, has shown considerable promise for improving immunoassays that could overcome these limitations in medical diagnostics and biology research. The combination of microfluidics and immunoassay can detect biomarkers with faster assay time, reduced volumes of reagents, lower power requirements, and higher levels of integration and automation compared to traditional approaches. This review focuses on the materials-related aspects of the recent advances in microfluidics-based immunoassays for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics of biomarkers. We compare the materials for microfluidic chips fabrication in five aspects: fabrication, integration, function, modification and cost, and describe their advantages and drawbacks. In addition, we review materials for modifying antibodies to improve the performance of the reaction of immunoassay. We also review the state of the art in microfluidic immunoassays POC platforms, from the laboratory to routine clinical practice, and also commercial products in the market. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future developments in microfluidic immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Mou
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety; CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience; National Center for NanoScience and Technology; No. 11 Zhongguancun Beiyitiao Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; 19 A Yuquan Road Shijingshan District Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety; CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience; National Center for NanoScience and Technology; No. 11 Zhongguancun Beiyitiao Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; 19 A Yuquan Road Shijingshan District Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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30
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Weng X, Neethirajan S. Ensuring food safety: Quality monitoring using microfluidics. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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31
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Fabrication of a Novel Highly Sensitive and Selective Immunosensor for Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A Based on an Effective Platform of Electrosynthesized Gold Nanodendrites/Chitosan Nanoparticles. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17051074. [PMID: 28486408 PMCID: PMC5470464 DOI: 10.3390/s17051074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a novel nanocomposite consisting of electrosynthesized gold nanodendrites and chitosan nanoparticles (AuNDs/CSNPs) has been prepared to fabricate an impedimetric immunosensor based on a screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) for the rapid and sensitive immunoassay of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A). BoNT/A polyclonal antibody was immobilized on the nanocomposite-modified SPCE for the signal amplification. The structure of the prepared nanocomposite was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The charge transfer resistance (RCT) changes were used to detect BoNT/A as the specific immuno-interactions at the immunosensor surface that efficiently limited the electron transfer of Fe(CN)63−/4− as a redox probe at pH = 7.4. A linear relationship was observed between the %∆RCT and the concentration logarithm of BoNT/A within the range of 0.2 to 230 pg·mL−1 with a detection limit (S/N = 3) of 0.15 pg·mL−1. The practical applicability of the proposed sensor was examined by evaluating the detection of BoNT/A in milk and serum samples with satisfactory recoveries. Therefore, the prepared immunosensor holds great promise for the fast, simple and sensitive detection of BoNT/A in various real samples.
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32
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Zhao Y, Czilwik G, Klein V, Mitsakakis K, Zengerle R, Paust N. C-reactive protein and interleukin 6 microfluidic immunoassays with on-chip pre-stored reagents and centrifugo-pneumatic liquid control. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1666-1677. [PMID: 28426080 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00251c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a fully automated centrifugal microfluidic method for particle based protein immunoassays. Stick-pack technology is employed for pre-storage and release of liquid reagents. Quantitative layout of centrifugo-pneumatic particle handling, including timed valving, switching and pumping is assisted by network simulations. The automation is exclusively controlled by the spinning frequency and does not require any additional means. New centrifugal microfluidic process chains are developed in order to sequentially supply wash buffer based on frequency dependent stick-pack opening and pneumatic pumping to perform two washing steps from one stored wash buffer; pre-store and re-suspend functionalized microparticles on a disk; and switch between the path of the waste fluid and the path of the substrate reaction product with 100% efficiency. The automated immunoassay concept is composed of on demand ligand binding, two washing steps, the substrate reaction, timed separation of the reaction products, and termination of the substrate reaction. We demonstrated separation of particles from three different liquids with particle loss below 4% and residual liquid remaining within particles below 3%. The automated immunoassay concept was demonstrated by means of detecting C-reactive protein (CRP) in the range of 1-81 ng ml-1 and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the range of 64-13 500 pg ml-1. The limit of detection and quantification were 1.0 ng ml-1 and 2.1 ng ml-1 for CRP and 64 pg ml-1 and 205 pg ml-1 for IL-6, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhao
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
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33
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Aeinehvand MM, Magaña P, Aeinehvand MS, Aguilar O, Madou MJ, Martinez-Chapa SO. Ultra-rapid and low-cost fabrication of centrifugal microfluidic platforms with active mechanical valves. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11532f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabrication of microfluidic discs with mechanical active valves by a cutter plotter.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Aeinehvand
- School of Engineering and Sciences
- Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey
- Monterrey
- Mexico
| | - P. Magaña
- School of Engineering and Sciences
- Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey
- Monterrey
- Mexico
| | | | - O. Aguilar
- School of Engineering and Sciences
- Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey
- Monterrey
- Mexico
| | - M. J. Madou
- School of Engineering and Sciences
- Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey
- Monterrey
- Mexico
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
| | - S. O. Martinez-Chapa
- School of Engineering and Sciences
- Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey
- Monterrey
- Mexico
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
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Song Y, An Y, Liu W, Hou W, Li X, Lin B, Zhu Z, Ge S, Yang HH, Yang C. Centrifugal micropipette-tip with pressure signal readout for portable quantitative detection of myoglobin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:11774-11777. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc07231g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Integration of a centrifugal micropipette-tip for sample processing and a pressure meter for quantitative readout enables portable detection of disease biomarkers.
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35
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Rapid, Portable, Multiplexed Detection of Bacterial Pathogens Directly from Clinical Sample Matrices. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2016; 6:bios6040049. [PMID: 27669320 PMCID: PMC5192369 DOI: 10.3390/bios6040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Enteric and diarrheal diseases are a major cause of childhood illness and death in countries with developing economies. Each year, more than half of a million children under the age of five die from these diseases. We have developed a portable, microfluidic platform capable of simultaneous, multiplexed detection of several of the bacterial pathogens that cause these diseases. This platform can perform fast, sensitive immunoassays directly from relevant, complex clinical matrices such as stool without extensive sample cleanup or preparation. Using only 1 µL of sample per assay, we demonstrate simultaneous multiplexed detection of four bacterial pathogens implicated in diarrheal and enteric diseases in less than 20 min.
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36
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Kong LX, Perebikovsky A, Moebius J, Kulinsky L, Madou M. Lab-on-a-CD. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:323-55. [DOI: 10.1177/2211068215588456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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37
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Bandodkar AJ, Jeerapan I, Wang J. Wearable Chemical Sensors: Present Challenges and Future Prospects. ACS Sens 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amay J. Bandodkar
- Department
of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Itthipon Jeerapan
- Department
of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department
of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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38
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Tang M, Wang G, Kong SK, Ho HP. A Review of Biomedical Centrifugal Microfluidic Platforms. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:E26. [PMID: 30407398 PMCID: PMC6190084 DOI: 10.3390/mi7020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Centrifugal microfluidic or lab-on-a-disc platforms have many advantages over other microfluidic systems. These advantages include a minimal amount of instrumentation, the efficient removal of any disturbing bubbles or residual volumes, and inherently available density-based sample transportation and separation. Centrifugal microfluidic devices applied to biomedical analysis and point-of-care diagnostics have been extensively promoted recently. This paper presents an up-to-date overview of these devices. The development of biomedical centrifugal microfluidic platforms essentially covers two categories: (i) unit operations that perform specific functionalities, and (ii) systems that aim to address certain biomedical applications. With the aim to provide a comprehensive representation of current development in this field, this review summarizes progress in both categories. The advanced unit operations implemented for biological processing include mixing, valving, switching, metering and sequential loading. Depending on the type of sample to be used in the system, biomedical applications are classified into four groups: nucleic acid analysis, blood analysis, immunoassays, and other biomedical applications. Our overview of advanced unit operations also includes the basic concepts and mechanisms involved in centrifugal microfluidics, while on the other hand an outline on reported applications clarifies how an assembly of unit operations enables efficient implementation of various types of complex assays. Lastly, challenges and potential for future development of biomedical centrifugal microfluidic devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Tang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Institute of Optical Communication Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Siu-Kai Kong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ho-Pui Ho
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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39
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Detection methods for centrifugal microfluidic platforms. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 76:54-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Smith S, Mager D, Perebikovsky A, Shamloo E, Kinahan D, Mishra R, Torres Delgado SM, Kido H, Saha S, Ducrée J, Madou M, Land K, Korvink JG. CD-Based Microfluidics for Primary Care in Extreme Point-of-Care Settings. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:mi7020022. [PMID: 30407395 PMCID: PMC6190444 DOI: 10.3390/mi7020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We review the utility of centrifugal microfluidic technologies applied to point-of-care diagnosis in extremely under-resourced environments. The various challenges faced in these settings are showcased, using areas in India and Africa as examples. Measures for the ability of integrated devices to effectively address point-of-care challenges are highlighted, and centrifugal, often termed CD-based microfluidic technologies, technologies are presented as a promising platform to address these challenges. We describe the advantages of centrifugal liquid handling, as well as the ability of a standard CD player to perform a number of common laboratory tests, fulfilling the role of an integrated lab-on-a-CD. Innovative centrifugal approaches for point-of-care in extremely resource-poor settings are highlighted, including sensing and detection strategies, smart power sources and biomimetic inspiration for environmental control. The evolution of centrifugal microfluidics, along with examples of commercial and advanced prototype centrifugal microfluidic systems, is presented, illustrating the success of deployment at the point-of-care. A close fit of emerging centrifugal systems to address a critical panel of tests for under-resourced clinic settings, formulated by medical experts, is demonstrated. This emphasizes the potential of centrifugal microfluidic technologies to be applied effectively to extremely challenging point-of-care scenarios and in playing a role in improving primary care in resource-limited settings across the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Smith
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Meiring Naude Road, Brummeria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Dario Mager
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Perebikovsky
- School of Engineering and School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 4200 Engineering Gateway, Irvine, CA 92697-3975, USA.
| | - Ehsan Shamloo
- School of Engineering and School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 4200 Engineering Gateway, Irvine, CA 92697-3975, USA.
| | - David Kinahan
- School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Rohit Mishra
- School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Saraí M Torres Delgado
- Simulation Laboratory, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau 79085, Germany.
| | - Horacio Kido
- School of Engineering and School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 4200 Engineering Gateway, Irvine, CA 92697-3975, USA.
| | - Satadal Saha
- Foundation for Innovations in Health and JSV Innovations Private Limited, 44A S P Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, India.
| | - Jens Ducrée
- School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Marc Madou
- School of Engineering and School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 4200 Engineering Gateway, Irvine, CA 92697-3975, USA.
| | - Kevin Land
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Meiring Naude Road, Brummeria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Jan G Korvink
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany.
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41
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SUEYOSHI K, MIYAHARA Y, ENDO T, HISAMOTO H. A Simple and Rapid Immunoassay Based on Microchip Electrophoresis Using a Reagent-Release Cartridge. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2016. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2015.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji SUEYOSHI
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Yuta MIYAHARA
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Tatsuro ENDO
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University
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42
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Litvinov J, Moen ST, Koh CY, Singh AK. Centrifugal sedimentation immunoassays for multiplexed detection of enteric bacteria in ground water. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:014103. [PMID: 26858815 PMCID: PMC4714988 DOI: 10.1063/1.4939099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne pathogens pose significant threat to the global population and early detection plays an important role both in making drinking water safe, as well as in diagnostics and treatment of water-borne diseases. We present an innovative centrifugal sedimentation immunoassay platform for detection of bacterial pathogens in water. Our approach is based on binding of pathogens to antibody-functionalized capture particles followed by sedimentation of the particles through a density-media in a microfluidic disk. Beads at the distal end of the disk are imaged to quantify the fluorescence and determine the bacterial concentration. Our platform is fast (20 min), can detect as few as ∼10 bacteria with minimal sample preparation, and can detect multiple pathogens simultaneously. The platform was used to detect a panel of enteric bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella, Listeria, and Campylobacter) spiked in tap and ground water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Litvinov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | | | - Chung-Yan Koh
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories , Livermore, California 94550, USA
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43
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Patabadige DEW, Jia S, Sibbitts J, Sadeghi J, Sellens K, Culbertson CT. Micro Total Analysis Systems: Fundamental Advances and Applications. Anal Chem 2015; 88:320-38. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damith E. W. Patabadige
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Shu Jia
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Jay Sibbitts
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Jalal Sadeghi
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
- Laser & Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, 1983963113, Iran
| | - Kathleen Sellens
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Christopher T. Culbertson
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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44
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Worbs S, Fiebig U, Zeleny R, Schimmel H, Rummel A, Luginbühl W, Dorner BG. Qualitative and Quantitative Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxins from Complex Matrices: Results of the First International Proficiency Test. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4935-66. [PMID: 26703724 PMCID: PMC4690107 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the framework of the EU project EQuATox, a first international proficiency test (PT) on the detection and quantification of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) was conducted. Sample materials included BoNT serotypes A, B and E spiked into buffer, milk, meat extract and serum. Different methods were applied by the participants combining different principles of detection, identification and quantification. Based on qualitative assays, 95% of all results reported were correct. Successful strategies for BoNT detection were based on a combination of complementary immunological, MS-based and functional methods or on suitable functional in vivo/in vitro approaches (mouse bioassay, hemidiaphragm assay and Endopep-MS assay). Quantification of BoNT/A, BoNT/B and BoNT/E was performed by 48% of participating laboratories. It turned out that precise quantification of BoNT was difficult, resulting in a substantial scatter of quantitative data. This was especially true for results obtained by the mouse bioassay which is currently considered as "gold standard" for BoNT detection. The results clearly demonstrate the urgent need for certified BoNT reference materials and the development of methods replacing animal testing. In this context, the BoNT PT provided the valuable information that both the Endopep-MS assay and the hemidiaphragm assay delivered quantitative results superior to the mouse bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Worbs
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Uwe Fiebig
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Reinhard Zeleny
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - Heinz Schimmel
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - Andreas Rummel
- toxogen GmbH, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 35, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - Brigitte G Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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