1
|
Li H, Lin L, Huang X, Lu Y, Su X. 2-Hydroxylation is a chemical switch linking fatty acids to glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. J Biol Chem 2024:107912. [PMID: 39442620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 09/07/2024] [Accepted: 10/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in pancreatic β-cells is metabolically regulated and progressively diminished during the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). This dynamic process is tightly coupled with fatty acid metabolism, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Fatty acid 2-hydroxylase (FA2H) catalyzes the conversion of fatty acids to chiral specific (R)-2-hydroxy fatty acids ((R)-2-OHFAs), which influences cell metabolism. However, little is known about its potential coupling with GSIS in pancreatic β cells. Here, we showed that Fa2h knockout decreases plasma membrane localization and protein level of glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), which is essential for GSIS, thereby controlling blood glucose homeostasis. Conversely, FA2H overexpression increases GLUT2 on the plasma membrane and enhances GSIS. Mechanistically, FA2H suppresses the internalization and trafficking of GLUT2 to the lysosomes for degradation. Overexpression of wild-type FA2H, but not its mutant with impaired hydroxylase activity in the pancreatic β-cells, improves glucose tolerance by promoting insulin secretion. Levels of 2-OHFAs and Fa2h gene expression are lower in high-fat diet-induced obese mouse islets with impaired GSIS. Moreover, lower gene expression of FA2H is observed in a set of human T2D islets when the insulin secretion index is significantly suppressed, indicating the potential involvement of FA2H in regulating mouse and human GSIS. Collectively, our results identified an FA chemical switch to maintain the proper response of GSIS in pancreatic β cells and provided a new perspective on the β-cell failure that triggers T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiaoheng Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiong Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Suzhou, 215123, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou, 215123, China; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li C, Tang C, Zeng X, Zhang Y, He L, Yan Y. Exploration of carbonyl compounds in red-fleshed kiwifruit wine and perceptual interactions among non-volatile organic acids. Food Chem 2024; 448:139118. [PMID: 38552459 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
Carbonyl compounds are vital constituents that contribute to the flavor profile of alcoholic beverages. We examined 3-nitrophenylhydrazine as a derivatizing reagent for the measurement of 34 carbonyl compounds using UPLC-MS/MS. Adding formic acid and sodium acetate to the mobile phase significantly enhanced the detection limit of carbonyl compounds. The technique exhibited a notable extraction efficiency, yielding recovery percentages ranging from 83.6% to 117.1%, coupled with exceptional sensitivity, as evidenced by detection limits spanning from 0.07 μg/L to 4.80 μg/L. The relative standard deviation was <6.9%, indicating the precision and reliability of the analytical methodology. The method was verified by analyzing carbonyl compounds from red-fleshed kiwifruit wine. Furthermore, sensory assessment revealed that the amalgamation of tartaric acid, malic acid, and citric acid contributes to sour taste perception at sub-threshold concentrations through an additive interaction with supra-threshold non-volatile organic acids such as lactic acid and acetic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cen Li
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Cui Tang
- Liupanshui Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Liupanshui 553002, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xiangyong Zeng
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guizhou Province Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering and Biopharmacy, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Liupanshui liangdu kiwifruit Co. Ltd., Liupanshui 553001, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Laping He
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guizhou Province Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering and Biopharmacy, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yan Yan
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guizhou Province Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering and Biopharmacy, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li XP, Shen WH, Zhou LL, Huang QY, Cong RP, Zheng LP, Wang JW. Lipopolysaccharides from a Shiraia fruiting body-associated bacterium elicit host fungal hypocrellin A biosynthesis through nitric oxide generation. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 324:121498. [PMID: 37985049 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Hypocrellin A (HA) is an excellent perylenequinone photosensitizer from Shiraia fruiting bodies. A dominant bacterium Pseudomonas fulva SB1 in the fruiting body was found to promote HA biosynthesis. The bacterial LPS were purified and the O-specific polysaccharide (OPS) consisted of rhamnose (Rha), galactose (Gal) and N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc) with an average molecular weight of 282.8 kDa. Although the OPS composing of Rhap and Galp backbone showed elicitation capability on fungal HA accumulation, the highest HA production (303.76 mg/L) was achieved by LPS treatment at 20 μg/mL on day 3 of the mycelium culture. The generation of nitric oxide (NO) in Shiraia mycelia was triggered by LPS, which was partially blocked by inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and nitrate reductase (NR), leading to the depressed HA production. Transcriptome analysis revealed that NO mediated LPS-induced HA production via upregulating the expressions of critical genes associated with central carbon metabolism and downstream HA biosynthesis genes. This is the first report of LPS-induced NO to regulate fungal secondary metabolite production, which provides new insights on the role of bacterial LPS in bacterium-fungus interactions and an effective strategy to enhance hypocrellin production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ping Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wen Hao Shen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lu Lu Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qun Yan Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Rui Peng Cong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Li Ping Zheng
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Jian Wen Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li J, Xu J, Zhang R, He J, Wang M, Jiao G, Abliz Z. Strategy for characterization and quantification of fatty acids in plasma by parallel d 0/d 6-dansylhydrazine derivatization combined with UPLC-MS/MS. Talanta 2024; 267:125231. [PMID: 37783107 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) play a vital physiological role in lipid metabolism, which is reported as potential diagnostic biomarker for various diseases. Thus, it is urgent to develop a credible method that can profile FA metabolism with a holistic view. Here, a targeted strategy to screen FAs was developed by parallel labeling with d0/d6-dansylhydrazine (d0/d6-DnsHz) and using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) in data-dependent MS/MS (ddMS2) mode. The simple and mild derivatization procedure within 3 h allowed for a significant improvement in sensitivity. Additionally, the characteristic product ions introduced by the derivatization reagent assist to identify the unknown FA species. A quantitation method was established by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and the d6-DnsHz tagged standards for each analyte were used as internal standards to overcome the matrix effects. By applying the method to determine FA levels in plasma collected from the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients and healthy controls, 65 FA metabolites were characterized and six FAs were found to be altered by the invasion of tumors. The parallel derivatization strategy provides insights into the identification of unknown FAs and paves a new way for targeted metabolomics. Also, this novel method is a powerful tool for characterization and quantification of FAs in biological samples, which shows a great potential application in clinical diagnosis and investigation of disease mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangshuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Ruiping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jiuming He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Manjiangcuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Guanggen Jiao
- Department of Pathology and Thoracic Surgery, Linzhou Esophageal Cancer Hospital, Linzhou, 456500, China
| | - Zeper Abliz
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China; Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fernández Requena B, Nadeem S, Reddy VP, Naidoo V, Glasgow JN, Steyn AJC, Barbas C, Gonzalez-Riano C. LiLA: lipid lung-based ATLAS built through a comprehensive workflow designed for an accurate lipid annotation. Commun Biol 2024; 7:45. [PMID: 38182666 PMCID: PMC10770321 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05680-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Accurate lipid annotation is crucial for understanding the role of lipids in health and disease and identifying therapeutic targets. However, annotating the wide variety of lipid species in biological samples remains challenging in untargeted lipidomic studies. In this work, we present a lipid annotation workflow based on LC-MS and MS/MS strategies, the combination of four bioinformatic tools, and a decision tree to support the accurate annotation and semi-quantification of the lipid species present in lung tissue from control mice. The proposed workflow allowed us to generate a lipid lung-based ATLAS (LiLA), which was then employed to unveil the lipidomic signatures of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection at two different time points for a deeper understanding of the disease progression. This workflow, combined with manual inspection strategies of MS/MS data, can enhance the annotation process for lipidomic studies and guide the generation of sample-specific lipidome maps. LiLA serves as a freely available data resource that can be employed in future studies to address lipidomic alterations in mice lung tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belén Fernández Requena
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, España
| | - Sajid Nadeem
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Vineel P Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Joel N Glasgow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, España.
| | - Carolina Gonzalez-Riano
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, España.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang W, Hu W, Zhu Q, Niu M, An N, Feng Y, Kawamura K, Fu P. Hydroxy fatty acids in the surface Earth system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167358. [PMID: 37793460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are ubiquitous and highly abundant in a wide range of organisms and have been found in various types of environmental media. These molecules play a crucial role as organic tracers by providing a chemical perspective on viewing the material world, as well as offering a wealth of information on metabolic activities. Among the diverse lipid compounds, hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) with one to multiple hydroxyl groups attached to the carbon chain stand out as important biomarkers for different sources of organic matter. HFAs are widespread in nature and are involved in biotransformation and oxidation processes in living organisms. The unique chemical and physical properties attributed to the hydroxyl group make HFAs ideal biomarkers in biomedicine and environmental toxicology, as well as organic geochemistry. The molecular distribution patterns of HFAs can be unique and diagnostic for a given class of organisms, including animals, plants, and microorganisms. Thus, HFAs can act as a valuable proxy for understanding the ecological relationships between different organisms and their environment. Furthermore, HFAs have numerous industrial applications due to their higher reactivity, viscosity, and solvent miscibility. This review paper integrates the latest research on the sources and chemical analyses of HFAs, as well as their applications in industrial/medicinal production and as biomarkers in environmental studies. This review article also provides insights into the biogeochemical cycles of HFAs in the surface Earth system, highlighting the importance of these compounds in understanding the complex interactions between living organisms and the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Zhang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Bohai Rim Coastal Earth Critical Zone National Observation and Research Station, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Quanfei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Mutong Niu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Na An
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yuqi Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ding L, Chen Z, Lu Y, Su X. Global Analysis of 2-Hydroxy Fatty Acids by Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Reveals Species-Specific Enrichment in Echinoderms. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:16362-16370. [PMID: 37862591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal levels of 2-hydroxy fatty acids (2-OH FAs) are characterized in multiple diseases, and their quantification in foodstuffs is critical to identify the sources of supplementation for potential treatment. However, due to the structural complexity and limited available standards, the comprehensive profiling of 2-OH FAs remains an ongoing challenge. Herein, an innovative approach based on gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was developed to determine the full profile of these FA metabolites. MS and MS/MS spectra of the trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of 2-OH fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were collected for peak annotation by their signature fragmentation patterns. The structures were further confirmed by validated structure-dependent retention time (RT) prediction models, taking advantage of the correlation between the RT, carbon chain length, and double bond number from commercial standards and pseudostandards identified in the whole-brain samples from mice. An in-house database containing 50 saturated and monounsaturated 2-OH FAs was established, which is expandible when additional molecular species with different chain lengths and backbone structures are identified in the future. A quantitation method was then developed by scheduled multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and applied to investigate the profiling of 2-OH FAs in echinoderms. Our results revealed that the levels of total 2-OH FAs in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicas (8.40 ± 0.28 mg/g dry weight) and starfish Asterias amurensis (7.51 ± 0.18 mg/g dry weight) are much higher than that in sea urchin Mesocentrotus nudus (531 ± 108 μg/g dry weight). Moreover, 2-OH C24:1 is the predominant molecular species accounting for 67.9% of the total 2-OH FA in sea cucumber, while 2-OH C16:0 is the major molecular species in starfish. In conclusion, the current innovative GC-MS approach has successfully characterized distinct molecular species of 2-OH FAs that are highly present in sea cucumbers and starfish. Thus, these findings suggest the possibility of developing future feeding strategies for preventing and treating diseases associated with 2-OH FA deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhaozheng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiong Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pu Q, Wang M, Jiang N, Luo Y, Li X, Hu C, Du D. Novel Isotope-Labeled Derivatization Strategy for the Simultaneous Analysis of Fatty Acids and Fatty Alcohols and Its Application in Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies and Pancreatic Cancer. Anal Chem 2023; 95:8197-8205. [PMID: 37191225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) and fatty alcohols (FOHs) are essential compounds for maintaining life. Due to the inherent poor ionization efficiency, low abundance, and complex matrix effect, such metabolites are challenging to precisely quantify and explore deeply. In this study, a pair of novel isotope derivatization reagents known as d0/d5-1-(2-oxo-2-(piperazin-1-yl) ethyl) pyridine-1-ium (d0/d5-OPEPI) were designed and synthesized, and an in-depth screening strategy for FAs and FOHs was established based on d0/d5-OPEPI coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). Using this approach, a total of 332 metabolites were identified and annotated (some of the FAs and FOHs were reconfirmed by standards). Our results demonstrated that OPEPI labeling could significantly enhance the MS response of FAs and FOHs via the introduction of permanently charged tags. The detection sensitivities of FAs were increased by 200-2345-fold compared with the nonderivatization method. At the same time, for FOHs, due to the absence of ionizable functional groups, sensitive detection was achieved utilizing OPEPI derivatization. One-to-one internal standards were provided by using d5-OPEPI labeling to minimize the errors in quantitation. Moreover, the method validation results showed that the method was stable and reliable. Finally, the established method was successfully applied to the study of the FA and FOH profiles of two heterogeneous severe clinical disease tissues. This study would improve our understanding of the pathological and metabolic mechanisms of FAs and FOHs for inflammatory myopathies and pancreatic cancer and also prove the generality and accuracy of the developed analytical method for complex samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianlun Pu
- Advanced Mass Spectrometry Center, Research Core Facility, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Manjiangcuo Wang
- Advanced Mass Spectrometry Center, Research Core Facility, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Na Jiang
- Advanced Mass Spectrometry Center, Research Core Facility, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yubin Luo
- Laboratory of Rheumatology & Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chenggong Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dan Du
- Advanced Mass Spectrometry Center, Research Core Facility, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fu X, Xu Z, Gawaz M, Lämmerhofer M. UHPLC-MS/MS method for chiral separation of 3-hydroxy fatty acids on amylose-based chiral stationary phase and its application for the enantioselective analysis in plasma and platelets. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 223:115151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
10
|
Zhu Z, Li X, Tang C, Shen J, Liu J, Ye Y. A derivatization strategy for comprehensive identification of 2- and 3-hydroxyl fatty acids by LC-MS. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1216:339981. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
|
11
|
Profiling of Phenolic Compounds of Fruit Peels of Different Ecotype Bananas Derived from Domestic and Imported Cultivars with Different Maturity. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Banana is one of the most produced and consumed fruits in the world and its fruit peel accounts for about 40% of the total fresh quantity of ripe fruit, which is usually regarded as waste and poses serious environmental hazards. However, it is a promising source of natural bioactive compounds including phenolic compounds. Determination of the phenolic compounds in fruit peel from different cultivars and subgroups over a range of maturities provides convincing information for making full use of them. This study developed a sensitive and reliable analytical method—ultra-high performance liquid chromatography—coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for measuring phenolic compounds in fruit peel from different ecotype cultivars and subgroups with different maturity. The results showed that quinic acid had the highest concentration ratio among the main phenolic compounds in the green/ripe peel of all banana cultivars; among all banana cultivars, the total phenolic compound contents of green banana peel were significantly higher than that of ripe banana peel; the total phenolic compound contents in the green/ripe fruit peel of non-dessert bananas were significantly higher than that of dessert bananas (green: non-dessert banana 1.48 ± 0.44 mg/g vs. dessert banana 0.97 ± 0.12 mg/g; ripe: non-dessert banana 0.26 ± 0.13 mg/g vs. dessert banana 0.19 ± 0.06 mg/g). These data provide a basis for the rational utilization of phenolic compound extractions from banana peel with huge biomass in the next step.
Collapse
|
12
|
Yu S, Fan J, Zhang L, Qin X, Li Z. Assessment of Biphasic Extraction Methods of Mouse Fecal Metabolites for Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomic Studies. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:4487-4494. [PMID: 34435490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing knowledge about the important roles of gut microbiota on the biological system, a systematic strategy to profile the fecal metabolome is urgently needed. Thus, an unbiased, efficient, and reproducible fecal metabolite extraction protocol needs to be established; however, the effect of biphasic extraction methods for the fecal samples remains unclear. In this study, five different methods were assessed in the extraction of polar and non-polar metabolites for the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based mouse fecal metabolomic study. First, the detection coverage of two extraction systems, the Bligh and Dyer extraction method (M1, chloroform/methanol/water, 2/2/1.8) and Matyash method (M2, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)/methanol/water, 10/3/2.5), was compared; then, MTBE/methanol/water system with different solvent ratios (M3, 2.6/2.0/2.4; M4, 4.5/1/2.5; and M5, 3/2.5/2.5) were further evaluated. The results showed that M2 showed higher detection coverage than M1. For the MTBE/methanol/water system with different solvent ratios, M3 showed the largest detection coverage based on peak numbers and numbers of putatively annotated metabolites, while M4 presented the least overlap between two phases, higher peak intensities of metabolites, and superior reproducibility. Based on the above evidence, M4 was recommended for the biphasic extraction of fecal metabolites in the LC-MS-based mouse fecal metabolomic study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Yu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Fan
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Combining OSMAC Approach and Untargeted Metabolomics for the Identification of New Glycolipids with Potent Antiviral Activity Produced by a Marine Rhodococcus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169055. [PMID: 34445761 PMCID: PMC8396431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products of microbial origin have inspired most of the commercial pharmaceuticals, especially those from Actinobacteria. However, the redundancy of molecules in the discovery process represents a serious issue. The untargeted approach, One Strain Many Compounds (OSMAC), is one of the most promising strategies to induce the expression of silent genes, especially when combined with genome mining and advanced metabolomics analysis. In this work, the whole genome of the marine isolate Rhodococcus sp. I2R was sequenced and analyzed by antiSMASH for the identification of biosynthetic gene clusters. The strain was cultivated in 22 different growth media and the generated extracts were subjected to metabolomic analysis and functional screening. Notably, only a single growth condition induced the production of unique compounds, which were partially purified and structurally characterized by liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). This strategy led to identifying a bioactive fraction containing >30 new glycolipids holding unusual functional groups. The active fraction showed a potent antiviral effect against enveloped viruses, such as herpes simplex virus and human coronaviruses, and high antiproliferative activity in PC3 prostate cancer cell line. The identified compounds belong to the biosurfactants class, amphiphilic molecules, which play a crucial role in the biotech and biomedical industry.
Collapse
|
14
|
Metabolomic profiling of fatty acid biomarkers for intracerebral hemorrhage stroke. Talanta 2021; 222:121679. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
15
|
Zhu QF, An N, Feng YQ. In-Depth Annotation Strategy of Saturated Hydroxy Fatty Acids Based on Their Chromatographic Retention Behaviors and MS Fragmentation Patterns. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14528-14535. [PMID: 33052648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxy fatty acids are a class of bioactive compounds in a variety of organisms. The identification of hydroxy fatty acids in biological samples has still been a challenge because of their low abundance, high structural similarity, and limited availability of authentic hydroxy fatty acid standards. Here, we present a strategy for the annotation of saturated monohydroxyl fatty acids (OH-FAs) based on the integration of chromatographic retention rules and MS2 fragmentation patterns. Thirty-nine authentic OH-FA standards were used to investigate their retention behavior on a reversed-phase stationary phase (C18) of liquid chromatography, and we found that their retention simultaneously follows two kinds of "carbon number rules". Using the "carbon number rules", the retention index (RI) of all OH-FAs that contain carbon numbers from 8 to 18 (C8-18) can be predicted. Additionally, by studying the MS2 fragmentation of OH-FAs under collision-induced dissociation, we found that the intensity ratio (IR) of the characteristic fragment ions ([M + H]+-63 and [M + H]+-45) is closely related to the position of the hydroxyl group on the OH-FA structure, which is helpful to further identify and confirm the OH-FA isomers. As a result, 97 of 107 potential OH-FAs detected in honey, human serum, and rice seedling by chemical isotope labeling-assisted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were annotated upon the RI matching and IR confirming. Furthermore, in order to simplify the annotation process of OH-FAs, we constructed an OH-FA library to facilitate the annotation of OH-FAs. Overall, this study provides a new and promising tool for the in-depth annotation of OH-FA isomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Fei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Na An
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Yu-Qi Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
B. Gowda SG, Gowda D, Liang C, Li Y, Kawakami K, Fukiya S, Yokota A, Chiba H, Hui SP. Chemical Labeling Assisted Detection and Identification of Short Chain Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acid in Rat Colon and Cecum Contents. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10100398. [PMID: 33050007 PMCID: PMC7600112 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10100398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are novel endogenous lipids with important physiological functions in mammals. We previously identified a new type of FAHFAs, named short-chain fatty acid esterified hydroxy fatty acids (SFAHFAs), with acetyl or propyl esters of hydroxy fatty acids of carbon chains, C ≥ 20. However, sensitive determination of SFAHFAs is still a challenge, due to their high structural similarity and low abundance in biological samples. This study employs one-step chemical derivatization following total lipid extraction using 2-dimethylaminoethylamine (DMED) for enhanced detection of SFAHFAs. The labeled extracts were subjected to ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to linear ion trap quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC/LTQ-Orbitrap MS). Our results demonstrated that the detection sensitivities of SFAHFAs increased after DMED labeling, and is highly helpful in discovering six additional novel SFAHFAs in the cecum and colon contents of WKAH/HKmSlc rats fed with normal and high-fat diet (HFD). The identified DMED labeled SFAHFAs were characterized by their detailed MS/MS analysis, and their plausible fragmentation patterns were proposed. The concentrations of SFAHFAs were significantly reduced in the cecum of HFD group compared to the control. Hence, the proposed method could be a promising tool to apply for the enhanced detection of SFAHFAs in various biological matrices, which in turn facilitate the understanding of their sources, and physiological functions of these novel lipids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddabasave Gowda B. Gowda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (S.G.B.G.); (D.G.)
- Graduate School of Global Food Resources, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0809, Japan
| | - Divyavani Gowda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (S.G.B.G.); (D.G.)
| | - Chongsheng Liang
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (C.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yonghan Li
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (C.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Kentaro Kawakami
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; (K.K.); (S.F.); (A.Y.)
| | - Satoru Fukiya
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; (K.K.); (S.F.); (A.Y.)
| | - Atsushi Yokota
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; (K.K.); (S.F.); (A.Y.)
| | - Hitoshi Chiba
- Department of Nutrition, Sapporo University of Health Sciences, Nakanuma Nishi-4-3-1-15, Higashi-Ku, Sapporo 007-0894, Japan;
| | - Shu-Ping Hui
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (S.G.B.G.); (D.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +8111-706-3692
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gowda SGB, Liang C, Gowda D, Hou F, Kawakami K, Fukiya S, Yokota A, Chiba H, Hui SP. Identification of short-chain fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (SFAHFAs) in a murine model by nontargeted analysis using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/linear ion trap quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8831. [PMID: 32415683 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are recently discovered endogenous lipids with outstanding health benefits. FAHFAs are known to exhibit antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties. The number of known long-chain FAHFAs in mammalian tissues and dietary resources increased recently because of the latest developments in high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry techniques. However, there are no reports on the identification of short-chain fatty acid esterified hydroxy fatty acids (SFAHFAs). METHODS Intestinal contents, tissues, and plasma of rats fed with high-fat diet (HFD) and normal diet (ND) were analyzed for fatty acids, hydroxy fatty acids, and FAHFAs using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and linear trap quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (LTQ Orbitrap MS) with negative heated electrospray ionization. RESULTS Untargeted analysis of total lipid extracts from murine samples (male 13-week-old WKAH/HKmSlc rats) led to the identification of several new SFAHFAs of acetic acid or propanoic acid esterified long-chain (>C20)-hydroxy fatty acids. Furthermore, MS3 analysis revealed the position of the hydroxyl group in the long-chain fatty acid as C-2. The relative amounts of SFAHFAs were quantified in intestinal contents and their tissues (Cecum, small intestine, and large intestine), liver, and plasma of rats fed with HFD and ND. The large intestine showed the highest abundance of SFAHFAs with a concentration range from 0.84 to 57 pmol/mg followed by the cecum with a range of 0.66 to 28.6 pmol/mg. The SFAHFAs were significantly altered between the HFD and ND groups, with a strong decreasing tendency under HFD conditions. CONCLUSIONS Identification of these novel SFAHFAs can contribute to a better understanding of the chemical and biological properties of individual SFAHFAs and their possible sources in the gut, which in turn helps us tackle the role of these lipids in various metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chongsheng Liang
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Divyavani Gowda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Fengjue Hou
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kawakami
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Satoru Fukiya
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yokota
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Chiba
- Department of Nutrition, Sapporo University of Health Sciences, Nakanuma Nishi-4-3-1-15, Higashi-Ku, Sapporo, 007-0894, Japan
| | - Shu-Ping Hui
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Buckley AM, Dunne MR, Morrissey ME, Kennedy SA, Nolan A, Davern M, Foley EK, Clarke N, Lysaght J, Ravi N, O'Toole D, MacCarthy F, Reynolds JV, Kennedy BN, O'Sullivan J. Real-time metabolic profiling of oesophageal tumours reveals an altered metabolic phenotype to different oxygen tensions and to treatment with Pyrazinib. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12105. [PMID: 32694701 PMCID: PMC7374542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68777-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oesophageal cancer is the 6th most common cause of cancer related death worldwide. The current standard of care for oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) focuses on neoadjuvant therapy with chemoradiation or chemotherapy, however the 5-year survival rates remain at < 20%. To improve treatment outcomes it is critical to further investigate OAC tumour biology, metabolic phenotype and their metabolic adaptation to different oxygen tensions. In this study, by using human ex-vivo explants we demonstrated using real-time metabolic profiling that OAC tumour biopsies have a significantly higher oxygen consumption rate (OCR), a measure of oxidative phosphorylation compared to extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), a measure of glycolysis (p = 0.0004). Previously, we identified a small molecule compound, pyrazinib which enhanced radiosensitivity in OAC. Pyrazinib significantly inhibited OCR in OAC treatment-naïve biopsies (p = 0.0139). Furthermore, OAC biopsies can significantly adapt their metabolic rate in real-time to their environment. Under hypoxic conditions pyrazinib produced a significant reduction in both OCR (p = 0.0313) and ECAR in OAC treatment-naïve biopsies. The inflammatory secretome profile from OAC treatment-naïve biopsies is heterogeneous. OCR was positively correlated with three secreted factors in the tumour conditioned media: vascular endothelial factor A (VEGF-A), IL-1RA and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). Pyrazinib significantly inhibited IL-1β secretion (p = 0.0377) and increased IL-3 (p = 0.0020) and IL-17B (p = 0.0181). Importantly, pyrazinib did not directly alter the expression of dendritic cell maturation markers or reduce T-cell viability or activation markers. We present a new method for profiling the metabolic rate of tumour biopsies in real-time and demonstrate the novel anti-metabolic and anti-inflammatory action of pyrazinib ex-vivo in OAC tumours, supporting previous findings in-vitro whereby pyrazinib significantly enhanced radiosensitivity in OAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Buckley
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Margaret R Dunne
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maria E Morrissey
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Susan A Kennedy
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aoife Nolan
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maria Davern
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emma K Foley
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh Clarke
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joanne Lysaght
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Narayanasamy Ravi
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dermot O'Toole
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Finbar MacCarthy
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John V Reynolds
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Breandán N Kennedy
- UCD Conway Institute and UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jacintha O'Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|