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Gu H, Jiang K, Yu F, Wang L, Yang X, Li X, Jiang Y, Lü W, Sun X. Multifunctional Human-Computer Interaction System Based on Deep Learning-Assisted Strain Sensing Array. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:54496-54507. [PMID: 39325961 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Continuous and reliable monitoring of gait is crucial for health monitoring, such as postoperative recovery of bone joint surgery and early diagnosis of disease. However, existing gait analysis systems often suffer from large volumes and the requirement of special space for setting motion capture systems, limiting their application in daily life. Here, we develop an intelligent gait monitoring and analysis prediction system based on flexible piezoelectric sensors and deep learning neural networks with high sensitivity (241.29 mV/N), quick response (66 ms loading, 87 ms recovery), and excellent stability (R2 = 0.9946). The theoretical simulations and experiments confirm that the sensor provides exceptional signal feedback, which can easily acquire accurate gait data when fitted to shoe soles. By integrating high-quality gait data with a custom-built deep learning model, the system can detect and infer human motion states in real time (the recognition accuracy reaches 94.7%). To further validate the sensor's application in real life, we constructed a flexible wearable recognition system with human-computer interaction interface and a simple operation process for long-term and continuous tracking of athletes' gait, potentially aiding personalized health management, early detection of disease, and remote medical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Gu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education & Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education & Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Liying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education & Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xijia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education & Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education & Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- School of Science, Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wei Lü
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education & Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Xiaojuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
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Xie Y, Pan J, Yu L, Fang H, Yu S, Zhou N, Tong L, Zhang L. Optical Micro/Nanofiber Enabled Multiaxial Force Sensor for Tactile Visualization and Human-Machine Interface. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2404343. [PMID: 39377221 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202404343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Abstract
Tactile sensors with capability of multiaxial force perception play a vital role in robotics and human-machine interfaces. Flexible optical waveguide sensors have been an emerging paradigm in tactile sensing due to their high sensitivity, fast response, and antielectromagnetic interference. Herein, a flexible multiaxial force sensor enabled by U-shaped optical micro/nanofibers (MNFs) is reported. The MNF is embedded within an elastomer film topped with a dome-shaped protrusion. When the protrusion is subjected to vector forces, the embedded MNF undergoes anisotropic deformations, yielding time-resolved variations in light transmission. Detection of both normal and shear forces is achieved with sensitivities reaching 50.7 dB N-1 (14% kPa-1) and 82.2 dB N-1 (21% kPa-1), respectively. Notably, the structural asymmetry of the MNF induces asymmetrical optical modes, granting the sensor directional responses to four-directional shear forces. As proof-of-concept applications, tactile visualizations for texture and relief pattern recognition are realized with a spatial resolution of 160 µm. Moreover, a dual U-shaped MNF configuration is demonstrated as a human-machine interface for cursor manipulation. This work represents a step towards advanced multiaxial tactile sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xie
- Research Center for Frontier Fundamental Studies, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311100, China
- Research Center for Humanoid Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311100, China
| | - Jing Pan
- Research Center for Frontier Fundamental Studies, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311100, China
- Research Center for Humanoid Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311100, China
| | - Longteng Yu
- Research Center for Humanoid Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311100, China
| | - Hubiao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shaoliang Yu
- Research Center for Frontier Fundamental Studies, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311100, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Limin Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Ou X, Hong Z, Wu Q, Chen X, Xie L, Zhang Z, He Y, Chen Q, Yang H. Micro/Nano Engineering Advances Next-Generation Flexible X-ray Detectors. ACS NANO 2024; 18:27126-27137. [PMID: 39312719 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c09554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
The growing demands for X-ray imaging applications impose diverse and stringent requirements on advanced X-ray detectors. Among these, flexibility stands out as the most expected characteristic for next-generation X-ray detectors. Flexible X-ray detectors can spatially conform to nonflat surfaces, substantially improving the imaging resolution, reducing the X-ray exposure dosage, and enabling extended application opportunities that are hardly achievable by conventional rigid flat-panel detectors. Over the past years, indirect- and direct-conversion flexible X-ray detectors have made marvelous achievements. In particular, microscale and nanoscale engineering technologies play a pivotal role in defining the optical, electrical, and mechanical properties of flexible X-ray detectors. In this Perspective, we spotlight recent landmark advancements in flexible X-ray detectors from the aspects of micro/nano engineering strategies, which are broadly categorized into two prevailing modalities: materials-in-substrate and materials-on-substrate. We also discuss existing challenges hindering the development of flexible X-ray detectors, as well as prospective research opportunities to mitigate these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Ou
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology & State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Zhongzhu Hong
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology & State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Qinxia Wu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology & State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology & State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Lili Xie
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology & State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Yu He
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology & State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Qiushui Chen
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology & State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Huanghao Yang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology & State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
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Miao L, Zhu S, Liu C, Gao J, Zhang Z, Peng Y, Chen JL, Gao Y, Liang J, Mori T. Comfortable wearable thermoelectric generator with high output power. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8516. [PMID: 39353932 PMCID: PMC11445405 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52841-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Wearable thermoelectric generators provide a reliable power generation method for self-powered wearable electronic devices. However, there has been a lack of research regarding the comfort of wearable thermoelectric generators. Here we propose a design for a comfortable wearable thermoelectric generators system with high output power based on sandwiched thermoelectric model. This model paves the way for simultaneously optimizing comfort (skin temperature and pressure perception) and output power by systematically considering a variety of thermal resistive environments and bending states, the properties of the thermoelectric and encapsulation materials, and the device structure. To verify this strategy, we fabricate wearable thermoelectric generators using Mg-based thermoelectric materials. These materials have great potential for replacing traditional Bi2Te3-based materials and enable our wearable thermoelectric generators with a power density of 18.4 μWcm-2 under a wearing pressure of 0.8 kPa and with a skin temperature of 33 °C, ensuring the wearer's comfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Miao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativity Astrophysics, Guangxi Novel Battery Materials Research Center of Engineering Technology, State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, P. R. China.
| | - Sijing Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativity Astrophysics, Guangxi Novel Battery Materials Research Center of Engineering Technology, State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, P. R. China
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, P. R. China
| | - Chengyan Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Engineering Research Center of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, P. R. China
| | - Jie Gao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Engineering Research Center of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, P. R. China
| | - Zhongwei Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativity Astrophysics, Guangxi Novel Battery Materials Research Center of Engineering Technology, State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Ying Peng
- Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Liang Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Engineering Research Center of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, P. R. China
| | - Yangfan Gao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Engineering Research Center of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, P. R. China
| | - Jisheng Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativity Astrophysics, Guangxi Novel Battery Materials Research Center of Engineering Technology, State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Takao Mori
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan.
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Marchianò V, Tricase A, Macchia E, Bollella P, Torsi L. Self-powered wearable biosensor based on stencil-printed carbon nanotube electrodes for ethanol detection in sweat. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:5303-5316. [PMID: 39134727 PMCID: PMC11416403 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Herein we introduce a novel water-based graphite ink modified with multiwalled carbon nanotubes, designed for the development of the first wearable self-powered biosensor enabling alcohol abuse detection through sweat analysis. The stencil-printed graphite (SPG) electrodes, printed onto a flexible substrate, were modified by casting multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), electrodepositing polymethylene blue (pMB) at the anode to serve as a catalyst for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidation, and hemin at the cathode as a selective catalyst for H2O2 reduction. Notably, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) was additionally physisorbed onto the anodic electrode, and alcohol oxidase (AOx) onto the cathodic electrode. The self-powered biosensor was assembled using the ADH/pMB-MWCNTs/SPG||AOx/Hemin-MWCNTs/SPG configuration, enabling the detection of ethanol as an analytical target, both at the anodic and cathodic electrodes. Its performance was assessed by measuring polarization curves with gradually increasing ethanol concentrations ranging from 0 to 50 mM. The biosensor demonstrated a linear detection range from 0.01 to 0.3 mM, with a detection limit (LOD) of 3 ± 1 µM and a sensitivity of 64 ± 2 μW mM-1, with a correlation coefficient of 0.98 (RSD 8.1%, n = 10 electrode pairs). It exhibited robust operational stability (over 2800 s with continuous ethanol turnover) and excellent storage stability (approximately 93% of initial signal retained after 90 days). Finally, the biosensor array was integrated into a wristband and successfully evaluated for continuous alcohol abuse monitoring. This proposed system displays promising attributes for use as a flexible and wearable biosensor employing biocompatible water-based inks, offering potential applications in forensic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verdiana Marchianò
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Tricase
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Macchia
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Paolo Bollella
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
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Li S, Wu Y, Asghar W, Li F, Zhang Y, He Z, Liu J, Wang Y, Liao M, Shang J, Ren L, Du Y, Makarov D, Liu Y, Li R. Wearable Magnetic Field Sensor with Low Detection Limit and Wide Operation Range for Electronic Skin Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304525. [PMID: 38037314 PMCID: PMC11462294 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electronic devices extended abilities of humans to perceive their environment conveniently and comfortably. Among them, flexible magnetic field sensors are crucial to detect changes in the external magnetic field. State-of-the-art flexible magnetoelectronics do not exhibit low detection limit and large working range simultaneously, which limits their application potential. Herein, a flexible magnetic field sensor possessing a low detection limit of 22 nT and wide sensing range from 22 nT up to 400 mT is reported. With the detection range of seven orders of magnitude in magnetic field sensor constitutes at least one order of magnitude improvement over current flexible magnetic field sensor technologies. The sensor is designed as a cantilever beam structure accommodating a flexible permanent magnetic composite and an amorphous magnetic wire enabling sensitivity to low magnetic fields. To detect high fields, the anisotropy of the giant magnetoimpedance effect of amorphous magnetic wires to the magnetic field direction is explored. Benefiting from mechanical flexibility of sensor and its broad detection range, its application potential for smart wearables targeting geomagnetic navigation, touchless interactivity, rehabilitation appliances, and safety interfaces providing warnings of exposure to high magnetic fields are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and DevicesNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application TechnologyNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201P. R. China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Yuanzhao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and DevicesNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application TechnologyNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201P. R. China
| | - Waqas Asghar
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and DevicesNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application TechnologyNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201P. R. China
- Mechanical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Engineering and Technology TaxilaTaxila47050Pakistan
| | - Fali Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and DevicesNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application TechnologyNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Ye Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and DevicesNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application TechnologyNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201P. R. China
| | - Zidong He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and DevicesNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application TechnologyNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Jinyun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and DevicesNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application TechnologyNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and DevicesNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application TechnologyNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201P. R. China
| | - Meiyong Liao
- National Institute for Materials ScienceTsukubaIbaraki305‐0044Japan
| | - Jie Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and DevicesNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application TechnologyNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201P. R. China
| | - Long Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing International School of Materials Science and EngineeringWuhan University of TechnologyWuhan430070P. R. China
| | - Yi Du
- School of PhysicsBeihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Denys Makarov
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials ResearchHelmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden‐Rossendorf e.V.Bautzner Landstrasse 40001328DresdenGermany
| | - Yiwei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and DevicesNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application TechnologyNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201P. R. China
| | - Run‐Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and DevicesNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application TechnologyNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201P. R. China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
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Kandwal A, Sharma YD, Jasrotia R, Kit CC, Lakshmaiya N, Sillanpää M, Liu LW, Igbe T, Kumari A, Sharma R, Kumar S, Sungoum C. A comprehensive review on electromagnetic wave based non-invasive glucose monitoring in microwave frequencies. Heliyon 2024; 10:e37825. [PMID: 39323784 PMCID: PMC11422007 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects millions of humans worldwide. This review article provides an analysis of the recent advancements in non-invasive blood glucose monitoring, detailing methods and techniques, with a special focus on Electromagnetic wave microwave glucose sensors. While optical, thermal, and electromagnetic techniques have been discussed, the primary emphasis is focussed on microwave frequency sensors due to their distinct advantages. Microwave sensors exhibit rapid response times, require minimal user intervention, and hold potential for continuous monitoring, renders them extremely potential for real-world applications. Additionally, their reduced susceptibility to physiological interferences further enhances their appeal. This review critically assesses the performance of microwave glucose sensors by considering factors such as accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and user comfort. Moreover, it sheds light on the challenges and upcoming directions in the growth of microwave sensors, including the need for reduction and integration with wearable platforms. By concentrating on microwave sensors within the broader context of non-invasive glucose monitoring, this article aims to offer significant enlightenment that may drive further innovation in diabetes care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kandwal
- School of Chips, XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Taicang, Suzhou 215400, China
- Faculty of Engineering and Quantity Surveying, INTI International University, Nilai, 71800, Malaysia
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Yogeshwar Dutt Sharma
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Rohit Jasrotia
- Faculty of Engineering and Quantity Surveying, INTI International University, Nilai, 71800, Malaysia
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
- Centre for Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140101, Punjab, India
| | - Chan Choon Kit
- Faculty of Engineering and Quantity Surveying, INTI International University, Nilai, 71800, Malaysia
- Faculty of Engineering, Shinawatra University, Pathumthani, 12160, Thailand
| | - Natrayan Lakshmaiya
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 602105, India
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Functional Materials Group, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Mubarak Al-Abdullah, 32093, Kuwait
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, Uni-versity of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Advanced Engineering, UPES, Bidholi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
- School of Technology, Woxsen University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Louis Wy Liu
- Faculty of Engineering, Vietnamese German University, 75000, Viet Nam
| | - Tobore Igbe
- Center for Diabetes Technology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, VA22903, USA
| | - Asha Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Career Point University, Himachal Pradesh, 176041, India
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Career Point University, Himachal Pradesh, 176041, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Physics, MMU University, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Chongkol Sungoum
- Faculty of Engineering, Shinawatra University, Pathumthani, 12160, Thailand
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8
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Chen W, Lin J, Ye Z, Wang X, Shen J, Wang B. Customized surface adhesive and wettability properties of conformal electronic devices. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 39315507 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00753k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Conformal and body-adaptive electronics have revolutionized the way we interact with technology, ushering in a new era of wearable devices that can seamlessly integrate with our daily lives. However, the inherent mismatch between artificially synthesized materials and biological tissues (caused by irregular skin fold, skin hair, sweat, and skin grease) needs to be addressed, which can be realized using body-adaptive electronics by rational design of their surface adhesive and wettability properties. Over the past few decades, various approaches have been developed to enhance the conformability and adaptability of bioelectronics by (i) increasing flexibility and reducing device thickness, (ii) improving the adhesion and wettability between bioelectronics and biological interfaces, and (iii) refining the integration process with biological systems. Successful development of a conformal and body-adaptive electronic device requires comprehensive consideration of all three aspects. This review starts with the design strategies of conformal electronics with different surface adhesive and wettability properties. A series of conformal and body-adaptive electronics used in the human body under both dry and wet conditions are systematically discussed. Finally, the current challenges and critical perspectives are summarized, focusing on promising directions such as telemedicine, mobile health, point-of-care diagnostics, and human-machine interface applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfu Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Junzhu Lin
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Zhicheng Ye
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials, and School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China
| | - Jie Shen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spine Surgery, Department of Spine Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, P. R. China
| | - Ben Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
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9
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Zhang T, Wang Y, Feng X, Zuo Y, Yu H, Bao H, Jiang F, Jiang S. Flexible electronics for cardiovascular monitoring on complex physiological skins. iScience 2024; 27:110707. [PMID: 39262772 PMCID: PMC11387687 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) pose a significant global health threat, responsible for a considerable portion of worldwide mortality. Flexible electronics enable continuous, noninvasive, real-time, and portable monitoring, providing an ideal platform for personalized healthcare. Nevertheless, challenges persist in sustaining stable adherence across diverse and intricate skin environments, hindering further advancement toward clinical applications. Strategies such as structural design and chemical modification can significantly enhance the environmental adaptability and monitoring performance of flexible electronics. This review delineates processing techniques, including structural design and chemical modification, to mitigate signal interference from sebaceous skin, motion artifacts from the skin in motion, and infection risks from fragile skin, thereby enabling the accurate monitoring of key cardiovascular indicators in complex physiological environments. Moreover, it delves into the potential for the strategic development and improvement of flexible electronics to ensure their alignment with complex physiological environment requirements, facilitating their transition to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Zhang
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Yunshen Wang
- Department of Pneumology, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300204, China
| | - Xingdong Feng
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Yizhou Zuo
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Hannong Yu
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Hong Bao
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electromechanical Integrated Manufacturing of High-performance Electronic Equipments, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Geriatric Medical Center, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electromechanical Integrated Manufacturing of High-performance Electronic Equipments, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
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10
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Wang G, Xie Z, Yu W, Mao S, Wang S, Zheng SY, Yang J. A Double-Layer Polyurethane Electrospun Membrane with Directional Sweat Transport Ability for Use as a Soft Strain Sensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:49813-49822. [PMID: 39229668 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c10854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Wearable electronics for long-term monitoring of physiological signals should be capable of removing sweat generated during daily motion, which significantly impacts signal stability, human comfort, and safety of the electronics. In this study, we developed a double-layer polyurethane (PU) membrane with sweat-directional transport ability that can be applied for monitoring strain signals. The PU membrane was composed of a hydrophilic, conductive layer and a relatively hydrophobic layer. The double-layer PU composite membrane exhibited varied pore size and opposite hydrophilicity on its two sides, enabling the spontaneous pumping of sweat from the hydrophobic side to the hydrophilic side, i.e., the directional transport of sweat. The membrane can be used as a strain sensor to monitor motion strain over a broad working range of 0% to 250% with high sensitivity (GF = 4.11). The sensor can also detect simple human movements even under sweating conditions. We believe that the strategy demonstrated here will provide new insights into the design of next-generation strain sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaopeng Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plastic Modification and Processing Technology, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Zeming Xie
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plastic Modification and Processing Technology, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Wenli Yu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plastic Modification and Processing Technology, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Shihua Mao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plastic Modification and Processing Technology, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Shuaibing Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plastic Modification and Processing Technology, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Si Yu Zheng
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plastic Modification and Processing Technology, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Jintao Yang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plastic Modification and Processing Technology, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
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11
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Du Y, Shen P, Liu H, Zhang Y, Jia L, Pu X, Yang F, Ren T, Chu D, Wang Z, Wei D. Multi-receptor skin with highly sensitive tele-perception somatosensory. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp8681. [PMID: 39259789 PMCID: PMC11389779 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp8681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
The limitations and complexity of traditional noncontact sensors in terms of sensitivity and threshold settings pose great challenges to extend the traditional five human senses. Here, we propose tele-perception to enhance human perception and cognition beyond these conventional noncontact sensors. Our bionic multi-receptor skin employs structured doping of inorganic nanoparticles to enhance the local electric field, coupled with advanced deep learning algorithms, achieving a ΔV/Δd sensitivity of 14.2, surpassing benchmarks. This enables precise remote control of surveillance systems and robotic manipulators. Our long short-term memory-based adaptive pulse identification achieves 99.56% accuracy in material identification with accelerated processing speeds. In addition, we demonstrate the feasibility of using a two-dimensional (2D) sensor matrix to integrate real object scan data into a convolutional neural network to accurately discriminate the shape and material of 3D objects. This promises transformative advances in human-computer interaction and neuromorphic computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Du
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Penghui Shen
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Houfang Liu
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Luyao Jia
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiong Pu
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Feiyao Yang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Tianling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Daping Chu
- Centre for Photonic Devices and Sensors, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Zhonglin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Blue Energy, Knowledge City, Huangpu District, Guangzhou 510555, China
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0245, USA
| | - Di Wei
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- Centre for Photonic Devices and Sensors, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
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12
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Guan PC, Qi QJ, Wang YQ, Lin JS, Zhang YJ, Li JF. Development of a 3D Hydrogel SERS Chip for Noninvasive, Real-Time pH and Glucose Monitoring in Sweat. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:48139-48146. [PMID: 39197856 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c10817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Traditional diagnostic methods, such as blood tests, are invasive and time-consuming, while sweat biomarkers offer a rapid physiological assessment. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has garnered significant attention in sweat analysis because of its high sensitivity, label-free nature, and nondestructive properties. However, challenges related to substrate reproducibility and interference from the biological matrix persist with SERS. This study developed a novel ratio-based 3D hydrogel SERS chip, providing a noninvasive solution for real-time monitoring of pH and glucose levels in sweat. Encapsulating the probe molecule (4-MBN) in nanoscale gaps to form gold nanoflower-like nanotags with internal standards and integrating them into an agarose hydrogel to create a 3D flexible SERS substrate significantly enhances the reproducibility and stability of sweat analysis. Gap-Au nanopetals modified with probe molecules are uniformly dispersed throughout the porous hydrogel structure, facilitating the effective detection of the pH and glucose in sweat. The 3D hydrogel SERS chip demonstrates a strong linear relationship in pH and glucose detection, with a pH response range of 5.5-8.0 and a glucose detection range of 0.01-5 mM, with R2 values of 0.9973 and 0.9923, respectively. In actual sweat samples, the maximum error in pH detection accuracy is only 1.13%, with a lower glucose detection limit of 0.25 mM. This study suggests that the ratio-based 3D hydrogel SERS chip provides convenient, reliable, and rapid detection capabilities with substantial application potential for analyzing body fluid pH and glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Guan
- College of Materials, College of Energy, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qian-Jiao Qi
- College of Materials, College of Energy, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yu-Qing Wang
- College of Materials, College of Energy, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jia-Sheng Lin
- College of Materials, College of Energy, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yue-Jiao Zhang
- College of Materials, College of Energy, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- College of Materials, College of Energy, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Scientific Research Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen 361005, China
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13
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Xiao X, Liu X, Liu Y, Tu C, Qu M, Kong J, Zhang Y, Zhang C. Investigation of Interferences of Wearable Sensors with Plant Growth. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:439. [PMID: 39329814 PMCID: PMC11430609 DOI: 10.3390/bios14090439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Plant wearable sensors have shown exceptional promise in continuously monitoring plant health. However, the potential adverse effects of these sensors on plant growth remain unclear. This study systematically quantifies wearable sensors' interference with plant growth using two ornamental species, Peperomia tetraphylla and Epipremnum aureum. We evaluated the impacts of four common disturbances-mechanical pressure, hindrance of gas exchange, hindrance of light acquisition, and mechanical constraint-on leaf growth. Our results indicated that the combination of light hindrance and mechanical constraint demonstrated the most significant interference. When the sensor weight was no greater than 0.6 g and the coverage was no greater than 5% of the leaf area, these four disturbances resulted in slight impacts on leaf growth. Additionally, we fabricated a minimally interfering wearable sensor capable of measuring the air temperature of the microclimate of the plant while maintaining plant growth. This research provides valuable insights into optimizing plant wearable sensors, balancing functionality with minimal plant interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanbo Liu
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chengjin Tu
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Menglong Qu
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jingjing Kong
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yongnian Zhang
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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14
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Fu X, Cheng W, Wan G, Yang Z, Tee BCK. Toward an AI Era: Advances in Electronic Skins. Chem Rev 2024; 124:9899-9948. [PMID: 39198214 PMCID: PMC11397144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Electronic skins (e-skins) have seen intense research and rapid development in the past two decades. To mimic the capabilities of human skin, a multitude of flexible/stretchable sensors that detect physiological and environmental signals have been designed and integrated into functional systems. Recently, researchers have increasingly deployed machine learning and other artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to mimic the human neural system for the processing and analysis of sensory data collected by e-skins. Integrating AI has the potential to enable advanced applications in robotics, healthcare, and human-machine interfaces but also presents challenges such as data diversity and AI model robustness. In this review, we first summarize the functions and features of e-skins, followed by feature extraction of sensory data and different AI models. Next, we discuss the utilization of AI in the design of e-skin sensors and address the key topic of AI implementation in data processing and analysis of e-skins to accomplish a range of different tasks. Subsequently, we explore hardware-layer in-skin intelligence before concluding with an analysis of the challenges and opportunities in the various aspects of AI-enabled e-skins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Fu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Wen Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Guanxiang Wan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Zijie Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Benjamin C K Tee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138634, Singapore
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15
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Wu SD, Weller H, Vossmeyer T, Hsu SH. Motion Sensing by a Highly Sensitive Nanogold Strain Sensor in a Biomimetic 3D Environment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39253872 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c08105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Recent advancements in flexible electronics have highlighted their potential in biomedical applications, primarily due to their human-friendly nature. This study introduces a new flexible electronic system designed for motion sensing in a biomimetic three-dimensional (3D) environment. The system features a self-healing gel matrix (chitosan-based hydrogel) that effectively mimics the dynamics of the extracellular matrix (ECM), and is integrated with a highly sensitive thin-film resistive strain sensor, which is fabricated by incorporating a cross-linked gold nanoparticle (GNP) thin film as the active conductive layer onto a biocompatible microphase-separated polyurethane (PU) substrate through a clean, rapid, and high-precision contact printing method. The GNP-PU strain sensor demonstrates high sensitivity (a gauge factor of ∼50), good stability, and waterproofing properties. The feasibility of detecting small motion was evaluated by sensing the beating of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocyte spheroids embedded in the gel matrix. The integration of these components exemplifies a proof-of-concept for using flexible electronics comprising self-healing hydrogel and thin-film nanogold in cardiac sensing and offers promising insights into the development of next-generation biomimetic flexible electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Da Wu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106319, Taiwan
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, Hamburg 20146, Germany
| | - Horst Weller
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, Hamburg 20146, Germany
- Fraunhofer Center for Applied Nanotechnology CAN, Grindelallee 117, Hamburg 20146, Germany
| | - Tobias Vossmeyer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, Hamburg 20146, Germany
| | - Shan-Hui Hsu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106319, Taiwan
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350401, Taiwan
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16
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Childs A, Mayol B, Lasalde-Ramírez JA, Song Y, Sempionatto JR, Gao W. Diving into Sweat: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions in Wearable Sweat Sensing. ACS NANO 2024; 18:24605-24616. [PMID: 39185844 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c10344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Sweat analysis has advanced from diagnosing cystic fibrosis and testing for illicit drugs to noninvasive monitoring of health biomarkers. This article introduces the rapid development of wearable and flexible sweat sensors, highlighting key milestones and various sensing strategies for real-time monitoring of analytes. We discuss challenges such as developing high-performance nanomaterial-based biosensors, ensuring continuous sweat production and sampling, achieving high sweat/blood correlation, and biocompatibility. The potential of machine learning to enhance these sensors for personalized healthcare is presented, enabling real-time tracking and prediction of physiological changes and disease onset. Leveraging advancements in flexible electronics, nanomaterials, biosensing, and data analytics, wearable sweat biosensors promise to revolutionize disease management, prevention, and prediction, promoting healthier lifestyles and transforming medical practices globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Childs
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Beatriz Mayol
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - José A Lasalde-Ramírez
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Juliane R Sempionatto
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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17
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Yang H, Li S, Wu Y, Bao X, Xiang Z, Xie Y, Pan L, Chen J, Liu Y, Li RW. Advances in Flexible Magnetosensitive Materials and Devices for Wearable Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311996. [PMID: 38776537 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Emerging fields, such as wearable electronics, digital healthcare, the Internet of Things, and humanoid robots, highlight the need for flexible devices capable of recording signals on curved surfaces and soft objects. In particular, flexible magnetosensitive devices garner significant attention owing to their ability to combine the advantages of flexible electronics and magnetoelectronic devices, such as reshaping capability, conformability, contactless sensing, and navigation capability. Several key challenges must be addressed to develop well-functional flexible magnetic devices. These include determining how to make magnetic materials flexible and even elastic, understanding how the physical properties of magnetic films change under external strain and stress, and designing and constructing flexible magnetosensitive devices. In recent years, significant progress is made in addressing these challenges. This study aims to provide a timely and comprehensive overview of the most recent developments in flexible magnetosensitive devices. This includes discussions on the fabrications and mechanical regulations of flexible magnetic materials, the principles and performances of flexible magnetic sensors, and their applications for wearable electronics. In addition, future development trends and challenges in this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Shengbin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Yuanzhao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Xilai Bao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ziyin Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Yali Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Lili Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jinxia Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Run-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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18
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Xu J, Luo Z, Chen L, Zhou X, Zhang H, Zheng Y, Wei L. Recent advances in flexible memristors for advanced computing and sensing. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:4015-4036. [PMID: 38919028 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00291a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Conventional computing systems based on von Neumann architecture face challenges such as high power consumption and limited data processing capability. Improving device performance via scaling guided by Moore's Law becomes increasingly difficult. Emerging memristors can provide a promising solution for achieving high-performance computing systems with low power consumption. In particular, the development of flexible memristors is an important topic for wearable electronics, which can lead to intelligent systems in daily life with high computing capacity and efficiency. Here, recent advances in flexible memristors are reviewed, from operating mechanisms and typical materials to representative applications. Potential directions and challenges for future study in this area are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Xu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Ziwang Luo
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Long Chen
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Haozhe Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Yuanjin Zheng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Lei Wei
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore.
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19
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Wu B, Wu T, Huang Z, Ji S. Advancing Flexible Sensors through On-Demand Regulation of Supramolecular Nanostructures. ACS NANO 2024; 18:22664-22674. [PMID: 39152049 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c08310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
The evolution of flexible sensors heavily relies on advances in soft-material design and sensing mechanisms. Supramolecular chemistry offers a powerful toolbox for manipulating nanoscale and molecular structures within soft materials, thus fostering recent advancements in flexible sensors and electronics. Supramolecular interactions have been utilized to nanoengineer functional sensing materials or construct chemical sensors with lower cost and broader targets. In this perspective, we will highlight the use of supramolecular interactions to regulate and optimize nanostructures within functional soft materials and illustrate their importance in expanding the nanocavities of bioreceptors for chemical sensing. Overall, a bridge between tissue-mimicking flexible sensors and cell-mimetic supramolecular chemistry has been built, which will further advance human healthcare innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohang Wu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), College of Nano Science and Technology (CNST), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Tong Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Zehuan Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Shaobo Ji
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), College of Nano Science and Technology (CNST), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
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20
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Wei C, Fu D, Ma T, Chen M, Wang F, Chen G, Wang Z. Sensing patches for biomarker identification in skin-derived biofluids. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 258:116326. [PMID: 38696965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
In conventional clinical disease diagnosis and screening based on biomarker detection, most analysis samples are collected from serum, blood. However, these invasive collection methods require specific instruments, professionals, and may lead to infection risks. Additionally, the diagnosis process suffers from untimely results. The identification of skin-related biomarkers plays an unprecedented role in early disease diagnosis. More importantly, these skin-mediated approaches for collecting biomarker-containing biofluid samples are noninvasive or minimally invasive, which is more preferable for point-of-care testing (POCT). Therefore, skin-based biomarker detection patches have been promoted, owing to their unique advantages, such as simple fabrication, desirable transdermal properties and no requirements for professional medical staff. Currently, the skin biomarkers extracted from sweat, interstitial fluid (ISF) and wound exudate, are achieved with wearable sweat patches, transdermal MN patches, and wound patches, respectively. In this review, we detail these three types of skin patches in biofluids collection and diseases-related biomarkers identification. Patch classification and the corresponding manufacturing as well as detection strategies are also summarized. The remaining challenges in clinical applications and current issues in accurate detection are discussed for further advancement of this technology (Scheme 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wei
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Danni Fu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Tianyue Ma
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Mo Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada; Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Fangling Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Guojun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada; Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada.
| | - Zejun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
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21
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Zou Y, Liu G, Wang H, Du K, Guo J, Shang Z, Guo R, Zhou F, Liu W. Ultra-Stretchable Composite Organohydrogels Polymerized Based on MXene@Tannic Acid-Ag Autocatalytic System for Highly Sensitive Wearable Sensors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2404435. [PMID: 39140644 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202404435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels have attracted widespread attention in the fields of biomedicine and health monitoring. However, their practical application is severely hindered by the lengthy and energy-intensive polymerization process and weak mechanical properties. Here, a rapid polymerization method of polyacrylic acid/gelatin double-network organohydrogel is designed by integrating tannic acid (TA) and Ag nanoparticles on conductive MXene nanosheets as catalyst in a binary solvent of water and glycerol, requiring no external energy input. The synergistic effect of TA and Ag NPs maintains the dynamic redox activity of phenol and quinone within the system, enhancing the efficiency of ammonium persulfate to generate radicals, leading to polymerization within 10 min. Also, ternary composite MXene@TA-Ag can act as conductive agents, enhanced fillers, adhesion promoters, and antibacterial agents of organohydrogels, granting them excellent multi-functionality. The organohydrogels exhibit excellent stretchability (1740%) and high tensile strength (184 kPa). The strain sensors based on the organohydrogels exhibit ultrahigh sensitivity (GF = 3.86), low detection limit (0.1%), and excellent stability (>1000 cycles, >7 days). These sensors can monitor the human limb movements, respiratory and vocal cord vibration, as well as various levels of arteries. Therefore, this organohydrogel holds potential for applications in fields such as human health monitoring and speech recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zou
- Center of Advanced Lubrication and Seal Materials, State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Guoqiang Liu
- Center of Advanced Lubrication and Seal Materials, State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Hanxin Wang
- Center of Advanced Lubrication and Seal Materials, State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kang Du
- Center of Advanced Lubrication and Seal Materials, State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Jinglun Guo
- Center of Advanced Lubrication and Seal Materials, State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Zhenling Shang
- Center of Advanced Lubrication and Seal Materials, State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Ruisheng Guo
- Center of Advanced Lubrication and Seal Materials, State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Center of Advanced Lubrication and Seal Materials, State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- Center of Advanced Lubrication and Seal Materials, State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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22
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Zhu X, Wu K, Xie X, Anderson SW, Zhang X. A robust near-field body area network based on coaxially-shielded textile metamaterial. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6589. [PMID: 39097604 PMCID: PMC11297955 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
A body area network involving wearable sensors distributed around the human body can continuously monitor physiological signals, finding applications in personal healthcare and athletic evaluation. Existing solutions for near-field body area networks, while facilitating reliable and secure interconnection among battery-free sensors, face challenges including limited spectral stability against external interference. Here we demonstrate a textile metamaterial featuring a coaxially-shielded internal structure designed to mitigate interference from extraneous loadings. The metamaterial can be patterned onto clothing to form a scalable, customizable network, enabling communication between near-field reading devices and battery-free sensing nodes placed within the network. Proof of concept demonstration shows the metamaterial's robustness against mechanical deformation and exposure to lossy, conductive saline solutions, underscoring its potential applications in wet environments, particularly in athletic activities involving water or significant perspiration, offering insights for the future development of radio frequency components for a robust body area network at a system level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ke Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaohang Xie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephan W Anderson
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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23
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Saifi S, Xiao X, Cheng S, Guo H, Zhang J, Müller-Buschbaum P, Zhou G, Xu X, Cheng HM. An ultraflexible energy harvesting-storage system for wearable applications. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6546. [PMID: 39095398 PMCID: PMC11297324 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50894-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The swift progress in wearable technology has accentuated the need for flexible power systems. Such systems are anticipated to exhibit high efficiency, robust durability, consistent power output, and the potential for effortless integration. Integrating ultraflexible energy harvesters and energy storage devices to form an autonomous, efficient, and mechanically compliant power system remains a significant challenge. In this work, we report a 90 µm-thick energy harvesting and storage system (FEHSS) consisting of high-performance organic photovoltaics and zinc-ion batteries within an ultraflexible configuration. With a power conversion efficiency surpassing 16%, power output exceeding 10 mW cm-2, and an energy density beyond 5.82 mWh cm-2, the FEHSS can be tailored to meet the power demands of wearable sensors and gadgets. Without cumbersome and rigid components, FEHSS shows immense potential as a versatile power source to advance wearable electronics and contribute toward a sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakeena Saifi
- Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Simin Cheng
- Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Haotian Guo
- Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jinsheng Zhang
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional Materials, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional Materials, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaomin Xu
- Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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24
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Chen Y, Wu W, Cao X, Li B. Induction of polymer-grafted cellulose nanocrystals in hydrogel nanocomposites to increase anti-swelling, mechanical properties and conductive self-recovery for underwater strain sensing. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133410. [PMID: 38925178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Anti-swelling conductive hydrogels with simultaneous high tensile strength (>1 MPa) and fast self-recovery are promising candidates for underwater strain sensing, but their preparation remains challenging. Herein, novel anti-swelling conductive nanocomposite hydrogels were fabricated based on poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (P(AM-co-AA)), polymer-grafted cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and Fe3+ ions through a strategy combining nano-reinforcing and multiple physical crosslinking. Due to the presence of interfacial H-bonds, polymer-grafted cellulose nanocrystals played important role in endowing hydrogels with anti-swelling capacity and enhanced mechanical performance. The obtained nanocomposite hydrogels exhibited relatively low swelling ratio (2.9-3.3 g/g), high tensile strength (>1.5 MPa), fast self-recovery (86 % recovery of hysteresis within 5 min) and conductivities of 0.0534-0.0593 S/m. The combination of excellent tensile properties and conductivity endowed the hydrogel-based strain sensors with good sensitivity (GF ≈ 0.8) and reliable cycling repeatability in 0-100 % strain range. Notably, the nanocomposite hydrogels can maintain their mechanical and sensing performance after soaking in water for 14 days, making them applicable for human motion detection both in air and underwater. Hence, this work provided a facile method to construct highly robust and anti-swelling CNC-reinforced conductive hydrogels, which have potential applications in underwater strain sensing and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurui Chen
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Wei Wu
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Xuzhi Cao
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Bengang Li
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
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25
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Wang K, Margolis S, Cho JM, Wang S, Arianpour B, Jabalera A, Yin J, Hong W, Zhang Y, Zhao P, Zhu E, Reddy S, Hsiai TK. Non-Invasive Detection of Early-Stage Fatty Liver Disease via an On-Skin Impedance Sensor and Attention-Based Deep Learning. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2400596. [PMID: 38887178 PMCID: PMC11336938 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Early-stage nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a silent condition, with most cases going undiagnosed, potentially progressing to liver cirrhosis and cancer. A non-invasive and cost-effective detection method for early-stage NAFLD detection is a public health priority but challenging. In this study, an adhesive, soft on-skin sensor with low electrode-skin contact impedance for early-stage NAFLD detection is fabricated. A method is developed to synthesize platinum nanoparticles and reduced graphene quantum dots onto the on-skin sensor to reduce electrode-skin contact impedance by increasing double-layer capacitance, thereby enhancing detection accuracy. Furthermore, an attention-based deep learning algorithm is introduced to differentiate impedance signals associated with early-stage NAFLD in high-fat-diet-fed low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (Ldlr-/-) mice compared to healthy controls. The integration of an adhesive, soft on-skin sensor with low electrode-skin contact impedance and the attention-based deep learning algorithm significantly enhances the detection accuracy for early-stage NAFLD, achieving a rate above 97.5% with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 1.0. The findings present a non-invasive approach for early-stage NAFLD detection and display a strategy for improved early detection through on-skin electronics and deep learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidong Wang
- Department of MedicineDavid Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied SciencesUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
- Department of MedicineGreater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs (VA) Healthcare SystemLos AngelesCA90073USA
| | - Samuel Margolis
- Department of MedicineDavid Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Jae Min Cho
- Department of MedicineDavid Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Shaolei Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied SciencesUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Brian Arianpour
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied SciencesUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Alejandro Jabalera
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied SciencesUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Junyi Yin
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied SciencesUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Wen Hong
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Yaran Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied SciencesUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of MedicineDavid Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Enbo Zhu
- Department of MedicineDavid Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Srinivasa Reddy
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Tzung K. Hsiai
- Department of MedicineDavid Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied SciencesUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
- Department of MedicineGreater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs (VA) Healthcare SystemLos AngelesCA90073USA
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26
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Yan W, Liu A, Luo Y, Chen Z, Wu G, Chen J, Huang Q, Yang Y, Ye M, Guo W. A Highly Sensitive and Stretchable Core-Shell Fiber Sensor for Gesture Recognition and Surface Pressure Distribution Monitoring. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400109. [PMID: 38594026 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
This work reports a highly-strain flexible fiber sensor with a core-shell structure utilizes a unique swelling diffusion technique to infiltrate carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into the surface layer of Ecoflex fibers. Compared with traditional blended Ecoflex/CNTs fibers, this manufacturing process ensures that the sensor maintains the mechanical properties (923% strain) of the Ecoflex fiber while also improving sensitivity (gauge factor is up to 3716). By adjusting the penetration time during fabrication, the sensor can be customized for different uses. As an application demonstration, the fiber sensor is integrated into the glove to develop a wearable gesture language recognition system with high sensitivity and precision. Additionally, the authors successfully monitor the pressure distribution on the curved surface of a soccer ball by winding the fiber sensor along the ball's surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhe Yan
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
- Jiujiang Research Institute, Xiamen University, Jiujiang, 332000, P. R. China
| | - Andeng Liu
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
- Jiujiang Research Institute, Xiamen University, Jiujiang, 332000, P. R. China
| | - Yingjin Luo
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
- Jiujiang Research Institute, Xiamen University, Jiujiang, 332000, P. R. China
| | - Zhuomin Chen
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Guoxu Wu
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Qiaoling Huang
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
- Jiujiang Research Institute, Xiamen University, Jiujiang, 332000, P. R. China
| | - Yun Yang
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Meidan Ye
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Wenxi Guo
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
- Jiujiang Research Institute, Xiamen University, Jiujiang, 332000, P. R. China
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27
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Xie F. Natural polymer starch-based materials for flexible electronic sensor development: A review of recent progress. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 337:122116. [PMID: 38710566 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
In response to the burgeoning interest in the development of highly conformable and resilient flexible electronic sensors capable of transducing diverse physical stimuli, this review investigates the pivotal role of natural polymers, specifically those derived from starch, in crafting sustainable and biocompatible sensing materials. Expounding on cutting-edge research, the exploration delves into innovative strategies employed to leverage the distinctive attributes of starch in conjunction with other polymers for the fabrication of advanced sensors. The comprehensive discussion encompasses a spectrum of starch-based materials, spanning all-starch-based gels to starch-based soft composites, meticulously scrutinizing their applications in constructing resistive, capacitive, piezoelectric, and triboelectric sensors. These intricately designed sensors exhibit proficiency in detecting an array of stimuli, including strain, temperature, humidity, liquids, and enzymes, thereby playing a pivotal role in the continuous and non-invasive monitoring of human body motions, physiological signals, and environmental conditions. The review highlights the intricate interplay between material properties, sensor design, and sensing performance, emphasizing the unique advantages conferred by starch-based materials, such as self-adhesiveness, self-healability, and re-processibility facilitated by dynamic bonding. In conclusion, the paper outlines current challenges and future research opportunities in this evolving field, offering valuable insights for prospective investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwei Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.
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28
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Zhu J, Xiao Y, Zhang X, Tong Y, Li J, Meng K, Zhang Y, Li J, Xing C, Zhang S, Bao B, Yang H, Gao M, Pan T, Liu S, Lorestani F, Cheng H, Lin Y. Direct Laser Processing and Functionalizing PI/PDMS Composites for an On-Demand, Programmable, Recyclable Device Platform. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400236. [PMID: 38563243 PMCID: PMC11361840 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Skin-interfaced high-sensitive biosensing systems to detect electrophysiological and biochemical signals have shown great potential in personal health monitoring and disease management. However, the integration of 3D porous nanostructures for improved sensitivity and various functional composites for signal transduction/processing/transmission often relies on different materials and complex fabrication processes, leading to weak interfaces prone to failure upon fatigue or mechanical deformations. The integrated system also needs additional adhesive to strongly conform to the human skin, which can also cause irritation, alignment issues, and motion artifacts. This work introduces a skin-attachable, reprogrammable, multifunctional, adhesive device patch fabricated by simple and low-cost laser scribing of an adhesive composite with polyimide powders and amine-based ethoxylated polyethylenimine dispersed in the silicone elastomer. The obtained laser-induced graphene in the adhesive composite can be further selectively functionalized with conductive nanomaterials or enzymes for enhanced electrical conductivity or selective sensing of various sweat biomarkers. The possible combination of the sensors for real-time biofluid analysis and electrophysiological signal monitoring with RF energy harvesting and communication promises a standalone stretchable adhesive device platform based on the same material system and fabrication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhu
- School of Material and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Quzhou), University of Electronics Science and Technology of China, Quzhou 324000, China
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Yang Xiao
- School of Material and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Xianzhe Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Yao Tong
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215011, PR China
| | - Jiaying Li
- School of Material and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Ke Meng
- School of Material and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215011, PR China
| | - Jiuqiang Li
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215011, PR China
| | - Chenghao Xing
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Senhao Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215011, PR China
| | - Benkun Bao
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215011, PR China
| | - Hongbo Yang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215011, PR China
| | - Min Gao
- School of Material and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Taisong Pan
- School of Material and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Shangbin Liu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Farnaz Lorestani
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Yuan Lin
- School of Material and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Medico-Engineering Cooperation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronics Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
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29
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Dawaymeh F, Agha A, Alazzam A, Abd-Ellah M. Exploring cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) for flexible silver nanowire electrode. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16989. [PMID: 39044004 PMCID: PMC11266360 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of flexible electronic devices has been a primary focus in various fields, and silver nanowire (Ag NW) networks show significant promise due to their unique electrical and mechanical properties. However, achieving well-defined and stable nanowire coatings on polymer substrates remains challenging. This work presents a novel and simple approach for directly coating Ag NWs on cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) substrates utilizing ultraviolet/ozone (UVO) treatment, a method not previously demonstrated for this specific material system up to our knowledge. The compatibility of this approach with COC eliminates the need for complex pre- and post-treatment processes, making it a more straightforward and environmentally friendly way to improve adhesion between Ag NWs and COC. The Ag NWs/COC electrodes exhibited excellent optoelectrical performance, with a high optical transmittance of 84% and a low sheet resistance of 13 Ω/sq-metrics that compare favorably to industry standards for transparent conductive films. Additionally, the Ag NWs/COC electrodes displayed excellent mechanical stability, showing no changes in sheet resistance after both tape adhesion and film bending tests. The novelty of the presented Ag NW-COC system, combined with the simplicity and environmental benefits of the UVO coating approach, as well as the demonstrated performance and stability of the resulting electrodes, make this work a significant advancement towards realizing the commercial potential of flexible electronics for biocompatible and wearable device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Dawaymeh
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, 127788, UAE
- Center for Catalysis and Separations, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, 127788, UAE
| | - Abdulrahman Agha
- System on Chip Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, 127788, UAE
| | - Anas Alazzam
- System on Chip Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, 127788, UAE
| | - Marwa Abd-Ellah
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, 127788, UAE.
- Center for Catalysis and Separations, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, 127788, UAE.
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30
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Lu W, Wu G, Gan L, Zhang Y, Li K. Functional fibers/textiles for smart sensing devices and applications in personal healthcare systems. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024. [PMID: 39037195 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay01127a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Personalized medical diagnostics and monitoring have become increasingly important due to inefficient and delayed medical services of traditional centralized healthcare systems. To enhance the comfort and portability, flexible health monitoring systems have been developed in recent years. In particular, smart fiber/textile-based sensing devices show superiority for continuously monitoring personal health and vital physiological parameters owing to their light weight, good flexibility and inherent miniaturization. This review focuses on the recent advances in smart fiber/textile-based sensing devices for wearable electronic applications. First, fabrication strategies of smart sensing fibers/textiles are introduced in detail. In addition, sensing performances, working principles and applications of smart sensing fibers/textiles such as pressure sensing fibers/textiles, stretchable strain sensing fibers/textiles, temperature sensing fibers/textiles, and biofluid, gas and humidity sensing fibers/textiles in health monitoring are also reviewed systematically. Finally, we propose current challenges and future prospects in the area of fiber/textile-based sensors for wearable healthcare monitoring and diagnosis systems. In general, this review aims to give an overall perspective of the promising field by reviewing various fiber/textile-based sensing devices and highlighting the importance for researchers to keep up with the sequential exploration of soft sensing fibers/textiles for applications in wearable smart systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangdong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Measurement & Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing 100192, China.
| | - Guoxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Measurement & Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing 100192, China.
| | - Linli Gan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kai Li
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
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31
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Otsuka Y, Kondo H, Suzuki K. Facile Synthesis of Novel Short-Chain Ligand-Capped Colloidal Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Printed Flexible Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:36567-36576. [PMID: 38950327 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Colloidal metal oxide nanoparticles are key materials for achieving cost-effective and large-scale production of flexible devices, as they enable the formation of functional oxide thin films at low temperatures (<400 °C) through printing techniques such as inkjet printing, gravure coating, and microcontact printing. The conventional solvothermal synthesis of colloidal metal oxide nanoparticles through the thermal decomposition of precursors results in particles with bulky, long-chain ligands on their surfaces, which hinder the formation of dense oxide films when depositing the colloidal metal oxide nanoparticles. Herein, we have developed a simple and versatile method for synthesizing colloidal metal oxide nanoparticles using base-induced hydrolysis and the condensation of metal acetates as precursors. Various binary and ternary colloidal metal oxide nanoparticles (CuO, Mn3O4, Co3O4, CeO2, In2O3, Co1.8Mn1.2O4) were synthesized using short-chain acetate ligands on their surfaces. The thin acetate ligand-containing colloidal Co1.8Mn1.2O4 nanoparticle film exhibited lower resistivity than the same with long-chain oleate ligands. The films coated onto a polyimide substrate formed a flexible negative temperature coefficient thermistor that exhibited the temperature dependence of resistance comparable to bulk materials with a bending durability of up to 5 mm radius. These findings highlight the effectiveness of utilizing colloidal metal oxide nanoparticles with short-chain ligands in flexible devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Otsuka
- Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd., 1-10-1 Higashikotari, Nagaokakyo-shi, Kyoto 617-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kondo
- Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd., 1-10-1 Higashikotari, Nagaokakyo-shi, Kyoto 617-8555, Japan
| | - Keigo Suzuki
- Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd., 1-10-1 Higashikotari, Nagaokakyo-shi, Kyoto 617-8555, Japan
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32
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Wei J, Wang Z, Pan F, Yuan T, Fang Y, Gao C, Ping H, Wang Y, Zhao S, Fu Z. Biosustainable Multiscale Transparent Nanocomposite Films for Sensitive Pressure and Humidity Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:37122-37130. [PMID: 38953852 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c09157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Light weight, thinness, transparency, flexibility, and insulation are the key indicators for flexible electronic device substrates. The common flexible substrates are usually polymer materials, but their recycling is an overwhelming challenge. Meanwhile, paper substrates are limited in practical applications because of their poor mechanical and thermal stability. However, natural biomaterials have excellent mechanical properties and versatility thanks to their organic-inorganic multiscale structures, which inspired us to design an organic-inorganic nanocomposite film. For this purpose, a bio-inspired multiscale film was developed using cellulose nanofibers with abundant hydrophilic functional groups to assist in dispersing hydroxyapatite nanowires. The thickness of the biosustainable film is only 40 μm, and it incorporates distinctive mechanical properties (strength: 52.8 MPa; toughness: 0.88 MJ m-3) and excellent optical properties (transmittance: 80.0%; haze: 71.2%). Consequently, this film is optimal as a substrate employed for flexible sensors, which can transmit capacitance and resistance signals through wireless Bluetooth, showing an ultrasensitive response to pressure and humidity (for example, responding to finger pressing with 5000% signal change and exhaled water vapor with 4000% signal change). Therefore, the comprehensive performance of the biomimetic multiscale organic-inorganic composite film confers a prominent prospect in flexible electronics devices, food packaging, and plastic substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjiang Wei
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China
| | - Zhikang Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Fei Pan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Tianyu Yuan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China
| | - Yuanlai Fang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China
| | - Caiqin Gao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Hang Ping
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yanqing Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Shanyu Zhao
- Laboratory for Building Energy Materials and Components, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Zhengyi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
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33
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Anbuselvam B, Gunasekaran BM, Srinivasan S, Ezhilan M, Rajagopal V, Nesakumar N. Wearable biosensors in cardiovascular disease. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 561:119766. [PMID: 38857672 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in wearable biosensors, emphasizing their applications in cardiovascular disease monitoring. Initially, the key sensing signals and biomarkers crucial for cardiovascular health, such as electrocardiogram, phonocardiography, pulse wave velocity, blood pressure, and specific biomarkers, are highlighted. Following this, advanced sensing techniques for cardiovascular disease monitoring are examined, including wearable electrophysiology devices, optical fibers, electrochemical sensors, and implantable cardiac devices. The review also delves into hydrogel-based wearable electrochemical biosensors, which detect biomarkers in sweat, interstitial fluids, saliva, and tears. Further attention is given to flexible electronics-based biosensors, including resistive, capacitive, and piezoelectric force sensors, as well as resistive and pyroelectric temperature sensors, flexible biochemical sensors, and sensor arrays. Moreover, the discussion extends to polymer-based wearable sensors, focusing on innovations in contact lens, textile-type, patch-type, and tattoo-type sensors. Finally, the review addresses the challenges associated with recent wearable biosensing technologies and explores future perspectives, highlighting potential groundbreaking avenues for transforming wearable sensing devices into advanced diagnostic tools with multifunctional capabilities for cardiovascular disease monitoring and other healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavadharani Anbuselvam
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology (SCBT), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balu Mahendran Gunasekaran
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology (SCBT), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India; Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CENTAB), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Soorya Srinivasan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Madeshwari Ezhilan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R & D Institute of Science and Technology, Vel Nagar, Avadi, Chennai 600062, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Venkatachalam Rajagopal
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Noel Nesakumar
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology (SCBT), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India; Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CENTAB), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India.
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34
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Chen Y, Liu Z, Wang Z, Yi Y, Yan C, Xu W, Zhou F, Gao Y, Zhou Q, Zhang C, Deng H. Bioinspired Robust Gas-Permeable On-Skin Electronics: Armor-Designed Nanoporous Flash Graphene Assembly Enhancing Mechanical Resilience. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2402759. [PMID: 38704681 PMCID: PMC11234450 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Soft on-skin electrodes play an important role in wearable technologies, requiring attributes such as wearing comfort, high conductivity, and gas permeability. However, conventional fabrication methods often compromise simplicity, cost-effectiveness, or mechanical resilience. In this study, a mechanically robust and gas-permeable on-skin electrode is presented that incorporates Flash Graphene (FG) integrated with a bioinspired armor design. FG, synthesized through Flash Joule Heating process, offers a small-sized and turbostratic arrangement that is ideal for the assembly of a conductive network with nanopore structures. Screen-printing is used to embed the FG assembly into the framework of polypropylene melt-blown nonwoven fabrics (PPMF), forming a soft on-skin electrode with low sheet resistance (125.2 ± 4.7 Ω/□) and high gas permeability (≈10.08 mg cm⁻2 h⁻¹). The "armor" framework ensures enduring mechanical stability through adhesion, washability, and 10,000 cycles of mechanical contact friction tests. Demonstrating capabilities in electrocardiogram (ECG) and electromyogram (EMG) monitoring, along with serving as a self-powered triboelectric sensor, the FG/PPMF electrode holds promise for scalable, high-performance flexible sensing applications, thereby enriching the landscape of integrated wearable technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Faculty of Materials Science and ChemistryChina University of GeosciencesWuhan430074P. R. China
| | - Zixuan Liu
- College of EngineeringNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210031P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Faculty of Materials Science and ChemistryChina University of GeosciencesWuhan430074P. R. China
| | - Ying Yi
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Electronic InformationChina University of GeosciencesWuhan430074P. R. China
| | - Chunjie Yan
- Faculty of Materials Science and ChemistryChina University of GeosciencesWuhan430074P. R. China
| | - Wenxia Xu
- Faculty of Materials Science and ChemistryChina University of GeosciencesWuhan430074P. R. China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Faculty of Materials Science and ChemistryChina University of GeosciencesWuhan430074P. R. China
| | - Yuting Gao
- Faculty of Materials Science and ChemistryChina University of GeosciencesWuhan430074P. R. China
| | - Qitao Zhou
- Faculty of Materials Science and ChemistryChina University of GeosciencesWuhan430074P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of EngineeringNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210031P. R. China
| | - Heng Deng
- Faculty of Materials Science and ChemistryChina University of GeosciencesWuhan430074P. R. China
- Shenzhen Research InstituteChina University of GeosciencesShenzhen518000P. R. China
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35
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Wan Z, Ma P, Yu P, Wu J, Geng L, Peng X. Continuous dual-network alginate hydrogel fibers with superior mechanical and electrical performance for flexible multi-functional sensors. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133151. [PMID: 38880440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogel fibers play a crucial role in the design and manufacturing of flexible electronic devices. However, continuous production of hydrogel fibers with high strength, toughness, and conductivity remains a significant challenge. In this study, ion-conductive sodium alginate/polyvinyl alcohol composite hydrogel fibers with an interlocked dual network structure were prepared through continuous wet spinning based on the pH-responsive dynamic borate ester bonds. Owing to the interlocked dual network structure, the resulting hydrogel fibers integrated superior performance of strength (4.31 MPa), elongation-at-break (>1500 %), ion conductivity (17.98 S m-1) and response sensitivity to strain (GF = 3.051). Benefiting from the excellent performance, the composite hydrogel fiber could be applied as motion-detecting sensors, including high-frequency, high-speed reciprocating mechanical motion, and human motion. Furthermore, the superior compatibility for human-computer interaction of the hydrogel fiber was also demonstrated, which a manipulator could be controlled to perform different actions, by a smart glove equipped with the hydrogel fiber sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Wan
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350118, China
| | - Pinchuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350118, China
| | - Peng Yu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, China
| | - Jianming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350118, China
| | - Lihong Geng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350118, China.
| | - Xiangfang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350118, China.
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Back JH, Kim JS, Kim Y, Kim HJ. Heterogeneous Acrylic Resins with Bicontinuous Nanodomains as Low-Modulus Flexible Adhesives. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403497. [PMID: 38924649 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Adhesives play a critical role in the assembly of electronic devices, particularly as devices become more diverse in form factors. Flexible displays require highly transparent and rapidly recoverable adhesives with a certain stiffness. In this study, novel structured adhesives are developed that incorporate bicontinuous nanodomains to fabricate flexible adhesives with low moduli. This structure is obtained via polymerization-induced microphase separation using a macro chain transfer agent (CTA). Phase separation is characterized using small-angle X-ray scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic mechanical analysis. By optimizing the length of the macro CTA, an adhesive with both hard and soft nanodomains is produced, resulting in exceptional flexibility (strain recovery = 93%) and minimal modulus (maximum stress/applied strain = 7 kPa), which overperforms traditional adhesives. The optimized adhesive exhibits excellent resilience under extensive strain, as well as strong adhesion and transparency. Furthermore, dynamic folding tests demonstrate the exceptional stability of the adhesive under various temperature and humidity conditions, which is attributed to its unique structure. In summary, the distinct bicontinuous phase structure confers excellent transparency, flexibility, and reduced stiffness to the adhesive, rendering it well-suited for commercial foldable displays and suggesting potential applications in stretchable displays and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Ho Back
- Program in Environmental Materials Science, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Soo Kim
- Program in Environmental Materials Science, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngdo Kim
- Samsung Display Co. Ltd., Cheonan, 31086, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Joong Kim
- Program in Environmental Materials Science, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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37
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Li K, Jiang X. The Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles for Printed Electronic Materials Using Liquid Phase Reduction Method. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3069. [PMID: 38998152 PMCID: PMC11242839 DOI: 10.3390/ma17133069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
This text discusses the synthesis of copper nanoparticles via a liquid phase reduction method, using ascorbic acid as a reducing agent and CuSO4·5H2O as the copper source. The synthesized copper nanoparticles are small in size, uniformly distributed, are mostly between 100-200 nm with clear boundaries between particles, and exhibit excellent dispersibility, making them suitable for metal conductive inks. 1. The copper nanoparticles are analyzed for good antioxidation properties, because their surface is coated with PVP and ascorbic acid. This organic layer somewhat isolates the particle surface from contact with air, preventing oxidation, and accounts for about 9% of the total weight. 2. When the prepared copper nanoparticles are spread on a polyimide substrate and sintered at 250 °C for 120 min, the resistivity can be as low as 23.5 μΩ·cm, and at 350 °C for 30 min, the resistivity is only three times that of bulk copper. 3. The prepared conductive ink, printed on a polyimide substrate using a direct writing tool, shows good flexibility before and after sintering. After sintering at 300 °C for 30 min and connecting the pattern to a circuit with a diode lamp, the diode lamp is successfully lit. 4. This method produces copper nanoparticles with small size, good dispersion, and antioxidation capabilities, and the conductive ink prepared from them demonstrates good conductivity after sintering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
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38
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Syzoniuk O, Banerji S, Aabloo A, Must I. Uncharged Monolithic Carbon Fibers Are More Sensitive to Cross-Junction Compression than Charged. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3937. [PMID: 38931721 PMCID: PMC11207992 DOI: 10.3390/s24123937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Textile-based wearable robotics increasingly integrates sensing and energy materials to enhance functionality, particularly in physiological monitoring, demanding higher-performing and abundant robotic textiles. Among the alternatives, activated carbon cloth stands out due to its monolithic nature and high specific surface area, enabling uninterrupted electron transfer and energy storage capability in the electrical double layer, respectively. Yet, the potential of monolithic activated carbon cloth electrodes (MACCEs) in wearables still needs to be explored, particularly in sensing and energy storage. MACCE conductance increased by 29% when saturated with Na2SO4 aqueous electrolyte and charged from 0 to 0.375 V. MACCE was validated for measuring pressure up to 28 kPa at all assessed charge levels. Electrode sensitivity to compression decreased by 30% at the highest potential due to repulsive forces between like charges in electrical double layers at the MACCE surface, counteracting compression. MACCE's controllable sensitivity decrease can be beneficial for garments in avoiding irrelevant signals and focusing on essential health changes. A MACCE charge-dependent sensitivity provides a method for assessing local electrode charge. Our study highlights controlled charging and electrolyte interactions in MACCE for multifunctional roles, including energy transmission and pressure detection, in smart wearables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Syzoniuk
- IMS Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Indrek Must
- IMS Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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Josline MJ, Ghods S, Kosame S, Choi JH, Kim W, Kim S, Chang S, Hyun SH, Kim SI, Moon JY, Park HG, Cho SB, Ju H, Lee JH. Uniform Synthesis of Bilayer Hydrogen Substituted Graphdiyne for Flexible Piezoresistive Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307276. [PMID: 38196162 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Graphdiyne (GDY) has garnered significant attention as a cutting-edge 2D material owing to its distinctive electronic, optoelectronic, and mechanical properties, including high mobility, direct bandgap, and remarkable flexibility. One of the key challenges hindering the implementation of this material in flexible applications is its large area and uniform synthesis. The facile growth of centimeter-scale bilayer hydrogen substituted graphdiyne (Bi-HsGDY) on germanium (Ge) substrate is achieved using a low-temperature chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. This material's field effect transistors (FET) showcase a high carrier mobility of 52.6 cm2 V-1 s-1 and an exceptionally low contact resistance of 10 Ω µm. By transferring the as-grown Bi-HsGDY onto a flexible substrate, a long-distance piezoresistive strain sensor is demonstrated, which exhibits a remarkable gauge factor of 43.34 with a fast response time of ≈275 ms. As a proof of concept, communication by means of Morse code is implemented using a Bi-HsGDY strain sensor. It is believed that these results are anticipated to open new horizons in realizing Bi-HsGDY for innovative flexible device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukkath Joseph Josline
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Soheil Ghods
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Saikiran Kosame
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
- Department of Physics, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jun-Hui Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Woongchan Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Sein Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - SooHyun Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Sang Hwa Hyun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Seung-Il Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ji-Yun Moon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hyeong Gi Park
- AI-Superconvergence KIURI Translational Research Center, Ajou University, School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Sung Beom Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Heongkyu Ju
- Department of Physics, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
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40
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Straubinger D, Koltay P, Zengerle R, Kartmann S, Shu Z. Bulge-Free and Homogeneous Metal Line Jet Printing with StarJet Technology. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:743. [PMID: 38930714 PMCID: PMC11206140 DOI: 10.3390/mi15060743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The technology to jet print metal lines with precise shape fidelity on diverse substrates is gaining higher interest across multiple research fields. It finds applications in additively manufactured flexible electronics, environmentally friendly and sustainable electronics, sensor devices for medical applications, and fabricating electrodes for solar cells. This paper provides an experimental investigation to deepen insights into the non-contact printing of solder lines using StarJet technology, eliminating the need for surface activation, substrate heating, curing, or post-processing. Moreover, it employs bulk metal instead of conventional inks or pastes, leading to cost-effective production and enhanced conductivity. The effect of molten metal temperature, substrate temperature, standoff distance, and printing velocity was investigated on polymer foils (i.e., PET sheets). Robust printing parameters were derived to print uniform, bulge-free, bulk metal lines suitable for additive manufacturing applications. The applicability of the derived parameters was extended to 3D-printed PLA, TPU, PA-GF, and PETG substrates having a much higher surface roughness. Additionally, a high aspect ratio of approx. 16:1 wall structure has been demonstrated by printing multiple metal lines on top of each other. While challenges persist, this study contributes to advancing additively manufactured electronic devices, highlighting the capabilities of StarJet metal jet-printing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Straubinger
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany (Z.S.)
| | - Peter Koltay
- Actome GmbH, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Zengerle
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany (Z.S.)
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK—Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kartmann
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany (Z.S.)
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK—Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zhe Shu
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany (Z.S.)
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK—Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
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41
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Tiwari A, Fernandes RS, Dey N, Kanungo S. Comparative Analysis of the Hydrazine Interaction with Arylene Diimide Derivatives: Complementary Approach Using First Principles Calculation and Experimental Confirmation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:10966-10979. [PMID: 38748624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Suitable functional group-engineered π-conjugated aromatic dimides based on perylene (PDI) and naphthyl scaffolds (NDI) demonstrated excellent sensitivity toward different gaseous analytes. However, to date, no methodical analysis has been performed to rationalize molecular-level interactions in the context of optical transduction, which is essential for systematic performance optimization of NDI/PDI-based molecular sensors. Therefore, in this present work, NDI/PDI scaffolds have been designed with amino acid functional groups (alanine, ALA and glutamic acid, GLU) at the terminal positions, and we subsequently compared the efficacy of four different imide derivatives as model hosts for hydrazine adsorption. Specifically, the adsorption of hydrazine at different interaction sites has been thoroughly investigated using ab initio calculations, where the adsorption energy, charge transfer, and recovery time have been emphasized. Theoretical results exhibit that irrespective of host specification the COOH groups offer a primary interaction site for hydrazine through the hydrogen bonding interaction. The presence of more COOH groups and relatively stronger interaction with secondary edge oxygen ensure that GLU functional moieties are a superior choice over ALU for efficient hydrazine binding. The molecular energy spectrum analysis exhibits more favorable HOMO/LUMO gap variations after hydrazine interaction in the case of PDI derivatives irrespective to the nature of the amino acid residues. Therefore, by a combination of both factors, PDI-GLU has been identified as the most suitable host molecule for hydrazine among four derivatives. Finally, the key theoretical predictions has been later experimentally validated by analyzing UV-visible spectroscopy and NMR studies, wherein the mechanism of interaction has also been experimentally verified by EPR analysis and FT-IR studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Tiwari
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Rikitha S Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Nilanjan Dey
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Sayan Kanungo
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
- Materials Center for Sustainable Energy & Environment, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
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42
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Bao Z, Lu S, Zhang D, Wang G, Cui X, Liu G. Wearable Microneedle Patch for Colorimetric Detection of Multiple Signature Biomarkers in vivo Toward Diabetic Diagnosis. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303511. [PMID: 38353398 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is rapidly emerging as a global public health problem. While blood glucose monitoring has been the primary method of managing diabetes for decades, the increasing global prevalence of the disease suggests that there might be a need to identify additional biomarkers for a more precise early diagnosis. Herein, a microneedle patch based wearable sensor is developed for the purpose of diabetic diagnosis. Utilizing methacrylic acid modified gelatin and polyvinyl alcohol in the fabrication of microneedles has improved their mechanical properties for skin penetration and increased swelling capacity for interstitial fluid extraction, thanks to the double crosslinking mechanism. The fabricated microneedles are further integrated with test paper functionalized with enzyme and dye molecules to detect multiple signature biomarkers of diabetes in vivo through a colorimetric reaction. Such a wearable microneedle patch holds significant promise for the real-time monitoring of various biomarkers related to chronic diseases and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziting Bao
- CUHK(SZ)-Boyalife Joint Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine Engineering, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Sheng Lu
- CUHK(SZ)-Boyalife Joint Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine Engineering, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- CUHK(SZ)-Boyalife Joint Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine Engineering, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Guanyu Wang
- Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Xiaolin Cui
- CUHK(SZ)-Boyalife Joint Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine Engineering, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Guozhen Liu
- CUHK(SZ)-Boyalife Joint Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine Engineering, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
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43
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Song J, Liu H, Zhao Z, Lin P, Yan F. Flexible Organic Transistors for Biosensing: Devices and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2300034. [PMID: 36853083 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable biosensors can offer seamless and conformable biological-electronic interfaces for continuously acquiring high-fidelity signals, permitting numerous emerging applications. Organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) are ideal transducers for flexible and stretchable biosensing due to their soft nature, inherent amplification function, biocompatibility, ease of functionalization, low cost, and device diversity. In consideration of the rapid advances in flexible-OTFT-based biosensors and their broad applications, herein, a timely and comprehensive review is provided. It starts with a detailed introduction to the features of various OTFTs including organic field-effect transistors and organic electrochemical transistors, and the functionalization strategies for biosensing, with a highlight on the seminal work and up-to-date achievements. Then, the applications of flexible-OTFT-based biosensors in wearable, implantable, and portable electronics, as well as neuromorphic biointerfaces are detailed. Subsequently, special attention is paid to emerging stretchable organic transistors including planar and fibrous devices. The routes to impart stretchability, including structural engineering and material engineering, are discussed, and the implementations of stretchable organic transistors in e-skin and smart textiles are included. Finally, the remaining challenges and the future opportunities in this field are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Song
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Peng Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials and Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Research Institute of Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
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Shahriar S, Somayajula K, Winkeljohn C, Mason JK, Seker E. The Influence of the Mechanical Compliance of a Substrate on the Morphology of Nanoporous Gold Thin Films. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:758. [PMID: 38727352 PMCID: PMC11085319 DOI: 10.3390/nano14090758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Nanoporous gold (np-Au) has found its use in applications ranging from catalysis to biosensing, where pore morphology plays a critical role in performance. While the morphology evolution of bulk np-Au has been widely studied, knowledge about its thin-film form is limited. This work hypothesizes that the mechanical compliance of the thin film substrate can play a critical role in the morphology evolution. Via experimental and finite-element-analysis approaches, we investigate the morphological variation in np-Au thin films deposited on compliant silicone (PDMS) substrates of a range of thicknesses anchored on rigid glass supports and compare those to the morphology of np-Au deposited on glass. More macroscopic (10 s to 100 s of microns) cracks and discrete islands form in the np-Au films on PDMS compared to on glass. Conversely, uniformly distributed microscopic (100 s of nanometers) cracks form in greater numbers in the np-Au films on glass than those on PDMS, with the cracks located within the discrete islands. The np-Au films on glass also show larger ligament and pore sizes, possibly due to higher residual stresses compared to the np-Au/PDMS films. The effective elastic modulus of the substrate layers decreases with increasing PDMS thickness, resulting in secondary np-Au morphology effects, including a reduction in macroscopic crack-to-crack distance, an increase in microscopic crack coverage, and a widening of the microscopic cracks. However, changes in the ligament/pore widths with PDMS thickness are negligible, allowing for independent optimization for cracking. We expect these results to inform the integration of functional np-Au films on compliant substrates into emerging applications, including flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadi Shahriar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kavya Somayajula
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Conner Winkeljohn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jeremy K. Mason
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Erkin Seker
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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45
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Li C, Zhang C, Li H, Luo Z, Zhang Y, Hou X, Yang Q, Chen F. Femtosecond Laser Fabrication of High-Linearity Liquid Metal-Based Flexible Strain Sensor. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1979. [PMID: 38730785 PMCID: PMC11084944 DOI: 10.3390/ma17091979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Liquid metal (LM) is widely used in flexible electronic devices due to its excellent metallic conductivity and ductility. However, the fabrication of LM flexible strain sensors with high sensitivity and linearity is still a huge challenge, since the resistance of LM does not change much with strain. Here, a highly sensitive and linear fully flexible strain sensor with a resistive sensing function is proposed. The sensor comprises an Fe-doped liquid metal (Fe-LM) electrode for enhanced performance. The design and manufacturing of flexible strain sensors are based on the technology of controlling surface wettability by femtosecond laser micro/nano-processing. A supermetalphobic microstructure is constructed on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate to achieve the selection adhesion of Fe-LM on the PDMS substrate. The Fe-LM-based flexible strain sensor has high sensitivity and linearity, a gauge factor (GF) up to 1.18 in the strain range of 0-100%, excellent linearity with an R2 of 0.9978, a fast response time of 358 ms, and an excellent durability of more than 2400 load cycles. Additionally, the successful monitoring of human body signals demonstrates the potential of our developed flexible strain sensor in wearable monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (C.L.); (H.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Chengjun Zhang
- School of Instrument Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (C.Z.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Haoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (C.L.); (H.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Zexiang Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (C.L.); (H.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Yuanchen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (C.L.); (H.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Xun Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (C.L.); (H.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Instrument Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (C.Z.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (C.L.); (H.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
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46
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Sahu S, Tripathy K, Bhattacharjee M, Chopra D. Engineering mechanical compliance in polymers and composites for the design of smart flexible sensors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4382-4394. [PMID: 38577734 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00938j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Polymers are one of the most popular materials for next-generation flexible sensing device fabrication due to their tunable mechanical and electrical properties. A series of prior research studies in the field of smart flexible and wearable sensing illustrates the potential of various polymer and composite materials to be applied in sensor development. In this direction, mechanical compliance plays a vital role as it ensures the stability and reliability of the fabricated sensor. Therefore, engineering mechanical compliance for the development of smart flexible solutions has emerged as a significant area of research. Furthermore, the usage of flexible sensing devices is rapidly increasing in the field of healthcare devices and robotic automation. This feature article summarizes the relevant contributions of the authors in the field of engineered polymers and composites for flexible sensor development with a focus on healthcare and physical sensing applications. We discuss the polymer and composite materials, their characteristics, fabrication technologies, finite element method analysis, and examples of flexible physical sensors, i.e. pressure, strain, and temperature sensors, for various wearable healthcare applications and robotic automation. Finally, we discuss examples of multi-sensory systems having flexible sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivank Sahu
- i-lab, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, MP 462066, India.
| | - Kamalesh Tripathy
- i-lab, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, MP 462066, India.
| | - Mitradip Bhattacharjee
- i-lab, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, MP 462066, India.
| | - Deepak Chopra
- Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-Pass Road, Bhopal, MP 462066, India.
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47
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Yang W, Guo Z, Zhao X, Zhang X, List-Kratochvil EJW. Insight into the Types of Alkanolamines on the Properties of Copper(II) Formate-Based Conductive Ink. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:7095-7105. [PMID: 38511863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Conductive inks are one of the most important functional materials for printed flexible electronic devices, and their properties determine the methods of subsequent patterning and metallization. In comparison with copper nanoparticle or nanowire inks, copper particle-free inks employing copper(II) formate (Cuf) as a precursor have attracted the interest of researchers due to their flexibility in preparation, excellent stability, and lower conversion temperature. Alkanolamines can provide Cuf with excellent solubility in alcohols while being less toxic and having a certain reducibility, making them preferable ligands in comparison with aliphatic amines and pyridine. However, there have been few studies on the effects of the alkanolamine types on the performance of Cuf inks. Also, the decomposition mechanism of copper-alkanolamine complex inks is not clear. In this work, different kinds of alkanolamines were chosen as ligands to formulate Cuf inks to address the mentioned issues. The influences of amine types on the stability, wettability, thermal decomposition behavior, and electrical performance of the formulated Cuf particle-free inks were investigated in detail. The results show that the utilization of alkanolamines could provide Cuf with excellent solubility in alcohols, resulting in an ink with good stability and favorable wetting properties. The thermal decomposition temperature and electrical performance of the formulated copper ink are largely dependent on the amine used. When amines with a longer carbon chain and more branches were utilized to prepare the ink, a decreased decomposition temperature was observed on the derived inks because of the steric hindrance effect. Copper films with good morphology and conductivity could be obtained at low temperatures by selecting the appropriate alkanolamine. Copper particle-free conductive ink from 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol demonstrated better morphology and electrical performance (16.09 μΩ·cm) and was successfully used for conductive circuits by direct-writing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Yang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Huludao City 125105, China
- Institut für Physik, Institut für Chemie, IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Zihao Guo
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Huludao City 125105, China
| | - Xun Zhao
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Huludao City 125105, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Huludao City 125105, China
| | - Emil J W List-Kratochvil
- Institut für Physik, Institut für Chemie, IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin 14109, Germany
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48
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Ferreira R, Silva AP, Nunes-Pereira J. Current On-Skin Flexible Sensors, Materials, Manufacturing Approaches, and Study Trends for Health Monitoring: A Review. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1104-1133. [PMID: 38394033 PMCID: PMC10964246 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Due to an ever-increasing amount of the population focusing more on their personal health, thanks to rising living standards, there is a pressing need to improve personal healthcare devices. These devices presently require laborious, time-consuming, and convoluted procedures that heavily rely on cumbersome equipment, causing discomfort and pain for the patients during invasive methods such as sample-gathering, blood sampling, and other traditional benchtop techniques. The solution lies in the development of new flexible sensors with temperature, humidity, strain, pressure, and sweat detection and monitoring capabilities, mimicking some of the sensory capabilities of the skin. In this review, a comprehensive presentation of the themes regarding flexible sensors, chosen materials, manufacturing processes, and trends was made. It was concluded that carbon-based composite materials, along with graphene and its derivates, have garnered significant interest due to their electromechanical stability, extraordinary electrical conductivity, high specific surface area, variety, and relatively low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo
G. Ferreira
- C-MAST, Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace
Science and Technologies, Universidade da
Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Abílio P. Silva
- C-MAST, Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace
Science and Technologies, Universidade da
Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - João Nunes-Pereira
- C-MAST, Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace
Science and Technologies, Universidade da
Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
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49
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Lu R, Yue X, Yang Q, Song E, Peng B, Ran Y. Multi-node wearable optical sensor based on microfiber Bragg gratings. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:8496-8505. [PMID: 38571107 DOI: 10.1364/oe.507101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Flexibly wearable sensors are widely applied in health monitoring and personalized therapy. Multiple-node sensing is essential for mastering the health condition holistically. In this work, we report a multi-node wearable optical sensor (MNWOS) based on the cascade of microfiber Bragg gratings (µFBG), which features the reflective operation mode and ultra-compact size, facilitating the functional integration in a flexible substrate pad. The MNWOS can realize multipoint monitoring on physical variables, such as temperature and pressure, in both static and dynamic modes. Furthermore, the eccentric package configuration endows the MNWOS with the discernibility of bending direction in addition to the bending angle sensing. The multi-parameter sensing is realized by solving the sensing matrix that represents different sensitivity regarding the bending and temperature between FBGs. The MNWOS offers great prospect for the development of human-machine interfaces and medical and health detection.
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50
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Zhao Y, Guo X, Sun H, Tao L. Recent Advances in Flexible Wearable Technology: From Textile Fibers to Devices. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300361. [PMID: 38362667 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Smart textile fabrics have been widely investigated and used in flexible wearable electronics because of their unique structure, flexibility and breathability, which are highly desirable with integrated multifunctionality. Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of textile fiber-based flexible wearable devices. However, the pristine textile fibers still can't meet the high standards for practical flexible wearable devices, which calls for the development of some effective modification strategies. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the flexible wearable devices based on the textile fibers, putting special emphasis on the design and modifications of textile fibers. In addition, the applications of textile fibers in various fields and the critical role of textile fibers are also systematically discussed, which include the supercapacitors, sensors, triboelectric nanogenerators, thermoelectrics, and other self-powered electronic devices. Finally, the main challenges that should be overcome and some effective solutions are also manifested, which will guide the future development of more effective textile fiber-based flexible wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Special Functional Textile Materials, Changzhou Vocational Institute of Textile and Garment, Jiangsu Province, Changzhou, 213164, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of High Performance Fiber Composites, JITRI-PGTEX Joint Innovation Center, PGTEX CHINA Co., Ltd., Jiangsu Province, Changzhou, 213164, China
- Jiangsu Ruilante New Materials Co., Ltd., Jiangsu Province, YangZhou, 211400, China
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Special Functional Textile Materials, Changzhou Vocational Institute of Textile and Garment, Jiangsu Province, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Special Functional Textile Materials, Changzhou Vocational Institute of Textile and Garment, Jiangsu Province, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Lei Tao
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Special Functional Textile Materials, Changzhou Vocational Institute of Textile and Garment, Jiangsu Province, Changzhou, 213164, China
- Jiangsu Ruilante New Materials Co., Ltd., Jiangsu Province, YangZhou, 211400, China
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