1
|
Cheng W, Ye S, Yuan B, Marsh JH, Hou L. Subwavelength Grating Cascaded Microring Resonator Biochemical Sensors with Record-High Sensitivity. ACS PHOTONICS 2024; 11:3343-3350. [PMID: 39184189 PMCID: PMC11342415 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.4c00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Photonic integrated circuit biochemical and biomedical sensors show promising applications in medical diagnosis, food security, healthcare, and environmental monitoring. Silicon-on-insulator subwavelength grating waveguides and cascaded microring resonator structures enhance photon-analyte interaction, offering superior sensing performance (higher sensitivity with lower limit of detection and larger free spectral range) compared to traditional strip and slot waveguide microring resonator structures. In this study, we design, simulate, and experimentally demonstrate a novel and compact biochemical sensor integrating subwavelength grating cascaded microring resonators and multibox subwavelength grating straight waveguides on a silicon-on-insulator platform. We achieve a record-high refractive index sensitivity of 810 nm/RIU with a limit of detection value of 2.04 × 10-5 RIU. The measured concentration sensitivity for sodium chloride solutions is 1430 pm/% with a limit of detection of 0.04%. The free spectral range is 35.8 nm, and the measured Q factor is 1.9 × 103. By combining the advantages of cascaded microring resonators with those subwavelength gratings, our sensor offers unprecedented sensitivity for biochemical sensing applications, promising significant enhancements in healthcare diagnostics and environmental monitoring systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Cheng
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Shengwei Ye
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Bocheng Yuan
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - John H. Marsh
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Lianping Hou
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Z, Zhou B, Zhang AP. High-Q WGM microcavity-based optofluidic sensor technologies for biological analysis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2024; 18:041502. [PMID: 39219592 PMCID: PMC11364460 DOI: 10.1063/5.0200166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
High-quality-factor (Q) optical microcavities have attracted extensive interest due to their unique ability to confine light for resonant circulation at the micrometer scale. Particular attention has been paid to optical whispering-gallery mode (WGM) microcavities to harness their strong light-matter interactions for biological applications. Remarkably, the combination of high-Q optical WGM microcavities with microfluidic technologies can achieve a synergistic effect in the development of high-sensitivity optofluidic sensors for many emerging biological analysis applications, such as the detection of proteins, nucleic acids, viruses, and exosomes. They can also be utilized to investigate the behavior of living cells in human organisms, which may provide new technical solutions for studies in cell biology and biophysics. In this paper, we briefly review recent progress in high-Q microcavity-based optofluidic sensor technologies and their applications in biological analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhizheng Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Photonics Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Photonics Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - A. Ping Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Photonics Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Y, Whittington CS, Layouni R, Cotto AM, Arnold KP, Halimi SI, Weiss SM. Protein sensing using deep subwavelength-engineered photonic crystals. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:395-398. [PMID: 38194577 DOI: 10.1364/ol.510541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate a higher sensitivity detection of proteins in a photonic crystal platform by including a deep subwavelength feature in the unit cell that locally increases the energy density of light. Through both simulations and experiments, the sensing capability of a deep subwavelength-engineered silicon antislot photonic crystal nanobeam (PhCNB) cavity is compared to that of a traditional PhCNB cavity. The redistribution and local enhancement of the energy density by the 50 nm antislot enable stronger light-molecule interaction at the surface of the antislot and lead to a larger resonance shift upon protein binding. This surface-based energy enhancement is confirmed by experiments demonstrating a nearly 50% larger resonance shift upon attachment of streptavidin molecules to biotin-functionalized antislot PhCNB cavities.
Collapse
|
4
|
Luo B, Wang W, Zhao Y, Zhao Y. Hot-Electron Dynamics Mediated Medical Diagnosis and Therapy. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10808-10833. [PMID: 37603096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance excitation significantly enhances the absorption of light and increases the generation of "hot" electrons, i.e., conducting electrons that are raised from their steady states to excited states. These excited electrons rapidly decay and equilibrate via radiative and nonradiative damping over several hundred femtoseconds. During the hot-electron dynamics, from their generation to the ultimate nonradiative decay, the electromagnetic field enhancement, hot electron density increase, and local heating effect are sequentially induced. Over the past decade, these physical phenomena have attracted considerable attention in the biomedical field, e.g., the rapid and accurate identification of biomolecules, precise synthesis and release of drugs, and elimination of tumors. This review highlights the recent developments in the application of hot-electron dynamics in medical diagnosis and therapy, particularly fully integrated device techniques with good application prospects. In addition, we discuss the latest experimental and theoretical studies of underlying mechanisms. From a practical standpoint, the pioneering modeling analyses and quantitative measurements in the extreme near field are summarized to illustrate the quantification of hot-electron dynamics. Finally, the prospects and remaining challenges associated with biomedical engineering based on hot-electron dynamics are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Service Behavior and Structural Safety of Petroleum Pipe and Equipment Materials, CNPC Tubular Goods Research Institute (TGRI), Xi'an 710077, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Puumala LS, Grist SM, Morales JM, Bickford JR, Chrostowski L, Shekhar S, Cheung KC. Biofunctionalization of Multiplexed Silicon Photonic Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2022; 13:bios13010053. [PMID: 36671887 PMCID: PMC9855810 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Silicon photonic (SiP) sensors offer a promising platform for robust and low-cost decentralized diagnostics due to their high scalability, low limit of detection, and ability to integrate multiple sensors for multiplexed analyte detection. Their CMOS-compatible fabrication enables chip-scale miniaturization, high scalability, and low-cost mass production. Sensitive, specific detection with silicon photonic sensors is afforded through biofunctionalization of the sensor surface; consequently, this functionalization chemistry is inextricably linked to sensor performance. In this review, we first highlight the biofunctionalization needs for SiP biosensors, including sensitivity, specificity, cost, shelf-stability, and replicability and establish a set of performance criteria. We then benchmark biofunctionalization strategies for SiP biosensors against these criteria, organizing the review around three key aspects: bioreceptor selection, immobilization strategies, and patterning techniques. First, we evaluate bioreceptors, including antibodies, aptamers, nucleic acid probes, molecularly imprinted polymers, peptides, glycans, and lectins. We then compare adsorption, bioaffinity, and covalent chemistries for immobilizing bioreceptors on SiP surfaces. Finally, we compare biopatterning techniques for spatially controlling and multiplexing the biofunctionalization of SiP sensors, including microcontact printing, pin- and pipette-based spotting, microfluidic patterning in channels, inkjet printing, and microfluidic probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S. Puumala
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Samantha M. Grist
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Dream Photonics Inc., Vancouver, BC V6T 0A7, Canada
| | - Jennifer M. Morales
- Army Research Laboratory, US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, 2800 Powder Mill Rd., Adelphi, MD 20783, USA
| | - Justin R. Bickford
- Army Research Laboratory, US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, 2800 Powder Mill Rd., Adelphi, MD 20783, USA
| | - Lukas Chrostowski
- Dream Photonics Inc., Vancouver, BC V6T 0A7, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sudip Shekhar
- Dream Photonics Inc., Vancouver, BC V6T 0A7, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Karen C. Cheung
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Puumala LS, Grist SM, Wickremasinghe K, Al-Qadasi MA, Chowdhury SJ, Liu Y, Mitchell M, Chrostowski L, Shekhar S, Cheung KC. An Optimization Framework for Silicon Photonic Evanescent-Field Biosensors Using Sub-Wavelength Gratings. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12100840. [PMID: 36290977 PMCID: PMC9599562 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Silicon photonic (SiP) evanescent-field biosensors aim to combine the information-rich readouts offered by lab-scale diagnostics, at a significantly lower cost, and with the portability and rapid time to result offered by paper-based assays. While SiP biosensors fabricated with conventional strip waveguides can offer good sensitivity for label-free detection in some applications, there is still opportunity for improvement. Efforts have been made to design higher-sensitivity SiP sensors with alternative waveguide geometries, including sub-wavelength gratings (SWGs). However, SWG-based devices are fragile and prone to damage, limiting their suitability for scalable and portable sensing. Here, we investigate SiP microring resonator sensors designed with SWG waveguides that contain a "fishbone" and highlight the improved robustness offered by this design. We present a framework for optimizing fishbone-style SWG waveguide geometries based on numerical simulations, then experimentally measure the performance of ring resonator sensors fabricated with the optimized waveguides, targeting operation in the O-band and C-band. For the O-band and C-band devices, we report bulk sensitivities up to 349 nm/RIU and 438 nm/RIU, respectively, and intrinsic limits of detection as low as 5.1 × 10-4 RIU and 7.1 × 10-4 RIU, respectively. This performance is comparable to the state of the art in SWG-based sensors, positioning fishbone SWG resonators as an attractive, more robust, alternative to conventional SWG designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S. Puumala
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 251-2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Samantha M. Grist
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 251-2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Dream Photonics Inc., Vancouver, BC V6T 0A7, Canada
| | - Kithmin Wickremasinghe
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 5500-2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mohammed A. Al-Qadasi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 5500-2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sheri Jahan Chowdhury
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 5500-2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yifei Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 5500-2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Matthew Mitchell
- Dream Photonics Inc., Vancouver, BC V6T 0A7, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Lukas Chrostowski
- Dream Photonics Inc., Vancouver, BC V6T 0A7, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 5500-2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sudip Shekhar
- Dream Photonics Inc., Vancouver, BC V6T 0A7, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 5500-2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Karen C. Cheung
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 251-2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 5500-2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guimarães CF, Cruz-Moreira D, Caballero D, Pirraco RP, Gasperini L, Kundu SC, Reis RL. Shining a Light on Cancer - Photonics in Microfluidic Tumor Modelling and Biosensing. Adv Healthc Mater 2022:e2201442. [PMID: 35998112 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic platforms represent a powerful approach to miniaturizing important characteristics of cancers, improving in vitro testing by increasing physiological relevance. Different tools can manipulate cells and materials at the microscale, but few offer the efficiency and versatility of light and optical technologies. Moreover, light-driven technologies englobe a broad toolbox for quantifying critical biological phenomena. Herein, we review the role of photonics in microfluidic 3D cancer modeling and biosensing from three major perspectives. First, we look at optical-driven technologies that allow biomaterials and living cells to be manipulated with micro-sized precision and the opportunities to advance 3D microfluidic models by engineering cancer microenvironments' hallmarks, such as their architecture, cellular complexity, and vascularization. Second, we delve into the growing field of optofluidics, exploring how optical tools can directly interface microfluidic chips, enabling the extraction of relevant biological data, from single fluorescent signals to the complete 3D imaging of diseased cells within microchannels. Third, we review advances in optical cancer biosensing, focusing on how light-matter interactions can detect biomarkers, rare circulating tumor cells, and cell-derived structures such as exosomes. We overview photonic technologies' current challenges and caveats in microfluidic 3D cancer models, outlining future research avenues that may catapult the field. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F Guimarães
- 3B's Research Group -Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Barco, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga and Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Daniela Cruz-Moreira
- 3B's Research Group -Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Barco, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga and Guimarães, Portugal
| | - David Caballero
- 3B's Research Group -Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Barco, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga and Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rogério P Pirraco
- 3B's Research Group -Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Barco, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga and Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Luca Gasperini
- 3B's Research Group -Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Barco, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga and Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Subhas C Kundu
- 3B's Research Group -Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Barco, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga and Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group -Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Barco, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga and Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sypabekova M, Amantayeva A, Vangelista L, González-Vila Á, Caucheteur C, Tosi D. Ultralow Limit Detection of Soluble HER2 Biomarker in Serum with a Fiber-Optic Ball-Tip Resonator Assisted by a Tilted FBG. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2022; 2:309-316. [PMID: 36785571 PMCID: PMC9885947 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
An optical-fiber biosensor has been developed for the detection of the breast cancer biomarker soluble human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (sHER2). The sensor was fabricated by combining a tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) with a ball resonator, allowing us to achieve an excellent sensitivity compared to other optical-fiber-based sensors. The sensor exhibits a resonance comb excited by the TFBG and the spectral profile of the ball resonator. The detection of sHER2 at extremely low concentrations was carried out by tracking the amplitude change of selected resonances. The therapeutic anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody Trastuzumab has been used to functionalize the biosensor with silane surface chemistry. The sensor features a sensitivity of 4034 dB/RIU with a limit of detection (LoD) in buffer and in a 1/10 diluted serum of 151.5 ag/mL and 3.7 pg/mL, respectively. At relatively high protein concentrations (64 ng/mL) binding to sHER (7.36 dB) as compared to control proteins (below 0.7 dB) attested the high specificity of sHER2 detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marzhan Sypabekova
- Nazarbayev
University School of Medicine, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 010000 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
- Nazarbayev
University School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 010000 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
- Baylor
Research and Innovative Collaborative, Baylor
University, 100 Research
Pkwy, Waco, Texas 76704, United States
| | - Aida Amantayeva
- Nazarbayev
University School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 010000 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Luca Vangelista
- Nazarbayev
University School of Medicine, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 010000 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Álvaro González-Vila
- Electromagnetism
and Telecommunication Department, University
of Mons, Boulevard Dolez 31, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Christophe Caucheteur
- Electromagnetism
and Telecommunication Department, University
of Mons, Boulevard Dolez 31, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Daniele Tosi
- Nazarbayev
University School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 010000 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
- National
Laboratory Astana, Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioinstruments, 010000 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nahak BK, Mishra A, Preetam S, Tiwari A. Advances in Organ-on-a-Chip Materials and Devices. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:3576-3607. [PMID: 35839513 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The organ-on-a-chip (OoC) paves a way for biomedical applications ranging from preclinical to clinical translational precision. The current trends in the in vitro modeling is to reduce the complexity of human organ anatomy to the fundamental cellular microanatomy as an alternative of recreating the entire cell milieu that allows systematic analysis of medicinal absorption of compounds, metabolism, and mechanistic investigation. The OoC devices accurately represent human physiology in vitro; however, it is vital to choose the correct chip materials. The potential chip materials include inorganic, elastomeric, thermoplastic, natural, and hybrid materials. Despite the fact that polydimethylsiloxane is the most commonly utilized polymer for OoC and microphysiological systems, substitute materials have been continuously developed for its advanced applications. The evaluation of human physiological status can help to demonstrate using noninvasive OoC materials in real-time procedures. Therefore, this Review examines the materials used for fabricating OoC devices, the application-oriented pros and cons, possessions for device fabrication and biocompatibility, as well as their potential for downstream biochemical surface alteration and commercialization. The convergence of emerging approaches, such as advanced materials, artificial intelligence, machine learning, three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, and genomics, have the potential to perform OoC technology at next generation. Thus, OoC technologies provide easy and precise methodologies in cost-effective clinical monitoring and treatment using standardized protocols, at even personalized levels. Because of the inherent utilization of the integrated materials, employing the OoC with biomedical approaches will be a promising methodology in the healthcare industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bishal Kumar Nahak
- Institute of Advanced Materials, IAAM, Gammalkilsvägen 18, Ulrika 59053, Sweden
| | - Anshuman Mishra
- Institute of Advanced Materials, IAAM, Gammalkilsvägen 18, Ulrika 59053, Sweden
| | - Subham Preetam
- Institute of Advanced Materials, IAAM, Gammalkilsvägen 18, Ulrika 59053, Sweden
| | - Ashutosh Tiwari
- Institute of Advanced Materials, IAAM, Gammalkilsvägen 18, Ulrika 59053, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Qavi AJ, Meserve K, Aman MJ, Vu H, Zeitlin L, Dye JM, Froude JW, Leung DW, Yang L, Holtsberg FW, Bailey RC, Amarasinghe GK. Rapid detection of an Ebola biomarker with optical microring resonators. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100234. [PMID: 35784644 PMCID: PMC9243524 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is a highly infectious pathogen, with a case mortality rate as high as 89%. Rapid therapeutic treatments and supportive measures can drastically improve patient outcome; however, the symptoms of EBOV disease (EVD) lack specificity from other endemic diseases. Given the high mortality and significant symptom overlap, there is a critical need for sensitive, rapid diagnostics for EVD. Facile diagnosis of EVD remains a challenge. Here, we describe a rapid and sensitive diagnostic for EVD through microring resonator sensors in conjunction with a unique biomarker of EBOV infection, soluble glycoprotein (sGP). Microring resonator sensors detected sGP in under 40 min with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 1.00 ng/mL in serum. Furthermore, we validated our assay with the detection of sGP in serum from EBOV-infected non-human primates. Our results demonstrate the utility of a high-sensitivity diagnostic platform for detection of sGP for diagnosis of EVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J. Qavi
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Krista Meserve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - M. Javad Aman
- Integrated Biotherapeutics, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Hong Vu
- Integrated Biotherapeutics, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Larry Zeitlin
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - John M. Dye
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Froude
- United States Army Nuclear and Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060, USA
| | - Daisy W. Leung
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | | | - Ryan C. Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gaya K. Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ebrahimi G, Samadi Pakchin P, Shamloo A, Mota A, de la Guardia M, Omidian H, Omidi Y. Label-free electrochemical microfluidic biosensors: futuristic point-of-care analytical devices for monitoring diseases. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:252. [PMID: 35687204 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05316-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The integration of microfluidics with electrochemical analysis has resulted in the development of single miniaturized detection systems, which allows the precise control of sample volume with multianalyte detection capability in a cost- and time-effective manner. Microfluidic electrochemical sensing devices (MESDs) can potentially serve as precise sensing and monitoring systems for the detection of molecular markers in various detrimental diseases. MESDs offer several advantages, including (i) automated sample preparation and detection, (ii) low sample and reagent requirement, (iii) detection of multianalyte in a single run, (iv) multiplex analysis in a single integrated device, and (v) portability with simplicity in application and disposability. Label-free MESDs can serve an affordable real-time detection with a simple analysis in a short processing time, providing point-of-care diagnosis/detection possibilities in precision medicine, and environmental analysis. In the current review, we elaborate on label-free microfluidic biosensors, provide comprehensive insights into electrochemical detection techniques, and discuss the principles of label-free microfluidic-based sensing approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghasem Ebrahimi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parvin Samadi Pakchin
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Shamloo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mota
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Omidian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33328, USA
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33328, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Steglich P, Lecci G, Mai A. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Spectroscopy and Photonic Integrated Circuit (PIC) Biosensors: A Comparative Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:2901. [PMID: 35458884 PMCID: PMC9028357 DOI: 10.3390/s22082901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Label-free direct-optical biosensors such as surface-plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy has become a gold standard in biochemical analytics in centralized laboratories. Biosensors based on photonic integrated circuits (PIC) are based on the same physical sensing mechanism: evanescent field sensing. PIC-based biosensors can play an important role in healthcare, especially for point-of-care diagnostics, if challenges for a transfer from research laboratory to industrial applications can be overcome. Research is at this threshold, which presents a great opportunity for innovative on-site analyses in the health and environmental sectors. A deeper understanding of the innovative PIC technology is possible by comparing it with the well-established SPR spectroscopy. In this work, we shortly introduce both technologies and reveal similarities and differences. Further, we review some latest advances and compare both technologies in terms of surface functionalization and sensor performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Steglich
- IHP—Leibniz-Institut für Innovative Mikroelektronik, 15236 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany; (G.L.); (A.M.)
- Department of Photonics, Technische Hochschule Wildau, 15745 Wildau, Germany
| | - Giulia Lecci
- IHP—Leibniz-Institut für Innovative Mikroelektronik, 15236 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany; (G.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Andreas Mai
- IHP—Leibniz-Institut für Innovative Mikroelektronik, 15236 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany; (G.L.); (A.M.)
- Department of Photonics, Technische Hochschule Wildau, 15745 Wildau, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Comparative Analysis of Derivative Parameters of Chemoresistive Sensor Signals for Gas Concentration Estimation. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10040126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Signals from resistive gas sensors based on zirconium dioxide and silicon–carbon films have been extensively investigated to estimate gas concentration. In this study, the change in the normalized resistance of the sensor’s response under NO2 exposure is shown and the analysis of the first and second derivatives of the response curves were carried out. A signal-processing scheme, reducing the effect of noise and signal drift, is proposed. The extreme of the second derivative of the sensor response, the initial reaction rate, and the slope of the curve of the approximating line in the coordinates of the Elovich equation are proposed as calibration dependencies. The calibration curves built from the values of the maximum second derivative turned out to be the most stable, with the lowest relative error in estimating gas concentration compared to the traditional fixed-time point method.
Collapse
|
14
|
Yadav M, Aksnes A. Multiplexed Mach-Zehnder interferometer assisted ring resonator sensor. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:1388-1396. [PMID: 35209300 DOI: 10.1364/oe.448023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A Mach-Zehnder interferometer assisted ring resonator configuration (MARC)-based multiplexed photonic sensor with a large measurement range is experimentally demonstrated. The presented MARC sensor consists of a balanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer and a ring resonator acting as a sensing component. It produces transmission responses with unique spectral signatures, which depend on the physical angular separation between the through port and the drop port waveguides. These unique spectral signatures enhance the effective free spectral range of ring resonators. Hence MARC sensors with a large measurement range are realized. We experimentally demonstrated that the measurement range from the MARC with 135° angular separation is 8x larger than a standard ring resonator. Moreover, by utilizing the MARC, we distinguished the responses from two and three ring resonators multiplexed together. These results verify proof-of-principle for the MARC-based sensors. This inexpensive compact multipurpose device holds promise for numerous applications.
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang H, Lv X, Huang B, Cheng C, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Fang W, Zhang H, Chen R, Huang Y, Chen H. In Situ Regeneration of Silicon Microring Biosensors Coated with Parylene C. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:504-513. [PMID: 34965120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Optical biosensors support disease diagnostic applications, offering high accuracy and sensitivity due to label-free detection and their optical resonance enhancement. However, optical biosensors based on noble metal nanoparticles and precise micro-electromechanical system technology are costly, which is an obstacle for their applications. Here, we proposed a biosensor reuse method with nanoscale parylene C film, taking the silicon-on-insulator microring resonator biosensor as an example. Parylene C can efficiently adsorb antibody by one-step modification without any surface treatment, which simplifies the antibody modification process of sensors. Parylene C (20 nm thick) was successfully coated on the surface of the microring to modify anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (anti-CEA) and specifically detect CEA. After sensing, parylene C was successfully removed without damaging the sensing surface for the sensor reusing. The experimental results demonstrate that the sensing response did not change significantly after the sensor was reused more than five times, which verifies the repeatability and reliability of the reusable method by using parylene C. This framework can potentially reduce the cost of biosensors and promote their further applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelelctronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoqing Lv
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelelctronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Beiju Huang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelelctronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Stretchable and Flexible Information Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chuantong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelelctronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zan Zhang
- School of Electronic and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China
| | - Zanyun Zhang
- School of Electronical and Electronic Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Weihao Fang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelelctronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hengjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelelctronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Run Chen
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelelctronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yulong Huang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelelctronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongda Chen
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelelctronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Stretchable and Flexible Information Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wei Y, Zhou W, Wu Y, Zhu H. High Sensitivity Label-Free Quantitative Method for Detecting Tumor Biomarkers in Human Serum by Optical Microfiber Couplers. ACS Sens 2021; 6:4304-4314. [PMID: 34806360 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Label-free optical fiber immunosensors have attracted widespread attention in recent decades due to their high sensitivity. However, nonspecific adsorption in serum has remained a critical bottleneck in existing label-free fiber optic biosensors, which hinders their widespread use in diagnostics. In addition, individual differences in clinical human serum (HS) negatively impact biosensing results. In this work, the modified serum preadsorption strategy was applied to reduce nonspecific adsorption by forming a saturated antifouling interface on an optical microfiber coupler (OMC). Furthermore, to reduce the effect of the differences between individual HS samples, we proposed a new method where Sigma HS was used as a wavelength shift reference due to being close to clinical serum compared to other serums. Sigma HS was used first to reduce the differences in immune sensors before performing a clinical sample test in which quantitative detection was achieved based on the independent calibration of several sensors with wide dynamic ranges via dissociation processes. The individual differences in 25% HS were corrected by 30% Sigma HS. As a proof of concept, the label-free OMC immune sensor demonstrates good sensitivity and specificity for the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in 25% Sigma HS at different concentrations. The detection limit of CEA reached as low as 34.6 fg/mL (0.475 fM). Additionally, label-free quantitative detection of CEA using this OMC immune sensor was verified experimentally according to the calibration line, and the results agree well with clinical examination detection. To our knowledge, it is the first study to employ an OMC immune sensor in point-of-care label-free quantitative detection for clinical HS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youlian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Wenchao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, PR China
| | - Yihui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, PR China
| | - Hongquan Zhu
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
A 4 × 4 Array of Complementary Split-Ring Resonators for Label-Free Dielectric Spectroscopy. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9120348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) metamaterial structures are proposed for label-free dielectric spectroscopy of liquids in microplates. This novel combination of an array of sensors and microplates is readily scalable and thus offers a great potential for non-invasive, rapid, and label-free dielectric spectroscopy of liquids in large microplate arrays. The proposed array of sensors on a printed circuit board consists of a microstrip line coupled to four CSRRs in cascade with resonant frequencies ranging from 7 to 10 GHz, spaced around 1 GHz. The microwells were manufactured and bonded to the CSRR using polydimethylsiloxane, whose resonant frequency is dependent on a complex relative permittivity of the liquid loaded in the microwell. The individual microstrip lines with CSRRs were interconnected to the measurement equipment using two electronically controllable microwave switches, which enables microwave measurements of the 4 × 4 CSRR array using only a two-port measurement system. The 4 × 4 microwell sensor arrays were calibrated and evaluated using water-ethanol mixtures with different ethanol concentrations. The proposed measurement setup offers comparable results to ones obtained using a dielectric probe, confirming the potential of the planar sensor array for large-scale microplate experiments.
Collapse
|
18
|
Castelló-Pedrero L, Gómez-Gómez MI, García-Rupérez J, Griol A, Martínez A. Performance improvement of a silicon nitride ring resonator biosensor operated in the TM mode at 1310 nm. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:7244-7260. [PMID: 34858712 PMCID: PMC8606153 DOI: 10.1364/boe.437823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Silicon-based ring resonators have been demonstrated to be a key element to build lab-on-chip devices due to their ability to perform as label-free photonic sensors. In this work, we demonstrate photonic biosensing using silicon nitride ring resonators operated in the TM mode around 1310 nm wavelengths. Our results show that operating the devices using the TM mode results in an increased sensitivity in comparison with the typically used TE mode, while working at 1310 nm wavelengths compared to 1550 nm contributes to an increased quality factor. As a result, a reduction in the intrinsic limit of detection is achieved, indicating the suitability of TM modes in the 1310 nm regime for biosensing using integrated photonics.
Collapse
|
19
|
Hassan MM, Baten MZ. Label-free detection of virus-like particles employing rotationally symmetric nanowire array based whispering gallery and quasi-whispering gallery resonant modes onto a silicon platform. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:25745-25761. [PMID: 34614897 DOI: 10.1364/oe.432064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In spite of tremendous advancements in modern diagnostics, there is a dire need for reliable, label-free detection of highly contagious pathogens like viruses. In view of the limitations of existing diagnostic techniques, the present theoretical study proposes a novel scheme of detecting virus-like particles employing whispering gallery and quasi-whispering gallery resonant modes of a composite optical system. Whereas whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators are conventionally realized using micro-disk, -ring, -toroid or spherical structures, the present study utilizes a rotationally symmetric array of silicon nanowires which offers higher sensitivity compared to the conventional WGM resonator while detecting virus-like particles. Notwithstanding the relatively low quality factor of the system, the underlying multiple-scattering mediated photon entrapment, coupled with peripheral total-internal reflection, results in high fidelity of the system against low signal-to-noise ratio. Finite difference time domain based numerical analysis has been performed to correlate resonant modes of the array with spatial location of the virus. The correlation has been subsequently utilized for statistical analysis of simulated test cases. Assuming detection to be limited by resolution of the measurement system, results of the analysis suggest that for only about 5% of the simulate test cases the resonant wavelength shift lies within the minimum detection range of 0.001-0.01 nm. For a single virus of 160 nm diameter, more than 8 nm shift of the resonant mode and nearly 100% change of quality factor are attained with the proposed nanowire array based photonic structure.
Collapse
|
20
|
de Goede M, Dijkstra M, Chang L, Acharyya N, Kozyreff G, Obregón R, Martínez E, García-Blanco SM. Mode-splitting in a microring resonator for self-referenced biosensing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:346-358. [PMID: 33362120 DOI: 10.1364/oe.411931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Self-referenced biosensing based on mode-splitting on a microring resonator is experimentally demonstrated. A Bragg grating integrated on the surface of the ring provides coupling between the clockwise and counterclockwise travelling modes of the pristine ring resonator lifting their degeneracy. The amount of mode-splitting is directly related to the reflectivity of the grating and it is only affected by structurally modifying the grating. Environmental perturbations to the surroundings of the gratings, such as temperature and bulk refractive index variations, have a minor effect on the amount of mode-splitting. This principle allows the realization of a self-referenced sensing scheme based on the detection of variations of the mode-splitting induced by structural changes to the grating. In this work, a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) Bragg grating is integrated onto a ring resonator in Al2O3. It is shown both theoretically and experimentally that the amount of splitting of a resonance varies minimally under temperature or bulk refractive index perturbations. However, the structural change of attaching a layer of biomolecules inside the grating does affect its reflectivity and the amount of mode splitting present. This result represents the first proof-of-concept demonstration of an integrated mode-splitting biosensor insensitive to temperature and refractive index variations of the liquid matrix where the molecules to be detected are embedded. The reported results pave the road towards the realization of truly self-referenced biosensors.
Collapse
|
21
|
Dell'Olio F, Su J, Huser T, Sottile V, Cortés-Hernández LE, Alix-Panabières C. Photonic technologies for liquid biopsies: recent advances and open research challenges. LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS 2021; 15:2000255. [PMID: 35360260 PMCID: PMC8966629 DOI: 10.1002/lpor.202000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of sophisticated techniques capable of detecting extremely low concentrations of circulating tumor biomarkers in accessible body fluids, such as blood or urine, could contribute to a paradigm shift in cancer diagnosis and treatment. By applying such techniques, clinicians can carry out liquid biopsies, providing information on tumor presence, evolution, and response to therapy. The implementation of biosensing platforms for liquid biopsies is particularly complex because this application domain demands high selectivity/specificity and challenging limit-of-detection (LoD) values. The interest in photonics as an enabling technology for liquid biopsies is growing owing to the well-known advantages of photonic biosensors over competing technologies in terms of compactness, immunity to external disturbance, and ultra-high spatial resolution. Some encouraging experimental results in the field of photonic devices and systems for liquid biopsy have already been achieved by using fluorescent labels and label-free techniques and by exploiting super-resolution microscopy, surface plasmon resonance, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, and whispering gallery mode resonators. This paper critically reviews the current state-of-the-art, starting from the requirements imposed by the detection of the most common circulating biomarkers. Open research challenges are considered together with competing technologies, and the most promising paths of improvement are discussed for future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Dell'Olio
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Judith Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Optical Sciences, and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, 85721, USA
| | - Thomas Huser
- Biomolecular Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Germany
| | - Virginie Sottile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | | | - Catherine Alix-Panabières
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), University Medical Center of Montpellier, 34093 CEDEX 5, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Adamopoulos C, Gharia A, Niknejad A, Stojanović V, Anwar M. Microfluidic Packaging Integration with Electronic-Photonic Biosensors Using 3D Printed Transfer Molding. BIOSENSORS 2020; 10:bios10110177. [PMID: 33202594 PMCID: PMC7698318 DOI: 10.3390/bios10110177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Multiplexed sensing in integrated silicon electronic-photonic platforms requires microfluidics with both high density micro-scale channels and meso-scale features to accommodate for optical, electrical, and fluidic coupling in small, millimeter-scale areas. Three-dimensional (3D) printed transfer molding offers a facile and rapid method to create both micro and meso-scale features in complex multilayer microfluidics in order to integrate with monolithic electronic-photonic system-on-chips with multiplexed rows of 5 μm radius micro-ring resonators (MRRs), allowing for simultaneous optical, electrical, and microfluidic coupling on chip. Here, we demonstrate this microfluidic packaging strategy on an integrated silicon photonic biosensor, setting the basis for highly multiplexed molecular sensing on-chip.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christos Adamopoulos
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (A.G.); (A.N.); (V.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Asmaysinh Gharia
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (A.G.); (A.N.); (V.S.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA;
| | - Ali Niknejad
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (A.G.); (A.N.); (V.S.)
| | - Vladimir Stojanović
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (A.G.); (A.N.); (V.S.)
| | - Mekhail Anwar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Soni V, Chang CW, Xu X, Wang C, Yan H, D Agati M, Tu LW, Chen QY, Tian H, Chen RT. Portable Automatic Microring Resonator System Using a Subwavelength Grating Metamaterial Waveguide for High-Sensitivity Real-Time Optical-Biosensing Applications. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2020; 68:1894-1902. [PMID: 33026979 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2020.3029148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The slow light sensor techniques have been applied to bio-related detection in the past decades. However, similar testing-systems are too large to carry to a remote area for diagnosis or point-of-care testing. This study demonstrated a fully automatic portable biosensing system based on the microring resonator. An optical-fiber array mounted on a controller based micro-positioning system, which can be interfaced with MATLAB to locate a tentative position for light source and waveguide coupling alignment. Chip adapter and microfluidic channel could be packaged as a product such that it is cheap to be manufactured and can be disposed of after every test conducted. Thus, the platform can be more easily operated via an ordinary user without expertise in photonics. It is designed based on conventional optical communication wavelength range. The C-band superluminescent-light-emitting-diode light source couples in/out the microring sensor to obtain quasi-TE mode by grating coupler techniques. For keeping a stable chemical binding reaction, the cost-effective microfluidic pump was developed to offer a specific flow rate of 20 μL/min by using a servo-motor, an Arduino board, and a motor driver. The subwavelength grating metamaterial ring resonator shows highly sensitive sensing performance via surface index changes due to biomarker adhered on the sensor. The real-time peak-shift monitoring shows 10 μg/mL streptavidin detection of limit based on the biotin-streptavidin binding reaction. Through the different specific receptors immobilized on the sensor surface, the system can be utilized on the open applications such as heavy metal detection, gas sensing, virus examination, and cancer marker diagnosis.
Collapse
|
24
|
Lu Y, Cao V, Liao M, Li W, Tang M, Li A, Smowton P, Seeds A, Liu H, Chen S. Electrically pumped continuous-wave O-band quantum-dot superluminescent diode on silicon. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:5468-5471. [PMID: 33001927 DOI: 10.1364/ol.401042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High-power, broadband quantum-dot (QD) superluminescent diodes (SLDs) are ideal light sources for optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging systems but have previously mainly been fabricated on native GaAs- or InP-based substrates. Recently, significant progress has been made to emigrate QD SLDs from native substrates to silicon substrates. Here, we demonstrate electrically pumped continuous-wave InAs QD SLDs monolithically grown on silicon substrates with significantly improved performance thanks to the achievement of a low density of defects in the III-V epilayers. The fabricated narrow-ridge-waveguide device exhibits a maximum 3 dB bandwidth of 103 nm emission spectrum centered at the O-band together with a maximum single facet output power of 3.8 mW at room temperature. The silicon-based SLD has been assessed for application in an OCT system. Under optimized conditions, a predicted axial resolution of ∼5.3µm is achieved with a corresponding output power of 0.66 mW/facet.
Collapse
|
25
|
Wetzler SP, Miller KA, Kisley L, Stanton ALD, Braun PV, Bailey RC. Real-Time Measurement of Polymer Brush Dynamics Using Silicon Photonic Microring Resonators: Analyte Partitioning and Interior Brush Kinetics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:10351-10360. [PMID: 32852216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polymer brushes are found in biomedical and industrial technologies, where they exhibit functionalities considerably dependent on polymer brush-solvent-analyte interactions. It remains a difficult challenge to quickly analyze solvent-swollen polymer brushes, both at the solvent-polymer brush interface and in the brush interior, as well as to monitor the kinetics of interaction of solvent-swollen brushes with key analytes. Here, we demonstrate the novel use of silicon photonic microring resonators to characterize in situ swollen polymer brush-analyte interactions. By monitoring resonant wavelength shifts, we find that brush-solvent-analyte interaction parameters can be extracted from a single set of data or from successive analyte introductions using a single brush-coated sensor. The partition coefficient of three industrially relevant plasticizers into hydrophobic and hydrophilic brushes was determined and found to be in agreement with known solubility trends. We found that the diffusion coefficient of the plasticizer into the brush decreases as brush thickness increases, supporting a model of a dense inner brush layer and diffuse outer layer. pKa's of pH-sensitive brushes were determined on the microring resonator platform; upon increasing the dry brush thickness, the pKa for poly(2-dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate) decreased from 8.5 to approach the bulk material pKa of 7.3 and showed dependence on the presence and concentration of salt. These proof-of-concept experiments show how the surface-sensitive nature of the microring resonator detection platform provides valuable information about the interaction of the polymer brushes with the solvents and analytes, not easily accessed by other techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon P Wetzler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kali A Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Lydia Kisley
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Alexandra L D Stanton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Paul V Braun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ryan C Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Soler M, Scholtz A, Zeto R, Armani AM. Engineering photonics solutions for COVID-19. APL PHOTONICS 2020; 5:090901. [PMID: 33015361 PMCID: PMC7523711 DOI: 10.1063/5.0021270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As the impact of COVID-19 on society became apparent, the engineering and scientific community recognized the need for innovative solutions. Two potential roadmaps emerged: developing short-term solutions to address the immediate needs of the healthcare communities and developing mid/long-term solutions to eliminate the over-arching threat. However, in a truly global effort, researchers from all backgrounds came together in tackling this challenge. Short-term efforts have focused on re-purposing existing technologies and leveraging additive manufacturing techniques to address shortages in personal protective equipment and disinfection. More basic research efforts with mid-term and long-term impact have emphasized developing novel diagnostics and accelerating vaccines. As a foundational technology, photonics has contributed directly and indirectly to all efforts. This perspective will provide an overview of the critical role that the photonics field has played in efforts to combat the immediate COVID-19 pandemic as well as how the photonics community could anticipate contributing to future pandemics of this nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Soler
- Nanobiosensors and Bioanalytical Applications
Group (NanoB2A), Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, BIST
and CIBER-BBN, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexis Scholtz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089,
USA
| | - Rene Zeto
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and
Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
California 90089, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Impact of Silanization Parameters and Antibody Immobilization Strategy on Binding Capacity of Photonic Ring Resonators. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20113163. [PMID: 32498466 PMCID: PMC7309079 DOI: 10.3390/s20113163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ring resonator-based biosensors have found widespread application as the transducing principle in “lab-on-a-chip” platforms due to their sensitivity, small size and support for multiplexed sensing. Their sensitivity is, however, not inherently selective towards biomarkers, and surface functionalization of the sensors is key in transforming the sensitivity to be specific for a particular biomarker. There is currently no consensus on process parameters for optimized functionalization of these sensors. Moreover, the procedures are typically optimized on flat silicon oxide substrates as test systems prior to applying the procedure to the actual sensor. Here we present what is, to our knowledge, the first comparison of optimization of silanization on flat silicon oxide substrates to results of protein capture on sensors where all parameters of two conjugation protocols are tested on both platforms. The conjugation protocols differed in the chosen silanization solvents and protein immobilization strategy. The data show that selection of acetic acid as the solvent in the silanization step generally yields a higher protein binding capacity for C-reactive protein (CRP) onto anti-CRP functionalized ring resonator sensors than using ethanol as the solvent. Furthermore, using the BS3 linker resulted in more consistent protein binding capacity across the silanization parameters tested. Overall, the data indicate that selection of parameters in the silanization and immobilization protocols harbor potential for improved biosensor binding capacity and should therefore be included as an essential part of the biosensor development process.
Collapse
|
28
|
Berneschi S, Bettazzi F, Giannetti A, Baldini F, Nunzi Conti G, Pelli S, Palchetti I. Optical whispering gallery mode resonators for label-free detection of water contaminants. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
29
|
Kim Y, Lee H. Balanced Detection Method Using Optical Affinity Sensors for Quick Measurement of Biomolecule Concentrations. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6189-6193. [PMID: 32298099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To determine the concentration of biomolecules using a label-free optical biosensor, it is necessary to measure the serial signal from the reaction starting point, which is inconvenient for practical applications. Here, we propose an alternative detection method for determining the concentration of a biomolecule. The method, which is derived from the fraction bound equation of the Langmuir adsorption model, determines the concentration relative to a reference sample with required accuracy, with a single measurement at any point in time. We also experimentally demonstrated the method and its accuracy by detecting streptavidin-biotin complexes using on-chip optical sensors based on active disk resonators integrated with microfluidic circuits. By performing the proposed method in a simultaneous parallel measurement scheme, signal fluctuations evenly induced in the detectors by external perturbations could be automatically suppressed, similar to the balanced detection method. We expect our approach to be applicable to practical applications where fast and accurate detection responses are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeseul Kim
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansuek Lee
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Orlet JD, Bailey RC. Silicon Photonic Microring Resonator Arrays as a Universal Detector for Capillary Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2020; 92:2331-2338. [PMID: 31829562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrophoretic separations conventionally rely on chromogenic, fluorogenic, or redox properties for analyte detection that, in many instances, involve chemical modification of samples prior to analysis. For analytes natively lacking chemical signatures, refractive index-based measurements are appealing as a method to detect these molecules without pretreatment. Microring resonators are a type of whispering gallery mode sensor capable of detecting bulk changes in refractive index. Here, we demonstrate the use of silicon photonic microring resonator arrays as a postcolumn detector for capillary electrophoresis. In this approach, we establish the universal detection capabilities of microrings through calibration with analytes lacking unique spectral signatures. Separations of small molecule mixtures are demonstrated using capillary zone electrophoresis. For these separations, the microring resonators maintain a linear response over several orders of magnitude in concentration for three candidate small molecules. Successful separation of three sugars with direct detection is also demonstrated. We further present the successful separation and detection of three model proteins, exemplifying the promise of microring resonators arrays as a biocompatible detector for capillary electrophoresis. Additionally, the spatially offset, array-based nature of the sensing platform enables real-time analysis of analyte mobility and performance characterization-a combination that is not typically provided using single-point detectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John D Orlet
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Ryan C Bailey
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sivakumar R, Lee NY. Microfluidic device fabrication mediated by surface chemical bonding. Analyst 2020; 145:4096-4110. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00614a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses on various bonding techniques for fabricating microdevices with a special emphasis on the modification of surface assisted by the use of chemicals to assemble microfluidic devices at room temperature under atmospheric pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajamanickam Sivakumar
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Engineering
- College of Industrial Environmental Engineering
- Gachon University
- Seongnam-si
- Korea
| | - Nae Yoon Lee
- Department of BioNano Technology
- Gachon University
- Seongnam-si
- Korea
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Li Y, Zhao L, Yao Y, Guo X. Single-Molecule Nanotechnologies: An Evolution in Biological Dynamics Detection. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 3:68-85. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Lihua Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kim Y, Lee H. On-chip label-free biosensing based on active whispering gallery mode resonators pumped by a light-emitting diode. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:34405-34415. [PMID: 31878488 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.034405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Biosensing based on whispering-gallery mode (WGM) resonators has been continuously studied with great attention due to its excellent sensitivity guaranteeing the label-free detection. However, its practical impact is insignificant to date despite notable achievements in academic research. Here, we demonstrate a novel practical platform of on-chip WGM sensors integrated with microfluidic channels. By placing silicon nanoclusters as a stable active compound in micro-resonators, the sensor chip can be operated with a remote pump and readout, which simplifies the chip integration and connection to the external setup. In addition, silicon nanoclusters having large absorption cross-section over broad wavelength range allow active sensing for the first time with an LED pump in a top-illumination scheme which significantly reduces the complexity and cost of the measurement setup. The nano-slot structure of 25 nm gap width is embedded in the resonator where the target bio-molecules are selectively detected with the sensitivity enhanced by strongly confined mode-field. The sensitivity confirmed by real-time measurements for the streptavidin-biotin complex is 0.012 nm/nM, improved over 20 times larger than the previously reported WGM sensors with remote readout.
Collapse
|
34
|
Chen Y, Liu J, Yang Z, Wilkinson JS, Zhou X. Optical biosensors based on refractometric sensing schemes: A review. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 144:111693. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
35
|
Suntornsuk W, Suntornsuk L. Recent applications of paper‐based point‐of‐care devices for biomarker detection. Electrophoresis 2019; 41:287-305. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Worapot Suntornsuk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of ScienceKing Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi Bangkok Thailand
| | - Leena Suntornsuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryFaculty of PharmacyMahidol University Bangkok Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Luan E, Yun H, Ma M, Ratner DM, Cheung KC, Chrostowski L. Label-free biosensing with a multi-box sub-wavelength phase-shifted Bragg grating waveguide. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:4825-4838. [PMID: 31565528 PMCID: PMC6757469 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.004825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sub-wavelength grating (SWG) metamaterials have been considered to provide promising solutions in the development of next-generation photonic integrated circuits. In recent years, increasied interest has been paid to silicon photonic planar biosensors based on SWG geometries for performance enhancement. In this work, we demonstrate a highly sensitive label-free phase-shifted Bragg grating (PSBG) sensing configuration, which consists of sub-wavelength block arrays in both propagation and transverse directions. By introducing salt serial dilutions and electrostatic polymers assays, bulk and surface sensitivities of the proposed sensor are characterized, obtaining measured results up to 579.2 nm/RIU and 1914 pm/nm, respectively. Moreover, the proposed multi-box PSBG sensor presents an improved quality factor as high as ∼ 8000 , roughly 3-fold of the microring-based counterpart, which further improves the detection limit. At last, by employing a biotin-streptavidin affinity assay, the capability for small molecule monitoring is exemplified with a minimum detectable concentration of biotin down to 2.28 × 10 - 8 M .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enxiao Luan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Han Yun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Minglei Ma
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Daniel M. Ratner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE Seattle, WA 98195-5061, USA
| | - Karen C. Cheung
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Lukas Chrostowski
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
de Goede M, Dijkstra M, Obregón R, Ramón-Azcón J, Martínez E, Padilla L, Mitjans F, Garcia-Blanco SM. Al 2O 3 microring resonators for the detection of a cancer biomarker in undiluted urine. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:18508-18521. [PMID: 31252793 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.018508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations down to 3 nM of the rhS100A4 protein, associated with human tumor development, have been detected in undiluted urine using an integrated sensor based on microring resonators in the emerging Al2O3 photonic platform. The fabricated microrings were designed for operation in the C-band (λ = 1565 nm) and exhibited a high-quality factor in air of 3.2 × 105. The bulk refractive index sensitivity of the devices was ~100 nm/RIU (for TM polarization) with a limit of detection of ~10-6 RIU. A surface functionalization protocol was developed to allow for the selective binding of the monoclonal antibodies designed to capture the target biomarker to the surface of the Al2O3 microrings. The detection of rhS100A4 proteins at clinically relevant concentrations in urine is a big milestone towards the use of biosensors for the screening and early diagnosis of different cancers. Biosensors based on this microring technology can lead to portable, multiplexed and easy-to-use point of care devices.
Collapse
|
38
|
Direct measurement and analytical description of the mode alignment in inversely tapered silicon nano-resonators. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9024. [PMID: 31227720 PMCID: PMC6588582 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inversely tapered silicon photonic resonators on silicon substrates were shown to host multiple high–Q whispering gallery modes and constitute versatile building blocks for CMOS compatible solid state lighting, optical sensing and modulator devices. So far, numerical analyses by the finite difference time domain method have been used to predict the height distribution of whispering gallery modes in such resonators. In this study, we provide an experimental evidence of this mode distribution along the resonator height by selectively exciting whispering gallery modes using cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. Further we derive analytical functions that permit to relate the height distribution of modes with a defined polarization, symmetry and effective refractive index to the geometrical shape of the inversely tapered resonators.
Collapse
|
39
|
Chang CW, Xu X, Chakravarty S, Huang HC, Tu LW, Chen QY, Dalir H, Krainak MA, Chen RT. Pedestal subwavelength grating metamaterial waveguide ring resonator for ultra-sensitive label-free biosensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 141:111396. [PMID: 31195197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mode volume overlap factor is one of the parameters determining the sensitivity of a sensor. In past decades, many approaches have been proposed to increase the mode volume overlap. As the increased mode volume overlap factor results in reduced mode confinement, the maximum value is ultimately determined by the micro- and nano-structure of the refractive index distribution of the sensing devices. Due to the asymmetric index profile along the vertical direction on silicon-on-insulator platform, further increasing the sensitivity of subwavelength grating metamaterial (SGM) waveguide based sensors is challenging. In this paper, we propose and demonstrate pedestaled SGM which reduces the asymmetricity and thus allows further increasing the interaction between optical field and analytes. The pedestal structure can be readily formed by a controlled undercut etching. Both theoretical analysis and experimental demonstration show a significant improvement of sensitivity. The bulk sensitivity and surface sensitivity are improved by 28.8% and 1000 times, respectively. The detection of streptavidin at a low concentration of 0.1 ng/mL (∼1.67 pM) is also demonstrated through real-time monitoring of the resonance shift. A ∼400 fM streptavidin limit of detection is expected with a 0.01nm resolution spectrum analyzer based on the real-time measurement of streptavidin detection results from two-site binding model fitting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wen Chang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78758, USA; Department of Physics and Center of Crystal Research, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Xiaochuan Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78758, USA; Omega Optics Inc, 8500 Shoal Creek Blvd, Austin, TX, 78759, USA.
| | - Swapnajit Chakravarty
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78758, USA; Omega Optics Inc, 8500 Shoal Creek Blvd, Austin, TX, 78759, USA
| | - Hui-Chun Huang
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Wei Tu
- Department of Physics and Center of Crystal Research, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Quark Yungsung Chen
- Department of Physics and Center of Crystal Research, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hamed Dalir
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78758, USA; Omega Optics Inc, 8500 Shoal Creek Blvd, Austin, TX, 78759, USA
| | | | - Ray T Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78758, USA; Omega Optics Inc, 8500 Shoal Creek Blvd, Austin, TX, 78759, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Optical Biosensors Based on Silicon-On-Insulator Ring Resonators: A Review. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030519. [PMID: 30709027 PMCID: PMC6384601 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in optical biosensors based on integrated photonic devices are reviewed with a special emphasis on silicon-on-insulator ring resonators. The review is mainly devoted to the following aspects: (1) Principles of sensing mechanism, (2) sensor design, (3) biofunctionalization procedures for specific molecule detection and (4) system integration and measurement set-ups. The inherent challenges of implementing photonics-based biosensors to meet specific requirements of applications in medicine, food analysis, and environmental monitoring are discussed.
Collapse
|
41
|
Guan X, Frandsen LH. All-silicon interferometer with multimode waveguides for temperature-insensitive filters and compact biosensors. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:753-760. [PMID: 30696156 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.000753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel design of an all-silicon temperature-independent filter employing a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) with multimode waveguides. The two arms of the MZI have equal lengths and equal widths but propagate different modes having different effective indices to guarantee an optical path difference (OPD) but similar temperature-dependence to diminish any thermal shifts of the interference pattern. A temperature-independent MZI filter with only one channel is also proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Measurements verify the principle of operation and a low temperature sensitivity of -20 to 10 pm/°C in the C-band for both MZI filters is achieved. The one-channel MZI structure is furthermore employed to achieve a compact sensor exhibiting a high sensitivity of 826 nm/RIU (refractive index unit).
Collapse
|
42
|
McConnell G, Mabbott S, Kanibolotsky AL, Skabara PJ, Graham D, Burley GA, Laurand N. Organic Semiconductor Laser Platform for the Detection of DNA by AgNP Plasmonic Enhancement. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:14766-14773. [PMID: 30227713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductor lasers are a sensitive biosensing platform that respond to specific biomolecule binding events. So far, such biosensors have utilized protein-based interactions for surface functionalization but a nucleic acid-based strategy would considerably widen their utility as a general biodiagnostic platform. This manuscript reports two important advances for DNA-based sensing using an organic semiconductor (OS) distributed feedback (DFB) laser. First, the immobilization of alkyne-tagged 12/18-mer oligodeoxyribonucleotide (ODN) probes by Cu-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) or "click-chemistry" onto an 80 nm thick OS laser film modified with an azide-presenting polyelectrolyte monolayer is presented. Second, sequence-selective binding to these immobilized probes with complementary ODN-functionalized silver nanoparticles, is detected. As binding occurs, the nanoparticles increase the optical losses of the laser mode through plasmonic scattering and absorption, and this causes a rise in the threshold pump energy required for laser action that is proportional to the analyte concentration. By monitoring this threshold, detection of the complementary ODN target down to 11.5 pM is achieved. This complementary binding on the laser surface is independently confirmed through surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G McConnell
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics , University of Strathclyde , Glasgow G12 8QQ , U.K
- Biomedical Engineering , University of Strathclyde , Glasgow G12 8QQ , U.K
| | - S Mabbott
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , Glasgow G12 8QQ , U.K
| | - A L Kanibolotsky
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , U.K
- Institute of Physical-Organic and Coal Chemistry , The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine , 02160 Kyiv , Ukraine
| | - P J Skabara
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , U.K
| | - D Graham
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , Glasgow G12 8QQ , U.K
| | - G A Burley
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , Glasgow G12 8QQ , U.K
| | - N Laurand
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics , University of Strathclyde , Glasgow G12 8QQ , U.K
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Luan E, Shoman H, Ratner DM, Cheung KC, Chrostowski L. Silicon Photonic Biosensors Using Label-Free Detection. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18103519. [PMID: 30340405 PMCID: PMC6210424 DOI: 10.3390/s18103519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to advanced semiconductor microfabrication technology, chip-scale integration and miniaturization of lab-on-a-chip components, silicon-based optical biosensors have made significant progress for the purpose of point-of-care diagnosis. In this review, we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art in evanescent field biosensing technologies including interferometer, microcavity, photonic crystal, and Bragg grating waveguide-based sensors. Their sensing mechanisms and sensor performances, as well as real biomarkers for label-free detection, are exhibited and compared. We also review the development of chip-level integration for lab-on-a-chip photonic sensing platforms, which consist of the optical sensing device, flow delivery system, optical input and readout equipment. At last, some advanced system-level complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) chip packaging examples are presented, indicating the commercialization potential for the low cost, high yield, portable biosensing platform leveraging CMOS processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enxiao Luan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Hossam Shoman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Daniel M Ratner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA 98195-5061, USA.
| | - Karen C Cheung
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Lukas Chrostowski
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Salahandish R, Ghaffarinejad A, Naghib SM, Majidzadeh-A K, Zargartalebi H, Sanati-Nezhad A. Nano-biosensor for highly sensitive detection of HER2 positive breast cancer. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 117:104-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
45
|
Liang L, Jin L, Ran Y, Sun LP, Guan BO. Fiber Light-Coupled Optofluidic Waveguide (FLOW) Immunosensor for Highly Sensitive Detection of p53 Protein. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10851-10857. [PMID: 30141911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Highly sensitive detection of molecular tumor markers is essential for biomarker-based cancer diagnostics. In this work, we showcase the implementation of fiber light-coupled optofluidic waveguide (FLOW) immunosensor for the detection of p53 protein, a typical tumor marker. The FLOW consists of a liquid-core capillary and an accompanying optical fiber, which allows evanescent interaction between light and microfluidic sample. Molecular binding at internal surface of the capillary induces a response in wavelength shift of the transmission spectrum in the optical fiber. To enable highly sensitive molecular detection, the evanescent-wave interaction has been strengthened by enlarging shape factor R via fine geometry control. The proposed FLOW immunosensor works with flowing microfluid, which increases the surface molecular coverage and improves the detection limit. As a result, the FLOW immunosensor presents a log-linear response to the tumor protein at concentrations ranging from 10 fg/mL up to 10 ng/mL. In addition, the nonspecifically adsorbed molecules can be effectively removed by the fluid at an optimal flow rate, which benefits the accuracy of the measurement. Tested in serum samples, the FLOW successfully maintains its sensitivity and specificity on p53 protein, making it suitable for diagnostics applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communication, Institute of Photonics Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Long Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communication, Institute of Photonics Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Yang Ran
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communication, Institute of Photonics Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering , Duke University , Durham , 27708 , United States
| | - Li-Peng Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communication, Institute of Photonics Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Bai-Ou Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communication, Institute of Photonics Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Tang SJ, Liu S, Yu XC, Song Q, Gong Q, Xiao YF. On-Chip Spiral Waveguides for Ultrasensitive and Rapid Detection of Nanoscale Objects. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1800262. [PMID: 29707858 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasensitive and rapid detection of nano-objects is crucial in both fundamental studies and practical applications. Optical sensors using evanescent fields in microcavities, plasmonic resonators, and nanofibers allow label-free detection down to single molecules, but practical applications are severely hindered by long response time and device reproducibility. Here, an on-chip dense waveguide sensor to monitor single unlabeled nanoparticles in a strong optical evanescent field is demonstrated. The spiral nanowaveguide design enables two orders of magnitude enhancement in sensing area compared to a straight waveguide, significantly improving the particle capture ability and shortening the target analysis time. In addition, the measurement noise is suppressed to a level of 10-4 in the transmitted power, pushing the detection limit of single particles down to the size of 100 nm. The waveguide sensor on the silicon-on-isolator platform can be fabricated reproducibly by the conventional semiconductor processing and compatible with surface functionalization chemistries and microfluidics, which could lead to widespread use for sensing in environmental monitoring and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Jing Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and School of Physics, Peking University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory on Tunable Laser Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Chong Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and School of Physics, Peking University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Qinghai Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory on Tunable Laser Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Qihuang Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and School of Physics, Peking University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Feng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and School of Physics, Peking University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Chen YJ, Schoeler U, Huang CHB, Vollmer F. Combining Whispering-Gallery Mode Optical Biosensors with Microfluidics for Real-Time Detection of Protein Secretion from Living Cells in Complex Media. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1703705. [PMID: 29718550 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The noninvasive monitoring of protein secretion of cells responding to drug treatment is an effective and essential tool in latest drug development and for cytotoxicity assays. In this work, a surface functionalization method is demonstrated for specific detection of protein released from cells and a platform that integrates highly sensitive optical devices, called whispering-gallery mode biosensors, with precise microfluidics control to achieve label-free and real-time detection. Cell biomarker release is measured in real time and with nanomolar sensitivity. The surface functionalization method allows for antibodies to be immobilized on the surface for specific detection, while the microfluidics system enables detection in a continuous flow with a negligible compromise between sensitivity and flow control over stabilization and mixing. Cytochrome c detection is used to illustrate the merits of the system. Jurkat cells are treated with the toxin staurosporine to trigger cell apoptosis and cytochrome c released into the cell culture medium is monitored via the newly invented optical microfluidic platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jen Chen
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technology (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Paul-Gordan-Str. 6, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schoeler
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technology (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Paul-Gordan-Str. 6, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Frank Vollmer
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Graybill RM, Cardenosa-Rubio MC, Yang H, Johnson MD, Bailey RC. Multiplexed microRNA Expression Profiling by Combined Asymmetric PCR and Label-Free Detection using Silicon Photonic Sensor Arrays. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2018; 10:1618-1623. [PMID: 30275912 PMCID: PMC6162071 DOI: 10.1039/c8ay00190a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Analysis methods based upon the quantitative, real-time polymerase chain reaction are extremely powerful; however, they face intrinsic limitations in terms of target multiplexing. In contrast, silicon photonic microring resonators represent a modularly multiplexable sensor array technology that is well-suited to the analysis of targeted biomarker panels. In this manuscript we employ an asymmetric polymerase chain reaction approach to selectively amplify copies of cDNAs generated from targeted miRNAs before multiplexed, label-free quantitation through hybridization to microring resonator arrays pre-functionalized with capture sequences. This method, which shows applicability to low input amounts and a large dynamic range, was demonstrated for the simultaneous detection of eight microRNA targets from twenty primary brain tumor samples with expression profiles in good agreement with literature precedent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard M. Graybill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Matthews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Maria C. Cardenosa-Rubio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Matthews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave. Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Hongwei Yang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Mark D. Johnson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Ryan C. Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Matthews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave. Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Cardenosa-Rubio MC, Graybill RM, Bailey RC. Combining asymmetric PCR-based enzymatic amplification with silicon photonic microring resonators for the detection of lncRNAs from low input human RNA samples. Analyst 2018; 143:1210-1216. [PMID: 29431756 PMCID: PMC5826891 DOI: 10.1039/c7an02045g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A method for quantifying biologically relevant long-non-coding RNAs by combining nucleic acid amplification via asymmetric polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with label-free PCR product detection using silicon photonic microring resonator arrays is described. This approach eliminates the need for fluorophores, which presents a limit for spectral multiplexing in conventional qPCR methods, and rather offers potential for much higher levels of plexity by spatially arraying capture probes. Here, we demonstrate the potential of this technique to detect two differentially expressed lncRNA transcripts and an internal control mRNA transcript in different commercial human tissue specimens, as well as in a glioblastoma cell line using only nanogram input amounts of total RNA. The obtained results were validated using single-plex RT-qPCR and found to be in good agreement, demonstrating the potential of this technique for lncRNA quantification applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Cardenosa-Rubio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wondimu SF, Hippler M, Hussal C, Hofmann A, Krämmer S, Lahann J, Kalt H, Freude W, Koos C. Robust label-free biosensing using microdisk laser arrays with on-chip references. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:3161-3173. [PMID: 29401847 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.003161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Whispering-gallery mode (WGM) microdisk lasers show great potential for highly sensitive label-free detection in large-scale sensor arrays. However, when used in practical applications under normal ambient conditions, these devices suffer from temperature fluctuations and photobleaching. Here we demonstrate that these challenges can be overcome by a novel referencing scheme that allows for simultaneous compensation of temperature drift and photobleaching. The technique relies on reference structures protected by locally dispensed passivation materials, and can be scaled to extended arrays of hundreds of devices. We prove the viability of the concept in a series of experiments, demonstrating robust and sensitive label-free detection over a wide range of constant or continuously varying temperatures. To the best of our knowledge, these measurements represent the first demonstration of biosensing in active WGM devices with simultaneous compensation of both photobleaching and temperature drift.
Collapse
|