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Cho H, Seo SE, Kwon OS, Kim HI. Photonic crystal-assisted sub-bandgap photocatalysis via triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion for the degradation of environmental organic pollutants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 477:135208. [PMID: 39067295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
This study explores novel approaches to enhance photocatalysis efficiency by introducing a photonic crystal (PC)-enhanced, multi-layered sub-bandgap photocatalytic reactor. The design aims to effectively utilize sub-bandgap photons that might otherwise go unused. The device consists of three types of layers: (1) two polymeric triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) layers converting low-energy green photons (λEx = 532 nm, 2.33 eV) to high-energy blue photons (λEm = 425 nm, 2.92 eV), (2) a platinum-decorated WO3 layer (Eg = 2.8 eV) serving as a visible-light photocatalyst, and (3) a PC layer optimizing both TTA-UC and photocatalysis. The integration of the PC layer resulted in a 1.9-fold increase in UC emission and a 7.9-fold enhancement in hydroxyl radical (•OH) generation, achieved under low-intensity sub-bandgap irradiation (17.6 mW cm-2). Consequently, the combined layered structure of TTA/Pt-WO3/TTA/PC achieved a remarkable 38.8-fold improvement in •OH production, leading to outstanding degradation capability for various organic pollutants (e.g., 4-chlorophenol, bisphenol A, and methylene blue). This multi-layered sub-bandgap photocatalytic structure, which uniquely combines TTA-UC and PC layers, offers valuable insights into designing efficient photocatalytic systems for future solar-driven environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haein Cho
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Koreaī
| | - Sung Eun Seo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Koreaī; SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh Seok Kwon
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Il Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Koreaī; Future City Open Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
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Arshad A, Castellano FN. Homomolecular Triplet-Triplet Annihilation in Metalloporphyrin Photosensitizers. J Phys Chem A 2024. [PMID: 39229891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c05052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Metalloporphyrins are ubiquitous in their applications as triplet photosensitizers, particularly for promoting sensitized photochemical upconversion processes. In this study, bimolecular excited state triplet-triplet quenching kinetics, termed homomolecular triplet-triplet annihilation (HTTA), exhibited by the traditional triplet photosensitizers-zinc(II) tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP), palladium(II) octaethylporphyrin (PdOEP), platinum(II) octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP), and platinum(II) tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphyrin (PtTPBP)─were revealed using conventional transient absorption spectroscopy. Nickel(II) tetraphenylporphyrin was used as a control sample as it is known to be rapidly quenched intramolecularly through ligand-field state deactivation and, therefore, cannot result in triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA). The single wavelength transients associated with the metalloporphyrin triplet excited state decay─measured as a function of incident laser pulse energy in toluene─were well modeled using parallel first- and second-order kinetics, consistent with HTTA being operable. The combined transient kinetic data enabled the determination of the first-order rate constants (kT) for excited triplet decay in ZnTPP (4.0 × 103 s-1), PdOEP (3.6 × 103 s-1), PtOEP (1.2 × 104 s-1), and PtTPBP (2.1 × 104 s-1) as well as the second-order rate constant (kTT) for HTTA in ZnTPP (5.5 × 109 M-1 s-1), PdOEP (1.1 × 1010 M-1 s-1), PtOEP (7.1 × 109 M-1 s-1), and PtTPBP (1.6 × 1010 M-1 s-1). In most instances, triplet excited state extinction coefficients are either reported for the first time or have been revised using ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy and singlet depletion: ZnTPP (78,000 M-1 cm-1) at 470 nm, PdOEP (67,000 M-1 cm-1) at 430 nm, PtOEP (51,000 M-1 cm-1) at 418 nm, and PtTPBP (100,000 M-1 cm-1) at 460 nm. The combined experimental results establish competitive time scales for homo- and heteromolecular TTA rate constants, implying the significance of considering HTTA processes in future research endeavors harnessing TTA photochemistry using common metalloporphyrin photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azka Arshad
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Felix N Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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Yang S, Qi B, Sun M, Dai W, Miao Z, Zheng W, Huang B, Wang J. Broadband Near-Infrared Light Excitation Generates Long-Lived Near-Infrared Luminescence in Gallates. ACS NANO 2024; 18:22465-22473. [PMID: 39106491 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c07471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Persistent luminescence describes the phenomenon whereby luminescence remains after the stoppage of excitation. Recently, upconversion persistent luminescence (UCPL) phosphors that can be directly charged by near-infrared (NIR) light have gained considerable attention due to their promising applications ranging from photonics to biomedicine. However, current lanthanide-based UCPL phosphors show small absorption cross sections and low upconversion charging efficiency. The development of UCPL phosphors faces challenges due to the lack of flexible upconversion charging pathways and poor design flexibility. Herein, we discovered a lattice defect-mediated broadband photon upconversion process and the accompanying NIR-to-NIR UCPL in Cr-doped zinc gallate nanoparticles. The zinc gallate nanoparticles can be directly activated by broadband NIR light in the 700-1000 nm range to produce persistent luminescence at about 700 nm, which is also readily enhanced by rationally tailoring the lattice defects in the phosphors. This proposed UCPL phosphor achieved a signal-to-background ratio of over 200 in bioimaging by efficiently avoiding interference from autofluorescence and light scattering. Our work reported a lattice defect-mediated photon upconversion phenomenon, which significantly expands the horizons for the flexible design of UCPL phosphors toward broad applications ranging from bioimaging to photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Yang
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry & Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Bing Qi
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry & Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Mingzi Sun
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wenjing Dai
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry & Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ziyun Miao
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry & Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, and State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Bolong Huang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jie Wang
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry & Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Dong Y, Shi Y, Chen S, Guo C, Zheng D, Gou H, Wan S, Ye C. Low blue-hazard white-light emission based on color-tunable triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 677:504-512. [PMID: 39154443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
The commonly used artificial light sources, such as fluorescent lamps and white light-emitting diodes, often have a high ratio of blue light emission, which poses potential blue light hazards, especially one of the main culprits leading to eye diseases. Therefore, developing novel white lighting sources with low blue-hazard is highly appreciated. In this work, an air-stable and color-tunable triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) mechanism was proposed to realize the low blue-hazard white-light emission. The proposed design was composed of three primary RGB colors from the annihilator (9,10-diphenylanthracene, DPA), the laser excitation source, and the photosensitizer (palladium (II) octaetylporphyrin, PdOEP), respectively. The introduction of oil-in-water (o/w) microemulsion can effectively block the potential oxygen-induced triplet-quenching and benefit high UC efficiency. Moreover, either raising ambient temperatures or adding isobutanol can activate the UC process to yield white-light emission. Notably, the white-light emission with a Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinate of (0.33, 0.33) as well as a low ratio of blue emission (14.2 %) was achieved at an ambient temperature of 42 °C. Therefore, the proposed air-stable TTA-UC mechanism can significantly lower the blue-hazard and provide a novel solution for applications in lighting and display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Yizhong Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Shuoran Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Cheng Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Daoyuan Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Haodong Gou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Shigang Wan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Changqing Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China.
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Glinka YD. Multiphoton-pumped UV-Vis transient absorption spectroscopy of 2D materials: basic concepts and recent applications. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:413002. [PMID: 38861998 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad56eb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
2D materials are considered a key element in the development of next-generation electronics (nanoelectronics) due to their extreme thickness in the nanometer range and unique physical properties. The ultrafast dynamics of photoexcited carriers in such materials are strongly influenced by their interfaces, since the thickness of 2D materials is much smaller than the typical depth of light penetration into their bulk counterparts and the mean free path of photoexcited carriers. The resulting collisions of photoexcited carriers with interfacial potential barriers of 2D materials in the presence of a strong laser field significantly alter the overall dynamics of photoexcitation, allowing laser light to be directly absorbed by carriers in the conduction/valence band through the inverse bremsstrahlung mechanism. The corresponding ultrafast carrier dynamics can be monitored using multiphoton-pumped UV-Vis transient absorption spectroscopy. In this review, we discuss the basic concepts and recent applications of this spectroscopy for a variety of 2D materials, including transition-metal dichalcogenide monolayers, topological insulators, and other 2D semiconductor structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri D Glinka
- The institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, United States of America
- Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine
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Jena S, Mohanty P, Rout Rout S, Kumar Pati S, Biswal HS. Thio and Seleno-Psoralens as Efficient Triplet Harvesting Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400733. [PMID: 38758636 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
The Psoralen (Pso) molecule finds extensive applications in photo-chemotherapy, courtesy of its triplet state forming ability. Sulfur and selenium replacement of exocyclic carbonyl oxygen of organic chromophores foster efficient triplet harvesting with near unity triplet quantum yield. These triplet-forming photosensitizers are useful in Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) applications for selective apoptosis of cancer cells. In this work, we have critically assessed the effect of the sulfur and selenium substitution at the exocyclic carbonyl (TPso and SePso, respectively) and endocyclic oxygen positions of Psoralen. It resulted in a significant redshifted absorption spectrum to access the PDT therapeutic window with increased oscillator strength. The reduction in singlet-triplet energy gap and enhancement in the spin-orbit coupling values increase the number of intersystem crossing (ISC) pathways to the triplet manifold, which shortens the ISC lifetime from 10-5 s for Pso to 10-8 s for TPso and 10-9 s for SePso. The intramolecular photo-induced electron transfer process, a competitive pathway to ISC, is also considerably curbed by exocyclic functionalizations. In addition, a maximum of 115 GM of two-photon absorption (2PA) with IR absorption (660-1050 nm) confirms that the Psoralen skeleton can be effectively tweaked via single chalcogen atom replacement to design a suitable PDT photosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrakant Jena
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Pranay Mohanty
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Saiprakash Rout Rout
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Saswat Kumar Pati
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Himansu S Biswal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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Bi P, Zhang T, Guo Y, Wang J, Chua XW, Chen Z, Goh WP, Jiang C, Chia EEM, Hou J, Yang L. Donor-acceptor bulk-heterojunction sensitizer for efficient solid-state infrared-to-visible photon up-conversion. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5719. [PMID: 38977685 PMCID: PMC11231359 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Solid-state infrared-to-visible photon up-conversion is important for spectral-tailoring applications. However, existing up-conversion systems not only suffer from low efficiencies and a need for high excitation intensity, but also exhibit a limited selection of materials and complex fabrication processes. Herein, we propose a sensitizer with a bulk-heterojunction structure, comprising both an energy donor and an energy acceptor, for triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion devices. The up-conversion occurs through charge separation at the donor-acceptor interface, followed by the formation of charge transfer state between the energy donor and annihilator following the spin statistics. The bulk-heterojunction sensitizer ensures efficient charge generation and low charge recombination. Hence, we achieve a highly efficient solid-state up-conversion device with 2.20% efficiency and low excitation intensity (10 mW cm-2) through a one-step solution method. We also demonstrate bright up-conversion devices on highly-flexible large-area substrates. This study introduces a simple and scalable platform strategy for fabricating efficient up-conversion devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengqing Bi
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, 637371, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jianqiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xian Wei Chua
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zhihao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wei Peng Goh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Changyun Jiang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Elbert E M Chia
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, 637371, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jianhui Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Le Yang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore.
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Republic of Singapore.
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Zhao T, Duan P. Photon Upconversion Cooperates with Downshifting in Chiral Systems: Modulation, Amplification, and Applications of Circularly Polarized Luminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406524. [PMID: 38702292 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL)-active materials are increasingly recognized for their potential applications such as 3D imaging, data storage, and optoelectronic devices. Typically, CPL materials have required high-energy (HE) photons for excitation to emit low-energy (LE) circularly polarized light, a process known as downshifting CPL (DSCPL). However, the emergence of upconverted CPL (UCCPL), where the absorption of multi LE photons results in the emission of a single HE photon with circular polarization, has recently attracted considerable attention. This minireview highlights the intricate relationship between upconversion and CPL phenomena. During upconversion, the dissymmetry factor (glum) value can be improved in certain systems. Additionally, the integration of both LE and HE photons in upconversion-downshifting-synergistic systems offers avenues for dual-excitation or dual-emission CPL functionalities. More in detail, the emerging UCCPL based on various photon upconversion mechanisms and their synergy with DSCPL are introduced. Additionally, several examples that demonstrate the applications of UCCPL are presented to highlight the future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonghan Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No.11, ZhongGuanCun BeiYiTiao, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
- Present address T. Zhao, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Pengfei Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No.11, ZhongGuanCun BeiYiTiao, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
- Present address T. Zhao, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Yanqihu East Rd, Huairou District, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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Wang W, Chen B. Long-range energy transfer amplifies quantum yield of upconversion nanoparticles. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:1809-1812. [PMID: 38729800 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Wang
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bing Chen
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Liu S, Zhang M, Chen Q, Ouyang Q. Multifunctional Metal-Organic Frameworks Driven Three-Dimensional Folded Paper-Based Microfluidic Analysis Device for Chlorpyrifos Detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:14375-14385. [PMID: 38860923 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) residues in food pose a serious threat to ecosystems and human health. Herein, we propose a three-dimensional folded paper-based microfluidic analysis device (3D-μPAD) based on multifunctional metal-organic frameworks, which can achieve rapid quantitative detection of CPF by fluorescence-colorimetric dual-mode readout. Upconversion nanomaterials were first coupled with a bimetal organic framework possessing peroxidase activity to create a fluorescence-quenched nanoprobe. After that, the 3D-μPAD was finished by loading the nanoprobe onto the paper-based detection zone and spraying it with a color-developing solution. With CPF present, the fluorescence intensity of the detection zone gradually recovers, the color changes from colorless to blue. This showed a good linear relationship with the concentration of CPF, and the limits of detection were 0.028 (fluorescence) and 0.043 (colorimetric) ng/mL, respectively. Moreover, the 3D-μPAD was well applied in detecting real samples with no significant difference compared with the high-performance liquid chromatography method. We believe it has huge potential for application in the on-site detection of food hazardous substance residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Quansheng Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
- Tea industry Research Institute, Fujian Eight Horses Tea Co., Ltd, Quanzhou 362442, PR China
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11
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Bi S, Wen X, Wu Z, Wang C, Huang H, Liu Z, Zeng S. Rational Design of Activatable Lanthanide NIR-IIb Emissive Nanoprobe for In Situ Specific Imaging of HOCl In Vivo. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2400883. [PMID: 38881331 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), as an indispensable signaling molecule in organisms, is one of the key members of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, in vivo, real-time dynamic near-infrared fluorescence imaging of HOCl levels in the 1400-1700 nm sub-window (NIR-IIb) remains a major challenge due to the lack of suitable detection methods. Herein, a general design of HOCl-responsive NIR-IIb fluorescence nanoprobe is proposed by integrating NaLuF4Yb/Er@NaLuF4 downshift nanoparticles (DSNPs) and HOCl recognition/NIR-IIb emissive modulation unit of M2-xS (M = Cu, Co, Pb) nanodots for real-time monitoring of HOCl levels. The fluorescence modulation unit of M2-xS nanodots presents remarkably enhanced absorption than Yb sensitizer at 980 nm and greatly inhibits the NIR-IIb fluorescence emission via competitive absorption mechanism. While, the M2-xS nanodots are easily degraded after triggering by HOCl, resulting in HOCl responsive turn-on (≈ten folds) NIR-IIb emission at 1532 nm. More importantly, in vivo highly precise and specific monitoring of inflammatory with abnormal HOCl expression is successfully achieved. Thus, the explored competitive absorption mediated quenching-activation mechanism provides a new general strategy of designing HOCl-responsive NIR-IIb fluorescence nanoprobe for highly specific and sensitive HOCl detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghui Bi
- School of Physics and Electronics, Key Laboratory of Low-dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of the Ministry of Education, Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Key Laboratory for Matter Microstructure and Function of Hunan Province, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Xingwang Wen
- School of Physics and Electronics, Key Laboratory of Low-dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of the Ministry of Education, Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Key Laboratory for Matter Microstructure and Function of Hunan Province, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Zezheng Wu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Key Laboratory of Low-dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of the Ministry of Education, Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Key Laboratory for Matter Microstructure and Function of Hunan Province, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Chunxia Wang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Key Laboratory of Low-dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of the Ministry of Education, Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Key Laboratory for Matter Microstructure and Function of Hunan Province, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Hao Huang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Key Laboratory of Low-dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of the Ministry of Education, Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Key Laboratory for Matter Microstructure and Function of Hunan Province, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Zhiqiu Liu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Key Laboratory of Low-dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of the Ministry of Education, Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Key Laboratory for Matter Microstructure and Function of Hunan Province, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Songjun Zeng
- School of Physics and Electronics, Key Laboratory of Low-dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of the Ministry of Education, Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Key Laboratory for Matter Microstructure and Function of Hunan Province, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
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12
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Lin X, Hao Y, Gong Y, Zhou P, Ma D, Liu Z, Sun Y, Sun H, Chen Y, Jia S, Li W, Guo C, Zhou Y, Huo P, Yan Y, Ma W, Yuan S, Zhao J. Solar overall water-splitting by a spin-hybrid all-organic semiconductor. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5047. [PMID: 38871750 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49511-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Direct solar-to-hydrogen conversion from pure water using all-organic heterogeneous catalysts remains elusive. The challenges are twofold: (i) full-band low-frequent photons in the solar spectrum cannot be harnessed into a unified S1 excited state for water-splitting based on the common Kasha-allowed S0 → S1 excitation; (ii) the H+ → H2 evolution suffers the high overpotential on pristine organic surfaces. Here, we report an organic molecular crystal nanobelt through the self-assembly of spin-one open-shell perylene diimide diradical anions (:PDI2-) and their tautomeric spin-zero closed-shell quinoid isomers (PDI2-). The self-assembled :PDI2-/PDI2- crystal nanobelt alters the spin-dependent excitation evolution, leading to spin-allowed S0S1 → 1(TT) → T1 + T1 singlet fission under visible-light (420 nm~700 nm) and a spin-forbidden S0 → T1 transition under near-infrared (700 nm~1100 nm) within spin-hybrid chromophores. With a triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion, a newly formed S1 excited state on the diradical-quinoid hybrid induces the H+ reduction through a favorable hydrophilic diradical-mediated electron transfer, which enables simultaneous H2 and O2 production from pure water with an average apparent quantum yield over 1.5% under the visible to near-infrared solar spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Lin
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering/Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yue Hao
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering/Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yanjun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2122, USA
| | - Dongge Ma
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, 100048, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonghuan Liu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering/Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yuming Sun
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering/Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Hongyang Sun
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering/Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yahui Chen
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering/Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Shuhan Jia
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering/Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Wanhe Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering/Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Chengqi Guo
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering/Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yiying Zhou
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering/Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Pengwei Huo
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering/Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yan Yan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering/Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Wanhong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
| | - Shouqi Yuan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering/Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Jincai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
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13
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Goodwin MJ, Dickenson JC, Ripak A, Deetz AM, McCarthy JS, Meyer GJ, Troian-Gautier L. Factors that Impact Photochemical Cage Escape Yields. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7379-7464. [PMID: 38743869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of visible light to mediate chemical reactions in fluid solutions has applications that range from solar fuel production to medicine and organic synthesis. These reactions are typically initiated by electron transfer between a photoexcited dye molecule (a photosensitizer) and a redox-active quencher to yield radical pairs that are intimately associated within a solvent cage. Many of these radicals undergo rapid thermodynamically favored "geminate" recombination and do not diffuse out of the solvent cage that surrounds them. Those that do escape the cage are useful reagents that may undergo subsequent reactions important to the above-mentioned applications. The cage escape process and the factors that determine the yields remain poorly understood despite decades of research motivated by their practical and fundamental importance. Herein, state-of-the-art research on light-induced electron transfer and cage escape that has appeared since the seminal 1972 review by J. P. Lorand entitled "The Cage Effect" is reviewed. This review also provides some background for those new to the field and discusses the cage escape process of both homolytic bond photodissociation and bimolecular light induced electron transfer reactions. The review concludes with some key goals and directions for future research that promise to elevate this very vibrant field to even greater heights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - John C Dickenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Alexia Ripak
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alexander M Deetz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jackson S McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Wel Research Institute, Avenue Pasteur 6, 1300 Wavre, Belgium
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14
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Nayana K, Sunitha AP. Amphi-Luminescent MoS 2 nanostructure for photocatalytic splitting of water and removal of Methylene Blue. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 314:124190. [PMID: 38554694 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Chemical dyes used in the textile industries are one of the major pollutants in water. Methylene blue (MB) is a commonly seen dye that creates hazardous health problems. In this article the photocatalytic degradation of MB by the nanocatalyst MoS2 (Nano-MoS2) and carbon dot (C Dots) incorporated MoS2 (Nano-CD-MoS2) is reported. The photocatalytic degradation of MB is analyzed based on the electron-hole recombination rate of the catalyst. Photoluminescence emission exhibited by the catalyst is used as a key indicator to probe the electron-hole recombination rate. Nano-MoS2 was synthesized hydrothermally at 180 0C for 8 h from ammonium tetra thiomolybdate (ATTM). C Dot was prepared following a green root from ash guard extract which later mixed with Nano-MoS2 and kept in an autoclave at a temperature 140 °C for 4 h to get Nano-CD-MoS2. The photoluminescence (PL) and photocatalytic behavior of Nano-MoS2 and Nano-CD-MoS2 and their application for water splitting and water purification are reported. The incorporation of graphene and artificial C Dot into MoS2 nanostructures are reported to increase the conductivity and active edge sites of MoS2 that enhances the photocatalytic action. Since green C Dots are eco-friendly and easily synthesizable than artificial C Dots, as a novel study, this article investigated the influence of green C Dots on the PL and photocatalytic performance of nanosized MoS2. Nano-MoS2 and Nano-CD-MoS2 exhibited both upconversion and downconversion PL; accordingly the nanostructures were termed as amphi-luminescent. The amphi-luminescence property widens the photon absorption range and hence enhances the catalytic degradation of dyes. Nano-MoS2 which exhibited lesser intensity of amphi-luminescence emission compared to Nano-CD-MoS2 showed better results in degradation of MB. C Dots may bind with the valence band electrons of MoS2, resulting in the reduction of dangling bonds. Dangling bonds can trap photo-induced excitons to hinder the rate of electron-hole recombination. So, fast electron-hole recombination occurs in Nano-CD-MoS2 than Nano-MoS2. Fast electron-hole recombination supports radiative electron-hole recombination while suppresses the non-radiative energy transfer of electrons and causes high PL intensity. However, according to the energy level diagram, Nano-MoS2 with minimal electron-hole recombination rate is more favorable for O2/O2-,.OH/ OH- and.OH/H2O reactions that facilitate MB degradation. Photocatalytic activity of catalysts were confirmed by measuring the photocurrent from a simple custom-made two-electrode water photolysis cell where the nanocatalysts were dispersed in electrolyte. Lead and steel rods were used as electrodes. Multimeter was used to measure current. Nano-MoS2 exhibited better performance with a maximum photocurrent of 141 µA. Influence of green C Dots in energy levels, PL and photocatalysis of MoS2 and mechanisms of PL and degradation of MB are thoroughly investigated in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nayana
- Department of Physics, Government Victoria College, Affiliated to University of Calicut, Palakkad, Kerala 678001, India; Department of Physics, N. S. S. College, Affiliated to University of Calicut, Ottapalam, Kerala 679103, India
| | - A P Sunitha
- Department of Physics, Government Victoria College, Affiliated to University of Calicut, Palakkad, Kerala 678001, India.
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15
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Buttarazzi E, Inchingolo A, Pedron D, Alberto ME, Collini E, Petrone A. Conformational and environmental effects on the electronic and vibrational properties of dyes for solar cell devices. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:204301. [PMID: 38785282 DOI: 10.1063/5.0207770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The main challenge for solar cell devices is harvesting photons beyond the visible by reaching the red-edge (650-780 nm). Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) devices combine the optical absorption and the charge separation processes by the association of a sensitizer as a light-absorbing material (dye molecules, whose absorption can be tuned and designed) with a wide band gap nanostructured semiconductor. Conformational and environmental effects (i.e., solvent, pH) can drastically influence the photophysical properties of molecular dyes. This study proposes a combined experimental and computational approach for the comprehensive investigation of the electronic and vibrational properties of a unique class of organic dye compounds belonging to the family of red-absorbing dyes, known as squaraines. Our focus lies on elucidating the intricate interplay between the molecular structure, vibrational dynamics, and optical properties of squaraines using state-of-the-art density functional theory calculations and spectroscopic techniques. Through systematic vibrational and optical analyses, we show that (i) the main absorption peak in the visible range is influenced by the conformational and protonation equilibria, (ii) the solvent polarity tunes the position of the UV-vis absorption, and (iii) the vibrational spectroscopy techniques (infrared and Raman) can be used as informative tools to distinguish between different conformations and protonation states. This comprehensive understanding offers valuable insights into the design and optimization of squaraine-based DSSCs for enhanced solar energy conversion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Buttarazzi
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, I-80138 Napoli, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Inchingolo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Danilo Pedron
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Erminia Alberto
- Department of Chemical and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci ed. 12/C, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Collini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alessio Petrone
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, I-80138 Napoli, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo ed. 6, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
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16
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Panguluri SPK, Jourdain E, Chakraborty P, Klyatskaya S, Kappes MM, Nonat AM, Charbonnière LJ, Ruben M. Yb-to-Eu Cooperative Sensitization Upconversion in a Multifunctional Molecular Nonanuclear Lanthanide Cluster in Solution. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13083-13092. [PMID: 38701172 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Lanthanide metal clusters excel in combining molecular and material chemistry properties. Here, we report an efficient cooperative sensitization UC phenomenon of a Eu3+/Yb3+ nonanuclear lanthanide cluster in CD3OD. The synthesis and characterization of the heteronuclear cluster in the solid state and solution are described together with the UC phenomenon showing Eu3+ luminescence in the visible region upon 980 nm NIR excitation of Yb3+ at concentrations as low as 100 nM. Alongside being the Eu/Yb cluster to display UC (with a quantum yield value of 4.88 × 10-8 upon 1.13 W cm-2 excitation at 980 nm), the cluster exhibits downshifted light emission of Yb3+ in the NIR region upon 578 nm visible excitation of Eu3+, which is ascribed to sensitization pathways for Yb through the 5D0 energy levels of Eu3+. Additionally, a faint emission is also observed at ca. 500 nm upon 980 nm excitation, originating from the cooperative luminescence of Yb3+. The [Eu8Yb(BA)16(OH)10]Cl cluster (BA = benzoylacetonate) is also a field-induced single-molecular magnet (SMM) under 4K with a modest Ueff/kB of 8.48 K, thereby joining the coveted list of Yb-SMMs and emerging as a prototype system for next-generation devices, combining luminescence with single-molecular magnetism in a molecular cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai P K Panguluri
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies (IQMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstraße 12, Karlsruhe 76311, Germany
| | - Elsa Jourdain
- Equipe de Synthèse pour l'Analyse (SynPA), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), UMR 7178, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Papri Chakraborty
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, Karlsruhe 76311, Germany
| | - Svetlana Klyatskaya
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, Karlsruhe 76311, Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, Karlsruhe 76311, Germany
| | - Aline M Nonat
- Equipe de Synthèse pour l'Analyse (SynPA), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), UMR 7178, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Loïc J Charbonnière
- Equipe de Synthèse pour l'Analyse (SynPA), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), UMR 7178, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies (IQMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstraße 12, Karlsruhe 76311, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, Karlsruhe 76311, Germany
- Centre Européen de Sciences Quantiques, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS, UMR 7006), CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge BP 70028, Strasbourg, Cedex 67083, France
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17
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Haensch VG, Hertweck C. Photosensitizers Enable the Formation of Biphenyls with UV-LEDs and Sunlight. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400605. [PMID: 38421111 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The regioselective synthesis of biphenyls, which are economically important pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and liquid crystals, is a challenging task. Current methods rely on metal-dependent cross-coupling reactions, which unfortunately require the use of harmful halogenated aryls and heavy metal catalysts that are toxic and difficult to remove from the final products. Recently, we have circumvented these problems by developing a metal-free and broadly applicable photochemical method for biphenyl synthesis using UV-C light, called photosplicing. Here we present an improved method using photosensitizers in combination with UV-B, UV-A light, or sunlight. Using a high-precision flow reactor with deep-UV LEDs, we investigated the ability of commonly available organic photosensitizers to enhance the photosplicing reaction and identified a number of suitable photosensitizers with the required triplet energy. This method allows for easy batch synthesis of biaryls in borosilicate glassware and paves the way for their large-scale production without the need for flow reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit G Haensch
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
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18
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Hennefarth MR, Hermes MR, Truhlar DG, Gagliardi L. Analytic Nuclear Gradients for Complete Active Space Linearized Pair-Density Functional Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:3637-3658. [PMID: 38639604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Accurately modeling photochemical reactions is difficult due to the presence of conical intersections and locally avoided crossings, as well as the inherently multiconfigurational character of excited states. As such, one needs a multistate method that incorporates state interaction in order to accurately model the potential energy surface at all nuclear coordinates. The recently developed linearized pair-density functional theory (L-PDFT) is a multistate extension of multiconfiguration PDFT, and it has been shown to be a cost-effective post-MCSCF method (as compared to more traditional and expensive multireference many-body perturbation methods or multireference configuration interaction methods) that can accurately model potential energy surfaces in regions of strong nuclear-electronic coupling in addition to accurately predicting Franck-Condon vertical excitations. In this paper, we report the derivation of analytic gradients for L-PDFT and their implementation in the PySCF-forge software, and we illustrate the utility of these gradients for predicting ground- and excited-state equilibrium geometries and adiabatic excitation energies for formaldehyde, s-trans-butadiene, phenol, and cytosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Hennefarth
- Department of Chemistry and Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Matthew R Hermes
- Department of Chemistry and Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The James Franck Institute, and Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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19
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Zhang Q, Luo G, Hu R, Yang G, Chen J, Yu T, Zeng Y, Li Y. Crystalline hydrogen-bonded organic framework for air-tolerant triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4475-4478. [PMID: 38563956 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00742e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
A hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) consisting of a 9,10-diphenylanthracene carboxylic derivative, DPACOOH, was developed for solid state triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC). The HOF sample shows a 70% increase in upconversion quantum yield and a lower threshold value of 126.0 mW cm-2 compared to those of the disordered powder sample, due to a 43% longer triplet diffusion length in HOF than that in the powder sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guiwen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Guoqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Tianjun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Yi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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20
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Jiang LH, Miao X, Zhang MY, Li JY, Zeng L, Hu W, Huang L, Pang DW. Near Infrared-II Excited Triplet Fusion Upconversion with Anti-Stokes Shift Approaching the Theoretical Limit. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10785-10797. [PMID: 38573588 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The anti-Stokes shift represents the capacity of photon upconversion to convert low-energy photons to high-energy photons. Although triplet exciton-mediated photon upconversion presents outstanding performance in solar energy harvesting, photoredox catalysis, stereoscopic 3D printing, and disease therapeutics, the interfacial multistep triplet exciton transfer leads to exciton energy loss to suppress the anti-Stokes shift. Here, we report near infrared-II (NIR-II) excitable triplet exciton-mediated photon upconversion using a hybrid photosensitizer consisting of lead sulfide quantum dots (PbS QDs) and new surface ligands of thiophene-substituted diketopyrrolopyrrole (Th-DPP). Under 1064 nm excitation, this photon upconversion revealed a record-corrected upconversion efficiency of 0.37% (normalized to 100%), with the anti-Stokes shift (1.07 eV) approaching the theoretical limit (1.17 eV). The observation of this unexpected result is due to our discovery of the presence of a weak interaction between the sulfur atom on Th-DPP and Pb2+ on the PbS QDs surface, facilitating electronic coupling between PbS QDs and Th-DPP, such that the realization of triplet exciton transfer efficiency is close to 100% even when the energy gap is as small as 0.04 eV. With this premise, this photon upconversion as a photocatalyst enables the production of standing organic gel via photopolymerization under 1064 nm illumination, displaying NIR-II photon-driven photoredox catalysis. This research not only establishes the foundation for enhancing the performance of NIR-II excitable photonic upconversion but also promotes its development in photonics and photoredox catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Han Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofei Miao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics and Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Yu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Yao Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Le Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, TKL of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Hu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics and Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Ling Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Dai-Wen Pang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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21
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Qiao L, Zhang J, Jiang Y, Ma B, Chen H, Gao P, Zhang P, Wang A, Sheldon RA. Near-infrared light-driven asymmetric photolytic reduction of ketone using inorganic-enzyme hybrid biocatalyst. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130612. [PMID: 38447845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Effective photolytic regeneration of the NAD(P)H cofactor in enzymatic reductions is an important and elusive goal in biocatalysis. It can, in principle, be achieved using a near-infrared light (NIR) driven artificial photosynthesis system employing H2O as the sacrificial reductant. To this end we utilized TiO2/reduced graphene quantum dots (r-GQDs), combined with a novel rhodium electron mediator, to continuously supply NADPH in situ for aldo-keto reductase (AKR) mediated asymmetric reductions under NIR irradiation. This upconversion system, in which the Ti-O-C bonds formed between r-GQDs and TiO2 enabled efficient interfacial charge transfer, was able to regenerate NADPH efficiently in 64 % yield in 105 min. Based on this, the pharmaceutical intermediate (R)-1-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethan-1-ol was obtained, in 84 % yield and 99.98 % ee, by reduction of the corresponding ketone. The photo-enzymatic system is recyclable with a polymeric electron mediator, which maintained 66 % of its original catalytic efficiency and excellent enantioselectivity (99.9 % ee) after 6 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongjian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bianqin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haomin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Roger A Sheldon
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Biotechnology, Section BOC, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands.
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22
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Huang L, Han G. Triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion-mediated photochemical reactions. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:238-255. [PMID: 38514833 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00585-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Photon upconversion is a method for harnessing high-energy excited states from low-energy photons. Such photons, particularly in the red and near-infrared wavelength ranges, can penetrate tissue deeply and undergo less competitive absorption in coloured reaction media, enhancing the efficiency of large-scale reactions and in vivo phototherapy. Among various upconversion methodologies, the organic-based triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) stands out - demonstrating high upconversion efficiencies, requiring low excitation power densities and featuring tunable absorption and emission wavelengths. These factors contribute to improved photochemical reactions for fields such as photoredox catalysis, photoactivation, 3D printing and immunotherapy. In this Review, we explore concepts and design principles of organic TTA-UC-mediated photochemical reactions, highlighting notable advancements in the field, as well as identify challenges and propose potential solutions. This Review sheds light on the potential of organic TTA-UC to advance beyond the traditional photochemical reactions and paves the way for research in various fields and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Gang Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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23
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Gray V, Toolan DTW, Dowland S, Allardice JR, Weir MP, Zhang Z, Xiao J, Klimash A, Winkel JF, Holland EK, Fregoso GM, Anthony JE, Bronstein H, Friend R, Ryan AJ, Jones RAL, Greenham NC, Rao A. Ligand-Directed Self-Assembly of Organic-Semiconductor/Quantum-Dot Blend Films Enables Efficient Triplet Exciton-Photon Conversion. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7763-7770. [PMID: 38456418 PMCID: PMC10958494 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Blends comprising organic semiconductors and inorganic quantum dots (QDs) are relevant for many optoelectronic applications and devices. However, the individual components in organic-QD blends have a strong tendency to aggregate and phase-separate during film processing, compromising both their structural and electronic properties. Here, we demonstrate a QD surface engineering approach using electronically active, highly soluble semiconductor ligands that are matched to the organic semiconductor host material to achieve well-dispersed inorganic-organic blend films, as characterized by X-ray and neutron scattering, and electron microscopies. This approach preserves the electronic properties of the organic and QD phases and also creates an optimized interface between them. We exemplify this in two emerging applications, singlet-fission-based photon multiplication (SF-PM) and triplet-triplet annihilation-based photon upconversion (TTA-UC). Steady-state and time-resolved optical spectroscopy shows that triplet excitons can be transferred with near unity efficiently across the organic-inorganic interface, while the organic films maintain efficient SF (190% yield) in the organic phase. By changing the relative energy between organic and inorganic components, yellow upconverted emission is observed upon 790 nm NIR excitation. Overall, we provide a highly versatile approach to overcome longstanding challenges in the blending of organic semiconductors with QDs that have relevance for many optical and optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Gray
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 532, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel T. W. Toolan
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K.
- Department
of Materials, The University of Manchester, Engineering Building A, Booth Street
East, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Simon Dowland
- Cambridge
Photon Technology, J.
J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Jesse R. Allardice
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Michael P. Weir
- School of
Physics and Astronomy, The University of
Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Zhilong Zhang
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - James Xiao
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Anastasia Klimash
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield
Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Jurjen F. Winkel
- Cambridge
Photon Technology, J.
J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Emma K. Holland
- Center
for Applied Energy Research, University
of Kentucky, Research Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Garrett M. Fregoso
- Center
for Applied Energy Research, University
of Kentucky, Research Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - John E. Anthony
- Center
for Applied Energy Research, University
of Kentucky, Research Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Hugo Bronstein
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield
Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Richard Friend
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Anthony J. Ryan
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Richard A. L. Jones
- John
Owens Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Neil C. Greenham
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Akshay Rao
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
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24
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Maity A, Mishra VK, Dolai S, Mishra S, Patra SK. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Organometallic BODIPY-Ru(II) Dyads: Redox and Photophysical Properties with Singlet Oxygen Generation Capability†. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:4839-4854. [PMID: 38433436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
A series of Ru(II)-acetylide complexes (Ru1, Ru2, and Ru1m) with alkynyl-functionalized borondipyrromethene (BODIPY) conjugates were designed by varying the position of the linker that connects the BODIPY unit to the Ru(II) metal center through acetylide linkage at either the 2-(Ru1) and 2,6-(Ru2) or the meso-phenyl (Ru1m) position of the BODIPY scaffold. The Ru(II) organometallic complexes were characterized by various spectroscopic methods, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, CHN, and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analyses. The Ru(II)-BODIPY conjugates exhibit fascinating electrochemical and photophysical properties. All BODIPY-Ru(II) complexes exhibit strong absorption (εmax = 29,000-72,000 M-1 cm-1) in the visible region (λmax = 502-709 nm). Fluorescence is almost quenched for Ru1 and Ru2, whereas Ru1m shows the residual fluorescence of the corresponding BODIPY core at 517 nm. The application of the BODIPY-Ru(II) dyads as nonporphyrin-based triplet photosensitizers was explored by a method involving the singlet oxygen (1O2)-mediated photo-oxidation of diphenylisobenzofuran. Effective π-conjugation between the BODIPY chromophore and Ru(II) center in the case of Ru1 and Ru2 was found to be necessary to improve intersystem crossing (ISC) and hence the 1O2-sensitizing ability. In addition, electrochemical studies indicate electronic interplay between the metal center and the redox-active BODIPY in the BODIPY-Ru(II) dyads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurba Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Vipin Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Suman Dolai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Sabyashachi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjib K Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
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25
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Das D, Gupta SK, Parayil RT, Modak B, Sudarshan K. Color tunable luminescence in ThO 2:Er 3+,Yb 3+ nanocrystals: a promising new platform for upconversion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:8641-8650. [PMID: 38436395 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00199k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Lanthanide-doped luminescent nanoparticles are an appealing system for many applications in the area of biomedical, solar cell, thermometry, anti-counterfeiting, etc. due to their sensitivity, reliability, high photochemical stability, and high optical transparency in the visible-NIR range. A color-tunable upconversion-luminescence (UCL) in a new low phonon energy ThO2 host based on modulating sensitizer concentration has been realized in this work and it may work as a potential candidate to replace corrosive and toxic fluoride based hosts in the future. Er3+-Yb3+ co-doped thoria nanoparticles were prepared using a gel combustion route and their structural and luminescence properties were determined as a function of the Yb3+ concentration. Phonon dispersion measurements have established the dynamic structural stability of the thoria nanoparticles. Density functional theory (DFT) was used to calculate the defect formation energy, highlighting the feasibility of dual ion (Er3+ and Yb3+) doping in thoria. The morphology and average size of the doped thoria was studied using high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and any defects evolving as a result of aliovalent doping were probed using positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS). With 980 nm laser excitation, the nanothoria emits green and near-red light. A significant enhancement of the red-to-green intensity ratio of Er3+ ions in nanothoria was observed with an increase in Yb3+ concentration which resulted in beautiful color tunability from green to yellow light in going from lower (up to ∼5 mol%) to higher (10 and 15 mol%) Yb3+ concentration. The power dependence and the dynamics of the upconverted emission confirm the existence of two-photon upconversion processes for the green and red emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Das
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai-400094, India
| | - Santosh K Gupta
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai-400094, India
| | - Reshmi T Parayil
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai-400094, India
| | - B Modak
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai-400094, India
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India
| | - K Sudarshan
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai-400094, India
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26
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Song J, Shen Q, Shao H, Deng X. Anti-Environmental Aging Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305664. [PMID: 38148594 PMCID: PMC10933639 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Passive daytime radiative cooling technology presents a sustainable solution for combating global warming and accompanying extreme weather, with great potential for diverse applications. The key characteristics of this cooling technology are the ability to reflect most sunlight and radiate heat through the atmospheric transparency window. However, the required high solar reflectance is easily affected by environmental aging, rendering the cooling ineffective. In recent years, significant advancements have been made in understanding the failure mechanisms, design strategies, and manufacturing technologies of daytime radiative cooling. Herein, a critical review on anti-environmental aging passive daytime radiative cooling with the goal of advancing their commercial applications is presented. It is first introduced the optical mechanisms and optimization principles of radiative cooling, which serve as a basis for further endowing environmental durability. Then the environmental aging conditions of passive daytime radiative cooling, mainly focusing on UV exposure, thermal aging, surface contamination and chemical corrosion are discussed. Furthermore, the developments of anti-environmental aging passive daytime radiative cooling materials, including design strategies, fabrication techniques, structures, and performances, are reviewed and classified for the first time. Last but not the least, the remaining open challenges and the insights are presented for the further promotion of the commercialization progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Song
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier SciencesUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610054China
| | - Qingchen Shen
- Bio‐inspired Photonics GroupYusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Huijuan Shao
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier SciencesUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610054China
| | - Xu Deng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier SciencesUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610054China
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27
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K N, A P S. Unveiling the Radiative Electron-Hole Recombination of MoS 2 Nanostructures at Extreme pH Conditions. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-024-03616-w. [PMID: 38381234 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03616-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Nanostructures of MoS2 are in wide research for optoelectronic, energy and biological applications. Opto-electronic and biological applications requires the tuning of photoluminescence properties of MoS2 nanostructures. In this article, nanosized MoS2 is hydrothermally synthesized, and photoluminescence at extreme pH conditions (pH 1 and 13) is examined. As the photoluminescence gives a key to probe the radiative electron-hole recombination, here, photoluminescence emissions are used as an indicator to suggest the pattern of electron-hole recombination in the material at extreme pH conditions. Raman spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, Scanning electron microscopic image and energy dispersive x-ray analysis are done for material confirmation. At pH 1 and 13 as-synthesized nanostructured MoS2 exhibited both upconversion and downconversion photoluminescence. The intensity of photoluminescence is varied with respect to pH. Excitation-dependent photoluminescence mechanisms and preliminary understanding on the ratio of quantum yields and life span of excited state of as-synthesized nanostructured MoS2 are unveiled here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayana K
- Department of Physics, Government Victoria College, Affiliated to University of Calicut, Palakkad, 678001, Kerala, India
- Department of Physics, N. S. S. College, Affiliated to University of Calicut, Ottapalam, Palakkad, 679103, Kerala, India
| | - Sunitha A P
- Department of Physics, Government Victoria College, Affiliated to University of Calicut, Palakkad, 678001, Kerala, India.
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28
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Chaturvedi A, Sharma S, Shukla R. Drug Nanocrystals: A Delivery Channel for Antiviral Therapies. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:41. [PMID: 38366178 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02754-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral infections represent a significant threat to global health due to their highly communicable and potentially lethal nature. Conventional antiviral interventions encounter challenges such as drug resistance, tolerability issues, specificity concerns, high costs, side effects, and the constant mutation of viral proteins. Consequently, the exploration of alternative approaches is imperative. Therefore, nanotechnology-embedded drugs excelled as a novel approach purporting severe life-threatening viral disease. Integrating nanomaterials and nanoparticles enables ensuring precise drug targeting, improved drug delivery, and fostered pharmacokinetic properties. Notably, nanocrystals (NCs) stand out as one of the most promising nanoformulations, offering remarkable characteristics in terms of physicochemical properties (higher drug loading, improved solubility, and drug retention), pharmacokinetics (enhanced bioavailability, dose reduction), and optical properties (light absorptivity, photoluminescence). These attributes make NCs effective in diagnosing and ameliorating viral infections. This review comprises the prevalence, pathophysiology, and resistance of viral infections along with emphasizing on failure of current antivirals in the management of the diseases. Moreover, the review also highlights the role of NCs in various viral infections in mitigating, diagnosing, and other NC-based strategies combating viral infections. In vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies evident for the effectiveness of NCs against viral pathogens are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Chaturvedi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Raebareli, Lucknow, 226002, India
| | - Swapnil Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Raebareli, Lucknow, 226002, India.
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29
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Lin P, Ye S, Pan L, Huang R, Zhang H, Wang D. Nanocrystals Incorporated with Mordenite Zeolite Composites with Enhanced Upconversion Emission for Cu 2+ Detection. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:854. [PMID: 38399105 PMCID: PMC10890416 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
In this research, upconversion nanocrystals incorporated with MOR zeolite composites were synthesized using the desilicated MOR zeolite as a host for the in situ growth of NaREF4 (RE = Y, Gd) Yb/Er nanocrystals. The structure and morphology of the composites were studied with XRD, XPS, and TEM measurements, and the spectral studies indicated that the subsequent thermal treatment can effectively improve the upconversion emission intensity of Er3+. By using the NaYF4:Yb/Er@DSi1.0MOR-HT composite that holds the strongest upconversion emission, a probe of UCNC@DSiMOR/BPEI was constructed with the modification of branched poly ethylenimine for the detection of Cu2+. It was indicated that the integrated emission intensity of Er3+ shows a linear dependence with the logarithm value of the Cu2+ concentration ranging from 0.1 to 10 μM. This study offered a feasible method for the construction of UCNC@zeolite composites with enhanced upconversion emission, which may have a potential application as fluorescent probes for the detection of various metal ions by adjusting the doping luminescent center.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Song Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China; (P.L.); (L.P.); (R.H.); (H.Z.); (D.W.)
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30
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Zhang Y, Du W, Liu X. Photophysics and its application in photon upconversion. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:2747-2764. [PMID: 38250819 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05450k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Photoluminescence (PL) upconversion is a phenomenon involving light-matter interaction, where the energy of the emitted photons is higher than that of the incident photons. PL upconversion has promising applications in optoelectronic devices, displays, photovoltaics, imaging, diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of PL upconversion and ultrafast PL physical processes. In particular, we highlight the advances in laser cooling, biological imaging, volumetric displays and photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenna Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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31
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Fan C, Wei X, Wu W, Yang C. Expanding the Anti-Stokes Shift of TTA-UC to 1.04 eV by Chemical Tuning of BODIPY-Based Organic Photosensitizers. Org Lett 2024; 26:950-954. [PMID: 38236085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
A series of BODIPY-derivatives B-1 ∼ B-5 were synthesized as metal-free photosensitizers in triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) upconversion (UC) with the purpose of finely tuning the excited state properties to reduce the energy loss during intersystem crossing (ISC), and hence to expand the anti-Stokes shift of TTA-UC. It was revealed that B-5 showed a ΔEST of as small as 0.28 eV, thus, providing a large anti-Stokes shift of 1.04 eV in TTA-UC with organic sensitizers. A deep red-blue upconversion emission with UC quantum yields of up to 10.7% (out of a 50% maximum) was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, China
| | - Wanhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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32
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Han C, Kundu BK, Liang Y, Sun Y. Near-Infrared Light-Driven Photocatalysis with an Emphasis on Two-Photon Excitation: Concepts, Materials, and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307759. [PMID: 37703435 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Efficient utilization of sunlight in photocatalysis is widely recognized as a promising solution for addressing the growing energy demand and environmental issues resulting from fossil fuel consumption. Recently, there have been significant developments in various near-infrared (NIR) light-harvesting systems for artificial photosynthesis and photocatalytic environmental remediation. This review provides an overview of the most recent advancements in the utilization of NIR light through the creation of novel nanostructured materials and molecular photosensitizers, as well as modulating strategies to enhance the photocatalytic processes. A special focus is given to the emerging two-photon excitation NIR photocatalysis. The unique features and limitations of different systems are critically evaluated. In particular, it highlights the advantages of utilizing NIR light and two-photon excitation compared to UV-visible irradiation and one-photon excitation. Ongoing challenges and potential solutions for the future exploration of NIR light-responsive materials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Han
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Bidyut Kumar Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Yujun Liang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Yujie Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
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33
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Schiattarella C, Romano S, Sirleto L, Mocella V, Rendina I, Lanzio V, Riminucci F, Schwartzberg A, Cabrini S, Chen J, Liang L, Liu X, Zito G. Directive giant upconversion by supercritical bound states in the continuum. Nature 2024; 626:765-771. [PMID: 38383627 PMCID: PMC10881401 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06967-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Photonic bound states in the continuum (BICs), embedded in the spectrum of free-space waves1,2 with diverging radiative quality factor, are topologically non-trivial dark modes in open-cavity resonators that have enabled important advances in photonics3,4. However, it is particularly challenging to achieve maximum near-field enhancement, as this requires matching radiative and non-radiative losses. Here we propose the concept of supercritical coupling, drawing inspiration from electromagnetically induced transparency in near-field coupled resonances close to the Friedrich-Wintgen condition2. Supercritical coupling occurs when the near-field coupling between dark and bright modes compensates for the negligible direct far-field coupling with the dark mode. This enables a quasi-BIC field to reach maximum enhancement imposed by non-radiative loss, even when the radiative quality factor is divergent. Our experimental design consists of a photonic-crystal nanoslab covered with upconversion nanoparticles. Near-field coupling is finely tuned at the nanostructure edge, in which a coherent upconversion luminescence enhanced by eight orders of magnitude is observed. The emission shows negligible divergence, narrow width at the microscale and controllable directivity through input focusing and polarization. This approach is relevant to various physical processes, with potential applications for light-source development, energy harvesting and photochemical catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Schiattarella
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Romano
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Sirleto
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Vito Mocella
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Ivo Rendina
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, National Research Council, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Vittorino Lanzio
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Fabrizio Riminucci
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Adam Schwartzberg
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stefano Cabrini
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jiaye Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liangliang Liang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
- Centre for Functional Materials, National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, China.
| | - Gianluigi Zito
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, National Research Council, Naples, Italy.
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34
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Maiti S, Siebbeles LDA. Developments and Challenges Involving Triplet Transfer across Organic/Inorganic Heterojunctions for Singlet Fission and Photon Upconversion. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:11168-11176. [PMID: 38055348 PMCID: PMC10726386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
In this Perspective, we provide an overview of recent advances in harvesting triplets for photovoltaic and photon upconversion applications from two angles. In singlet fission-sensitized solar cells, the triplets are harvested through a low band gap semiconductor such as Si. Recent literature has shown how a thin interlayer or orientation of the singlet fission molecule can successfully lead to triplet transfer. On the other hand, the integration of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) with suitable organic molecules has shown triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) of near-infrared photons. We consider the theoretical aspect of the triplet transfer process between a TMDC and organic semiconductors. We discuss possible bottlenecks that can limit the harvesting of energy from triplets and perspectives to overcome these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Maiti
- Central
Laser Facility, RCaH, STFC-Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, United
Kingdom
| | - Laurens D. A. Siebbeles
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Delft University
of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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35
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Naseri S, Taarit I, Bolvin H, Bünzli JC, Fürstenberg A, Guénée L, Le-Hoang G, Mirzakhani M, Nozary H, Rosspeintner A, Piguet C. Symmetry and Rigidity for Boosting Erbium-Based Molecular Light-Upconversion in Solution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314503. [PMID: 37847515 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Previously limited to highly symmetrical homoleptic triple-helical complexes [Er(Lk)3 ]3+ , where Lk are polyaromatic tridentate ligands, single-center molecular-based upconversion using linear optics and exploiting the excited-state absorption mechanism (ESA) greatly benefits from the design of stable and low-symmetrical [LkEr(hfa)3 ] heteroleptic adducts (hfa- =hexafluoroacetylacetonate anion). Depending on (i) the extended π-electron delocalization, (ii) the flexibility and (iii) the heavy atom effect brought by the bound ligand Lk, the near-infrared (801 nm) to visible green (542 nm) upconversion quantum yield measured for [LkEr(hfa)3 ] in solution at room temperature can be boosted by up to three orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Naseri
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Inès Taarit
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Bolvin
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, CNRS, Université Toulouse III, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Claude Bünzli
- Institute of Chemical Sciences & Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Fürstenberg
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Laure Guénée
- Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Geneva, 24 quai E. Ansermet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Giau Le-Hoang
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Mohsen Mirzakhani
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Homayoun Nozary
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Arnulf Rosspeintner
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Claude Piguet
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
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36
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Sengupta A, Roy G, Likhar AR, Asthana D. A supramolecular assembly-based strategy towards the generation and amplification of photon up-conversion and circularly polarized luminescence. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:18999-19015. [PMID: 37991436 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04184k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
For the molecular properties in which energy transfer/migration is determinantal, such as triplet-triplet annihilation-based photon up-conversion (TTAUC), the overall performance is largely affected by the intermolecular distance and relative molecular orientations. In such scenarios, tools that may steer the intermolecular interactions and provide control over molecular organisation in the bulk, become most valuable. Often these non-covalent interactions, found predominantly in supramolecular assemblies, enable pre-programming of the molecular network in the assembled structures. In other words, by employing supramolecular chemistry principles, an arrangement where molecular units are arranged in a desired fashion, very much like a Lego toy, could be achieved. This leads to enhanced energy transfer from one molecule to other. In recent past, chiral luminescent systems have attracted huge attention for producing circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). In such systems, chirality is a necessary requirement. Chirality induction/transfer through supramolecular interactions has been known for a long time. It was realized recently that it may help in the generation and amplification of CPL signals as well. In this review article we have discussed the applicability of self-/co-assembly processes for achieving maximum TTA-UC and CPL in various molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry, Ashoka University, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India.
| | - Gargee Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Ashoka University, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India.
| | | | - Deepak Asthana
- Department of Chemistry, Ashoka University, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India.
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37
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Wang C, Wegeberg C, Wenger OS. First-Row d 6 Metal Complex Enables Photon Upconversion and Initiates Blue Light-Dependent Polymerization with Red Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311470. [PMID: 37681516 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Photosensitizers for sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (sTTA-UC) often rely on precious heavy metals, whereas coordination complexes based on abundant first-row transition metals are less common. This is mainly because long-lived triplet excited states are more difficult to obtain for 3d metals, particularly when the d-subshell is only partially filled. Here, we report the first example of sTTA-UC based on a 3d6 metal photosensitizer yielding an upconversion performance competitive with precious metal-based analogues. Using a newly developed Cr0 photosensitizer featuring equally good photophysical properties as an OsII benchmark complex in combination with an acetylene-decorated anthracene annihilator, red-to-blue upconversion is achievable. The upconversion efficiency under optimized conditions is 1.8 %, and the excitation power density threshold to reach the strong annihilation limit is 5.9 W/cm2 . These performance factors, along with high photostability, permit the initiation of acrylamide polymerization by red light, based on radiative energy transfer between delayed annihilator fluorescence and a blue light absorbing photo-initiator. Our study provides the proof-of-concept for photon upconversion with elusive first-row analogues of widely employed precious d6 metal photosensitizers, and for their application in photochemical reactions triggered by excitation wavelengths close to near-infrared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Current address: Department of Biology and Chemistry, Osnabrück University, Barbarastraße 7, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christina Wegeberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Current address: Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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38
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Jeyaseelan R, Utikal M, Daniliuc CG, Næsborg L. Photocyclization by a triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion pair in water - avoiding UV-light and oxygen removal. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11040-11044. [PMID: 37860655 PMCID: PMC10583691 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03242f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a formal [2 + 2]-cycloaddition of unsaturated ketones enabled by a green-to-ultraviolet triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) pair, using commercially available Ru(bpy)32+ and pyrene as sensitizer and annihilator, respectively. In the developed protocol, visible light irradiation at λmax = 520 nm allows for the reaction to proceed without the need for UV-light and the aqueous medium eliminates the need for oxygen removing protocols. Through this study, the application of the readily available upconversion pair is broadened to include cyclization reactions. We showcase the utility of the system by generating bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes that are valuable bioisosteres of ortho-substituted benzenes, a promising motif for pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jeyaseelan
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - M Utikal
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - C G Daniliuc
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - L Næsborg
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
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39
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Wu B, Wang A, Fu J, Zhang Y, Yang C, Gong Y, Jiang C, Long M, Zhou G, Yue S, Ma W, Liu X. Uncovering the mechanisms of efficient upconversion in two-dimensional perovskites with anti-Stokes shift up to 220 meV. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi9347. [PMID: 37774031 PMCID: PMC10541006 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi9347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Phonon-assisted photon upconversion holds great potential for numerous applications, e.g., optical refrigeration. However, traditional semiconductors face energy gain limitations due to thermal energy, typically achieving only ~25 milli-electron volts at room temperature. Here, we demonstrate that quasi-two-dimensional perovskites, with a soft hybrid organic-inorganic lattice, can efficiently upconvert photons with an anti-Stokes shift exceeding 200 milli-electron volts. By using microscopic transient absorption measurements and density functional theory calculations, we explicate that the giant energy gain stems from strong lattice fluctuation leading to a picosecond timescale transient band energy renormalization with a large energy variation of around ±180 milli-electron volts at room temperature. The motion of organic molecules drives the deformation of inorganic framework, providing energy and local states necessary for efficient upconversion within a time constant of around 1 ps. These results establish a deep understanding of perovskite-based photon upconversion and offer previously unknown insights into the development of various upconversion applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Aocheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Jing Fu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Materials and New Energy, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, P.R. China
| | - Yutong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yiyang Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Chuanxiu Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Mingzhu Long
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Yue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Wei Ma
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Materials and New Energy, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, P.R. China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
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40
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Rajagopalan K, Madirov E, Busko D, Howard IA, Richards BS, Swart HC, Turshatov A. High Quantum Yield Shortwave Infrared Luminescent Tracers for Improved Sorting of Plastic Waste. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:43985-43993. [PMID: 37674324 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
More complete recycling of plastic waste is possible only if new technologies that go beyond state-of-the-art near-infrared (NIR) sorting are developed. For example, tracer-based sorting is a new technology that explores the upconversion or down-shift luminescence of special tracers based on inorganic materials codoped with lanthanide ions. Specifically, down-shift tracers emit in the shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectral range and can be detected using a SWIR camera preinstalled in a state-of-the-art sorting machine for NIR sorting. In this study, we synthesized a very efficient SWIR tracer by codoping Li3Ba2Gd3 (MoO4)8 with Yb3+ and Er3+, where Yb3+ is a synthesizer ion (excited near 976 nm) and Er3+ emits near 1550 nm. Fine-tuning of the doping concentration resulted in a tracer (Li3Ba2Gd(3-x-y)(MoO4)8:xYb3+, yEr3+, where x = 0.2 and y = 0.4) with a high photoluminescence quantum yield for 1550 nm emission of 70% (using 976 nm excitation). This tracer was used to mark plastic objects. When the object was illuminated by a halogen lamp and a 976 nm laser, the three parts could be easily distinguished based on reflectance and luminescence spectra in the SWIR range: a plastic bottle made of polyethylene terephthalate, a bottle cap made of high-density polyethylene, and a label made of the tracer Li3Ba2Gd3(MoO4)8:Yb3+, Er3+. Importantly, the use of the tracer in sorting may require only the installation of a 976 nm laser in a state-of-the-art NIR sorting system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Rajagopalan
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Eduard Madirov
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dmitry Busko
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ian A Howard
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bryce S Richards
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hendrik C Swart
- Department of Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Andrey Turshatov
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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41
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Yu L, Wang Y, Su X, Liu C, Xue K, Luo H, Zhang Y, Zhu H. In Situ Construction of Near-Infrared Response Hybrid Up-Conversion Photocatalyst for Degrading Organic Dyes and Antibiotics. Molecules 2023; 28:6674. [PMID: 37764450 PMCID: PMC10534851 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Unique nonlinear optical properties for converting low-energy incident light into high-energy radiation enable up-conversion materials to be employed in photocatalytic systems. An efficient near-infrared (NIR) response photocatalyst was successfully fabricated through a facile two-step method to load BiOBr on the Nd3+, Er3+@NaYF4 (NE@NYF) up-conversion material. The NE@NYF can transform NIR into visible and UV light and promote charge-energy transfer in the semiconductor. Consequently, the as-obtained photocatalysts exhibit excellent photodegradation performance for rhodamine B dye (RhB) and tetracycline (TC) organic pollutants. About 98.9% of the RhB was decomposed within 60 min with the 20% NE@NYF-B sample, outperforming the pristine BiOBr (61.9%). In addition, the 20% NE@NYF-B composite could decompose approximately 72.7% of the organic carbon during a 10 h reaction, which was almost two-fold more than that of BiOBr. Meanwhile, a possible charge transfer mechanism is proposed based on the recombination of electron-hole pairs and reactive oxygen species. This work provides a rational hybrid structure photocatalyst for improving photocatalytic performance in the broadband spectrum and provides a new strategy for NIR light utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianqing Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China; (Y.W.); (C.L.); (K.X.); (H.L.)
| | - Yankun Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China; (Y.W.); (C.L.); (K.X.); (H.L.)
| | - Xinhai Su
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China;
| | - Chong Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China; (Y.W.); (C.L.); (K.X.); (H.L.)
| | - Kehui Xue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China; (Y.W.); (C.L.); (K.X.); (H.L.)
| | - Huihua Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China; (Y.W.); (C.L.); (K.X.); (H.L.)
| | - Yaping Zhang
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China; (Y.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Haifeng Zhu
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China; (Y.Z.); (H.Z.)
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42
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Wu J, Wei W, Ahmad W, Li S, Ouyang Q, Chen Q. Enhanced detection of endocrine disrupting chemicals in on-chip microfluidic biosensors using aptamer-mediated bridging flocculation and upconversion luminescence. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:132025. [PMID: 37453351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can lead to detrimental impacts on human health, making their detection a critical issue. A novel approach utilizing on-chip microfluidic biosensors was developed for the simultaneous detection of two EDCs, namely, bisphenol A (BPA) and diethylstilbestrol (DES), based on upconversion nanoparticles doped with thulium (Tm) and erbium (Er), respectively. From the perspective of single nanoparticles, the construction of an active core-inert shell structure enhanced the luminescence of nanoparticles by 2.28-fold (Tm) and 1.72-fold (Er). From the perspective of the nanoparticle population, the study exploited an aptamer-mediated bridging flocculation mechanism and effectively enhanced the upconversion luminescence of biosensors by 8.94-fold (Tm) and 7.10-fold (Er). A chip with 138 tangential semicircles or quarter-circles was designed and simulated to facilitate adequate mixing, reaction, magnetic separation, and detection conditions. The on-chip microfluidic biosensor demonstrated exceptional capabilities for the simultaneous detection of BPA and DES with ultrasensitive detection limits of 0.0076 µg L-1, and 0.0131 µg L-1, respectively. The first reported aptamer-mediated upconversion nanoparticle bridging flocculation provided enhanced luminescence and detection sensitivity for biosensors, as well as offering a new perspective to address the instability of nanobiosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhong Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Wenya Wei
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Waqas Ahmad
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Shuhua Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Quansheng Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China; College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China.
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43
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Li Y, Zhang J, Shi Y, Zhang Y, Shi G, Zhang X, Cui Z, Fu P, Liu M, Qiao X, He Y, Wang Y, Zhao H, Zhang W, Pang X. Robust Strategy to Improve the Compatibility between Incorporated Upconversion Nanoparticles and the Bulk Transparent Polymer Matrix. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:32159-32167. [PMID: 37692212 PMCID: PMC10483650 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Traditional transparent polymer nanocomposites combined with functional fluorescent inorganic nanofillers are promising for many advanced optical applications. However, the aggregation of the incorporated functional nanoparticles results in light scattering and will decrease the transparency of nanocomposites, which will restrain the application of the transparent nanocomposites. Herein, a robust synthesis strategy was proposed to modify upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) to form UCNP@PMMA core@shell nanocomposites though metal-free photoinduced surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (photo-SI-ATRP), and thus, the dispersity of UCNP@PMMA and the interface compatibility between the surface of UCNPs and the bulk PMMA matrix was greatly improved. The obtained PMMA nanocomposites possess high transparency and show strong upconversion photoluminescence properties, which promises great opportunities for application in 3D display and related optoelectronic fields. This strategy could also be applied to fabricate other kinds of functional transparent polymer nanocomposites with inorganic nanoparticles uniformly dispersed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Li
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Junle Zhang
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
- Faculty
of Engineering, Huanghe Science & Technology
University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yaxuan Shi
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yuancheng Zhang
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Ge Shi
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Cui
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Peng Fu
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Minying Liu
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoguang Qiao
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yanjie He
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yudong Wang
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Haitao Zhao
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xinchang Pang
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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44
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Kim CA, Hu S, Van Voorhis T. Mechanism of Enhanced Triplet-Triplet Upconversion in Organic Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7175-7185. [PMID: 37585686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
We use time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) to investigate the mechanism of efficient triplet-triplet upconversion (TTU) in certain organic materials. In particular, we focus on materials where some singlets are generated in a two-step spin-nonconserving process (T1 + T1 → T2 → S1). For this mechanism to contribute significantly, the intersystem crossing (ISC) from the high-lying triplet to the singlet (T2 → S1) must outcompete the internal conversion (IC) to the low-lying triplet (T2 → T1). By considering multiple families of materials, we show that the T2 → S1 ISC can be enhanced in a number of ways: the substitution of electron-donating (ED) and electron-withdrawing (EW) groups at appropriate positions; the substitution of bulky groups that distort the molecular geometry; and the substitution of heavy atoms that enhance the spin-orbit coupling (SOC). In the first two cases, the enhancements are consistent with El-Sayed's rule in that rapid T2 → S1 ISC requires significant differences in the characters of the S1 and the T2 wavefunctions. Together, these effects enable a wide tunability of T2 → S1 ISC rates over at least 5 orders of magnitude. Meanwhile, the T2 → T1 IC is inhibited in these systems due to the large T2 - T1 energy gap >0.5 eV, which entails a high energy barrier to the T2 → T1 IC and the prediction of a slow rate regardless of the substituents or the presence of heavy atoms. In this way, tuning the T2 → S1 ISC appears to provide an effective strategy to achieve systematic improvement of TTU materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhae Andrew Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shicheng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Troy Van Voorhis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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45
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Zhang C, Shi Y, Lu K, Wang X, Yuan H, Chen R, Qi J, Lu T. Ultrapure single-band red upconversion luminescence in Er 3+ doped sensitizer-rich ytterbium oxide transparent ceramics for solid-state lighting and temperature sensing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:28963-28978. [PMID: 37710705 DOI: 10.1364/oe.498106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Achieving single-band upconversion (UC) is a challenging but rewarding approach to attain optimal performance in diverse applications. In this paper, we successfully achieved single-band red UC luminescence in Yb2O3: Er transparent ceramics (TCs) through the utilization of a sensitizer-rich design. The Yb2O3 host, which has a maximum host lattice occupancy by Yb3+ sensitizers, facilitates the utilization of excitation light and enhances energy transfer to activators, resulting in improved UC luminescence. Specifically, by shortening the ionic spacing between sensitizer and activator, the energy back transfer and the cross-relaxation process are promoted, resulting in weakening of green energy level 4S3/2 and 2H11/2 emission and enhancement of red energy level 4F9/2 emission. The prepared Yb2O3: Er TCs exhibited superior optical properties with in-line transmittance over 80% at 600 nm. Notably, in the 980nm-excited UC spectrum, green emission does not appear, thus Yb2O3: Er TCs exhibit ultra-pure single band red emission, with CIE coordinates of (0.72, 0.28) and color purity exceeding 99.9%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of pure red UC luminescence in TCs. Furthermore, the luminescent intensity ratio (LIR) technique was utilized to apply this pure red-emitting TCs for temperature sensing. The absolute sensitivity of Yb2O3: Er TCs was calculated to be 0.319% K-1 at 304 K, which is the highest level of optical thermometry based on 4F9/2 levels splitting of Er3+ known so far. The integration between pure red UC luminescence and temperature sensing performance opens up new possibilities for the development of multi-functional smart windows.
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46
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Gao M, Zeng L, Jiang L, Zhang M, Chen Y, Huang L. Bodipy Dimer for Enhancing Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Performance. Molecules 2023; 28:5474. [PMID: 37513346 PMCID: PMC10384713 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) has considerable potential for emerging applications in bioimaging, optogenetics, photoredox catalysis, solar energy harvesting, etc. Fluoroboron dipyrrole (Bodipy) dyes are an essential type of annihilator in TTA-UC. However, conventional Bodipy dyes generally have large molar extinction coefficients and small Stokes shifts (<20 nm), subjecting them to severe internal filtration effects at high concentrations, and resulting in low upconversion quantum efficiency of TTA-UC systems using Bodipy dyes as annihilators. In this study, a Bodipy dimer (B-2) with large Stokes shifts was synthesized using the strategy of dimerization of an already reported Bodipy annihilator (B-1). Photophysical characterization and theoretical chemical analysis showed that both B-1 and B-2 can couple with the red light-activated photosensitizer PdTPBP to fulfill TTA-UC; however, the higher fluorescence quantum yield of B-2 resulted in a higher upconversion efficiency (ηUC) for PdTPBP/B-2 (10.7%) than for PdTPBP/B-1 (4.0%). This study proposes a new strategy to expand Bodipy Stokes shifts and improve TTA-UC performance, which can facilitate the application of TTA-UC in photonics and biophotonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Microscale Interdisciplinary Study, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Le Zeng
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Linhan Jiang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Mingyu Zhang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Microscale Interdisciplinary Study, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192, China
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47
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Wu K, Shang Y, Li H, Wu P, Li S, Ye H, Jian F, Zhu J, Yang D, Li B, Wang X. Synthesis and Hydrogen Production Performance of MoP/a-TiO 2/Co-ZnIn 2S 4 Flower-like Composite Photocatalysts. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114350. [PMID: 37298826 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Semiconductor photocatalysis is an effective strategy for solving the problems of increasing energy demand and environmental pollution. ZnIn2S4-based semiconductor photocatalyst materials have attracted much attention in the field of photocatalysis due to their suitable energy band structure, stable chemical properties, and good visible light responsiveness. In this study, ZnIn2S4 catalysts were modified by metal ion doping, the construction of heterojunctions, and co-catalyst loading to successfully prepare composite photocatalysts. The Co-ZnIn2S4 catalyst synthesized by Co doping and ultrasonic exfoliation exhibited a broader absorption band edge. Next, an a-TiO2/Co-ZnIn2S4 composite photocatalyst was successfully prepared by coating partly amorphous TiO2 on the surface of Co-ZnIn2S4, and the effect of varying the TiO2 loading time on photocatalytic performance was investigated. Finally, MoP was loaded as a co-catalyst to increase the hydrogen production efficiency and reaction activity of the catalyst. The absorption edge of MoP/a-TiO2/Co-ZnIn2S4 was widened from 480 nm to about 518 nm, and the specific surface area increased from 41.29 m2/g to 53.25 m2/g. The hydrogen production performance of this composite catalyst was investigated using a simulated light photocatalytic hydrogen production test system, and the rate of hydrogen production by MoP/a-TiO2/Co-ZnIn2S4 was found to be 2.96 mmol·h-1·g-1, which was three times that of the pure ZnIn2S4 (0.98 mmol·h-1·g-1). After use in three cycles, the hydrogen production only decreased by 5%, indicating that it has good cycle stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keliang Wu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation, School of Biology and Chemical Engineering, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang 473000, China
| | - Yuhang Shang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation, School of Biology and Chemical Engineering, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang 473000, China
| | - Huazhen Li
- Anhui Yansheng New Material Co., Ltd., Hefei 230039, China
| | - Pengcheng Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Shuyi Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation, School of Biology and Chemical Engineering, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang 473000, China
| | - Hongyong Ye
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation, School of Biology and Chemical Engineering, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang 473000, China
| | - Fanqiang Jian
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation, School of Biology and Chemical Engineering, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang 473000, China
| | - Junfang Zhu
- Department of Petroleum and Chemical, Bayingoleng Vocational and Technical College, Bazhou 841000, China
| | - Dongmei Yang
- Department of Petroleum and Chemical, Bayingoleng Vocational and Technical College, Bazhou 841000, China
| | - Bingke Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation, School of Biology and Chemical Engineering, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang 473000, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an 237012, China
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48
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Hennefarth MR, Hermes MR, Truhlar DG, Gagliardi L. Linearized Pair-Density Functional Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2023. [PMID: 37207365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory (MC-PDFT) is a post-SCF multireference method that has been successful at computing ground- and excited-state energies. However, MC-PDFT is a single-state method in which the final MC-PDFT energies do not come from diagonalization of a model-space Hamiltonian matrix, and this can lead to inaccurate topologies of potential energy surfaces near locally avoided crossings and conical intersections. Therefore, in order to perform physically correct ab initio molecular dynamics with electronically excited states or to treat Jahn-Teller instabilities, it is necessary to develop a PDFT method that recovers the correct topology throughout the entire nuclear configuration space. Here we construct an effective Hamiltonian operator, called the linearized PDFT (L-PDFT) Hamiltonian, by expanding the MC-PDFT energy expression to first order in a Taylor series of the wave function density. Diagonalization of the L-PDFT Hamiltonian gives the correct potential energy surface topology near conical intersections and locally avoided crossings for a variety of challenging cases including phenol, methylamine, and the spiro cation. Furthermore, L-PDFT outperforms MC-PDFT and previous multistate PDFT methods for predicting vertical excitations from a variety of representative organic chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Hennefarth
- Department of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The James Franck Institute, and Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Matthew R Hermes
- Department of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The James Franck Institute, and Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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49
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Li H, Wang C, Glaser F, Sinha N, Wenger OS. Metal-Organic Bichromophore Lowers the Upconversion Excitation Power Threshold and Promotes UV Photoreactions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11402-11414. [PMID: 37186558 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion is a promising strategy to use visible light for chemical reactions requiring the energy input of UV photons. This strategy avoids unsafe ultraviolet light sources and can mitigate photo-damage and provide access to reactions, for which filter effects hamper direct UV excitation. Here, we report a new approach to make blue-to-UV upconversion more amenable to photochemical applications. The tethering of a naphthalene unit to a cyclometalated iridium(III) complex yields a bichromophore with a high triplet energy (2.68 eV) and a naphthalene-based triplet reservoir featuring a lifetime of 72.1 μs, roughly a factor of 20 longer than the photoactive excited state of the parent iridium(III) complex. In combination with three different annihilators, consistently lower thresholds for the blue-to-UV upconversion to crossover from a quadratic into a linear excitation power dependence regime were observed with the bichromophore compared to the parent iridium(III) complex. The upconversion system composed of the bichromophore and the 2,5-diphenyloxazole annihilator is sufficiently robust under long-term blue irradiation to continuously provide a high-energy singlet-excited state that can drive chemical reactions normally requiring UV light. Both photoredox and energy transfer catalyses were feasible using this concept, including the reductive N-O bond cleavage of Weinreb amides, a C-C coupling reaction based on reductive aryl debromination, and two Paternò-Büchi [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions. Our work seems relevant in the context of developing new strategies for driving energetically demanding photochemistry with low-energy input light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Cui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Narayan Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, Basel 4056, Switzerland
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50
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Fang J, Wei H, Chen Y, Dai B, Ni Y, Kou J, Lu C, Xu Z. Low-Energy Photons Dual Harvest for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution: Bimodal Surface Plasma Resonance Related Synergism of Upconversion and Pyroelectricity. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207467. [PMID: 36634976 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Utilization of low-energy photons for efficient photocatalysis remains a challenging pursuit. Herein, a strategy is reported to boost the photocatalytic performance, by promoting low-energy photons dual harvest through bimodal surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-enhanced synergistically upconversion and pyroelectricity. It is achieved by introducing triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) materials and plasmonic material (Au nanorods, AuNRs) into composite fibers composed of pyroelectric substrate (poly(vinylidene fluoride)) and photocatalyst Cd0.5 Zn0.5 S. Interestingly, the dual combination of TTA-UC and AuNRs SPR in the presence of polyvinylidene fluoride substrate with pyroelectric property promotes the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance by 2.88 folds with the highest average apparent quantum yield of 7.0% under the low-energy light (λ > 475 nm), which far outweighs the role of separate application of TTA-UC (34%) and AuNRs SPR (76%). The presence of pyroelectricity plays an important role in the built-in electric field as well as the accordingly photogenerated carrier behavior in the composite photocatalytic materials, and the pyroelectricity can be affected by AuNRs with different morphologies, which is proved by the Kelvin probe force microscopy and photocurrent data. This work provides a new avenue for fully utilizing low-energy photons in the solar spectrum for improving photocatalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Fang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Orient Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Huimin Wei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Orient Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yukai Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Orient Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Baoying Dai
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Orient Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yaru Ni
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Orient Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Kou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Orient Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Chunhua Lu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Orient Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zhongzi Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Orient Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
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