1
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Zhang Y, Tao L, Zhao L, Dong C, Liu Y, Zhang K, Liimatainen H. Fabrication of flame-retardant and water-resistant nanopapers through electrostatic complexation of phosphorylated cellulose nanofibers and chitin nanocrystals. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 676:61-71. [PMID: 39018811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.07.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Biogenic, sustainable two-dimensional architectures, such as films and nanopapers, have garnered considerable interest because of their low carbon footprint, biodegradability, advanced optical/mechanical characteristics, and diverse potential applications. Here, bio-based nanopapers with tailored characteristics were engineered by the electrostatic complexation of oppositely charged colloidal phosphorylated cellulose nanofibers (P-CNFs) and deacetylated chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs). The electrostatic interaction between anionic P-CNFs and cationic ChNCs enhanced the stretchability and water stability of the nanopapers. Correspondingly, they exhibited a wet tensile strength of 17.7 MPa after 24 h of water immersion. Furthermore, the nanopapers exhibited good thermal stability and excellent self-extinguishing behavior, triggered by both phosphorous and nitrogen. These features make the nanopapers sustainable and promising structures for application in advanced fields, such as optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Zhang
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, 308, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lixue Tao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lebin Zhao
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, 308, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chaohong Dong
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, 308, Qingdao 266071, China; State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, 308, Qingdao 266071, China; State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Kaitao Zhang
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, 308, Qingdao 266071, China; State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; National Innovation Center of Advanced Dyeing & Finishing Technology, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China.
| | - Henrikki Liimatainen
- Fibre and Particle Engineering Research Unit, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, FI-90014, Finland
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2
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Lee K, Sim YL, Jeong H, Kim A, Lee Y, Shim SE, Qian Y. Mechanochemically functionalized and fibrillated microcrystalline cellulose as a filler in silicone foam: An integrated experimental and simulation investigation. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 327:121660. [PMID: 38171679 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Fibrillated celluloses have gained significant attention due to their exceptional mechanical properties and eco-friendly characteristics, which make them suitable for various applications. In this study, we designed a precise approach for producing highly fibrillated microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) via ball-milling treatment using four typical silane coupling agents. The empirical data demonstrate that the fibrillization of MCC and the properties of fibrillated MCC are largely affected by the size and geometry of the functional groups of the silanes. After ball-milling, most MCC displayed enhanced e-beam tolerance and thermal stability, whereas the silane loading amount, surface area, and morphology of fibrillated MCC appeared to be random, which was exemplified by the proportional and non-proportional relationship between the loading amount and surface area of methyl silane- and phenyl silane-treated MCC, respectively. Density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations were employed to obtain the intricate details. The simulation results were in agreement with the experimental results. Finally, fibrillated MCC was incorporated into silicone foams as an additive. The thermal stability of fibrillated MCC with added silicone was greatly improved, and the tensile strength of fibrillated MCC-containing silicone foam was 44.1 and 5.4 times higher than that of the neat and MCC-containing silicone foams, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungwon Lee
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Education and Research Center for Smart Energy and Materials, Inha University, Incheon 22212, South Korea.
| | - Yoo Lim Sim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Education and Research Center for Smart Energy and Materials, Inha University, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Hyeonwoo Jeong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Education and Research Center for Smart Energy and Materials, Inha University, Incheon 22212, South Korea.
| | - Asell Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Education and Research Center for Smart Energy and Materials, Inha University, Incheon 22212, South Korea.
| | - Yongjin Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Education and Research Center for Smart Energy and Materials, Inha University, Incheon 22212, South Korea.
| | - Sang Eun Shim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Education and Research Center for Smart Energy and Materials, Inha University, Incheon 22212, South Korea.
| | - Yingjie Qian
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Education and Research Center for Smart Energy and Materials, Inha University, Incheon 22212, South Korea.
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3
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Mobili R, La Cognata S, Monteleone M, Longo M, Fuoco A, Serapian SA, Vigani B, Milanese C, Armentano D, Jansen JC, Amendola V. Gas Permeation through Mechanically Resistant Self-Standing Membranes of a Neat Amorphous Organic Cage. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301437. [PMID: 37433050 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of a novel film-forming organic cage and of its smaller analogue are here described. While the small cage produced single crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction studies, the large one was isolated as a dense film. Due to its remarkable film-forming properties, this latter cage could be solution processed into transparent thin-layer films and mechanically stable dense self-standing membranes of controllable thickness. Thanks to these peculiar features, the membranes were also successfully tested for gas permeation, reporting a behavior similar to that found with stiff glassy polymers such as polymers of intrinsic microporosity or polyimides. Given the growing interest in the development of molecular-based membranes, for example for separation technologies and functional coatings, the properties of this organic cage were investigated by thorough analysis of their structural, thermal, mechanical and gas transport properties, and by detailed atomistic simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Mobili
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sonia La Cognata
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marcello Monteleone
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ITM), via P. Bucci 17/C, Rende (CS), 87036, Italy
| | - Mariagiulia Longo
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ITM), via P. Bucci 17/C, Rende (CS), 87036, Italy
| | - Alessio Fuoco
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ITM), via P. Bucci 17/C, Rende (CS), 87036, Italy
| | - Stefano A Serapian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Barbara Vigani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, viale Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Donatella Armentano
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 13/C, 87036, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Johannes C Jansen
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ITM), via P. Bucci 17/C, Rende (CS), 87036, Italy
| | - Valeria Amendola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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4
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Benselfelt T, Kummer N, Nordenström M, Fall AB, Nyström G, Wågberg L. The Colloidal Properties of Nanocellulose. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201955. [PMID: 36650954 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanocelluloses are anisotropic nanoparticles of semicrystalline assemblies of glucan polymers. They have great potential as renewable building blocks in the materials platform of a more sustainable society. As a result, the research on nanocellulose has grown exponentially over the last decades. To fully utilize the properties of nanocelluloses, a fundamental understanding of their colloidal behavior is necessary. As elongated particles with dimensions in a critical nanosize range, their colloidal properties are complex, with several behaviors not covered by classical theories. In this comprehensive Review, we describe the most prominent colloidal behaviors of nanocellulose by combining experimental data and theoretical descriptions. We discuss the preparation and characterization of nanocellulose dispersions, how they form networks at low concentrations, how classical theories cannot describe their behavior, and how they interact with other colloids. We then show examples of how scientists can use this fundamental knowledge to control the assembly of nanocellulose into new materials with exceptional properties. We hope aspiring and established researchers will use this Review as a guide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Benselfelt
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nico Kummer
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Malin Nordenström
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Gustav Nyström
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Uetani K, Kasuya K, Yoshikawa S, Uto T. Tunability of the thermal diffusivity of cellulose nanofibril films by addition of multivalent metal ions. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 297:120010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Isolation of dicarboxy cellulose nanocrystal from spent fungi substrate and redispersion with gelatin. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Zhou J, Fang Z, Chen K, Cui J, Yang D, Qiu X. Improving the degree of polymerization of cellulose nanofibers by largely preserving native structure of wood fibers. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 296:119919. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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8
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Han X, Wang J, Wang X, Tian W, Dong Y, Jiang S. Finite Element Analysis of Strengthening Mechanism of Ultrastrong and Tough Cellulosic Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4490. [PMID: 36365485 PMCID: PMC9654337 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Superior strong and tough structural materials are highly desirable in engineering applications. However, it remains a big challenge to combine these two mutually exclusive mechanical properties into one body. In the work, an ultrastrong and tough cellulosic material was fabricated by a two-step process of delignification and water molecule-induced hydrogen bonding under compression. The strong and tough cellulosic material showed enhanced tensile strength (352 MPa vs. 56 MPa for natural wood) and toughness (4.1 MJ m-3 vs. 0.42 MJ m-3 for natural wood). The mechanical behaviors of ultrastrong and tough bulk material in a tensile state were simulated by finite element analysis (FEA) using mechanical parameters measured in the experiment. FEA results showed that the tensile strength and toughness gradually simultaneously improved with the increase in moisture content, demonstrating that water molecules played an active role in fabricating strong and tough materials, by plasticizing and forming hydrogen bonding among cellulose nanofibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuai Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yanyan Dong
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shaohua Jiang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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9
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Xu Y, Xu Y, Chen H, Gao M, Yue X, Ni Y. Redispersion of dried plant nanocellulose: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 294:119830. [PMID: 35868740 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose has undergone substantial development as a high value-added cellulose product with broad applications. Dried products are advantageous to decrease transportation costs. However, dried nanocellulose has redispersion challenges when rewetting. In this work, drying techniques, factors affecting redispersibility, and strategies improving the nanocellulose redispersibility are comprehensively reviewed. Hydrogen bonds of nanocellulose are unavoidably developed during drying, leading to inferior redispersibility of dried nanocellulose, even hornification. Drying processes of nanocellulose are discussed first. Then, factors affecting redispersibility are discussed. Following that, strategies improving the nanocellulose redispersibility are analyzed and their advantages and disadvantages are highlighted. Surface charge modification and steric hindrance concept are two main pathways to overcome the redispersion challenge, which are mainly carried out by chemical modification, additive incorporation and non-cellulosic component preservation. Despite several advancements having been achieved, new approaches for enhancing the nanocellulose redispersibility are still required to promote the industrial-scale applications of nanocellulose in various domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China; Shaanxi Province Key Lab of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Yongjian Xu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China; Shaanxi Province Key Lab of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China.
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China; Shaanxi Province Key Lab of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Minlan Gao
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China; Shaanxi Province Key Lab of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Xiaopeng Yue
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China; Shaanxi Province Key Lab of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Yonghao Ni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
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10
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Aoki D, Lossada F, Hoenders D, Ajiro H, Walther A. Efficient Softening and Toughening Strategies of Cellulose Nanofibril Nanocomposites Using Comb Polyurethane. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1693-1702. [PMID: 35362317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) have attracted attention as building blocks for sustainable materials owing to their high performance and the advantages of their abundant natural resources. Bioinspired CNF/polymer nanocomposites, consisting of a soft polymer phase and a high fraction (>50 wt %) of CNF reinforcement, have been focused on excellent mechanical properties, including Young's modulus, mechanical strength, and toughness, mimicking the energy dissipation system in nature. However, efficient softening and toughening with a small amount of the soft phase is still a challenge because a large amount of the polymer phase (nearly 50%) is still required to provide ductility and toughness. Here, we describe a topological strategy in the polymer phase for efficient toughening of bioinspired CNF nanocomposites with a water-soluble comb polyurethane (PU). The comb PU provided higher elongation at break and more efficient flexibility for the nanocomposite than the linear PU, even at a small content. Moreover, CNF nanocomposites with 30 wt % of PU content and tetrabutylammonium as bulky counterions showed enhanced toughness (180% higher) and strain at break (250% higher) when compared to pure CNF due to the promotion of slippage between nanofibrils. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the fracture surface for CNF/comb PU nanocomposites displayed the pull-out of mesoscale layers and nanofibrils, supporting that the comb topology promotes the slippage between fibrils. Furthermore, the rheological study revealed that the comb PU has an entanglement plateau modulus lower than linear PU by 1 order of magnitude, related to the loosened entanglements. Our study establishes an efficient softening and toughening strategy while using small amounts of polymer phase addition, promoting interfibrillar slippage with the loosely entangled comb PU phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Aoki
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Francisco Lossada
- Department of Chemistry, A3BMS Lab-Active, Adaptive and Autonomous Bioinspired Material Systems, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Hoenders
- Department of Chemistry, A3BMS Lab-Active, Adaptive and Autonomous Bioinspired Material Systems, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hiroharu Ajiro
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Andreas Walther
- Department of Chemistry, A3BMS Lab-Active, Adaptive and Autonomous Bioinspired Material Systems, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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11
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Das R, Lindström T, Sharma PR, Chi K, Hsiao BS. Nanocellulose for Sustainable Water Purification. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8936-9031. [PMID: 35330990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanocelluloses (NC) are nature-based sustainable biomaterials, which not only possess cellulosic properties but also have the important hallmarks of nanomaterials, such as large surface area, versatile reactive sites or functionalities, and scaffolding stability to host inorganic nanoparticles. This class of nanomaterials offers new opportunities for a broad spectrum of applications for clean water production that were once thought impractical. This Review covers substantial discussions based on evaluative judgments of the recent literature and technical advancements in the fields of coagulation/flocculation, adsorption, photocatalysis, and membrane filtration for water decontamination through proper understanding of fundamental knowledge of NC, such as purity, crystallinity, surface chemistry and charge, suspension rheology, morphology, mechanical properties, and film stability. To supplement these, discussions on low-cost and scalable NC extraction, new characterizations including solution small-angle X-ray scattering evaluation, and structure-property relationships of NC are also reviewed. Identifying knowledge gaps and drawing perspectives could generate guidance to overcome uncertainties associated with the adaptation of NC-enabled water purification technologies. Furthermore, the topics of simultaneous removal of multipollutants disposal and proper handling of post/spent NC are discussed. We believe NC-enabled remediation nanomaterials can be integrated into a broad range of water treatments, greatly improving the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasel Das
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Tom Lindström
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States.,KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
| | - Priyanka R Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Kai Chi
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Benjamin S Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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12
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Mechanical properties of cellulose nanofibril papers and their bionanocomposites: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 273:118507. [PMID: 34560938 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibril (CNF) paper has various applications due to its unique advantages. Herein, we present the intrinsic mechanical properties of CNF papers, along with the preparation and properties of nanoparticle-reinforced CNF composite papers. The literature on CNF papers reveals a strong correlation between the intrafibrillar network structure and the resulting mechanical properties. This correlation is found to hold for all primary factors affecting mechanical properties, indicating that the performance of CNF materials depends directly on and can be tailored by controlling the intrafibrillar network of the system. The parameters that influence the mechanical properties of CNF papers were critically reviewed. Moreover, the effect on the mechanical properties by adding nanofillers to CNF papers to produce multifunctional composite products was discussed. We concluded this article with future perspectives and possible developments in CNFs and their bionanocomposite papers.
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13
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Yang X, Jungstedt E, Reid MS, Berglund LA. Polymer Films from Cellulose Nanofibrils—Effects from Interfibrillar Interphase on Mechanical Behavior. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University—Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, P.R. China
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-10044, Sweden
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-10044, Sweden
| | - Erik Jungstedt
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-10044, Sweden
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-10044, Sweden
| | - Michael S. Reid
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-10044, Sweden
| | - Lars A. Berglund
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-10044, Sweden
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-10044, Sweden
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14
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Lindström T. A Proposition for the Estimation of the Maximum Tensile Strength of Variously Charged Nanocellulosic Film Materials Provided by Vacuum Filtration. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11020543. [PMID: 33672758 PMCID: PMC7924595 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This short investigation deals with a review of the tensile strength properties of six different types of nanocellulose films (carboxymethylated, carboxymethylcellulose-grafted, enzymatically pretreated, phosphorylated, sulfoethylated, and alkoxylated nanocellulose films) manufactured using identical protocols and the determination of the apparent nanocellulose yield of the same nanocelluloses and their tensile strength properties at different extents of delamination (microfluidization). The purpose was to test a previously suggested procedure to estimate the maximum tensile strength on these different procedures. A second goal was to investigate the impact of the nanocellulose yield on the tensile strength properties. The investigations were limited to the nanocellulose research activities at RISE in Stockholm, because these investigations were made with identical experimental laboratory protocols. The importance of such protocols is also stressed. This review shows that the suggested procedure to estimate the maximum tensile strength is a viable proposition, albeit not scientifically proven. Secondly, there is a relationship between the nanocellulose yield and tensile strength properties, although there may not be a linear relationship between the two measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Lindström
- Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden;
- StonyBrook University, Stony Brook, NY 11733, USA
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15
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Li T, Chen C, Brozena AH, Zhu JY, Xu L, Driemeier C, Dai J, Rojas OJ, Isogai A, Wågberg L, Hu L. Developing fibrillated cellulose as a sustainable technological material. Nature 2021; 590:47-56. [PMID: 33536649 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-03167-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 123.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on Earth, found in trees, waste from agricultural crops and other biomass. The fibres that comprise cellulose can be broken down into building blocks, known as fibrillated cellulose, of varying, controllable dimensions that extend to the nanoscale. Fibrillated cellulose is harvested from renewable resources, so its sustainability potential combined with its other functional properties (mechanical, optical, thermal and fluidic, for example) gives this nanomaterial unique technological appeal. Here we explore the use of fibrillated cellulose in the fabrication of materials ranging from composites and macrofibres, to thin films, porous membranes and gels. We discuss research directions for the practical exploitation of these structures and the remaining challenges to overcome before fibrillated cellulose materials can reach their full potential. Finally, we highlight some key issues towards successful manufacturing scale-up of this family of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Center for Materials Innovation, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Chaoji Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Center for Materials Innovation, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra H Brozena
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - J Y Zhu
- USDA Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lixian Xu
- Sappi Biotech, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos Driemeier
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jiaqi Dai
- Inventwood LLC, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Bioproducts Institute, Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry and Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Akira Isogai
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology and Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA. .,Center for Materials Innovation, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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16
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Heise K, Kontturi E, Allahverdiyeva Y, Tammelin T, Linder MB, Nonappa, Ikkala O. Nanocellulose: Recent Fundamental Advances and Emerging Biological and Biomimicking Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004349. [PMID: 33289188 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the effort toward sustainable advanced functional materials, nanocelluloses have attracted extensive recent attention. Nanocelluloses range from rod-like highly crystalline cellulose nanocrystals to longer and more entangled cellulose nanofibers, earlier denoted also as microfibrillated celluloses and bacterial cellulose. In recent years, they have spurred research toward a wide range of applications, ranging from nanocomposites, viscosity modifiers, films, barrier layers, fibers, structural color, gels, aerogels and foams, and energy applications, until filtering membranes, to name a few. Still, nanocelluloses continue to show surprisingly high challenges to master their interactions and tailorability to allow well-controlled assemblies for functional materials. Rather than trying to review the already extensive nanocellulose literature at large, here selected aspects of the recent progress are the focus. Water interactions, which are central for processing for the functional properties, are discussed first. Then advanced hybrid gels toward (multi)stimuli responses, shape-memory materials, self-healing, adhesion and gluing, biological scaffolding, and forensic applications are discussed. Finally, composite fibers are discussed, as well as nanocellulose as a strategy for improvement of photosynthesis-based chemicals production. In summary, selected perspectives toward new directions for sustainable high-tech functional materials science based on nanocelluloses are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Yagut Allahverdiyeva
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20014, Finland
| | - Tekla Tammelin
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, VTT, PO Box 1000, FIN-02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Nonappa
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University, FI-00076, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, Tampere, FI-33101, Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University, FI-00076, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
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17
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Favorable combination of foldability and toughness of transparent cellulose nanofibril films by a PET fiber-reinforced strategy. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:3268-3274. [PMID: 32866525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Transparent cellulose nanofibril (CNF) films have been considered a promising sustainable alternative for nonrenewable and nonbiodegradable petroleum-based plastic films. However, their relatively low toughness and poor folding endurance are two remaining challenges for commercial application. In this work, inspired by fiber-reinforced polymer, a transparent CNF film with favorable combination of toughness and folding endurance is demonstrated by a facile and scalable polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber-reinforced strategy. The as-prepared PET fiber-reinforced CNF film not only exhibits a maximum average toughness of 13.7 ± 2.4 MJ/m3 that is nearly 4 times stronger than that of pure CNF film (3.7 ± 1.1 MJ/m3), but also presents superior bending flexibility with a folding endurance of over 104 times that is an order of magnitude higher than that of pure CNF film (~4 × 103 times). Moreover, its underlying principle for the enhanced toughness and foldability is explored. This work provides a facile strategy to prepare tough yet foldable CNF film and could promote its industrial uses in the fields of energy storage devices, packaging, and electronic devices.
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18
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Lossada F, Hoenders D, Guo J, Jiao D, Walther A. Self-Assembled Bioinspired Nanocomposites. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2622-2635. [PMID: 32991139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bioinspired materials engineering impacts the design of advanced functional materials across many domains of sciences from wetting behavior to optical and mechanical materials. In all cases, the advances in understanding how biology uses hierarchical design to create failure and defect-tolerant materials with emergent properties lays the groundwork for engaging into these topics. Biological mechanical materials are particularly inspiring for their unique combinations of stiffness, strength, and toughness together with lightweightness, as assembled and grown in water from a limited set of building blocks at room temperature. Wood, nacre, crustacean cuticles, and spider silk serve as some examples, where the correct arrangement of constituents and balanced molecular energy dissipation mechanisms allows overcoming the shortcomings of the individual components and leads to synergistic materials performance beyond additive behavior. They constitute a paradigm for future structural materials engineering-in the formation process, the use of sustainable building blocks and energy-efficient pathways, as well as in the property profiles-that will in the long term allow for new classes of high-performance and lightweight structural materials needed to promote energy efficiency in mobile technologies.This Account summarizes our efforts of the past decade with respect to designing self-assembling bioinspired materials aiming for both mechanical high-performance structures and new types of multifunctional property profiles. The Account is set out to first give a definition of bioinspired nanocomposite materials and self-assembly therein, followed by an in-depth discussion on the understanding of mechanical performance and rational design to increase the mechanical performance. We place a particular emphasis on materials formed at high fractions of reinforcements and with tailor-made functional polymers using self-assembly to create highly ordered structures and elucidate in detail how the soft polymer phase needs to be designed in terms of thermomechanical properties and sacrificial supramolecular bonds. We focus on nanoscale reinforcements such as nanoclay and nanocellulose that lead to high contents of internal interfaces and intercalated polymer layers that experience nanoconfinement. Both aspects add fundamental challenges for macromolecular design of soft phases using precision polymer synthesis. We build upon those design criteria and further develop the concepts of adaptive bioinspired nanocomposites, whose properties are switchable from the outside using molecularly defined triggers with light. In a last section, we discuss how new types of functional properties, in particular flexible and transparent gas barrier materials or fire barrier materials, can be reached on the basis of the bioinspired nanocomposite design strategies. Additionally, we show new types of self-assembled photonic materials that can even be evolved into self-assembling lasers, hence moving the concept of mechanical nanocomposite design to other functionalities.The comparative discussion of different bioinspired nanocomposite architectures with nematic, fibrillar, and cholesteric structures, as based on different reinforcing nanoparticles, aims for a unified understanding of the design principles and shall aid researchers in the field in the more elaborate design of future bioinspired nanocomposite materials based on molecular control principles. We conclude by addressing challenges, in particular also the need for a transfer from fundamental molecular materials science into scalable engineering materials of technological and societal relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Lossada
- A3BMS Lab—Active, Adaptive and Autonomous Bioinspired Materials, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Hoenders
- A3BMS Lab—Active, Adaptive and Autonomous Bioinspired Materials, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- A3BMS Lab—Active, Adaptive and Autonomous Bioinspired Materials, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dejin Jiao
- A3BMS Lab—Active, Adaptive and Autonomous Bioinspired Materials, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- A3BMS Lab—Active, Adaptive and Autonomous Bioinspired Materials, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS@FIT—Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
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19
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Chen F, Xiang W, Sawada D, Bai L, Hummel M, Sixta H, Budtova T. Exploring Large Ductility in Cellulose Nanopaper Combining High Toughness and Strength. ACS NANO 2020; 14:11150-11159. [PMID: 32804482 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanopaper is a strong lightweight material made from renewable resources with a wide range of potential applications, from membranes to electronic displays. Most studies on nanopaper target high mechanical strength, which compromises ductility and toughness. Herein, we demonstrate the fabrication of highly ductile and tough cellulose nanopaper via mechanical fibrillation of hemicellulose-rich wood fibers and dispersion of the obtained cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) in an ionic liquid (IL)-water mixture. This treatment allows hemicellulose swelling, which leads to dissociation of CNF bundles into highly disordered long flexible fibrils and the formation of a nanonetwork as supported by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) imaging. Rheology of the suspensions shows a 300-fold increase in storage and loss moduli of CNF-IL-water suspensions, compared to their CNF-water counterparts. The nanopaper prepared by removing the IL-water shows a combination of large elongation (up to 35%), high strength (260 MPa), and toughness as high as 51 MJ/m3, because of efficient interfibrillar slippage and energy dissipation in the highly disordered isotropic structure. This work provides a nanostructure-engineered strategy of making ductile and tough cellulose nanopaper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Wenchao Xiang
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Daisuke Sawada
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Long Bai
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Michael Hummel
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Herbert Sixta
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Tatiana Budtova
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
- Center for Materials Forming-CEMEF, MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, UMR CNRS 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia, Antipolis, France
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20
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Mianehrow H, Lo Re G, Carosio F, Fina A, Larsson PT, Chen P, Berglund LA. Strong Reinforcement Effects in 2D Cellulose Nanofibril-Graphene Oxide (CNF-GO) Nanocomposites due to GO-Induced CNF Ordering. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2020; 8:17608-17620. [PMID: 33796318 PMCID: PMC8009442 DOI: 10.1039/d0ta04406g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanocomposites from native cellulose with low 2D nanoplatelet content are of interest as sustainable materials combining functional and structural performance. Cellulose nanofibril-graphene oxide (CNF-GO) nanocomposite films are prepared by a physical mixing-drying method, with focus on low GO content, the use of very large GO platelets (2-45μm) and nanostructural characterization using synchrotron x-ray source for WAXS and SAXS. These nanocomposites can be used as transparent coatings, strong films or membranes, as gas barriers or in laminated form. CNF nanofibrils with random in-plane orientation, form a continuous non-porous matrix with GO platelets oriented in-plane. GO reinforcement mechanisms in CNF are investigated, and relationships between nanostructure and suspension rheology, mechanical properties, optical transmittance and oxygen barrier properties are investigated as a function of GO content. A much higher modulus reinforcement efficency is observed than in previous polymer-GO studies. The absolute values for modulus and ultimate strength are as high as 17 GPa and 250 MPa at a GO content as small as 0.07 vol%. The remarkable reinforcement efficiency is due to improved organization of the CNF matrix; and this GO-induced mechanism is of general interest for nanostructural tailoring of CNF-2D nanoplatelet composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Mianehrow
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giada Lo Re
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Rännvägen 2, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Federico Carosio
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Alessandria Campus, Via Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Alberto Fina
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Alessandria Campus, Via Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Per Tomas Larsson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- RISE Bioeconomy, Drottning Kristinas Väg 61, SE-11486 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pan Chen
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Cellulose and its Derivatives, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lars A Berglund
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Gehlen DB, Jürgens N, Omidinia-Anarkoli A, Haraszti T, George J, Walther A, Ye H, De Laporte L. Granular Cellulose Nanofibril Hydrogel Scaffolds for 3D Cell Cultivation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000191. [PMID: 32783361 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The replacement of diseased and damaged organs remains an challenge in modern medicine. However, through the use of tissue engineering techniques, it may soon be possible to (re)generate tissues and organs using artificial scaffolds. For example, hydrogel networks made from hydrophilic precursor solutions can replicate many properties found in the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) but often lack the dynamic nature of the ECM, as many covalently crosslinked hydrogels possess elastic and static networks with nanoscale pores hindering cell migration without being degradable. To overcome this, macroporous colloidal hydrogels can be prepared to facilitate cell infiltration. Here, an easy method is presented to fabricate granular cellulose nanofibril hydrogel (CNF) scaffolds as porous networks for 3D cell cultivation. CNF is an abundant natural and highly biocompatible material that supports cell adhesion. Granular CNF scaffolds are generated by pre-crosslinking CNF using calcium and subsequently pressing the gel through micrometer-sized nylon meshes. The granular solution is mixed with fibroblasts and crosslinked with cell culture medium. The obtained granular CNF scaffold is significantly softer and enables well-distributed fibroblast growth. This cost-effective material combined with this efficient and facile fabrication technique allows for 3D cell cultivation in an upscalable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Gehlen
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, D-52074, Aachen, Germany.,Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1-2, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Niklas Jürgens
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, D-52074, Aachen, Germany.,Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1-2, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Abdolrahman Omidinia-Anarkoli
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, D-52074, Aachen, Germany.,Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1-2, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tamás Haraszti
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, D-52074, Aachen, Germany.,Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1-2, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julian George
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Headington, OX3 7DQ, Oxford, UK
| | - Andreas Walther
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hua Ye
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Headington, OX3 7DQ, Oxford, UK
| | - Laura De Laporte
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, D-52074, Aachen, Germany.,Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1-2, D-52074, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Advanced Materials for Biomedicine, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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22
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Eckert A, Abbasi M, Mang T, Saalwächter K, Walther A. Structure, Mechanical Properties, and Dynamics of Polyethylenoxide/Nanoclay Nacre-Mimetic Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Eckert
- DWI—Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- IAP—Institute for Applied Polymer Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences Aachen, Heinrich-Mussmann-Str.1, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Mozhdeh Abbasi
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 7, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Thomas Mang
- IAP—Institute for Applied Polymer Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences Aachen, Heinrich-Mussmann-Str.1, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Kay Saalwächter
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 7, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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23
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Mittal N, Benselfelt T, Ansari F, Gordeyeva K, Roth SV, Wågberg L, Söderberg LD. Ion-Specific Assembly of Strong, Tough, and Stiff Biofibers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18562-18569. [PMID: 31600016 PMCID: PMC6916401 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Designing engineering materials with high stiffness and high toughness is challenging as stiff materials tend to be brittle. Many biological materials realize this objective through multiscale (i.e., atomic- to macroscale) mechanisms that are extremely difficult to replicate in synthetic materials. Inspired from the architecture of such biological structures, we here present flow-assisted organization and assembly of renewable native cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), which yields highly anisotropic biofibers characterized by a unique combination of high strength (1010 MPa), high toughness (62 MJ m-3 ) and high stiffness (57 GPa). We observed that properties of the fibers are primarily governed by specific ion characteristics such as hydration enthalpy and polarizability. A fundamental facet of this study is thus to elucidate the role of specific anion binding following the Hofmeister series on the mechanical properties of wet fibrillar networks, and link this to the differences in properties of dry nanostructured fibers. This knowledge is useful for rational design of nanomaterials and is critical for validation of specific ion effect theories. The bioinspired assembly demonstrated here is relevant example for designing high-performance materials with absolute structural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Mittal
- Linné FLOW CentreDepartment of MechanicsKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSE-100 44Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science CenterKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSE-100 44Sweden
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02142USA
| | - Tobias Benselfelt
- Wallenberg Wood Science CenterKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSE-100 44Sweden
- Department of Fibre and Polymer TechnologyKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSE-100 44Sweden
| | - Farhan Ansari
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305-2205USA
| | - Korneliya Gordeyeva
- Linné FLOW CentreDepartment of MechanicsKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSE-100 44Sweden
| | - Stephan V. Roth
- Department of Fibre and Polymer TechnologyKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSE-100 44Sweden
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)22607HamburgGermany
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Wallenberg Wood Science CenterKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSE-100 44Sweden
- Department of Fibre and Polymer TechnologyKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSE-100 44Sweden
| | - L. Daniel Söderberg
- Linné FLOW CentreDepartment of MechanicsKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSE-100 44Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science CenterKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSE-100 44Sweden
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24
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Effects of non-solvents and electrolytes on the formation and properties of cellulose I filaments. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16691. [PMID: 31723231 PMCID: PMC6854096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulation is a critical process in the assembly of cellulose nanofibrils into filaments by wet spinning; however, so far, the role of the coagulation solvent has not been systematically elucidated in this context. This work considers organic non-solvents (ethanol, acetone) and aqueous electrolyte solutions (NaCl(aq), HCl(aq), CaCl2(aq)) for the coagulation of negatively charged cellulose nanofibrils via wet spinning. The associated mechanisms of coagulation with such non-solvents resulted in different spinnability, coagulation and drying time. The properties of the achieved filaments varied depending strongly on the coagulant used: filaments obtained from electrolytes (using Ca2+ and H+ as counterions) demonstrated better water/moisture stability and thermomechanical properties. In contrast, the filaments formed from organic non-solvents (with Na+ as counterions) showed high moisture sorption and low hornification when subjected to cycles of high and low humidity (dynamic vapor sorption experiments) and swelled extensively upon immersion in water. Our observations highlight the critical role of counter-ions and non-solvents in filament formation and performance. Some of the fundamental aspects are further revealed by using quartz crystal microgravimetry with model films of nanocelluloses subjected to the respective solvent exchange.
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Mittal N, Benselfelt T, Ansari F, Gordeyeva K, Roth SV, Wågberg L, Söderberg LD. Ion‐Specific Assembly of Strong, Tough, and Stiff Biofibers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Mittal
- Linné FLOW CentreDepartment of MechanicsKTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm SE-100 44 Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science CenterKTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm SE-100 44 Sweden
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - Tobias Benselfelt
- Wallenberg Wood Science CenterKTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm SE-100 44 Sweden
- Department of Fibre and Polymer TechnologyKTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm SE-100 44 Sweden
| | - Farhan Ansari
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringStanford University Stanford CA 94305-2205 USA
| | - Korneliya Gordeyeva
- Linné FLOW CentreDepartment of MechanicsKTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm SE-100 44 Sweden
| | - Stephan V. Roth
- Department of Fibre and Polymer TechnologyKTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm SE-100 44 Sweden
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Wallenberg Wood Science CenterKTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm SE-100 44 Sweden
- Department of Fibre and Polymer TechnologyKTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm SE-100 44 Sweden
| | - L. Daniel Söderberg
- Linné FLOW CentreDepartment of MechanicsKTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm SE-100 44 Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science CenterKTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm SE-100 44 Sweden
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Riehle F, Hoenders D, Guo J, Eckert A, Ifuku S, Walther A. Sustainable Chitin Nanofibrils Provide Outstanding Flame-Retardant Nanopapers. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:1098-1108. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Riehle
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Hoenders
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Eckert
- DWI − Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Shinsuke Ifuku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 101-4 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, 680-8502, Japan
| | - Andreas Walther
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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27
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Liu Y, Stoeckel D, Gordeyeva K, Agthe M, Schütz C, Fall AB, Bergström L. Nanoscale Assembly of Cellulose Nanocrystals during Drying and Redispersion. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:172-177. [PMID: 35610889 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have followed the structural evolution during evaporation-induced self-assembly of sulfonated cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) in the presence of H+ and Li+ counterions by small-angle X-ray scattering. Drying of CNC-H dispersions results in ordered films that could not be readily redispersed, while the CNC-Li films were disordered and prone to reswelling and redispersion. The scaling of the separation distance (d) between CNC particles and the particle concentration (c) shows that the CNC-H dispersions display a unidimensional contraction of the nematic structure (d ∝ c-1) during drying, while the CNC-Li dispersions consolidate isotropically (d ∝ c-1/3), which is characteristic for hydrogels with no preferential orientation. Temporal evolution of the structure factor and complementary dynamic light-scattering measurements show that CNC-Li is more aggregated than CNC-H during evaporation-induced assembly. Insights on the structural evolution during CNC assembly and redispersion can promote development of novel and optimized processing routes of nanocellulose-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Liu
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, KTH, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniela Stoeckel
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Korneliya Gordeyeva
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Agthe
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Schütz
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas B. Fall
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lennart Bergström
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Mautner A, Mayer F, Hervy M, Lee KY, Bismarck A. Better together: synergy in nanocellulose blends. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2018; 376:20170043. [PMID: 29277741 PMCID: PMC5746558 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanopapers have gained significant attention in recent years as large-scale reinforcement for high-loading cellulose nanocomposites, substrates for printed electronics and filter nanopapers for water treatment. The mechanical properties of nanopapers are of fundamental importance for all these applications. Cellulose nanopapers can simply be prepared by filtering a suspension of nanocellulose, followed by heat consolidation. It was already demonstrated that the mechanical properties of cellulose nanopapers can be tailored by the fineness of the fibrils used or by modifying nanocellulose fibrils for instance by polymer adsorption, but nanocellulose blends remain underexplored. In this work, we show that the mechanical and physical properties of cellulose nanopapers can be tuned by creating nanopapers from blends of various grades of nanocellulose, i.e. (mechanically refined) bacterial cellulose or cellulose nanofibrils extracted from never-dried bleached softwood pulp by chemical and mechanical pre-treatments. We found that nanopapers made from blends of two or three nanocellulose grades show synergistic effects resulting in improved stiffness, strength, ductility, toughness and physical properties.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'New horizons for cellulose nanotechnology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Mautner
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Florian Mayer
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Martin Hervy
- The Composite Centre, Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Koon-Yang Lee
- The Composite Centre, Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alexander Bismarck
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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