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Mi Y, Zhao C, Xue S, Ding N, Du Y, Su H, Li S, Pang S. Highly Selective Separation Intermediate-Size Anionic Pollutants from Smaller and Larger Analogs via Thermodynamically and Kinetically Cooperative-Controlled Crystallization. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003243. [PMID: 33747732 PMCID: PMC7967070 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Selective separation of organic species, particularly that of intermediate-size ones from their analogs, remains challenging because of their similar structures and properties. Here, a novel strategy is presented, cooperatively (thermodynamically and kinetically) controlled crystallization for the highly selective separation of intermediate-size anionic pollutants from their analogs in water through one-pot construction of cationic metal-organic frameworks (CMOFs) with higher stabilities and faster crystallization, which are based on the target anions as charge-balancing anions. 4,4'-azo-triazole and Cu2+ are chosen as suitable ligand and metal ion for CMOF construction because they can form stronger intermolecular interaction with p-toluenesulfonate anion (Ts-) compared to its analogs. For this combination, a condition is established, under which the crystallization rate of a Ts--based CMOF is remarkably high while those of analog-based CMOFs are almost zero. As a result, the faster crystallization and higher stability cooperatively endow the cationic framework with a close-to-100% selectivity for Ts- over its analogs in two-component mixtures, and this preference is retained in a practical mixture containing more than seven competing (analogs and inorganic) anions. The nature of the free Ts- anion in the cationic framework also allows the resultant CMOF to be recyclable via anion exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Mi
- School of Materials Science & EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081P. R. China
| | - Chaofeng Zhao
- School of Materials Science & EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081P. R. China
| | - Shaomin Xue
- School of Materials Science & EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081P. R. China
| | - Ning Ding
- School of Materials Science & EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081P. R. China
| | - Yao Du
- School of Materials Science & EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081P. R. China
| | - Hui Su
- School of Materials Science & EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081P. R. China
| | - Shenghua Li
- School of Materials Science & EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081P. R. China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081P. R. China
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Wang H, Wang Y, Sun X, Hu H, Peng Q. Two functional post-cross-linked polystyrene resins: Effect of structure on the enhanced removal of benzene sulfonic acid. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hethnawi A, Manasrah AD, Vitale G, Nassar NN. Fixed-bed column studies of total organic carbon removal from industrial wastewater by use of diatomite decorated with polyethylenimine-functionalized pyroxene nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 513:28-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zhang B, Wang W, Zhang F, Zhang G, Peng W. Solubilities of Disodium-4-nitro-2-sulfobenzoate and 4-Amino-2-sulfo-benzoic Acid in Sulfuric Acid Aqueous Solutions: Investigations and Applications. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.17we146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wencai Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University
| | - Fengbao Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University
| | - Wenchao Peng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University
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Mohsenikia A, Gholami A, Masoum S, Abbasi S. Three-way spectrofluorimetric-assisted multivariate determination of nonylphenol ethoxylate and 2-naphtalene sulfonate in wastewater samples and optimization approach for their photocatalytic degradation by CoTiO 3 nanostructure. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2017; 38:2263-2272. [PMID: 27817248 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1256437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a new strategy for the simultaneous quantification of two industrial contaminants. The excitation-emission fluorescence data matrix combined with a three-way chemometric method, such as parallel factor analysis, was used for the determination of nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPE-9) as a nonionic surfactant and 2-naphthalene sulfonate (2-NS) in waste water samples. It is noticeable that this method can resolve overlapping signal into spectral and relative concentration profiles. By spiking the known concentrations of these compounds in the wastewater samples, the accuracy of the proposed methods was validated and recoveries of the spiked values were calculated. High recoveries (i.e. 90-110%) obtained for the waste water samples indicate the present method can be used successfully to determine the analytes concentration in the environmental contaminations. The photocatalytic degradation of NPE-9 and 2-NS in aqueous solution was studied using the CoTiO3 nanoparticles catalyst. It was synthesized by the sol-gel technique. The catalytic activity of the prepared nanoparticles was measured in a batch photoreactor containing appropriate solutions of these compounds with UV irradiation. The photodegradation process of these compounds was optimized by using the central composite design. The CoTiO3 showed high activity for UV-photocatalytic degradation of NPE-9 and 2-NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Mohsenikia
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Kashan , Kashan , I.R. Iran
| | - Ali Gholami
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Kashan , Kashan , I.R. Iran
| | - Saeed Masoum
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Kashan , Kashan , I.R. Iran
| | - Saleheh Abbasi
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Kashan , Kashan , I.R. Iran
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Hashemi SH, Kaykhaii M. Developments in Methods of Analysis for Naphthalene Sulfonates. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2016; 47:127-137. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2016.1225256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Liu CH, Ding WH. Determination of Naphthalenesulfonate Isomers in Industrial Effluents and River Water by Solid-Phase Extraction and Capillary Zone Electrophoresis. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200200054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Zeng H, Wang Y, Liu X, Kong J, Nie C. Preparation of molecular imprinted polymers using bi-functional monomer and bi-crosslinker for solid-phase extraction of rutin. Talanta 2012; 93:172-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nottebohm M, Licha T. Detection of Naphthalene Sulfonates from Highly Saline Brines with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography in Conjunction with Fluorescence Detection and Solid-Phase Extraction. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 50:477-81. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Jariwala FB, Wood RE, Nishshanka U, Attygalle AB. Formation of the bisulfite anion (HSO(3) (-) , m/z 81) upon collision-induced dissociation of anions derived from organic sulfonic acids. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:529-38. [PMID: 22689630 DOI: 10.1002/jms.2975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the negative-ion collision-induced dissociation mass spectra of most organic sulfonates, the base peak is observed at m/z 80 for the sulfur trioxide radical anion (SO(3) (-·) ). In contrast, the product-ion spectra of a few sulfonates, such as cysteic acid, aminomethanesulfonate, and 2-phenylethanesulfonate, show the base peak at m/z 81 for the bisulfite anion (HSO(3) (-) ). An investigation with an extensive variety of sulfonates revealed that the presence of a hydrogen atom at the β-position relative to the sulfur atom is a prerequisite for the formation of the bisulfite anion. The formation of HSO(3) (-) is highly favored when the atom at the β-position is nitrogen, or the leaving neutral species is a highly conjugated molecule such as styrene or acrylic acid. Deuterium-exchange experiments with aminomethanesulfonate demonstrated that the hydrogen for HSO(3) (-) formation is transferred from the β-position. The presence of a peak at m/z 80 in the spectrum of 2-sulfoacetic acid, in contrast to a peak at m/z 81 in that of 3-sulfopropanoic acid, corroborated the proposed hydrogen transfer mechanism. For diacidic compounds, such as 4-sulfobutanoic acid and cysteic acid, the m/z 81 ion can be formed by an alternative mechanism, in which the negative charge of the carboxylate moiety attacks the α-carbon relative to the sulfur atom. Experiments conducted with deuterium-exchanged and deuterium-labeled analogs of sulfocarboxylic acids demonstrated that the formation of the bisulfite anion resulted either from a hydrogen transfer from the β-carbon, or from a direct attack by the carboxylate moiety on the α-carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freneil B Jariwala
- Center for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
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Szabó-Bárdos E, Markovics O, Horváth O, Töro N, Kiss G. Photocatalytic degradation of benzenesulfonate on colloidal titanium dioxide. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:1617-1628. [PMID: 21185053 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide-mediated photocatalyzed degradation of benzenesulfonate (BS) was investigated by monitoring chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC) content, sulfate concentration, pH as well as the absorption and emission spectral changes in both argon-saturated and aerated systems. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was utilized for the detection of intermediates formed during the irradiation in the UVA range (λ(max) = 350 nm). The results obtained by these analytical techniques indicate that the initial step of degradation is hydroxylation of the starting surfactant, resulting in the production of hydroxy- and dihydroxybenzenesulfonates. These reactions were accompanied by desulfonation, which increases [H(+)] in both argon-saturated and aerated systems. In accordance with our previous theoretical calculations, the formation of ortho- and meta-hydroxylated derivatives is favored in the first step. The main product of the further oxygenation of these derivatives was 2,5-dihydroxy-benzesulfonate. No decay of the hydroxy species occurred during the 8-h irradiation in the absence of dissolved oxygen. In the aerated system much more efficient desulfonation and hydroxylation, moreover, a significant decrease of TOC took place at the initial stage. Further hydroxylation led to cleavage of the aromatic system, due to the formation of polyhydroxy derivatives, followed by ring fission, resulting in the production of aldehydes and carboxylic acids. Total mineralization was achieved by the end of the 8-h photocatalysis. It has been proved that in this photocatalytic procedure the presence of dissolved oxygen is necessary for the cleavage of the aromatic ring because hydroxyl radicals photochemically formed in the deaerated system too alone are not able to break the C-C bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erzsébet Szabó-Bárdos
- University of Pannonia, Institute of Chemistry, Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, H-8200 Veszprém, POB. 158, Hungary
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Peng W, Chen Y, Fan S, Zhang F, Zhang G, Fan X. Use of 4,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid wastewater as a raw material for paramycin production. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:9157-9162. [PMID: 21053909 DOI: 10.1021/es101950k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study uses 4,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DNS) wastewater to produce paramycin (4-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid), an antitubercular agent and important pharmaceutical intermediate. The high concentrations of aromatic sulfonic acids contained in the wastewater, derived from a DNS production facility, have been transformed to paramycin in yields of more than 85%. This waste-disposal strategy, which combines oxidation using NaClO, reduction using iron powder, and subsequent alkaline fusion with NaOH, has been proven to be successful in dealing with ton-scale DNS wastewater. Compared with common treatment methods, which usually involve degrading the compounds, this new method recycles most of the aromatic sulfonic acids in the wastewater to produce paramycin. This effectively solves the associated environment problems associated with DNS wastewater and is also potentially profitable. The present approach could also lead to alternative solutions for dealing with other industrial wastewaters generated from oxidative coupling reactions of nitro-substituted toluenes to the corresponding substituted stilbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Peng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China, 300072
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Carrozzo MM, Cannazza G, Pinetti D, Di Viesti V, Battisti U, Braghiroli D, Parenti C, Baraldi M. Quantitative analysis of acetylcholine in rat brain microdialysates by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 194:87-93. [PMID: 20888860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method has been developed for the quantitative analysis of acetylcholine in rat brain dialysates. The separation of acetylcholine (ACh), choline (Ch), acetyl-β-methylcholine (IS) from endogenous compounds and Ringer's salts was achieved with cation exchange chromatography. Optimization of chromatographic and mass spectrometry parameters were perfomed in order to improve sensitivity of the method. The limit of detection were 0.05 and 3.75 fmol on column with S/N ratio of 3:1 for ACh and Ch, respectively. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) for ACh and Ch measured in Ringer's solution were 0.05 nM (0.25 fmol) and 3.75 nM (18.75 fmol), respectively at S/N ratio of 10:1. Linearity of the method has been evaluated in the concentrations range between 0.05 and 5.00 nM and 3.75 and 200 nM for ACh and Ch respectively. The correlation coefficients were 0.999 and 0.995 for ACh and Ch respectively, indicating very good linearity. The LC/MS/MS method developed has been applied to evaluate the effect of oral administration of 7-chloro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide (IDRA21), a positive modulators of AMPA receptor, on the release of ACh in the rat prefrontal cortex by microdialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina M Carrozzo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciencese, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Szabó-Bárdos E, Zsilák Z, Lendvay G, Horváth O, Markovics O, Hoffer A, Törő N. Photocatalytic Degradation of 1,5-Naphthalenedisulfonate on Colloidal Titanium Dioxide. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:14500-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp803656f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erzsébet Szabó-Bárdos
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Analytics, Environmental Sciences, and Limnology, University of Pannonia, H-8200 Veszprém, P.O. Box 158, Hungary, and Institute of Structural Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, P.O. Box 17, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Zsilák
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Analytics, Environmental Sciences, and Limnology, University of Pannonia, H-8200 Veszprém, P.O. Box 158, Hungary, and Institute of Structural Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, P.O. Box 17, Hungary
| | - György Lendvay
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Analytics, Environmental Sciences, and Limnology, University of Pannonia, H-8200 Veszprém, P.O. Box 158, Hungary, and Institute of Structural Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, P.O. Box 17, Hungary
| | - Ottó Horváth
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Analytics, Environmental Sciences, and Limnology, University of Pannonia, H-8200 Veszprém, P.O. Box 158, Hungary, and Institute of Structural Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, P.O. Box 17, Hungary
| | - Otília Markovics
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Analytics, Environmental Sciences, and Limnology, University of Pannonia, H-8200 Veszprém, P.O. Box 158, Hungary, and Institute of Structural Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, P.O. Box 17, Hungary
| | - András Hoffer
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Analytics, Environmental Sciences, and Limnology, University of Pannonia, H-8200 Veszprém, P.O. Box 158, Hungary, and Institute of Structural Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, P.O. Box 17, Hungary
| | - Norbert Törő
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Analytics, Environmental Sciences, and Limnology, University of Pannonia, H-8200 Veszprém, P.O. Box 158, Hungary, and Institute of Structural Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, P.O. Box 17, Hungary
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Pan B, Zhang W, Pan B, Qiu H, Zhang Q, Zhang Q, Zheng S. Efficient removal of aromatic sulfonates from wastewater by a recyclable polymer: 2-naphthalene sulfonate as a representative pollutant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:7411-7416. [PMID: 18939579 DOI: 10.1021/es801370n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
As a family of hydrophobic ionizable organic compounds, aromatic sulfonates can be present at high levels in industrial wastewaters. They tend to exist as anions over a wide range of pH and cannot be effectively trapped by conventional adsorbents. In the current study, a recyclable acrylic ester polymer (NDA-801) was synthesized for effective removal of aromatic sulfonates from wastewater of high acidity (e.g., pH < 1) and inorganic salts (e.g., approximately 5-10% Na2SO4 in mass), for which sodium 2-naphthalene sulfonate (2-NS) was chosen as a representative target contaminant 2-NS uptake onto NDA-801 increased with the increasing acidity of the solution. The zeta potential of NDA-801 measured at different pH levels as well as batch 2-NS adsorption from methanol/water binary systems demonstrated the favorable roles of electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction in 2-NS adsorption. As compared to a granular activated carbon GAC-1, NDA-801 exhibited much higher removal efficiency and capacity of 2-NS in fixed-bed adsorption. Moreover, the exhausted NDA-801 beads by 2-NS can be completely regenerated by water wash for repeated use, which is more economically desirable than by other regenerants, such as NaOH solution. Continuous column adsorption-regeneration cycles indicated negligible capacity loss of NDA-801 during operation and further validated its feasibility for potential application in associated wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjun Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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Blasco R, Ramos JL, Wittich RM. Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain RW41 mineralizes 4-chlorobenzenesulfonate, the major polar by-product from DDT manufacturing. Environ Microbiol 2008; 10:1591-600. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Halak S, Basta T, Bürger S, Contzen M, Wray V, Pieper DH, Stolz A. 4-sulfomuconolactone hydrolases from Hydrogenophaga intermedia S1 and Agrobacterium radiobacter S2. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:6998-7006. [PMID: 17660282 PMCID: PMC2045233 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00611-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 4-carboxymethylen-4-sulfo-but-2-en-olide (4-sulfomuconolactone) hydrolases from Hydrogenophaga intermedia strain S1 and Agrobacterium radiobacter strain S2 are part of a modified protocatechuate pathway responsible for the degradation of 4-sulfocatechol. In both strains, the hydrolase-encoding genes occur downstream of those encoding the enzymes that catalyze the lactonization of 3-sulfomuconate. The deduced amino acid sequences of the 4-sulfomuconolactone hydrolases demonstrated the highest degree of sequence identity to 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate hydrolases, which take part in the meta cleavage pathway of protocatechuate. The 4-sulfomuconolactone hydrolases did not convert 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate, and the 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate hydrolase from Sphingomonas paucimobilis SYK-6 did not convert 4-sulfomuconolactone. Nevertheless, the presence of highly conserved histidine residues in the 4-sulfomuconolactone and the 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate hydrolases and some further sequence similarities suggested that both enzymes belong to the metallo-dependent hydrolases (the "amidohydrolase superfamily"). The 4-sulfomuconolactone hydrolases were heterologously expressed as His-tagged enzyme variants. Gel filtration experiments suggested that the enzymes are present as monomers in solution, with molecular weights of approximately 33,000 to 35,000. 4-Sulfomuconolactone was converted by sulfomuconolactone hydrolases to stoichiometric amounts of maleylacetate and sulfite. The 4-sulfomuconolactone hydrolases from both strains showed pH optima at pH 7 to 7.5 and rather similar catalytic constant (k(cat)/K(M))values. The suggested 4-sulfocatechol pathway from 4-sulfocatechol to maleylacetate was confirmed by in situ nuclear magnetic resonance analysis using the recombinantly expressed enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sad Halak
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Jandera P. Selection of Separation Conditions for HPLC and HPLC/MS of Aromatic Sulphonic Acids and Acid Azo Dyes. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070701465456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Jandera
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , University of Pardubice , Czech Republic
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Vanerková D, Jandera P, Hrabica J. Behaviour of sulphonated azodyes in ion-pairing reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1143:112-20. [PMID: 17217952 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ion-pairing reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) operation conditions were studied to obtain information useful for development and optimization of separation methods suitable for HPLC/MS analysis of dyes. The retention of eight sulphonated azodyes with widely differing structures (1-5 acid groups, molecular weight range 350-1220) was measured in mobile phases containing various ion-pairing reagents in aqueous-methanolic mobile phases. The effects of the type and of the concentration of ammonium acetate, tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulphate and five di- and tri-alkylammonium acetate ion-pairing reagents on the chromatographic behaviour of dyes were compared in mobile phases with varying concentrations of methanol. Structural effects on the retention of dyes were studied in detail. The retention scale based on lipophilic and polar indices can be used for optimization of mobile phase for HPLC/MS of dyes and, on the other hand, may provide some information on the structure of unknown dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Vanerková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nám. Cs. Legií 565, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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Halak S, Basta T, Bürger S, Contzen M, Stolz A. Characterization of the genes encoding the 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate-lactonizing enzymes from the 4-sulfocatechol degradative pathways of Hydrogenophaga intermedia S1 and Agrobacterium radiobacter S2. Microbiology (Reading) 2006; 152:3207-3216. [PMID: 17074892 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.29136-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogenophaga intermediastrain S1 andAgrobacterium radiobacterstrain S2 form a mixed bacterial culture which degrades sulfanilate (4-aminobenzenesulfonate) by a novel variation of theβ-ketoadipate pathway via 4-sulfocatechol and 3-sulfomuconate. It was previously proposed that the further metabolism of 3-sulfomuconate is catalysed by modified 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate-lactonizing enzymes (CMLEs) and that these ‘type 2’ enzymes were different from the conventional CMLEs (‘type 1’) from the protocatechuate pathway in their ability to convert 3-sulfomuconate in addition to 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate. In the present study the genes for two CMLEs (pcaB2S1andpcaB2S2) were cloned fromH. intermediaS1 andA. radiobacterS2, respectively. In both strains, these genes were located close to the previously identified genes encoding the 4-sulfocatechol-converting enzymes. The gene products ofpcaB2S1andpcaB2S2were therefore tentatively identified as type 2 enzymes involved in the metabolism of 3-sulfomuconate. The genes were functionally expressed and the gene products were shown to convert 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate and 3-sulfomuconate. 4-Carboxymethylene-4-sulfo-but-2-en-olide (4-sulfomuconolactone) was identified by HPLC-MS as the product, which was enzymically formed from 3-sulfomuconate. His-tagged variants of both CMLEs were purified and compared with the CMLE from the protocatechuate pathway ofPseudomonas putidaPRS2000 for the conversion of 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate and 3-sulfomuconate. The CMLEs from the 4-sulfocatechol pathway converted 3-sulfomuconate with considerably higher activities than 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate. Also the CMLE fromP. putidaconverted 3-sulfomuconate, but this enzyme demonstrated a clear preference for 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate as substrate. Thus it was demonstrated that in the 4-sulfocatechol pathway, distinct CMLEs are formed, which are specifically adapted for the preferred conversion of sulfonated substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sad Halak
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tamara Basta
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sibylle Bürger
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Contzen
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Stolz
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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22
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Liu YZ, Yu J, Xie MX, Liu Y, Han J, Jing TT. Classification and dating of black gel pen ink by ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1135:57-64. [PMID: 17028000 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Revised: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach for classification and dating of the black gel pen ink entries on document was developed based on ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatography (IP-HPLC). Ninety-three black gel pens were collected and divided into two groups, dye-based and pigment-based, by preliminary solubility test. The chromatographic conditions for separation of the dye-based black gel pen inks were optimized and the dye components in inks were satisfactorily separated by using 40 mmol/L tetrabutylammonium bromide as ion-pairing reagent. According to the number and the chromatographic retention times of the main dye components, the 50 dye-based inks were categorized into four classes. The inks within a class can be further identified by the percentage of each dye component. The compositional changes of the dye components in the black gel pen ink entries on paper were investigated in light and natural aging conditions and it has been found that the dye components in the ink entries underwent obvious decomposition, and the decomposing extent of the dye components was related to the aging time. The results can provide scientific evidences for dating of the suspicious black gel pen ink entries on documents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Zi Liu
- Analytical & Testing Center of Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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23
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Keck A, Conradt D, Mahler A, Stolz A, Mattes R, Klein J. Identification and functional analysis of the genes for naphthalenesulfonate catabolism by Sphingomonas xenophaga BN6. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2006; 152:1929-1940. [PMID: 16804169 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28783-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomonas xenophaga BN6 degrades various (substituted) naphthalenesulfonates to the corresponding (substituted) salicylates. A gene cluster was identified on the plasmid pBN6 which coded for several enzymes participating in the degradative pathway for naphthalenesulfonates. A DNA fragment of 16 915 bp was sequenced which contained 17 ORFs. The genes encoding the 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene dioxygenase, 2-hydroxychromene-2-carboxylate isomerase, and 2'-hydroxybenzalpyruvate aldolase of the naphthalenesulfonate pathway were identified on the DNA fragment and the encoded proteins heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. Also, the genes encoding the ferredoxin and ferredoxin reductase of a multi-component, ring-hydroxylating naphthalenesulfonate dioxygenase were identified by insertional inactivation. The identified genes generally demonstrated the highest degree of homology to enzymes encoded by the phenanthrene-degrading organism Sphingomonas sp. P2, or the megaplasmid pNL1 of the naphthalene- and biphenyl-degrading strain Sphingomonas aromaticivorans F199. The genes of S. xenophaga BN6 participating in the degradation of naphthalenesulfonates also shared the same organization in three different transcriptional units as the genes involved in the degradation of naphthalene, biphenyl, and phenanthrene previously found in Sphingomonas sp. P2 and S. aromaticivorans F199. The genes were flanked in S. xenophaga BN6 by ORFs which specify proteins that show the highest homologies to proteins of mobile genetic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Keck
- Institut für Industrielle Genetik, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Doris Conradt
- Institut für Industrielle Genetik, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anette Mahler
- Institut für Industrielle Genetik, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Stolz
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ralf Mattes
- Institut für Industrielle Genetik, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Joachim Klein
- Institut für Industrielle Genetik, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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24
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Rao RN, Venkateswarlu N, Khalid S, Narsimha R, Sridhar S. Use of solid-phase extraction, reverse osmosis and vacuum distillation for recovery of aromatic sulfonic acids from aquatic environment followed by their determination using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1113:20-31. [PMID: 16483591 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Three different sample preparation techniques (i) solid-phase extraction, (ii) reverse osmosis and (iii) vacuum distillation have been investigated and the recoveries were compared for determination of highly water-soluble benzene and stilbene sulfonic acids in aqueous environment by liquid chromatography with photodiode array (PDA) and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The recoveries were quite high using vacuum distillation (>90%) compared to solid phase extraction and reverse osmosis. The negative ion ESI mass spectra containing the peaks of quasimolecular ion [M-H]- allow the molecular mass determination of unknown compounds whereas the structures were proposed using fragments obtained from MS/MS analysis of [M-H]- ions. At lower fragmentation voltages only the quasimolecular ion [M-H]- was observed and as fragmentation voltages increased, it led to the formation of fragment ions corresponding to [M-H-SO3]-, [M-H-SO2]-, and SO3-. The detection limits were 1-28 microg/L with LC-ESI-MS. The sample collected from wastewater treatment plant was found to contain 21.1, 13.3, 12.1, 41.8 and 9.9 microg/L of cis-4,4(l)-diaminostilbene-2,2(l)-disulfonic acid (cis-DASDA), trans-4,4(l)-diaminostilbene-2,2(l)-disulfonic acid (trans-DASDA), 3-amino acetanilide-4-sulfonic acid (3-AASA), 4-chloroaniline-2-sulfonic acid (4-CASA), 2-chloroaniline-5-sulfonic acid (2-CASA), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nageswara Rao
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Discovery Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India.
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25
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Vanerková D, Sakalis A, Holcapek M, Jandera P, Voulgaropoulos A. Analysis of electrochemical degradation products of sulphonated azo dyes using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:2807-15. [PMID: 16941542 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical treatment of wastewaters containing azo dyes in the textile industry is a promising approach for their degradation. The monitoring of the course of the decomposition of azo dyes in wastewaters is essential due to the environmental impact of their degradation products. In this work, aqueous solutions of a simple azo dye with a low molecular weight (C.I. Acid Yellow 9) and more complex commercial dye (C.I. Reactive Black 5) were electrochemically treated in a laboratory-scale electrolytic cell in sodium chloride or ammonium acetate as supporting electrolytes. Ion-pairing reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with negative-ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is applied for the identification of electrochemical degradation products. In addition to simple inorganic salts, the formation of aromatic degradation products obtained due to the cleavage of azo bonds and further degradation reactions is shown, as well as chlorination where sodium chloride is the supporting electrolyte. Degradation mechanisms are suggested for the treatment with sodium chloride as the supporting electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Vanerková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nám. Cs. Legií 565, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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26
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Alonso MC, Tirapu L, Ginebreda A, Barceló D. Monitoring and toxicity of sulfonated derivatives of benzene and naphthalene in municipal sewage treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2005; 137:253-62. [PMID: 15896893 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Accepted: 02/11/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring benzenesulfonates (BS) and naphthalenesulfonates (NS) took place in five municipal sewage treatment plants (STP). A previously optimized method based on solid phase extraction with polymeric cartridges followed by ion-pair liquid chromatography-electrospray-mass spectrometry (SPE-IPC-ESI-MS) was used. This work confirmed the little or no effect of primary settlement on total organic carbon (TOC) and monosulfonated compounds removal, whereas the main reduction is obtained at the biological stage. However, the most polar compounds, such as naphthalenedisulfonates (NDS), were not effectively removed using the biological treatment. An aromatic sulfonated compound is suggested to be used as a tracer of the origin of industrial pollutants discharged into STPs. A bioluminescence inhibition test, Microtox assay, allowed toxicity determination of the most relevant aromatic sulfonated compounds detected and toxicity comparison between primary and secondary effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Alonso
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IIQAB-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Rao RN, Venkateswarlu N, Khalid S, Narsimha R. LC-PDA and LC-ESI-MS separation and determination of process-related substances arising from stilbene-type fluorescent whitening agents. Application to monitoring of their photodegradation products in industrial effluents and aqueous environmental systems. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:443-52. [PMID: 15835732 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200401839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid gradient elution high-performance liquid chromatographic method using photodiode array and electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detectors was developed for separation and determination of the process-related substances and photodegradation products of stilbenesulfonic acids, viz. 4,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DNSDA), 4-amino-4'-nitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (ANSDA), and 4,4'-diaminostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DASDA) in industrial waste waters. Gradient elution was carried out using ammonium acetate and acetonitrile as mobile phase and an Inertsil-ODS 3V column for separation. The negative-ion electrospray ionization mass spectra containing [M-H]- ions of sulfonic acids allowed molecular mass determination of unknowns and the structures were proposed on the basis of the fragment ions in the MS/MS spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nageswara Rao
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, India.
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28
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Dixon DW, Gill AF, Giribabu L, Vzorov AN, Alam AB, Compans RW. Sulfonated naphthyl porphyrins as agents against HIV-1. J Inorg Biochem 2005; 99:813-21. [PMID: 15708803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2004.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2004] [Revised: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonated 5,10,15,20-tetra(1-naphthyl)porphyrin (T1NapS) and 5,10,15,20-tetra(2-naphthyl)porphyrin (T2NapS) and their copper and iron chelates show activity against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). The porphyrins were prepared by sulfonation of the parent structures with sulfuric acid. More highly sulfonated structures were prepared by sulfonation for longer times. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry showed species with as many as eight sulfonates. Some of the mass spectral peaks for the copper chelates were consistent with loss of water, apparently from intramolecular sulfone formation between two adjacent naphthalene rings that took place during copper insertion. The compounds could be separated using capillary electrophoresis; addition of beta- or gamma-cyclodextrin gave substantially better separation of the components. Activity against HIV was evaluated using an epithelial HeLa-CD4-CCR5 cell line; EC50 values for HIV-1 IIIB and HIV-1 JR-FL ranged from 1 to 15 microg/ml. The compounds exhibit low toxicity for human epithelial cells and have potential as microbicides which might be used to provide protection against sexual transmission of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabney W Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Box 4098, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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29
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Chen MH, Ding WH. Separation and migration behavior of positional and structural naphthalenesulfonate isomers by cyclodextrin-mediated capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1033:167-72. [PMID: 15072302 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the type of buffer system, buffer pH, the polarity of electrode, and both the type and the concentration of cyclodextrins (CDs) on the separation and migration behavior of seven positional and structural naphthalenesulfonate isomers in CD-mediated capillary electrophoresis were systematically investigated. The most effective separation conditions were to use 20 mM phosphate buffer with beta-CD at pH 3.0, while the polarity of the electrodes were reversed across the capillary. Under such conditions, these isomers can be separated in 10 min. The results also indicate that the interactions of naphthalenesulfonate derivatives with CDs are strongly affected by the position of the substituent(s) on the aromatic ring. The inclusion complex formation constants of these compounds were evaluated to improve our understanding of the interaction between the naphthalenesulfonate derivatives and CDs. Moreover, the formation constants of naphthalene-2-sulfonate to beta-CD agreed closely with the data in the literature obtained by a spectrophotometric method and by CE methods in various pH buffers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chung-Li 32054, Taiwan, ROC
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30
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Ansorgová D, Holčapek M, Jandera P. Ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of impurities and reduction products of sulphonated azodyes. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Reemtsma T. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and strategies for trace-level analysis of polar organic pollutants. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1000:477-501. [PMID: 12877185 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00507-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using atmospheric pressure ionization (LC-API-MS) has drastically changed the analytical methods used to detect polar pollutants in water. The present status of application of this technique to organic water constituents is reviewed. The selection of the appropriate LC conditions, whether reversed-phase liquid chromatography, ion-pair chromatography, capillary electrophoresis or ion chromatography, and of the most sensitive ionization mode, electrospray ionization (ESI) or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), depends upon the polarity and acidity of the analytes. Strongly acidic compounds such as aromatic sulfonates, sulfonated dyes, haloacetic acids, linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, aliphatic sulfonates and sulfates and complexing agents, weakly acidic compounds such as carboxylates and phenols, neutral compound classes, namely alkylphenol ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxylates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the basic toxins, quaternary ammonium compounds and organometallic compounds are considered. The selection of the mass spectrometer depends upon the analytical task: triple-quadrupole mass spectrometers are highly suited for sensitive quantitation and for qualitative analyses, ion traps are especially suited for structure elucidation, whereas time-of-flight mass spectrometers and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometers with their higher mass resolution are ideal for the determination of molecular formulas of unknown compounds and for screening purposes. While large steps have already been made, future efforts with respect to water analysis may be directed at fine-tuning the methodical arsenal for increased sensitivity and selectivity and to extend LC-MS application to transformation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department of Water Quality Control, Technical University of Berlin, Sekr KF 4, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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32
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Chen HC, Ding WH. Analysis of naphthalenesulfonate compounds by cyclodextrin-mediated capillary electrophoresis with sample stacking. J Chromatogr A 2003; 996:205-12. [PMID: 12830922 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00525-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study systematically investigates the optimal conditions for analyzing the positional isomers of multi-charged naphthalenesulfonate compounds by cyclodextrin-mediated capillary electrophoresis (CE). Specifically, this work employs large-volume sample injection with the electrode polarity switching technique. The most effective separation and sample stacking conditions were 15 mM borate buffer with a mixture of beta- and gamma-cyclodextrin (concentration ratio 3:7 mM) at pH 9.2, and the sample hydrodynamic injection of up to 60 s at 3 p.s.i. (around 1.8 microl, and 1 p.s.i. = 6.9 kPa). Significantly selective and sensitive improvements were observed and a more than 100-fold enrichment was achieved (based on peak area). The reproducibility of migration time and quantitative results of stacking CE can be improved by using an internal standard. The quantitation limits of these naphthalenesulfonate isomers, based on a signal-to-noise ratio above 10, can be about 4 microg/l with UV detection. This method was successfully applied to determine the trace amount of naphthalenesulfonate isomers in a spiked drinking water sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chung-Li 32054, Taiwan
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33
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Rao RN, Venkateswarlu N, Khalid S, Narasimha R. Liquid chromatographic separation and determination of aromatic sulfonates in an aquatic environment using a photodiode array and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometer as detectors. ANAL SCI 2003; 19:611-5. [PMID: 12725402 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid method involving high-performance liquid chromatographic separation, followed by photodiode array (PDA) and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometric (ESI-MS) detection of aromatic sulfonates in waste-water effluents of industrial units producing optical whitening agents, has been developed. The separation was achieved on a reversed-phase Hypersil C18 column using gradient elution of a mobile phase consisting of 0.05 M ammonium formate-methanol with decreasing concentration of the buffer at room temperature. The minimum detection limits were determined to be in the range of 0.2 - 1.8 x 10(-9) g using PDA and ESI-MS detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nageswara Rao
- HPLC Group, Division of Analytical Chemistry, Discovery Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad-500 007, India
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34
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Song Z, Edwards SR, Howland K, Burns RG. Analysis of a retan agent used in the tanning process and its determination in tannery wastewater. Anal Chem 2003; 75:1285-93. [PMID: 12659187 DOI: 10.1021/ac020461y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The chemical structure and composition of a retan agent, CNSF (condensation product of naphthalenesulfonic acid (NSA) and formaldehyde), and related components contained in tannery wastewaters were analyzed by ion-pair liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (IPC-HPLC/ESI-MS) in negative ion mode. This method allows high-resolution separation of polymers. CNSF contained linear NSA oligomers (n = 1-11) that were eluted in order of increasing degree of polymerization. The area under the peaks was correlated to the concentration. The theoretical correlation between retention time and the molecular mass of CNSF oligomers can be used to predict the actual distribution of molecular mass or degree of polymerization. The CNSF consisted of 34.3% monomers, 14.8% dimers, 15.3% trimers and 12.1% tetramers. Other oligomers (n = 5-11) accounted for the remaining 23.5%. Using solid-phase extraction techniques and HPLC/MS, sulfonated monomers, dimers, and trimers were detected in three tannery wastewaters (A-C). Monomers (NSA and naphthalenedisulfonic acid) were one of the major components and ranged from 1.2- (C) to 22.0% (B). Concentrations of 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid were 4.9 mg/L (A), 30.1 mg/L (B), and 0.6 mg/L (C). A high proportion of dimers (18.5%) and trimers (14.5%) were detected in wastewater C, as compared with A (6.4 and 0.7%) and B (3.92 and 0.2%). The method presented allows the analysis of aromatic sulfonates in syntan and tannery wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Song
- Research School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
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35
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Geerdink RB, Niessen WMA, Brinkman UAT. Trace-level determination of pesticides in water by means of liquid and gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2002; 970:65-93. [PMID: 12350103 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The trace-level determination of pesticides and their transformation products (TPs) in water by means of liquid and gas chromatography (LC and GC) is reviewed. Special attention is given to the use of (tandem) mass spectrometry for identification and confirmation purposes. The complementarity of LC- and GC-based techniques and the potential of comprehensive GCXGC are discussed, and also the impressive performance of time-of-flight mass spectrometry. It is also indicated that, in the near future, the TPs rather than the parent compounds should receive most attention--with a better understanding of matrix effects and eluent composition on the ionization efficiency of analytes being urgently required. Finally, the merits of using much shorter LC columns, or even no column at all (flow-injection analysis) in target analysis are shown, and a more cost-efficient and sophisticated strategy for monitoring programmes is briefly introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Geerdink
- Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, RIZA, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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36
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37
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Möller K, Nilsson U, Crescenzi C. Synthesis and evaluation of molecularly imprinted polymers for extracting hydrolysis products of organophosphate flame retardants. J Chromatogr A 2001; 938:121-30. [PMID: 11771830 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01257-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) that selectively retains diphenyl phosphate was prepared using a structural analogue, ditolyl phosphate, as a template. Diphenyl phosphate is a degradation product of the flame retardant additive, triphenyl phosphate. The latter has been shown to be a common airborne contaminant in indoor environments and to be emitted from various goods such as video display units. Triphenyl phosphate induces several documented biological responses, including allergenic effects. Two different polymers, one prepared from methacrylic acid and the other from 2-vinylpyridine (2-Vpy), were investigated for their ability to recognise diphenyl phosphate. The polymers were used in solid-phase extraction cartridges (MISPE) and evaluated by comparing their recovery and breakthrough parameters with those of corresponding non-imprinted polymers (NIPs). The polymer made from the basic monomer showed the most selective recognition to the acidic analyte. Diphenyl phosphate was adsorbed to the basic MIP (2-Vpy-MIP) when methanol was used as mobile phase, and approximately 80% of the analyte was recovered when eluted from this polymer using a mixture of methanol and trifluoroacetic acid. There was a clear difference in the retention strengths of 2-Vpy-MIP and the corresponding 2-Vpy-NIP. The selectivity of the investigated 2-Vpy-MIP polymer towards a structural analogue of diphenyl phosphate, di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate was also assessed. This compound was less strongly retained using the same experimental conditions. The results indicate that the prepared 2Vpy-MIP strongly recognises diphenyl phosphate due to the imprinting effect. This interaction probably arises mostly from an ionic interaction between the basic monomers and the acidic analyte. An LC-electrospray ionisation multiple MS method, using negative ion detection and ion-pair chromatography, was developed for separation and quantification of the strongly acidic dialkylated phosphate esters. The instrumental limit of detection was below 50 pg for all investigated compounds and the MS method was shown to be linear in the investigated range of 0.05-85 ng.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Möller
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Sweden
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38
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Liu CH, Ding WH. Determination of naphthalenesulfonic acid isomers by large-volume on-line derivatization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2001; 926:341-6. [PMID: 11556339 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a modified method to analyze polar and water-soluble naphthalene monosulfonic acid (NS) isomers in industrial effluents and river water samples. The method involves extraction of samples by a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer solid-phase extraction cartridge, and on-line derivatization in the GC injection port using a large-volume (10 microl) sample injection with tetrabutylammonium salts. The analytes were then identified and quantitatively determined by GC-MS. The large-volume injection-port derivatization technique provides sensitivity, fast and reproducible results for NS isomers, to quantitation at 0.05 microg/l in 200 ml of water sample. Enhanced extracted mass chromatograms of molecular ion and [M-56]+ ion of butylated NS isomers by electron impact ionization MS allows us to determine residues at trace levels in environmental samples. Recoveries of the NS isomers in spiked water samples ranged from 70 to 82% with RSDs around 10%. Naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid was found as a major pollutant and propagated in surface water and industrial effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
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39
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Crescenzi C, Corcia AD, Marcomini A, Pojana G, Samperi R. Method development for trace determination of poly(naphthalenesulfonate)-type pollutants in water by liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2001; 923:97-105. [PMID: 11510565 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00964-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A very sensitive analytical procedure based on LC-MS for determining trace amounts of the more relevant poly(naphthalenesulfonate) (PNS) contaminants present in environmental waters is presented. Extraction was performed on a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer resin solid-phase extraction cartridge after addition of ammonium acetate to the sample. Small amounts of ammonium acetate in the mobile phase allowed the determination and characterisation of the four shorter oligomers by liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. Under such conditions the electrospray process generates fully ionised molecules which greatly simplifies interpretation of spectra and quantitation. Additionally, confirmatory ions can be generated by the in-source collision-induced decomposition process. The effectiveness of the method was assessed in recovery experiments from drinking and river water samples spiked with commercial mixtures of PNS concrete plasticizers also referred as naphthalenesulfonate-formaldehyde condensates. Moreover, the performance of this method was compared to methods using ion-pair chromatography coupled with fluorimetric and mass spectrometric detection. Method detection limits were in the low picomolar range (1 ng/l for the monomer) for each isomer. In order to evaluate the environmental relevance of PNS type compounds waste, river and ground water grab samples were analysed. Concentrations of PNS oligomers detected in these samples ranged between 53 ng/l and 32 microg/l.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Crescenzi
- Department of Chemistry, University La Sapienza of Rome, Italy.
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40
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Analysis of sulfonated compounds by reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography—Mass spectrometry with on-line removal of non-volatile tetrabutyl ammonium ion-pairing agents. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02491835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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41
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Reemtsma T. Analysis of sulfophthalimide and some of its derivatives by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2001; 919:289-97. [PMID: 11442034 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00823-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A system was developed for the separation of sulfophthalimide (SPI), sulfophthalamide (SPAM), sulfophthalamic acid (SPAA) and sulfophthalic acid (SPA) by ion-pair liquid chromatography and their detection by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS-MS). Except for SPAM, the 3- and 4-sulfo-isomers of the analytes were separated by HPLC using volatile tributylamine as ion-pairing agent. Initial fragmentations of the analytes in the negative mode involve losses of CO2 or HNCO or condensation via H2O or NH3 elimination. ortho-Effects of the sulfonate group were recognized in the fragmentation of the respective 3-sulfo-isomers and allowed us to assign the order of elution of the SPAA isomers. Quantitative analysis of these sulfonated aromatic compounds with MRM detection was elaborated and resulted in detection limits ranging from 1 pg for SPA to 13 pg for SPAA isomers and in limits of quantification of 2-10 microg/L for 5 microL volumes of injected tap water, municipal wastewater or industrial effluents up to salt contents of 0.5-1 g/L. The method was applied to study the isomer-specific chemical and microbial transformations of SPI, which was previously shown to be formed by white-rot fungi from sulfophthalocyanine textile dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Reemtsma
- Department of Water Quality Control, Technical University of Berlin, Germany.
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42
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Ingelse BA, van Dam RC, Vreeken RJ, Mol HG, Steijger OM. Determination of polar organophosphorus pesticides in aqueous samples by direct injection using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2001; 918:67-78. [PMID: 11403457 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00660-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It was demonstrated that four out of six of the very polar organophosphorus pesticides (OPs), i.e. acephate, methamidophos, monocrotophos, omethoate, oxydemeton-methyl and vamidothion, could not be extracted from water using commonly available SPE cartridges. In addition, GC analysis on all six compounds was found to be troublesome due to their polar and thermolabile character. This initiated the development of an alternative highly sensitive and selective method for the determination of the above mentioned very polar OPs in water, based on LC-MS. Large volume (1 ml) water samples were directly injected onto an RP18 HPLC column with a polar endcapping. The latter was essential for obtaining retention and maintaining column performance under 100% aqueous conditions during the sampling. The compounds were ionized using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and detected on a tandem mass spectrometer operated in multiple reaction-monitoring mode. The detection limits were in the range of 0.01-0.03 microg/l. Compared to conventional GC methods, the developed LC-MS procedure is very straightforward, fast and more reliable. This application demonstrates the applicability of LC-MS for analysis of polar OPs in surface, ground and drinking water, as a more favourable alternative to GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Ingelse
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Zeist, The Netherlands
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43
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Socher G, Nussbaum R, Rissler K, Lankmayr E. Analysis of sulfonated compounds by ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2001; 912:53-60. [PMID: 11307987 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00568-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPIEC)-mass spectrometry (MS) was used for the analysis of different sulfonated compounds. HPIEC was performed on an aminopropyl column applying a gradient with increasing concentration of a buffer consisting of ammonium acetate-acetic acid and acetonitrile as the organic modifier. HPIEC is well suited to highly efficient separation of sulfonated compounds and furthermore, due to the volatility of ammonium acetate, the method is also appropriate for LC-MS coupling by the means of either atmospheric pressure chemical ionization or electrospray ionization. The applicability range of HPIEC-MS is demonstrated on the basis of a complex mixture of model substances consisting of sulfonated aromatics and textile dyes largely differing from each other in their structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Socher
- CarboGen Laboratories (Neuland) AG, Hunzenschwil, Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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45
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Farré M, Pasini O, Carmen Alonso M, Castillo M, Barceló D. Toxicity assessment of organic pollution in wastewaters using a bacterial biosensor. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)00826-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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46
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Characterisation of organic pollutants in textile wastewaters and landfill leachate by using toxicity-based fractionation methods followed by liquid and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometric detection. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)00828-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Gimeno RA, Marcé RM, Borrull F. Determination of aromatic sulfonates in coastal water by on-line Ion-pair solid-phase extraction/ion-pair liquid chromatography with UV detection. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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48
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Frit JS, Macka M. Solid-phase trapping of solutes for further chromatographic or electrophoretic analysis. J Chromatogr A 2000; 902:137-66. [PMID: 11192152 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00792-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Because of its simplicity, speed and effectiveness, solid-phase extraction (SPE) has become the preferred technique for concentration of selected analytes prior to chromatographic or electrophoretic analysis. In this review the historical development of SPE is briefly traced. Then the principles of SPE are reviewed in some detail. Numerous references are given on the format, sorbents, elution conditions, online techniques and automation with special emphasis on relatively recent developments. The principles and recent advances in solid-phase microextraction (SPME) are also reviewed. The final section on selected recent applications includes an extensive list of references to work published within the last three years. Future trends and developments are discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Frit
- Chemistry Department, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA.
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49
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Wolf C, Storm T, Lange FT, Reemtsma T, Brauch HJ, Eberle SH, Jekel M. Analysis of sulfonated naphthalene-formaldehyde condensates by ion-pair chromatography and their quantitative determination from aqueous environmental samples. Anal Chem 2000; 72:5466-72. [PMID: 11080902 DOI: 10.1021/ac000337j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An ion-pair solid-phase extraction (IPE), ion-pair chromatography (IPC) procedure with fluorescence detection for the quantitative analysis of sulfonated naphthalene-formaldehyde condensates (SNFC) was developed, which provides full resolution of SNFC up to a degree of condensation n = 5 and partial resolution up to n = 15. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry confirmed that SNFC elute in the order of condensation. Response factors in fluorescence detection proved to be mass-constant, thereby allowing us to determine total SNFC amounts. With this IPC method, the weight- and the number-average molecular weights of these high-volume production chemicals (kiloton per annum), used as synthetic tanning agents, concrete plasticizers, and dispersants, can be determined. Recoveries in IPE range from 73 to 85% in river Rhine water and from 79 to 93% in tap water for n = 2 to n = 7 with limits of detection of 3-8 ng/L for individual homologues from 500 mL of water. The IPE-IPC procedure was applied to samples of secondary industrial effluents, river Rhine water, a river bank filtrate, and a groundwater sample. SNFC up to n = 6 were detected in the treated effluents. Total concentrations ranged from 208 micrograms/L in a secondary treated SNFC production effluent to < 1.4 micrograms/L in groundwater. These first analyses suggest a widespread occurrence of the lower oligomers of SNFC in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wolf
- DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW), Karisruhe, Germany.
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50
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Loos R, Riu J, Alonso MC, Barceló D. Analysis of polar hydrophilic aromatic sulfonates in waste water treatment plants by CE/MS and LC/MS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2000; 35:1197-1206. [PMID: 11110092 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9888(200010)35:10<1197::aid-jms51>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The present work describes the development and optimization of a capillary (zone) electrophoresis/mass spectrometric (CE/MS) analysis method for polar hydrophilic aromatic sulfonates (ASs). The compounds were detected by negative ion electrospray ionization (NIESI) and selected ion monitoring (SIM). In comparison with CE/UV, for CE/MS a lower-concentration volatile ammonium acetate buffer (5 mM) without organic modifier and a higher separation voltage were better suited for separation. Sensitivity of CE/MS was slightly better than for CF/UV, with the limit of detection (LOD) ranging between 0.1 and 0.4 mg l(-1). For verification of the CE/MS results, ASs were also analysed by ion-pair liquid chromatography/diode array UV detection coupled in series with electrospray mass spectrometry (IPC/DAD/ESI-MS). Real water samples of different waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) in Catalonia (NE Spain) were extracted by solid-phase extraction (SPE) with LiChrolut EN and analysed with CE/MS and LC/MS. ASs were found in influent and effluent water samples of the WWTPs in the microg l(-1) concentration range. LC/MS offered a higher separation efficiency and sensitivity than CE/MS. Therefore with LC/MS more compounds could be identified in the WWTPs. The persistency of the ASs was distinct: some compounds were well degraded during the water treatment process, while others were quite persistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Loos
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IIQAB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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