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Zhu Y, Zhang S, Shao Y, Tang L, Zhang C, Tang S, Lu H. Regulatory role of oxidative stress in retrorsine - Induced apoptosis and autophagy in primary rat hepatocytes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 279:116515. [PMID: 38810283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a group of naturally occurring alkaloids widely present in plants. PAs are highly hepatotoxic and have been documented to cause many incidents of human and animal poisoning. Retrorsine (RTS) is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) derived from the Compositae Senecio, which has been shown to cause hepatotoxicity. Human liver poisoning occurs through the consumption of RTS-contaminated food, and animals can also be poisoned by ingesting RTS-containing toxic plants. The mechanism of RTS-induced liver toxicity is not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrated that RTS-induced oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in RTS-induced liver toxicity involving apoptosis and autophagy. The results showed that RTS treatment in the cultured Primary rat hepatocytes caused cytotoxicity and release of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Our study showed that treatment of RTS induced ROS and MDA (malondialdehyde, a lipid peroxidation marker) in the hepatocytes, and reduced antioxidant capacity (GSH content, SOD activity), suggesting RTS treatment caused oxidative stress response in the hepatocytes. Furthermore, we found that RTS induced apoptosis and autophagy in the hepatocytes, and RTS-induced apoptosis and autophagy could be alleviated by ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and the MAPK pathway inhibitors suggesting ROS/MAPK signaling pathway plays a role in RTS induced apoptosis and autophagy. Collectively, this study reveals the regulatory mechanism of oxidative stress in RTS-induced apoptosis and autophagy in the hepatocytes, providing important insights of molecular mechanisms of hepatotoxicity induced by RTS and related pyrrolizidine alkaloids in liver. This mechanism provides a basis for the prevention and treatment of PA poisoning in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shuhang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yin Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lihui Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Congcheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shiyu Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hao Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Fan Y, Wang M, Zhang Q, Ouyang S, Mao W, Xu C, Wang M, Long C. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity and clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine Cynoglossum amabile: a review. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1325283. [PMID: 38655180 PMCID: PMC11035817 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1325283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cynoglossum amabile, a member of the Boraginaceae family, is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine and ethnomedicine known as Daotihu. Despite several studies confirming the presence of bioactive pyrrolizidine alkaloids such as amabiline, ambelline, echinatine, europine, and others in C. amabile, there has been no comprehensive review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology thus far. This review was conducted by thoroughly examining the literature and analyzing network databases. It covers various aspects of C. amabile, including botanical characteristics, geographical distribution, traditional applications, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, toxicology, and clinical applications. The results have shown that C. amabile has been traditionally used for medicinal, edible, and ornamental purposes in China for many centuries. The whole plant, root, and leaf of C. amabile are used by different ethnic groups, such as Lisu, Bai, Naxi, Yi, Jinuo, and Han, to treat malaria, hepatitis, dysentery, leucorrhea, tuberculosis cough, fracture, joint dislocation, trauma bleeding, and skin carbuncle abscess. A total of 47 chemical components, including alkaloids (pyrrolizidine alkaloids, PAs), sterols, organic acids, and saccharides, were isolated from C. amabile. Pharmacological studies show that the chemical extracts of C. amabile possess various biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-microbial, cardiovascular effects, ganglionic action, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition. However, it is important to note that C. amabile exhibits hepatotoxicity, with its toxicity being linked to its primary PAs components. Although preliminary studies suggest potential applications in the treatment of prostate diseases and alopecia, further research is needed to validate these clinical uses. Our review highlights the traditional uses, phytochemistry, biological activity, toxicity, and clinical applications of C. amabile. It emphasizes the essential guiding role of the indigenous medicinal knowledge system in developing new drugs. Previous studies have shown that the phytochemical and pharmacological characteristics of C. amabile are significantly related to its traditional medicinal practices. Cynoglossum amabile has excellent market potential and can be further analyzed in terms of phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology, which are critical for its clinical drug safety, quality evaluation, and resource development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqi Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Mao
- Xianggelila Bureau of Forestry and Grassland, Beijing, China
| | - Congli Xu
- Baoshan Administrative of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, Baoshan, China
| | - Min Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
- BTBU-TANGYI Innovation Center for the Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Bioengineering Raw Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlin Long
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Institute of National Security Studies, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
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Alhejji Y, Widjaja F, Tian S, Hoekstra T, Wesseling S, Rietjens IM. In vitro-in silico study on the influence of dose, fraction bioactivated and endpoint used on the relative potency value of pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides compared to parent pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Curr Res Toxicol 2024; 6:100160. [PMID: 38469320 PMCID: PMC10926302 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2024.100160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and their N-oxides (PA-N-oxides) are phytotoxins found in food, feed and the environment. Yet, limited data exist from which the relative potency of a PA-N-oxide relative to its corresponding PA (REPPANO to PA) can be defined. This study aims to investigate the influence of dose, fraction bioactivated and endpoint on the REPPANO to PA of a series of pyrrolizidine N-oxides using in vitro-in silico data and physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modeling. The first endpoint used to calculate the REPPANO to PA was the ratio of the area under the concentration-time curve of PA resulting from an oral dose of PA-N-oxide divided by that from an equimolar dose of PA (Method 1). The second endpoint was the ratio of the amount of pyrrole-protein adducts formed under these conditions (Method 2). REPPANO to PA values appeared to decrease with increasing dose, with the decrease for Method 2 already starting at lower dose level than for Method 1. At dose levels as low as estimated daily human intakes, REPPANO to PA values amounted to 0.92, 0.81, 0.78, and 0.68 for retrorsine N-oxide, seneciphylline N-oxide, riddelliine N-oxide and senecivernine N-oxide, respectively, and became independent of the dose or fraction bioactivated, because no GSH depletion, saturation of PA clearance or PA-N-oxide reduction occurs. Overall, the results demonstrate the strength of using PBK modeling in defining REPPANO to PA values, thereby substantiating the use of the same approach for other PA-N-oxides for which in vivo data are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Alhejji
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8000, 6700 EA Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Frances Widjaja
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8000, 6700 EA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Shenghan Tian
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8000, 6700 EA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hoekstra
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8000, 6700 EA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Wesseling
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8000, 6700 EA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M.C.M. Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8000, 6700 EA Wageningen, the Netherlands
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To YC, Pan Y, Yan X, He Y, Lin G. The toxicokinetic and metabolism of structurally diverse pyrrolizidine alkaloids in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 321:117390. [PMID: 37956911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a group of phytotoxins present in about 3% of flowering plants worldwide. Ingestion of PA-containing herbal products may lead to hepatotoxicity. Notably, the toxicokinetic (TK) behaviors, especially pyrrole-protein adducts (PPAs) having the same structure but generated from metabolic activation of different PAs, significantly affect the toxicity of structurally diverse PAs, therefore studying them in their pure form is preferable to extracts to stratify toxic potency of different PAs co-existing in herbal extracts. However, previous studies mainly focus on the establishment of TK profiles of the intact PAs, revealing less or no kinetic information on the main PA metabolites (PA N-oxides) and PPAs which mediate PA-induced hepatotoxicity. In this study, PPA was measured as the biomarker of PA exposure and PA-induced toxicity. AIM OF STUDY This study aims to investigate the TK difference between structurally diverse PAs of retronecine-type PAs: retrorsine (RTS) and monocrotaline (MCT), and otonecine-type PA: clivorine (CLI), and their toxicity-related metabolite PPAs and PA N-oxides, the main metabolite of retronecine-type PAs, for the establishment of a more accurate risk assessment of PAs exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS The TK studies were conducted using rats through intravenous (i.v.) or oral (p.o.) administration of PAs at 20 mg/kg. The main TK parameters of PAs and PA N-oxides were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles, and the kinetic profiles of PPAs were assessed from both plasma and erythrocyte concentration-time profiles. RESULTS MCT demonstrated the slowest but the highest extent of absorption among the three PAs, while RTS demonstrated a similar absorption rate with a lower extent than CLI. For elimination, MCT demonstrated a similar elimination rate as RTS but the lowest extent of elimination among the three PAs, and CLI exhibited significantly faster elimination than MCT and RTS. Moreover, the formation of PA N-oxide, which only occurs in retronecine-type PAs, was remarkably less in MCT-treated rats compared to RTS-treated ones. Of note, the retronecine-type RTS and MCT induced more PPAs via p.o. than i.v. administration route, whereas the otonecine-type CLI showed the opposite trend. CONCLUSION Dramatic TK differences, including not only PAs but also PA N-oxides and the derived protein adduct PPAs, were found among structurally diverse PAs in rats, laying the basis for varied hepatotoxic potencies induced by different PA-containing herbal products. Notably, our findings for the first time uncovered that oral administration of retronecine-type PAs might cause severer toxicity compared with the intravenous route, which warrants further in-depth exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen Ching To
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Yueyang Pan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Yisheng He
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Pan J, Wu C, Tan R, Liao Y, Zhao G, Li W, Peng Y, Li W, Zheng J. Difference in hepatotoxicity of furan-containing components in cortex dictamni correlates the efficiency of their metabolic activation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 114:154778. [PMID: 36996529 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortex Dictamni (CD) has been associated with an increased risk of liver injury, which may be attributable to the metabolic activation of its furan-containing components (FCC). However, the hepatotoxic potencies of these FCCs and the mechanisms behind the differences in their toxicity intensity remain unknown. METHODS The constituents of CD extract were determined by LC-MS/MS. Potentially toxic FCCs were screened by a previously published method. Hepatotoxicity of potentially toxic FCCs was evaluated in cultured mouse primary hepatocytes and mice. The ability to deplete hepatic glutathione (GSH), along with the formation of the corresponding GSH conjugates, resulting from the metabolic activation was determined ex vivo in mice. Intrinsic clearance rates (CLint,Vmax/Km) were assessed by a microsome-bases assay. RESULTS A total of 18 FCCs were detected in CD extract. Among them, four FCCs, including rutaevin (RUT), limonin (LIM), obacunone (OBA) and fraxinellone (FRA) were found to be bioactivated in microsomal incubations. Only FRA displayed significant hepatotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Similarly, FRA caused GSH depletion and GSH conjugation the most in vivo. The order of CLint for the four FCCs was FRA>>OBA>LIM>RUT. CONCLUSION FRA is the major toxic FCC component of hepatotoxic CD extract. The hepatotoxicity of FCCs is closely related to the efficiency of their metabolic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, PR China; School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, PR China; Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, PR China
| | - Chutian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, PR China
| | - Rong Tan
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, PR China
| | - Yufen Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, PR China
| | - Guode Zhao
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China.
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, PR China; Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, PR China.
| | - Jiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, PR China; Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, PR China; Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China.
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Lehmann A, Geburek I, These A, Hessel-Pras S, Hengstler JG, Albrecht W, Mielke H, Müller-Graf C, Yang X, Kloft C, Hethey C. PBTK modeling of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid retrorsine to predict liver toxicity in mouse and rat. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1319-1333. [PMID: 36906727 PMCID: PMC10110657 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Retrorsine is a hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) found in herbal supplements and medicines, food and livestock feed. Dose-response studies enabling the derivation of a point of departure including a benchmark dose for risk assessment of retrorsine in humans and animals are not available. Addressing this need, a physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model of retrorsine was developed for mouse and rat. Comprehensive characterization of retrorsine toxicokinetics revealed: both the fraction absorbed from the intestine (78%) and the fraction unbound in plasma (60%) are high, hepatic membrane permeation is dominated by active uptake and not by passive diffusion, liver metabolic clearance is 4-fold higher in rat compared to mouse and renal excretion contributes to 20% of the total clearance. The PBTK model was calibrated with kinetic data from available mouse and rat studies using maximum likelihood estimation. PBTK model evaluation showed convincing goodness-of-fit for hepatic retrorsine and retrorsine-derived DNA adducts. Furthermore, the developed model allowed to translate in vitro liver toxicity data of retrorsine to in vivo dose-response data. Resulting benchmark dose confidence intervals (mg/kg bodyweight) are 24.1-88.5 in mice and 79.9-104 in rats for acute liver toxicity after oral retrorsine intake. As the PBTK model was built to enable extrapolation to different species and other PA congeners, this integrative framework constitutes a flexible tool to address gaps in the risk assessment of PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Lehmann
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 12169, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ina Geburek
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja These
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hessel-Pras
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Technical University of Dortmund, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Wiebke Albrecht
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Technical University of Dortmund, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hans Mielke
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christine Müller-Graf
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Charlotte Kloft
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 12169, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Hethey
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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Widjaja F, Zheng L, Wesseling S, Rietjens IMCM. Physiologically based kinetic modeling of senecionine N-oxide in rats as a new approach methodology to define the effects of dose and endpoint used on relative potency values of pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1125146. [PMID: 36937884 PMCID: PMC10017778 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1125146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 1,000 pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and their N-oxides (PA-N-oxides) occur in 3% of all flowering plants. PA-N-oxides are toxic when reduced to their parent PAs, which are bioactivated into pyrrole intermediates that generate protein- and DNA-adducts resulting in liver toxicity and carcinogenicity. Literature data for senecionine N-oxide in rats indicate that the relative potency (REP) value of this PA-N-oxide compared to its parent PA senecionine varies with the endpoint used. The first endpoint was the ratio between the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) for senecionine upon dosing senecionine N-oxide or an equimolar dose of senecionine, while the second endpoint was the ratio between the amount for pyrrole-protein adducts formed under these conditions. This study aimed to investigate the mode of action underlying this endpoint dependent REP value for senecionine N-oxide with physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modeling. Results obtained reveal that limitation of 7-GS-DHP adduct formation due to GSH depletion, resulting in increased pyrrole-protein adduct formation, occurs more likely upon high dose oral PA administration than upon an equimolar dose of PA-N-oxide. At high dose levels, this results in a lower REP value when based on pyrrole-protein adduct levels than when based on PA concentrations. At low dose levels, the difference no longer exists. Altogether, the results of the study show how the REP value for senecionine N-oxide depends on dose and endpoint used, and that PBK modeling provides a way to characterize REP values for PA-N-oxides at realistic low dietary exposure levels, thus reducing the need for animal experiments.
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Xiao L, Hu L, Chu H, Chen L, Yan J, Wang W, Yang X, Zhu Q, Du F, Song Y, Chen P, Hou X, Yang L. Retrorsine Cooperates with Gut Microbiota to Promote Hepatic Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome by Disrupting the Gut Barrier. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2022; 10:1086-1098. [PMID: 36381109 PMCID: PMC9634772 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2021.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS) is a life-threatening syndrome, and a cause is exposure to pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA)-containing products. It is well-established that retrorsine (RTS), a representative Pas, insults hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells and ensues congestion of hepatic sinusoids. However, little known about the impact of Pas on gut microbiota and intestinal barrier and inflammation in HSOS. METHODS Mice were gavaged with or without nonabsorbable antibiotics (ABX), followed by a single dose of RTS. The gut microbiota was examined by 16S rDNA sequencing. RESULTS ABX pretreatment significantly reversed RTS-induced liver damage. RTS altered gut microbiota composition, increasing Gram-negative bacteria and resulting in a sharp elevation of circulating lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in HSOS mice. Gut decontamination with ABX alleviated RTS-induced intestine inflammation, protected against disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier and gut vascular barrier (GVB), and suppressed hepatic LPS-NF-κB pathway activation in RTS-induced HSOS. Importantly, the LPS level was positively correlated with MELD score in patients with HSOS. Elevated LPS in patients with HSOS confirmed that Gram-negative bacteria were involved in the pathogenesis of HSOS. CONCLUSIONS RTS, a PA, cooperated with gut dysbiosis to cause intestinal inflammation and gut barrier compromise that increased transport of gut-derived LPS into the liver through the portal vein, which contributed to the pathology of HSOS. Modulating the gut microbiota, protecting the intestinal barrier, and suppressing intestinal inflammation with prebiotics or antibiotics might be a useful pharmacologic intervention in HSOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lilin Hu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huikuan Chu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liuying Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jingjing Yan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoqian Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | | | - Fan Du
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuhu Song
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Ling Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Correspondence to: Ling Yang, Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0751-5600. Tel: +86-27-85726678, +86-13971178791, Fax: +86-27-85726678, E-mail: , mailto:
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9
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Li J, Li X, Zhou M, Lai X, Li W, Zheng J. Evaluating and predicting the correlations of hepatic concentration and pyrrole-protein adduction with hepatotoxicity induced by retrorsine based on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. Toxicol Lett 2022; 373:152-159. [PMID: 36464202 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Retrosine (RTS) is a pyrrolozidine alkaloid and a known hepatotoxin that widely exist in nature. The mechanisms involved in toxic action of pyrrolizidine alkaloids need further investigation. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the correlation of RTS hepatotoxicity with hepatic RTS concentration and pyrrole-protein adduction. Mice were intragastrically treated with RTS alone or RTS and ketoconazole (KTZ) simultaneously. Sera and liver tissues were collected at various time points after administration, followed by the determination of changes in serum transaminase activity, hepatic RTS concentration and pyrrole-protein adduction. The correlation of RTS hepatotoxicity with hepatic RTS concentration and hepatic pyrrole-protein adduction were examined by use of Sigmoid-Emax PK/PD models. Dose-dependent hepatotoxicity, hepatic RTS concentration and pyrrole-protein adduction were observed in the animals, which could be modulated by co-treatment with KTZ. The fit parameters indicated pyrrole-protein adduction was more closely related with liver injury than hepatic RTS concentration. Similar correlation was observed in mice given low-dose of RTS for 4 consecutive days. RTS hepatotoxicity is correlated with hepatic pyrrole-protein adduction derived from RTS rather than hepatic RTS concentration. The observed protein modification would be a good indicator to predict the hepatoxicity of RTS at low dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- School of Basic Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Ximei Li
- School of Basic Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Mengyue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China; Center for Drug Inspection of Guizhou Medical Products Administration, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoqiong Lai
- School of Basic Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Weiwei Li
- School of Basic Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China.
| | - Jiang Zheng
- School of Basic Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China; Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
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10
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Kurimoto M, Chang T, Nishiyama Y, Suzuki T, Dohmae N, Tanaka K, Yokoshima S. Anticancer Approach Inspired by the Hepatotoxic Mechanism of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids with Glycosylated Artificial Metalloenzymes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205541. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michitaka Kurimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Tsung‐che Chang
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yoshitake Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science 2-1 Hirosawa Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science 2-1 Hirosawa Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Katsunori Tanaka
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokoshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
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11
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Risk Assessment of (Herbal) Teas Containing Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids (PAs) Based on Margin of Exposure Approach and Relative Potency (REP) Factors. Foods 2022; 11:foods11192946. [PMID: 36230022 PMCID: PMC9564199 DOI: 10.3390/foods11192946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) present distinct toxicity potencies depending on their metabolites and in vivo toxicokinetics. To represent the potency differences of various PAs, the interim relative potency (REP) factors have been derived. However, little is known about the risk assessment for (herbal) teas when taking REP factors into account. In this study, a set of 68 individual 1,2-unsaturated PA in 21 types of (herbal) teas was analyzed using LC-MS/MS. The REP factors for these PAs were applied on the PA levels. The margin of exposure (MOE) approach was employed to assess the risks of the exposure to PAs due to consumption of (herbal) teas. The results show that the total PA levels ranged from 13.4 to 286,682.2 μg/kg d.m., which were decreased by REP correction in most of the teas. The MOE values for tephroseris, borage and lemon balm (melissa) tea based on REP-corrected PA levels were below 10,000, assuming daily consumption of one cup of tea during a lifetime, indicating that consuming these teas may raise a concern. Our study also indicates a priority for risk management for tephroseris tea, as having nephrosis tea for more than 11.2 weeks during a 75-year lifetime would result in an MOE of 10,000.
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12
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Kurimoto M, Chang TC, Nishiyama Y, Suzuki T, Dohmae N, Tanaka K, Yokoshima S. Anticancer Approach Inspired by the Hepatotoxic Mechanism of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids with Glycosylated Artificial Metalloenzymes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tsung-che Chang
- Rikagaku Kenkyujo RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research JAPAN
| | | | | | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Rikagaku Kenkyujo Biomolecular Characterization Unit JAPAN
| | | | - Satoshi Yokoshima
- Nagoya Daigaku Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku 464-8601 Nagoya JAPAN
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13
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Hepatic RNA adduction derived from metabolic activation of retrorsine in vitro and in vivo. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 365:110047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Wang X, Ding Z, Ma K, Sun C, Zheng X, You Y, Zhang S, Peng Y, Zheng J. Cysteine-Based Protein Covalent Binding and Hepatotoxicity Induced by Emodin. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:293-302. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Zifang Ding
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Kaiqi Ma
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Chen Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojiao Zheng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Yutong You
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
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15
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Li J, Zhou M, Lai X, Wang Y, Zou Y, Li K, Li W, Zheng J. Toxicokinetic and bioavailability studies on retrorsine in mice, and ketoconazole-induced alteration in toxicokinetic properties. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 36:e5270. [PMID: 34727371 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Retrorsine (RTS) is a toxic retronecine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloid, which is widely distributed. The purpose of this study was to develop a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method for serum RTS determination in mice. Serum samples were deproteinated by acetonitrile, separated on a C18 -PFP column and delivered at 0.8 ml/min with an eluting system composed of water containing 0.1% (v/v) formic acid and acetonitrile containing 0.1% (v/v) formic acid as mobile phases. RTS and the internal standard S-hexylglutathione (H-GSH) were quantitatively monitored with precursor-to-product transitions of m/z 352.1 → 120.1 and m/z 392.2 → 246.3, respectively. The method showed excellent linearity over the concentration range 0.05-50 μg/ml, with correlation coefficient r2 = 0.9992. The extraction recovery was >86.34%, and the matrix effect was not significant. Inter- and intra-day precisions (RSD) were <4.99%. The validated LC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to study the toxicokinetic profiles of serum RTS in mice after intravenous, oral administration and co-treated with ketoconazole, which showed that RTS displayed a long half-life (~11.05 h) and good bioavailability (81.80%). Co-administration of ketoconazole (KTZ) increased the peak serum concentration and area under the concentration-time curve and decreased the clearance and mean residence time. Summing up, a new standardized method was established for quantitative determination of RTS in sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines and Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education and Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Mengyue Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines and Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education and Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Lai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines and Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education and Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines and Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education and Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Ying Zou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines and Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education and Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Kunna Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines and Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education and Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines and Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education and Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines and Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education and Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
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16
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Guo L, Zhang L, Xu H, Yu P, Wang Z, Lu D, Chen M, Wu B. Diurnal hepatic CYP3A11 contributes to chronotoxicity of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid retrorsine in mice. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:1019-1028. [PMID: 34311664 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1950867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
1. Retrorsine (RTS) is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid (distributed in many medicinal plants) that has significant hepatotoxicity. Here, we aimed to determine the daily variations in RTS hepatotoxicity (chronotoxicity) in mice, and to investigate the role of metabolism in generating RTS chronotoxicity.2. Acute toxicity and pharmacokinetic studies were performed with mice after RTS administration at different times of the day. Hepatotoxicity was assessed by measuring plasma ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and AST (aspartate aminotransferase) levels. mRNA and proteins were determined by qPCR and Western blotting, respectively. Time-dependent in vitro metabolism of RTS was assessed by using mouse liver microsomes.3. We found that RTS toxicity was more severe in the dark phase (zeitgeber time 14 or ZT14 and ZT18) than in the light phase (ZT2 and ZT6). This chronotoxicity was associated with a dosing time difference in the systemic exposures of RTS and a pyrrolic ester metabolite (a cause of hepatotoxicity, measured by the levels of pyrrole-GSH conjugate and pyrrole-protein adducts due to a high chemical reactivity). Moreover, the CYP3A11 (a major enzyme for RTS bioactivation) inhibitor ketoconazole decreased the production of pyrrole-GSH conjugate and abrogated diurnal rhythm in RTS metabolism. In addition, E4bp4 (a circadian regulator of Cyp3a11) ablation abolished the rhythm of CYP3A11 expression and abrogated the dosing time-dependency of RTS toxicity.4. In conclusion, RTS chronotoxicity in mice was attributed to time-varying hepatic metabolism regulated by the circadian clock. Our findings have implications for reducing pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced toxicity via a chronotherapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Torch Development Zone Hospital, Zhongshan, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Pei Yu
- Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danyi Lu
- Jinan University, College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Chen
- Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baojian Wu
- Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Guo Y, Yang C, Guo R, Huang R, Su Y, Wang S, Kong Y, Wang J, Tan C, Mo C, Wu C, Zhao B. CHOP Regulates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Hepatoxicity Induced by Monocrotaline. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:685895. [PMID: 34108882 PMCID: PMC8181757 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.685895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocrotaline (MCT), a pyrrolizidine alkaloid, is the major toxin in Crotalaria, which causes cell apoptosis in humans and animals. It has been reported that the liver is a vulnerable target of MCT. However, the exact molecular mechanism of the interaction between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and liver injury induced by MCT is still unclear. In this study, the cytotoxicity of MCT on primary rat hepatocytes was analyzed by a CCK-8 assay and Annexin V-FITC/PI assay. Protein expression was detected by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. As a result, MCT significantly decreased the cell viability and mediated the apoptosis of primary rat hepatocytes. Meanwhile, MCT could also induce ER stress in hepatocytes, indicated by the expression of ER stress-related proteins, including GRP78, p-IRE1α, ATF6, p-eIF2α, ATF4, and CHOP. Pretreatment with 4-PBA, an inhibitor of ER stress, or knockdown of CHOP by siRNA could partly enhance cell viability and relieve the apoptosis. Our findings indicate that ER stress is involved in the hepatotoxicity induced by MCT, and CHOP plays an important role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Institute of Poisonous Plants in Western China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chen Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Institute of Poisonous Plants in Western China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Rong Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Institute of Poisonous Plants in Western China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ruijie Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Institute of Poisonous Plants in Western China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yongxia Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Institute of Poisonous Plants in Western China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Institute of Poisonous Plants in Western China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yezi Kong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Institute of Poisonous Plants in Western China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Institute of Poisonous Plants in Western China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chengjian Tan
- Department of Biotechnology, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chonghui Mo
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Chenchen Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Institute of Poisonous Plants in Western China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Baoyu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Institute of Poisonous Plants in Western China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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18
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AlAli M, Alqubaisy M, Aljaafari MN, AlAli AO, Baqais L, Molouki A, Abushelaibi A, Lai KS, Lim SHE. Nutraceuticals: Transformation of Conventional Foods into Health Promoters/Disease Preventers and Safety Considerations. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092540. [PMID: 33925346 PMCID: PMC8123587 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutraceuticals are essential food constituents that provide nutritional benefits as well as medicinal effects. The benefits of these foods are due to the presence of active compounds such as carotenoids, collagen hydrolysate, and dietary fibers. Nutraceuticals have been found to positively affect cardiovascular and immune system health and have a role in infection and cancer prevention. Nutraceuticals can be categorized into different classes based on their nature and mode of action. In this review, different classifications of nutraceuticals and their potential therapeutic activity, such as anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-lipid activity in disease will be reviewed. Moreover, the different mechanisms of action of these products, applications, and safety upon consumers including current trends and future prospect of nutraceuticals will be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudhi AlAli
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.A.); (M.N.A.); (A.O.A.); (L.B.); (K.-S.L.)
| | - Maream Alqubaisy
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.A.); (M.N.A.); (A.O.A.); (L.B.); (K.-S.L.)
| | - Mariam Nasser Aljaafari
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.A.); (M.N.A.); (A.O.A.); (L.B.); (K.-S.L.)
| | - Asma Obaid AlAli
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.A.); (M.N.A.); (A.O.A.); (L.B.); (K.-S.L.)
| | - Laila Baqais
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.A.); (M.N.A.); (A.O.A.); (L.B.); (K.-S.L.)
| | - Aidin Molouki
- Department of Avian Disease Research and Diagnostic, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj 31585-854, Iran;
| | - Aisha Abushelaibi
- Dubai Colleges, Higher Colleges of Technology, Dubai 16062, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Kok-Song Lai
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.A.); (M.N.A.); (A.O.A.); (L.B.); (K.-S.L.)
| | - Swee-Hua Erin Lim
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.A.); (M.N.A.); (A.O.A.); (L.B.); (K.-S.L.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +971-56-389-3757
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19
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He Y, Zhu L, Ma J, Wong L, Zhao Z, Ye Y, Fu PP, Lin G. Comprehensive investigation and risk study on pyrrolizidine alkaloid contamination in Chinese retail honey. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115542. [PMID: 33254676 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are common phytotoxins. We performed the first comprehensive investigation on PA contamination in Chinese honeys. LC-MS analysis revealed that 58% of 255 honey samples purchased from 17 regions across Mainland China and Taiwan contained PAs with total content ranging over 0.2-281.1 μg/kg. Monocrotaline (from Crotalaria spp), a PA never found in honey in other regions, together with echimidine (Echium plantagineum) and lycopsamine (from Senecio spp.), were three predominant PAs in PA-contaminated Chinese honeys. Further, PAs present in honeys were found to have geographically distinct pattern, indicating possible control of such contamination in future honey production. Moreover, we proposed a new risk estimation approach, which considered both content and toxic potency of individual PAs in honeys, and found that 12% of the PA-contaminated Chinese honeys tested might pose potential health risk. This study revealed a high prevalence and potential health risk of PA contamination in Chinese honeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisheng He
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines between the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines between the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Jiang Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines between the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Lailai Wong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhongzhen Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Ye
- Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines between the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Peter P Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines between the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
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Female-specific activation of pregnane X receptor mediates sex difference in fetal hepatotoxicity by prenatal monocrotaline exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 406:115137. [PMID: 32682830 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a group of hepatic toxicant widely present in plants. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A plays a key role in metabolic activation of PAs to generate electrophilic metabolites, which is the main cause of hepatotoxicity. We have previously demonstrated the sex difference in developmental toxicity and hepatotoxicity in fetal rats exposed to monocrotaline (MCT), a representative toxic PA. The aim of this study was to explore the underlying mechanism. 20 mg·kg-1·d-1 MCT was intragastrically given to pregnant Wistar rats from gestation day 9 to 20. CYP3As expression and pregnane X receptor (PXR) activation were specifically enhanced in female fetal liver. After MCT treatment, we also observed a significant increase of CYP3As expression in LO2 cells (high PXR level) or hPXR-transfected HepG2 cells (low PXR level). Employing hPXR and CYP3A4 dual-luciferase reporter gene assay, we confirmed the agonism effect of MCT on PXR-dependent transcriptional activity of CYP3A4. Agonism and antagonism of the androgen receptor (AR) either induced or blocked MCT-induced PXR activation, respectively. This study was the first report identifying that MCT served as PXR agonist to induce CYP3A expression. CYP3A induction may increase self-metabolic activation of MCT and subsequently lead to more severe hepatotoxicity in female fetus. While in male, during the intrauterine period, activated AR by testosterone secretion from developing testes represses MCT-induced PXR activation and CYP3A induction, which may partially protect male fetus from MCT-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Suparmi S, Wesseling S, Rietjens IMCM. Monocrotaline-induced liver toxicity in rat predicted by a combined in vitro physiologically based kinetic modeling approach. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3281-3295. [PMID: 32518961 PMCID: PMC7415757 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02798-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to use an in vitro–in silico approach to predict the in vivo acute liver toxicity of monocrotaline and to characterize the influence of its metabolism on its relative toxic potency compared to lasiocarpine and riddelliine. In the absence of data on acute liver toxicity of monocrotaline upon oral exposure, the predicted dose–response curve for acute liver toxicity in rats and the resulting benchmark dose lower and upper confidence limits for 10% effect (BMDL10 and BMDU10) were compared to data obtained in studies with intraperitoneal or subcutaneous dosing regimens. This indicated the predicted BMDL10 value to be in line with the no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) derived from availabe in vivo studies. The predicted BMDL10–BMDU10 of 1.1–4.9 mg/kg bw/day also matched the oral dose range of 1–3 mg PA/kg bw/day at which adverse effects in human are reported. A comparison to the oral toxicity of the related pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) lasiocarpine and riddelliine revealed that, although in the rat hepatocytes monocrotaline was less toxic than lasiocarpine and riddelliine, due to its relatively inefficient clearance, its in vivo acute liver toxicity was predicted to be comparable. It is concluded that the combined in vitro-PBK modeling approach can provide insight in monocrotaline-induced acute liver toxicity in rats, thereby filling existing gaps in the database on PA toxicity. Furthermore, the results reveal that the kinetic and metabolic properties of PAs can vary substantially and should be taken into account when considering differences in relative potency between different PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suparmi Suparmi
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Sultan Agung, Jl. Raya Kaligawe KM 4, Semarang, 50112, Indonesia.
| | - Sebastiaan Wesseling
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Schrenk D, Gao L, Lin G, Mahony C, Mulder PP, Peijnenburg A, Pfuhler S, Rietjens IM, Rutz L, Steinhoff B, These A. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and phytomedicine: Occurrence, exposure, toxicity, mechanisms, and risk assessment - A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 136:111107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.111107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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23
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Cheng T, Li W, Yang X, Wang H, Zhang F, Li N, Lin G, Zheng J. Antibody-based detection of lysine modification of hepatic protein in mice treated with retrorsine. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS 2020; 38:315-328. [PMID: 33382013 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2020.1832411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), an important class of natural products, are hepatotoxic and carcinogenic. Increased attention has been paid to PA poisoning cases worldwide. Generally, most PAs themselves are not toxic. However, reactive intermediates formed from PAs by metabolic oxidation have been linked to toxicity and carcinogenesis. PAs themselves are generally not toxic, and their reactive metabolites resulting from metabolic oxidation are considered to be an essential responsible for PA toxicities. Protein modification by the electrophilic metabolites is proposed to play a key role in PA-induced cytotoxicity. The present study investigated the interaction of lysine residues of proteins with reactive metabolites of toxic PAs. Antibodies selectively recognizing lysine-based protein adduction were prepared and characterized. ELISA and immunoblot methods, in the presence and absence of synthetic model PA adducts, were used to test specific binding of the antibodies to modified lysine residues of BSA and to hepatic proteins extracted from mice treated with retrorsine. The lysine residue adduction was also detected in the tissues of retrorsine-treated mice by use of an immunohistochemical approach. In conclusion, the prepared antibodies selectively recognized the lysine adducts and may be used for the investigation of mechanisms of toxic action of PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Huali Wang
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Na Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Jiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P. R. China
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P. R. China
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Tsuchida T, Murata S, Matsuki K, Mori A, Matsuo M, Mikami S, Okamoto S, Ueno Y, Tadokoro T, Zheng YW, Taniguchi H. The Regenerative Effect of Portal Vein Injection of Liver Organoids by Retrorsine/Partial Hepatectomy in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010178. [PMID: 31887985 PMCID: PMC6981799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we reveal that liver organoid transplantation through the portal vein is a safe and effective method for the treatment of chronic liver damage. The liver organoids significantly reconstituted the hepatocytes; hence, the liver was significantly enlarged in this group, compared to the monolayer cell transplantation group in the retrorsine/partial hepatectomy (RS/PH) model. In the liver organoid transplantation group, the bile ducts were located in the donor area and connected to the recipient bile ducts. Thus, the rate of bile reconstruction in the liver was significantly higher compared to that in the monolayer group. By transplanting liver organoids, we saw a level of 70% replacement of the damaged liver. Consequently, in the transplantation group, diminished ductular reaction and a decrease of placental glutathione S-transferase (GST-p) precancerous lesions were observed. After trans-portal injection, the human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived liver organoids revealed no translocation outside the liver; in contrast, the monolayer cells had spread to the lungs. The hiPSC-derived liver organoids were attached to the liver in the immunodeficient RS/PH rats. This study clearly demonstrates that liver organoid transplantation through the portal vein is a safe and effective method for the treatment of chronic liver damage in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Tsuchida
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.T.); (K.M.); (A.M.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (S.O.); (Y.U.); (T.T.); (Y.-W.Z.)
| | - Soichiro Murata
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.T.); (K.M.); (A.M.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (S.O.); (Y.U.); (T.T.); (Y.-W.Z.)
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (H.T.); Tel./Fax: +81-45-787-8963 (S.M. & H.T.)
| | - Koichiro Matsuki
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.T.); (K.M.); (A.M.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (S.O.); (Y.U.); (T.T.); (Y.-W.Z.)
| | - Akihiro Mori
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.T.); (K.M.); (A.M.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (S.O.); (Y.U.); (T.T.); (Y.-W.Z.)
| | - Megumi Matsuo
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.T.); (K.M.); (A.M.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (S.O.); (Y.U.); (T.T.); (Y.-W.Z.)
| | - Satoshi Mikami
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.T.); (K.M.); (A.M.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (S.O.); (Y.U.); (T.T.); (Y.-W.Z.)
| | - Satoshi Okamoto
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.T.); (K.M.); (A.M.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (S.O.); (Y.U.); (T.T.); (Y.-W.Z.)
| | - Yasuharu Ueno
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.T.); (K.M.); (A.M.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (S.O.); (Y.U.); (T.T.); (Y.-W.Z.)
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tomomi Tadokoro
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.T.); (K.M.); (A.M.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (S.O.); (Y.U.); (T.T.); (Y.-W.Z.)
| | - Yun-Wen Zheng
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.T.); (K.M.); (A.M.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (S.O.); (Y.U.); (T.T.); (Y.-W.Z.)
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hideki Taniguchi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.T.); (K.M.); (A.M.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (S.O.); (Y.U.); (T.T.); (Y.-W.Z.)
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (H.T.); Tel./Fax: +81-45-787-8963 (S.M. & H.T.)
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25
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Gao L, Rutz L, Schrenk D. Structure-dependent hepato-cytotoxic potencies of selected pyrrolizidine alkaloids in primary rat hepatocyte culture. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 135:110923. [PMID: 31672516 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Contamination of food, feed and herbal medicines with plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) leads to measurable amounts of PA in many products. Since a number of PA are hepatotoxic in humans and animals and hepato-carcinogenic in animal experiments, the assessment of the relative toxic potencies of widely occurring PA contaminants warrants detailed investigation. Here, we studied the hepato-cytotoxic potencies of a number of relevant PA congeners in rat hepatocytes in primary culture. It was found that cyclic and open di-esters were much more toxic than mono-esters. Furthermore, the hepatocellular levels of cytochrome P450-catalyzed 7-benzoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (BROD) activity decreasing over time in culture, played an important role for activation of PA into cytotoxic metabolites. With a highly toxic PA (lasiocarpine), inhibition of BROD activity with ketoconazole markedly reduced toxicity while this was not obvious with the less toxic congener lycopsamine. Depletion of cellular glutathione with buthionine sulfoximine had no significant influence on the effects of highly toxic PA whereas it slightly increased toxicity of less potent congeners. Overall, our data partially confirm previously published structure-dependent interim Relative Potency (iREP) factors although for echimidine and monocrotaline in particular, substantial deviations were found, possibly due to specific toxicokinetic properties of these congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Gao
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Lukas Rutz
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Dieter Schrenk
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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26
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In vitro metabolism of pyrrolizidine alkaloids - Metabolic degradation and GSH conjugate formation of different structure types. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 135:110868. [PMID: 31586656 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) forming plants are found worldwide and may contaminate food products at levels being of concern for human health. Due to the high biodiversity of PA producing plants many different types of PA structures are formed. PAs themselves are not toxic but require metabolic activation to exert toxicity. To investigate if the structure of the PAs affects their in vitro metabolism, we incubated a set of 22 PAs and compared the degradation rates and the amount of formed glutathione (GSH) conjugates. With human liver microsomes, no metabolic degradation of monoesters was found. Degradation rates of diester PAs tended to correlate with their hydrophilicity, whereby the more polar and branched-chained PAs exhibited lower degradation. There was a trend towards higher degradation rates in the presence of rat liver microsomes, but the GSH conjugate levels were similar. Although an effective degradation seems to be related with high GSH conjugate levels, no clear correlation between both parameters could be deduced. For both species no GSH conjugates, or only trace amounts, were formed from monoesters. However, for both open-chained as well as cyclic diesters GSH conjugates were detected and determined levels were comparable for both ester types without major structure-dependent differences.
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27
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Ning J, Chen L, Rietjens IM. Role of toxicokinetics and alternative testing strategies in pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity and risk assessment; state-of-the-art and future perspectives. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110572. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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28
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Czekaj P, Król M, Limanówka Ł, Michalik M, Lorek K, Gramignoli R. Assessment of animal experimental models of toxic liver injury in the context of their potential application as preclinical models for cell therapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 861:172597. [PMID: 31408648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical animal models allow to study development and progression of several diseases, including liver disorders. These studies, for ethical reasons and medical limits, are impossible to carry out in human patients. At the same time, such experimental models constitute an important source of knowledge on pathomechanisms for drug- and virus-induced hepatotoxicity, both acute and chronic. Carbon tetrachloride, D-Galactosamine, and retrorsine are xenobiotics that can be used in immunocompetent animal models of hepatotoxicity, where chemical-intoxicated livers present histological features representative of human viruses-related infection. A prolonged derangement into liver architecture and functions commonly lead to cirrhosis, eventually resulting in hepatocellular carcinoma. In human, orthotopic liver transplantation commonly resolve most the problems related to cirrhosis. However, the shortage of donors does not allow all the patients in the waiting list to receive an organ on time. A promising alternative treatment for acute and chronic liver disease has been advised in liver cell transplantation, but the limited availability of hepatocytes for clinical approaches, in addition to the immunosuppressant regiment required to sustain cellular long-term engraftment have been encouraging the use of alternative cell sources. A recent effective source of stem cells have been recently identified in the human amnion membrane. Human amnion epithelial cells (hAEC) have been preclinically tested and proven sufficient to rescue immunocompetent rodents lethally intoxicated with drugs. The adoption of therapeutic procedures based on hAEC transplant in immunocompetent recipients affected by liver diseases, as well as patients with immune-related disorders, may constitute a successful new alternative therapy in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Czekaj
- Department of Cytophysiology, Chair of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland, Medyków 18 str., 40-752, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Król
- Students Scientific Society, Department of Cytophysiology, Chair of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland, Medyków 18 str., 40-752, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Limanówka
- Students Scientific Society, Department of Cytophysiology, Chair of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland, Medyków 18 str., 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marcin Michalik
- Students Scientific Society, Department of Cytophysiology, Chair of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland, Medyków 18 str., 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Lorek
- Students Scientific Society, Department of Cytophysiology, Chair of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland, Medyków 18 str., 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Roberto Gramignoli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), H5, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 14152, Huddinge, Sweden.
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Guo X, Chen Y, Li Q, Yang X, Zhao G, Peng Y, Zheng J. Studies on hepatotoxicity and toxicokinetics of colchicine. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 33:e22366. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiucai Guo
- Wuya College of InnovationShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Yan Chen
- Wuya College of InnovationShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Qingmei Li
- Wuya College of InnovationShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Wuya College of InnovationShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Guode Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical EngineeringShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuya College of InnovationShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Wuya College of InnovationShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal PlantsGuizhou Medical University Guiyang Guizhou China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou ProvinceGuizhou Medical University Guiyang Guizhou China
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30
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Lu Y, Ma J, Lin G. Development of a two-layer transwell co-culture model for the in vitro investigation of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced hepatic sinusoidal damage. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 129:391-398. [PMID: 31054999 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are hepatotoxic and specifically damage hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSECs) via cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs)-mediated metabolic activation. Due to the lack of CYPs in HSECs, currently there is no suitable cell model for investigating PA-induced HSEC injury. This study aimed to establish a two-layer transwell co-culture model that mimics hepatic environment by including HepaRG hepatocytes and HSECs to evaluate cytotoxicity of PAs on their major target HSECs. In this model, PAs were metabolically activated by CYPs in HepaRG hepatocytes to generate reactive pyrrolic metabolites, which react with co-cultured HSECs leading to HSEC damage. Three representative PAs, namely retrorsine, monocrotaline, and clivorine, induced significant concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in HSECs in the co-culture model, but did no cause obvious cytotoxicity directly in HSECs. Using the developed co-cultured model, further mechanism studies of retrorsine-induced HSEC damage demonstrated that the reactive pyrrolic metabolite generated by CYP-mediated bioactivation in HepaRG hepatocytes caused formation of pyrrole-protein adducts, reduction of GSH content, and generation of reactive oxygen species in HSECs, leading to cell apoptosis. The established co-culture model is reliable and applicable for cytotoxic assessment of PA-induced HSEC damage and offers a novel platform for screening toxicity of different PAs on their target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiang Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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31
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Luo J, Yang X, Qiu S, Li X, Xiang E, Fang Y, Wang Y, Zhang L, Wang H, Zheng J, Guo Y. Sex difference in monocrotaline-induced developmental toxicity and fetal hepatotoxicity in rats. Toxicology 2019; 418:32-40. [PMID: 30825512 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a class of hepatic toxins widely existing in plants. Cytochromes P450 (CYP) mediates PA bioactivation and toxicities in mammals. It has been reported that PAs can induce developmental toxicity, but systematic research is lacking. In this study, we investigated developmental toxicity of monocrotaline (MCT) in rats. Pregnant rats were administered with MCT (20 mg/kg) intragastrically from gestation day 9 to 20, followed by determination of changes in fetal growth, hepatic morphology, serum biochemical indices, and indicators of hepatocytes apoptosis. MCT was found to induce developmental toxicity and fetal hepatotoxicity, particularly in female fetuses. Metabolic activation was also studied by examination of bioactivation efficiency of MCT in fetal liver microsomes, serum MCT, pyrrole-protein adduction derived from MCT, and hepatic CYP3 A expression of fetuses in vivo. Male fetuses showed greater basal MCT bioactivation than that of female fetuses, but continuous exposure to MCT caused a selective CYP3 A induction in female fetuses, which may contribute to the sex difference in MCT-induced developmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyuan Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuaikai Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China.
| | - E Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550004, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China.
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Prenatal exposure to pyrrolizidine alkaloids induced hepatotoxicity and pulmonary injury in fetal rats. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 85:34-41. [PMID: 30771476 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic and pulmonary toxicity in fetal rats induced by pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) was investigated. Retrorsine (RTS) or monocrotaline (MCT) was intragastrically administered during pregnancy. The reduction of body and tail lengths was consistent with body weight loss in PA-exposed fetuses, and pathological lesions in liver and lung were observed only in fetuses. Both PAs reduced fetal serum transaminase activities. The GSH/GSSG ratio, GSH peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities also decreased but glutathione S-transferase activity increased in fetal lung, especially for MCT. The pyrrole-protein adducts in fetal liver and lung could be detected, and those adducts in RTS fetal lungs were about 65% of those in MCT group. In conclusion, prenatal PAs exposure induced fetal hepatic and pulmonary toxicities through the generation of pyrrole metabolites and oxidative injury. The difference on fetal pulmonary redox homeostasis between two PAs groups might be associated with the content of PAs migrated to fetal lungs.
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Helal NA, Eassa HA, Amer AM, Eltokhy MA, Edafiogho I, Nounou MI. Nutraceuticals' Novel Formulations: The Good, the Bad, the Unknown and Patents Involved. RECENT PATENTS ON DRUG DELIVERY & FORMULATION 2019; 13:105-156. [PMID: 31577201 PMCID: PMC6806606 DOI: 10.2174/1872211313666190503112040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditional nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals hold pragmatic nature with respect to their definitions, claims, purposes and marketing strategies. Their definitions are not well established worldwide. They also have different regulatory definitions and registration regulatory processes in different parts of the world. Global prevalence of nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals is noticeably high with large market share with minimal regulation compared to traditional drugs. The global market is flooded with nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals claiming to be of natural origin and sold with a therapeutic claim by major online retail stores such as Amazon and eBay. Apart from the traditional formulations, many manufacturers and researchers use novel formulation technologies in nutraceutical and cosmeceutical formulations for different reasons and objectives. Manufacturers tend to differentiate their products with novel formulations to increase market appeal and sales. On the other hand, researchers use novel strategies to enhance nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals activity and safety. The objective of this review is to assess the current patents and research adopting novel formulation strategies in nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals. Patents and research papers investigating nutraceutical and cosmeceutical novel formulations were surveyed for the past 15 years. Various nanosystems and advanced biotechnology systems have been introduced to improve the therapeutic efficacy, safety and market appeal of nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals, including liposomes, polymeric micelles, quantum dots, nanoparticles, and dendrimers. This review provides an overview of nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals current technologies, highlighting their pros, cons, misconceptions, regulatory definitions and market. This review also aims in separating the science from fiction in the nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals development, research and marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada A. Helal
- Both authors contributed equality to this manuscript
| | - Heba A. Eassa
- Both authors contributed equality to this manuscript
| | | | | | | | - Mohamed I. Nounou
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DPS), School of Pharmacy and Physician Assistant Studies (SOPPAS), University of Saint Joseph (USJ), Hartford, CT, 06103, USA;
E-mail:
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Yang X, Li W, Li H, Wang X, Chen Y, Guo X, Peng Y, Zheng J. A Difference in Internal Exposure Makes Newly Weaned Mice More Susceptible to the Hepatotoxicity of Retrorsine Than Adult Mice. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:1348-1355. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Xiucai Guo
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
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Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Oxidative Stress-Associated Liver Injury Induced by Chinese Herbal Medicine: An Experimental Evidence-Based Literature Review and Network Pharmacology Study. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092745. [PMID: 30217028 PMCID: PMC6165031 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, defined as a disequilibrium between pro-oxidants and antioxidants, can result in histopathological lesions with a broad spectrum, ranging from asymptomatic hepatitis to hepatocellular carcinoma in an orchestrated manner. Although cells are equipped with sophisticated strategies to maintain the redox biology under normal conditions, the abundance of redox-sensitive xenobiotics, such as medicinal ingredients originated from herbs or animals, can dramatically invoke oxidative stress. Growing evidence has documented that the hepatotoxicity can be triggered by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) during treating various diseases. Meanwhile, TCM-dependent hepatic disorder represents a strong correlation with oxidative stress, especially the persistent accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Of note, since TCM-derived compounds with their modulated targets are greatly diversified among themselves, it is complicated to elaborate the potential pathological mechanism. In this regard, data mining approaches, including network pharmacology and bioinformatics enrichment analysis have been utilized to scientifically disclose the underlying pathogenesis. Herein, top 10 principal TCM-modulated targets for oxidative hepatotoxicity including superoxide dismutases (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Bax, caspase-3, Bcl-2, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), and nitric oxide (NO) have been identified. Furthermore, hepatic metabolic dysregulation may be the predominant pathological mechanism involved in TCM-induced hepatotoxic impairment.
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Schöning V, Hammann F, Peinl M, Drewe J. Editor's Highlight: Identification of Any Structure-Specific Hepatotoxic Potential of Different Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids Using Random Forests and Artificial Neural Networks. Toxicol Sci 2018; 160:361-370. [PMID: 28973379 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are characteristic metabolites of some plant families and form a powerful defense mechanism against herbivores. More than 600 different PAs are known. PAs are ester alkaloids composed of a necine base and a necic acid, which can be used to divide PAs in different structural subcategories. The main target organs for PA metabolism and toxicity are liver and lungs. Additionally, PAs are potentially genotoxic, carcinogenic and exhibit developmental toxicity. Only for very few PAs, in vitro and in vivo investigations have characterized their toxic potential. However, these investigations suggest that structural differences have an influence on the toxicity of single PAs. To investigate this structural relationship for a large number of PAs, a quantitative structural-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis for hepatotoxicity of over 600 different PAs was performed, using Random Forest- and artificial Neural Networks-algorithms. These models were trained with a recently established dataset specific for acute hepatotoxicity in humans. Using this dataset, a set of molecular predictors was identified to predict the hepatotoxic potential of each compound in validated QSAR models. Based on these models, the hepatotoxic potential of the 602 PAs was predicted and the following hepatotoxic rank order in 3 main categories defined (1) for necine base: otonecine > retronecine > platynecine; (2) for necine base modification: dehydropyrrolizidine ≫ tertiary PA = N-oxide; and (3) for necic acid: macrocyclic diester ≥ open-ring diester > monoester. A further analysis with combined structural features revealed that necic acid has a higher influence on the acute hepatotoxicity than the necine base.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felix Hammann
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Basel, CH 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mark Peinl
- rt-mp Softwaredevelopment, D-63694 Limeshain, Germany
| | - Jürgen Drewe
- Max Zeller Söhne AG, CH 8590 Romanshorn, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Basel, CH 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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Khojasteh SC, Miller GP, Mitra K, Rietjens IMCM. Biotransformation and bioactivation reactions - 2017 literature highlights *. Drug Metab Rev 2018; 50:221-255. [PMID: 29954222 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1473875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This annual review is the third one to highlight recent advances in the study and assessment of biotransformations and bioactivations ( Table 1 ). We followed the same format as the previous years with selection and authoring each section (see Baillie et al. 2016 ; Khojasteh et al. 2017 ). We acknowledge that many universities no longer train students in mechanistic biotransformation studies reflecting a decline in the investment for those efforts by public funded granting institutions. We hope this work serves as a resource to appreciate the knowledge gained each year to understand and hopefully anticipate toxicological outcomes dependent on biotransformations and bioactivations. This effort itself also continues to evolve. I am pleased that Drs. Rietjens and Miller have again contributed to this annual review. We would like to welcome Kaushik Mitra as an author for this year's issue, and we thank Deepak Dalvie for his contributions to last year's edition. We have intentionally maintained a balance of authors such that two come from an academic setting and two come from industry. As always, please drop us a note if you find this review helpful. We would be pleased to hear your opinions of our commentary, and we extend an invitation to anyone who would like to contribute to a future edition of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cyrus Khojasteh
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Genentech, Inc , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Grover P Miller
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Kaushik Mitra
- c Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources , Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc , West Point , PA , USA
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Dusemund B, Nowak N, Sommerfeld C, Lindtner O, Schäfer B, Lampen A. Risk assessment of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food of plant and animal origin. Food Chem Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Li X, Yang X, Xiang E, Luo J, Qiu S, Fang Y, Zhang L, Guo Y, Zheng J, Wang H. Maternal-Fetal Disposition and Metabolism of Retrorsine in Pregnant Rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:422-428. [PMID: 29352068 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.079186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are extensively synthesized by plants, are commonly present in herbs and foodstuffs, and exhibit hepatotoxicity requiring metabolic activation by cytochrome P450 3A to form the electrophilic metabolites-pyrrolic esters. PAs also cause embryo toxicity, but the metabolic profiles of PAs in fetus and placenta have been far from clear. In this study, we determined the basal metabolic activation of retrorsine (RTS) in rat maternal liver, placenta, and fetal liver in vitro and examined the fetal toxicity and bioactivation of RTS in vivo. Detection of microsomal RTS metabolites in vitro showed that the basal metabolic activity of fetal liver and placenta to RTS was much weaker than that of maternal liver. In addition, a higher rate of pyrrolic ester formation was found in normal male fetal liver compared with that of female pups. In vivo exposure to RTS caused fetal growth retardation, as well as placental and fetal liver injury. Little difference in serum RTS was observed in dams and fetuses, but the content of pyrrole-protein adduction in the fetal liver was much lower than that in maternal liver, which was consistent with basal metabolic activity. Unexpectedly, compared with basal metabolism in fetal liver, exposure to RTS during middle and late pregnancy caused an opposite gender difference in RTS metabolism and CYP3A expression in the fetal liver. For the first time, our study showed that RTS can permeate the placenta barrier and entering fetal circulation, whereas the intrauterine pyrrolic metabolite was generated mainly by fetal liver but not transported from the maternal circulation. Induction of CYP3A by RTS was gender-dependent in the fetal liver, which was probably responsible for RTS-induced fetal hepatic injury, especially for female pups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
| | - E Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
| | - Jinyuan Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
| | - Shuaikai Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
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Abstract
By the turn of the twenty-first century, the use of nutraceuticals became increasingly popular in both humans and animals due to their easy access, cost-effectiveness, and tolerability with a wide margin of safety. While some nutraceuticals are safe, others have a toxic potential. For a large number of nutraceuticals, no toxicity/safety data are available due to a lack of pharmacological/toxicological studies. The safety of some nutraceuticals can be compromised via contamination with toxic plants, metals, mycotoxins, pesticides, fertilizers, drugs of abuse, etc. Knowledge of pharmacokinetic/toxicokinetic studies appears to play a pivotal role in safety and toxicity assessment of nutraceuticals. Interaction studies are essential to determine efficacy, safety, and toxicity when nutraceuticals and therapeutic drugs are used concomitantly. This chapter describes various aspects of nutraceuticals, particularly their toxic potential, and the factors influencing their safety.
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