1
|
Emonson NS, Dharmasiri B, Gordon EB, Borkar A, Newman B, Wickramasingha YA, Coia P, Harte T, Newton J, Allardyce BJ, Stojcevski F, Kaplan DL, Henderson LC. Biomedical Applications of Electro-Initiated Polymerisation on Ti6Al4 V Titanium Alloy using Silk Fibroin Coatings for Antibiotic Delivery and Improved Cell Metabolism. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300555. [PMID: 38036452 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Silk fibroin interactions with metallic surfaces can provide utility for medical materials and devices. Toward this goal, titanium alloy (Ti6Al4 V) was covalently grafted with polyacrylamide via electrochemically reducing 4-nitrobenzene diazonium salt in the presence of acrylamide. Analysis of the modified surfaces with FT-IR spectra, SEM and AFM were consistent with surface grafting. Functionalised titanium samples with a silk fibroin membrane, with and without impregnated therapeutics, were used to assess cytocompatibility and drug delivery. Initial cytocompatibility experiments using fibroblasts showed that the functionalised samples, both with and without silk fibroin coatings, supported significant increases between 72-136 % in cell metabolism, compared to the controls after 7 days. A 7-days release profiling showed consistent bacterial inhibition through gentamicin release with average inhibition zones of 239 mm2. Over a 5-week period, silk fibroin coated samples, both with and without growth factors, supported better human mesenchymal stem cell metabolism with increases reaching 1031 % and 388 %, respectively, compared to samples without the silk fibroin coating with.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Emonson
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Bhagya Dharmasiri
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Edward B Gordon
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Ameya Borkar
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Ben Newman
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | | | - Piers Coia
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Timothy Harte
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Jazmyn Newton
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Allardyce
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Filip Stojcevski
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - David L Kaplan
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Luke C Henderson
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Choi J, Sahoo JK, Hasturk O, Falcucci T, Yao Y, Kaplan DL. Instantaneous Formation of Silk Protein Aerosols and Fibers with a Portable Spray Device Under Ambient Conditions. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2023; 8:2201392. [PMID: 37635855 PMCID: PMC10456984 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202201392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
A variety of artificial silk spinning approaches have been attempted to mimic the natural spinning process found in silkworms and spiders, yet instantaneous silk fiber formation with hierarchical structure under physiological and ambient conditions without post-treatment procedures remains unaddressed. Here, we report a new strategy to fabricate silk protein-based aerosols and silk fibers instantaneously (< 1 s) in situ using a simple, portable, spray device, avoiding complicated and costly advanced manufacturing techniques. The key to success is the instantaneous conformational transition of silk fibroin from random coil to β-sheet right before spraying by mixing silk and polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions in the spray device, allowing aerosols and silk fibers to be sprayed in situ, with further control achieved via the molecular weight of silk. The spinning process of the spray device is based on the use of green solvents, i.e., all steps of instant conformational transition of silk fibroin are carried out in aqueous conditions or with buffers at ambient conditions, in combination with shear and elongational flow caused by the hydraulic pressure generated in the spray container. The system supports a portable and user-friendly system that could be used for drug delivery carriers, wound coating materials and rapid silk fiber conformal coatings on surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaewon Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jugal Kishore Sahoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Onur Hasturk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Thomas Falcucci
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Ya Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun F, Xiao D, Su H, Chen Z, Wang B, Feng X, Mao Z, Sui X. Highly stretchable porous regenerated silk fibroin film for enhanced wound healing. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:1486-1494. [PMID: 36655870 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01896a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Silk fibroin (SF) has received interest in tissue engineering owing to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and favorable mechanical properties. However, the complex preparation, brittleness, and lack of pores in the structure of the silk fibroin film limit its application. Herein, we show that facile dissolution of SF in aqueous phosphoric acid followed by regeneration in aqueous ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) could afford highly stretchable films with nano-pores formed in the nonsolvent-induced phase separation process. The named phase separation, which determines the morphology and mechanical properties of the regeneration silk fibroin (RSF) films, is highly dependent on the (NH4)2SO4 concentration as well as the initial concentration of the SF solution. Therefore, the RSF films exhibit a tunable pore size ranging from 230 to 510 nm and excellent stretchability with tensile strain up to 143 ± 16%. Most interestingly, the RSF films were shown to support the proliferation of human skin fibroblasts in vitro as well as speed up full-thickness skin wound healing in a rat model. This work establishes an easy and feasible method to access porous RSF membranes that can be used for wound dressing in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengchao Sun
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.,Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Textile Intelligent Manufacturing, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Dongdong Xiao
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200001, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Hui Su
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.,Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Textile Intelligent Manufacturing, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Zhiliang Chen
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.,Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Textile Intelligent Manufacturing, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Bijia Wang
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.,Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Textile Intelligent Manufacturing, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xueling Feng
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.,Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Textile Intelligent Manufacturing, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Zhiping Mao
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.,Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Textile Intelligent Manufacturing, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xiaofeng Sui
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.,Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Textile Intelligent Manufacturing, Shanghai, 201620, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Novel hybrid biocomposites for tendon grafts: The addition of silk to polydioxanone and poly(lactide-co-caprolactone) enhances material properties, in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility. Bioact Mater 2023; 25:291-306. [PMID: 36844365 PMCID: PMC9945711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Biopolymers play a critical role as scaffolds used in tendon and ligament (TL) regeneration. Although advanced biopolymer materials have been proposed with optimised mechanical properties, biocompatibility, degradation, and processability, it is still challenging to find the right balance between these properties. Here, we aim to develop novel hybrid biocomposites based on poly(p-dioxanone) (PDO), poly(lactide-co-caprolactone) (LCL) and silk to produce high-performance grafts suitable for TL tissue repair. Biocomposites containing 1-15% of silk were studied through a range of characterisation techniques. We then explored biocompatibility through in vitro and in vivo studies using a mouse model. We found that adding up to 5% silk increases the tensile properties, degradation rate and miscibility between PDO and LCL phases without agglomeration of silk inside the composites. Furthermore, addition of silk increases surface roughness and hydrophilicity. In vitro experiments show that the silk improved attachment of tendon-derived stem cells and proliferation over 72 h, while in vivo studies indicate that the silk can reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines after six weeks of implantation. Finally, we selected a promising biocomposite and created a prototype TL graft based on extruded fibres. We found that the tensile properties of both individual fibres and braided grafts could be suitable for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair applications.
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun J, Monreal Santiago G, Yan F, Zhou W, Rudolf P, Portale G, Kamperman M. Bioinspired Processing of Keratin into Upcycled Fibers through pH-Induced Coacervation. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:1985-1994. [PMID: 36778523 PMCID: PMC9906721 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c06865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Keratin is an important byproduct of the animal industry, but almost all of it ends up in landfills due to a lack of efficient recycling methods. To make better use of keratin-based natural resources, the current extraction and processing strategies need to be improved or replaced by more sustainable and cost-effective processes. Here, we developed a simple and environmentally benign method to process extracted keratin, using HCl to induce the formation of a coacervate, a separate aqueous phase with a very high protein concentration. Remarkably, this pH-induced coacervation did not result in the denaturation of keratin, and we could even observe an increase in the amount of ordered secondary structures. The low-pH coacervates could be extruded and wet-spun into high-performance keratin fibers, without requiring heating or any organic solvents. The secondary structure of keratin was largely conserved in these regenerated fibers, which exhibited excellent mechanical performance. The process developed in this study represents a simple and environmentally friendly strategy to upcycle waste keratin into high-performance materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwu Sun
- Polymer
Science, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guillermo Monreal Santiago
- Polymer
Science, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Feng Yan
- Surfaces
and Thin Films, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Wen Zhou
- Products
and Processes for Biotechnology, Engineering and Technology Institute
Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Rudolf
- Surfaces
and Thin Films, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Macromolecular
Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Kamperman
- Polymer
Science, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Emonson NS, Randall JD, Allardyce BJ, Stanfield MK, Dharmasiri B, Stojcevski F, Henderson LC. Promoting Silk Fibroin Adhesion to Stainless Steel Surfaces by Interface Tailoring. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202200335. [PMID: 36449627 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bonding dissimilar materials has been a persistent challenge for decades. This paper presents a method to modify a stainless steel surface (316 L), routinely used in medical applications to enable the significant adhesion of a biopolymer (silk fibroin). The metallic surface was first covalently grafting with polyacrylamide, to enable a hydrogen bonding compatible surface. The polymerisation was initiated via the irreversible electrochemical reduction of a 4-nitrobenzene diazonium salt (20 mM), in the presence of an acrylamide monomer (1 M) at progressively faster scan rates (0.01 V/s to 1 V/s). Examination of the modified samples by FT-IR was consistent with successful surface modification, via observations of the acrylamide carbonyl (1600-1650 cm-1 ) was observed, with more intense peaks correlating to slower scan rates. Similar observations were made with respect to increasing surface polarity, assessed by water contact angle. Reductions of >60° were observed for the grafted surfaces, relative to the unmodified control materials, indicating a surface able to undergo significant hydrogen bonding. The adhesion of silk to the metallic surface was quantified using a lap shear test, effectively using silk fibroin as an adhesive. Adhesion improvements of 5-7-fold, from 4.1 MPa to 29.3 MPa per gram of silk fibroin, were observed for the treated samples, highlighting the beneficial effect of this surface treatment. The methods developed in this work can be transferred to any metallic (or conductive) surface and can be tailored to complement any desired interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Emonson
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - James D Randall
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Allardyce
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Melissa K Stanfield
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Bhagya Dharmasiri
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Filip Stojcevski
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Luke C Henderson
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chakraborty J, Mu X, Pramanick A, Kaplan DL, Ghosh S. Recent advances in bioprinting using silk protein-based bioinks. Biomaterials 2022; 287:121672. [PMID: 35835001 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
3D printing has experienced swift growth for biological applications in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Essential features of bioprinting include determining the appropriate bioink, printing speed mechanics, and print resolution while also maintaining cytocompatibility. However, the scarcity of bioinks that provide printing and print properties and cell support remains a limitation. Silk Fibroin (SF) displays exceptional features and versatility for inks and shows the potential to print complex structures with tunable mechanical properties, degradation rates, and cytocompatibility. Here we summarize recent advances and needs with the use of SF protein from Bombyx mori silkworm as a bioink, including crosslinking methods for extrusion bioprinting using SF and the maintenance of cell viability during and post bioprinting. Additionally, we discuss how encapsulated cells within these SF-based 3D bioprinted constructs are differentiated into various lineages such as skin, cartilage, and bone to expedite tissue regeneration. We then shift the focus towards SF-based 3D printing applications, including magnetically decorated hydrogels, in situ bioprinting, and a next-generation 4D bioprinting approach. Future perspectives on improvements in printing strategies and the use of multicomponent bioinks to improve print fidelity are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Chakraborty
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Xuan Mu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 2155, USA
| | - Ankita Pramanick
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 2155, USA
| | - Sourabh Ghosh
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Enhanced Silk Fibroin/Sericin Composite Film: Preparation, Mechanical Properties and Mineralization Activity. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122466. [PMID: 35746041 PMCID: PMC9227074 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The periosteum plays an important role in bone formation and reconstruction. One of the reasons for the high failure rate of bone transplantation is the absence of the periosteum. Silk fibroin (SF) and silk sericin (SS) have excellent biocompatibility and physicochemical properties, which have amazing application prospects in bone tissue engineering, but lacked mechanical properties. We developed a series of SF/SS composite films with improved mechanical properties using boiling water degumming, which caused little damage to SF molecular chains to retain larger molecules. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction results showed that there were more β-sheets in SF/SS films than in Na2CO3 degummed SF film, resulting in significantly improved breaking strength and toughness of the composite films, which were increased by approximately 1.3 and 1.7 times, respectively. The mineralization results showed that the hydroxyapatite (HAp) deposition rate on SF/SS composite films was faster than that on SF film. The SF/SS composite films effectively regulated the nucleation, growth and aggregation of HAp-like minerals, and the presence of SS accelerated the early mineralization of SF-based materials. These composite films may be promising biomaterials in the repair and regeneration of periosteum.
Collapse
|
9
|
Yao Y, Allardyce BJ, Rajkhowa R, Hegh D, Qin S, Usman KA, Mota-Santiago P, Zhang J, Lynch P, Wang X, Kaplan DL, Razal JM. Toughening Wet-Spun Silk Fibers by Silk Nanofiber Templating. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100891. [PMID: 34939252 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Regenerated silk fibers typically fall short of silkworm cocoon fibers in mechanical properties due to reduced fiber crystal structure and alignment. One approach to address this has been to employ inorganic materials as reinforcing agents. The present study avoids the need for synthetic additives, demonstrating the first use of exfoliated silk nanofibers to control silk solution crystallization, resulting in all-silk pseudocomposite fibers with remarkable mechanical properties. Incorporating only 0.06 wt. % silk nanofibers led to a ∼44% increase in tensile strength (over 600 MPa) and ∼33% increase in toughness (over 200 kJ/kg) compared with fibers without silk nanofibers. These remarkable properties can be attributed to nanofiber crystal seeding in conjunction with fiber draw. The crystallinity nearly doubled from ∼17% for fiber spun from pure silk solution to ∼30% for the silk nanofiber reinforced sample. The latter fiber also shows a high degree of crystal orientation with a Herman's orientation factor of 0.93, a value which approaches that of natural degummed B. mori silk cocoon fiber (0.96). This study provides a strong foundation to guide the development of simple, eco-friendly methods to spin regenerated silk with excellent properties and a hierarchical structure that mimics natural silk. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Yao
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Allardyce
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Rangam Rajkhowa
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Dylan Hegh
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Si Qin
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Ken Aldren Usman
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | | | - Jizhen Zhang
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Peter Lynch
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Xungai Wang
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Joselito M Razal
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| |
Collapse
|