1
|
Shi JL, Wang Y, Han Y, Chen J, Pu X, Xia Y. Hydroalkylation of unactivated olefins with C(sp 3)─H compounds enabled by NiH-catalyzed radical relay. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eads6885. [PMID: 39693419 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ads6885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 11/12/2024] [Indexed: 12/20/2024]
Abstract
The hydroalkylation reaction of olefins with alkanes is a highly desirable synthetic transformation toward the construction of C(sp3)─C(sp3) bonds. However, such transformation has proven to be challenging for unactivated olefins, particularly when the substrates lack directing groups or acidic C(sp3)─H bonds. Here, we address this challenge by merging NiH-catalyzed radical relay strategy with a HAT (hydrogen atom transfer) process. In this catalytic system, a nucleophilic alkyl radical is generated from a C(sp3)─H compound in the presence of a HAT promotor, which couples with an alkyl metallic intermediate generated from the olefin substrate with a NiH catalyst to form the C(sp3)─C(sp3) bond. Starting from easily available materials, the reaction not only demonstrates wide functional group compatibility but also provides hydroalkylation products with regiodivergence and excellent enantioselectivity through effective catalyst control under mild conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Ling Shi
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy,Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Youcheng Wang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy,Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yufeng Han
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy,Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jinqi Chen
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy,Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaolan Pu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy,Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ying Xia
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy,Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
González-Gallardo N, Cores A, Marset X, Guijarro N, Guillena G, Ramón DJ. Unlocking the Potential of Deep Eutectic Solvents and Ligand-to-Metal Charge Transfer Processes: A Reusable Iron-and-UV-Based System for Sustainable C-C Bond Formation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202400911. [PMID: 38957114 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic C-H functionalization has provided new opportunities to access novel organic molecules more sustainably and efficiently. However, these procedures typically rely on precious metals or complex organic catalysts as well as on hazardous solvents or reaction conditions. Herein, a pioneering methodology for direct C-C bond formation enabled by Ligand-to-Metal Charge Transfer (LMCT) and mediated by UV irradiation has been developed using Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) as sustainable reaction media. This direct C-H bond functionalization via a radical addition to electrophiles was successfully confirmed over a broad scope of substrates. More importantly, this is the first example of photocatalytic C-C bond formation in DESs. An inexpensive and abundant iron catalyst (FeCl3) was used under air and mild conditions. Different functional groups were well tolerated obtaining promising results that were comparable to those reported in the literature. Additionally, the reaction medium along with the catalyst could be reused for up to 5 consecutive cycles without a significant loss in the reaction outcome. Several green metrics were calculated and compared to those of conventional procedures, revealing the advantages of using DESs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nerea González-Gallardo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Alejandro Cores
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Xavier Marset
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Néstor Guijarro
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Gabriela Guillena
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Diego J Ramón
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yan X, Pang Y, Zhou Y, Chang R, Ye J. Photochemical Deracemization of Lactams with Deuteration Enabled by Dual Hydrogen Atom Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39692147 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c14934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2024]
Abstract
Photochemical deracemization has emerged as one of the most straightforward approaches to access highly enantioenriched compounds in recent years. While excited-state events such as energy transfer, single electron transfer, and ligand-to-metal charge transfer have been leveraged to promote stereoablation, approaches relying on hydrogen atom transfer, which circumvent the limitations imposed by the triplet energy and redox potential of racemic substrates, remain underexplored. Conceptually, the most attractive method for tertiary stereocenter deracemization might be hydrogen atom abstraction followed by hydrogen atom donation. However, implementing such a strategy poses significant challenges, primarily because the enantioenriched products are also reactive if the chiral catalyst is unable to differentiate between the two enantiomers. Herein we report a distinct dual hydrogen atom transfer strategy for photochemical deracemization of δ- and γ-lactams, achieving high enantioenrichment and deuterium incorporation despite the inherent reactivity of the products. Mechanistic studies reveal that benzophenone enables nonselective hydrogen atom abstraction while a tetrapeptide-derived thiol dictates the enantioselectivity of the hydrogen atom donation step. More importantly, a pyridine-based alcohol was found to play crucial roles in facilitating the hydrogen atom abstraction as well as enhancing the enantioselectivity of the hydrogen atom donation step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yubing Pang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yutong Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Rui Chang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Juntao Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou X, Hu Y, Huang Y, Xiong Y. Recent advances in photochemical strain-release reactions of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 61:23-32. [PMID: 39601173 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc05108d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2024]
Abstract
Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs) are attractive compounds for their beautiful "butterfly" conformations, distinctive properties, and novel reactivities. As soon as the first example had been synthesized, a wide range of strain-release reactions were explored for the preparation of cyclobutanes and bicyclic systems in the ground state or excited state. In particular, with the demand for the construction of rigid three-dimensional aliphatic skeletons to "escape from flatland" in drug discovery programs, numerous efforts have been devoted in this area to expanding the boundaries of their reactivities and broadening the chemical space of their attractive bioisosteric products. In recent years, with the great resurgence and dramatic evolution of photochemistry, photochemical strain-release reactions generally relying on single electron transfer (SET) or energy transfer (EnT) strategies can provide much more opportunities and capability for innovative transformations of BCBs. In this review, we summarize and highlight the recent advances (year > 2016) of this topic and hope that it will inspire much more wonderful chemistry of BCBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Ye Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Yao Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Yang Xiong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mao J, Hu Y, He S, Zhang S, Ma Q, Yuan Y, Jia X. Dual Functionalization of the α,β-C-H Bonds in Alanine Ester Derivatives via Enamine-Imine Tautomerism: Construction of 4-Quinolinolate Skeletons through a Fragmentation-Reassembly Pathway. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 39680733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c04324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2024]
Abstract
Using a SbCl3/O2 mild oxidation system, a dual functionalization of the α,β-C-H bonds in alanine ester derivatives was achieved via enamine-imine tautomerism, and a series of quinoline-4-carboxylates were synthesized through a fragmentation-reassembly pathway. The investigation of the substrate scope revealed that various functional groups were easily tolerated, highlighting that this reaction provided an efficient path for the construction of the quinoline-4-carboxylate framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Mao
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Yue Hu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Shumiao He
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Qiyuan Ma
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gerogiannopoulou ADD, Mountanea OG, Routsi EA, Tzeli D, Kokotos CG, Kokotos G. Electron Donor-Acceptor Complex-Assisted Photochemical Conversion of O-2-Nitrobenzyl Protected Hydroxamates to Amides. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402984. [PMID: 39343744 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 09/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
The hydroxamic acid functionality is present in various medicinal agents and has attracted special interest for synthetic transformations in both organic and medicinal chemistry. The N-O bond cleavage of hydroxamic acid derivatives provides an interesting transformation for the generation of various products. We demonstrate, herein, that O-benzyl-type protected hydroxamic acids may undergo photochemical N-O bond cleavage, in the presence or absence of a catalyst, leading to amides. Although some O-benzyl protected aromatic hydroxamates may be photochemically converted to amides in the presence of a base and anthracene as the catalyst, employing O-2-nitrobenzyl group allowed the smooth conversion of both aliphatic and aromatic hydroxamates to primary or secondary amides in good to excellent yields in the presence of an amine, bypassing the need of a catalyst. DFT and UV-Vis studies supported the effective generation of an electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex between O-2-nitrobenzyl hydroxamates and amines, which enabled the successful product formation under these photochemical conditions. An extensive substrate scope was demonstrated, showcasing that both aliphatic and aromatic hydroxamates are compatible with this protocol, affording a wide variety of primary and secondary amides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Dimitra D Gerogiannopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Olga G Mountanea
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - E Alexandros Routsi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Demeter Tzeli
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., Athens, 11635, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Meher KB, Laha D, Dharpure PD, Bhat RG. Visible-Light-Induced Copper-Catalyzed Radical Reactions of Diazo Arylidene Succinimides to Access the Pyromellitic Diimide (PMDI) Core. Org Lett 2024; 26:10241-10247. [PMID: 39575468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c03604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of pyromellitic diimides (PMDIs) through visible-light-promoted copper-catalyzed reaction of diazo arylidene succinimides has been accomplished without the use of external oxidants. This transformation involves a carbon radical from diazo arylidene succinimides with a copper catalyst or photocatalyst via the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) process. This approach successfully challenges a long-standing paradigm in the synthesis of PMDIs. Notably, copper complex (CuNCS) formed in situ proved to be playing a pivotal role to drive the reaction via photoinitiation. Additionally, we synthesized a PMDI molecule known for its prominent aggregation-induced emission (AIE) property. For the very first time, we have synthesized unsymmetrical PMDIs by employing the developed protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kajal B Meher
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, 411008 Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Debasish Laha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, 411008 Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pankaj D Dharpure
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, 411008 Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ramakrishna G Bhat
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, 411008 Pune, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Stini NA, Gkizis PL, Triandafillidi I, Kokotos CG. Photocatalytic CeCl 3-Promoted C-H Alkenylation and Alkynylation of Alkanes. Chemistry 2024:e202404063. [PMID: 39636250 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202404063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2024] [Revised: 11/30/2024] [Accepted: 12/04/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024]
Abstract
The reemerging field of photoredox catalysis offers numerous advantages towards the development of novel, sustainable and easy-to-execute organic transformations. Herein, we report a light-triggered application of cerium complexes towards the C-H alkenylation and alkynylation of alkanes. An indirect HAT-mediated photocatalytic protocol was developed, using a cerium salt (CeCl3 ⋅ 7H2O) and a chlorine source (TBACl) as the catalytic system. A variety of cyclic and linear hydrocarbons were utilized, delivering the corresponding alkenylation or alkynylation products in good to high yields, displaying high regioselectivity. A series of mechanistic experiments were conducted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naya A Stini
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros L Gkizis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
| | - Ierasia Triandafillidi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pylova E, Lasorne B, McClenaghan ND, Jonusauskas G, Taillefer M, Konchenko SN, Prieto A, Jaroschik F. Visible-Light Organic Photosensitizers Based on 2-(2-Aminophenyl)benzothiazoles for Photocycloaddition Reactions. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401851. [PMID: 39011924 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
We have studied 2-(2-aminophenyl)benzothiazole and related derivatives for their photophysical properties in view of employing them as new and readily tunable organic photocatalysts. Their triplet energies were estimated by DFT calculations to be in the range of 52-57 kcal mol-1, suggesting their suitability for the [2+2] photocycloaddition of unsaturated acyl imidazoles with styrene derivatives. Experimental studies have shown that 2-(2-aminophenyl)benzothiazoles comprising alkylamino groups (NHMe, NHiPr) or the native amino group provide the best photocatalytic results in these visible-light mediated [2+2] reactions without the need of any additives, yielding a range of cyclobutane derivatives. A combined experimental and theoretical approach has provided insights into the underlying triplet-triplet energy transfer process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Pylova
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34090, Montpellier, France
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, Prosp. Lavrentieva 3, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Research University-Novosibirsk State, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Nathan D McClenaghan
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, Talence, F-33400, France
| | - Gediminas Jonusauskas
- Laboratoire Ondes et Matières d'Aquitaine, Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LOMA, UMR 5255, Talence, F-33400, France
| | - Marc Taillefer
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Sergey N Konchenko
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, Prosp. Lavrentieva 3, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexis Prieto
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yi W, Liu J, Hu XQ. Photochemical upcycling of polymers via visible light-driven C-H bond activation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 39620307 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc05866f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2024]
Abstract
The excessive use and improper disposal of plastics have placed a significant burden on the environment. To mitigate this impact, prioritizing the chemical upcycling of plastics is crucial. Unlike traditional thermochemical upcycling, which requires harsh conditions such as high temperatures and pressures, photochemical upcycling is viewed as a more environmentally friendly and cost-effective alternative. This includes using light to promote C-H bond activation to achieve the oxidative degradation of plastics, generating various valuable small molecules, or employing light-induced C-H bond activation for post-polymerization modification of post-consumer plastics to obtain polymers with enhanced properties. These methods are highly attractive approaches within the realm of chemical upcycling. This mini-review highlights the scientific breakthroughs in upcycling polymers through oxidative degradation and post-polymerization modification via visible light-driven C-H bond activation. In addition, the reaction mechanism compatibility as well as practical application have been emphatically discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yi
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Photochemical Technology, Wuhan 430080, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang J, Wang C, Han Y, Huang B, Mei S, Chen DP, Zhou H. Decatungstate-Photocatalyzed Hydroamidomethylation of Azobenzenes with N, N-Dimethylamides. Org Lett 2024; 26:10165-10169. [PMID: 39561349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c03931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2024]
Abstract
A photocatalytic hydroamidomethylation of azobenzenes with N,N-dimethylamides has been developed. Using tetrabutylammonium decatungstate (TBADT) as a photocatalyst, an array of azobenzenes and N,N-dimethylamides reacted smoothly under visible light irradiation, affording previously unreported N-amidomethyl-N,N'-diarylhydrazines in generally high yields. Mechanistic studies indicate that the reaction is enabled by TBADT-mediated hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) photocatalysis. This work is fundamentally different from the previously reported reaction of N,N-dimethylformamide with azobenzenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Cunhui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yating Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouying Mei
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Ping Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Zhou
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Capucciati A, Baraglia L, Cassera E, Merli D, Capaldo L, Ravelli D. Selective Oxidation of Alcohols to Carbonyls Under Decatungstate-Mediated Photoelectrochemical Conditions. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402986. [PMID: 39301673 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
The oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl derivatives has been realized under photoelectrochemical conditions in the presence of tetrabutylammonium decatungstate (TBADT) as the homogeneous photocatalyst. The protocol can be applied to both primary and secondary, benzylic and aliphatic alcohols. The desired products are obtained selectively, skipping the need for purposely added chemical oxidants. An in-depth study of photoelectrochemical conditions revealed that the protocol works best under amperostatic conditions in an undivided electrochemical cell irradiated with a 390 nm LED lamp. The comparison with analogous electrochemical and chemical oxidant-promoted photocatalytic transformations demonstrates the superior efficiency and selectivity of the hereby reported photoelectrochemical conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Capucciati
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Baraglia
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Cassera
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Merli
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Capaldo
- SynCat Lab, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma., Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Davide Ravelli
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fan H, Fang Y, Yu J. Direct alkene functionalization via photocatalytic hydrogen atom transfer from C(sp 3)-H compounds: a route to pharmaceutically important molecules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:13796-13818. [PMID: 39526464 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc05026f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Direct functionalization of alkenes with C(sp3)-H substrates offers unique opportunities for the rapid construction of pharmaceuticals and natural products. Although significant progress has been made over the past decades, the development of green, high step-economy methods to achieve these transformations under mild conditions without the need for pre-functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds remains a substantial challenge. Therefore, the pursuit of such methodologies is highly desirable. Recently, the direct activation of C(sp3)-H bonds via photocatalytic hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), especially from unactivated alkanes, has shown great promise. Given the potential of this approach to generate a wide range of pharmaceutically relevant compounds, this review highlights the recent advancements in the direct functionalization of alkenes through photocatalytic HAT from C(sp3)-H compounds, as well as their applications in the synthesis and diversification of drugs, natural products, and bioactive molecules, aiming to provide medicinal chemists with a practical set of tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hangqian Fan
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Yuxin Fang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Jingbo Yu
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cheng Y, Rein J, Le N, Lin S. Oxoammonium-Catalyzed Ether Oxidation via Hydride Abstraction: Methodology Development and Mechanistic Investigation Using Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:31420-31432. [PMID: 39527468 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c11760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Hydride abstraction represents a promising yet underexplored approach in the functionalization of C-H bonds. In this work, we report the oxidation of α-C-H bonds of ethers via oxoammonium catalysis using 3-chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA) as the terminal chemical oxidant or by means of electrochemistry. Mechanistic studies revealed intricate equilibria and interconversion events between various catalytic intermediates in the presence of mCPBA, which alone however was incompetent to drive catalytic turnover. The addition of a small amount of strong acid HNTf2 or weakly coordinating salt NaSbF6 turned on catalytic turnover and promoted ether oxidation with excellent efficiency. NMR experiments leveraging paramagnetic relaxation enhancement effect allowed for quantification of open-shell catalytic intermediates in real time during the reaction course, which aided the identification of catalyst resting states and elucidation of reaction mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jonas Rein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Nguyen Le
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang YP, Guo ZZ, Qu JP, Kang YB. Photoreductive N-N Homocoupling Catalyzed by a Superphotoreductant. J Org Chem 2024; 89:16804-16808. [PMID: 39453715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c02112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2024]
Abstract
Azines are valuable synthons or target molecules in organic synthesis. In this work, we report that CBZ6 could work as a photoreductive catalyst for the N-N homocoupling of oximes in high efficiency. This therefore enabled convenient access to a large variety of azines from the corresponding aryl and alkyl ketones, as well as aryl aldehydes in up to 99% yield. 2,4-Dinitrophenoxyl was used as the recyclable auxiliary and the CBZ6 photocatalyst could also be recycled. These together with the low catalyst loading (2 mol % of CBZ6), the short reaction time (4 h), and the nontoxic DMSO solvent make the current process a sustainable and practical alternative to the classic methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Guo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jian-Ping Qu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yan-Biao Kang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang X, Miao X, Dai L, Guo X, Jenis J, Zhang J, Shang X. Isolation, biological activity, and synthesis of isoquinoline alkaloids. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:1652-1722. [PMID: 39355982 DOI: 10.1039/d4np00023d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
Covering: 2019 to 2023Isoquinoline alkaloids, an important class of N-based heterocyclic compounds, have attracted considerable attention from researchers worldwide. To follow up on our prior review (covering 2014-2018) and present the progress of this class of compounds, this review summarizes and provides updated literature on novel isoquinoline alkaloids isolated during the period of 2019-2023, together with their biological activity and underlying mechanisms of action. Moreover, with the rapid development of synthetic modification strategies, the synthesis strategies of isoquinoline alkaloids have been continuously optimized, and the total synthesis of these classes of natural products is reviewed critically herein. Over 250 molecules with a broad range of bioactivities, including antitumor, antibacterial, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and other activities, are isolated and discussed. The total synthesis of more than nine classes of isoquinoline alkaloids is presented, and thirteen compounds constitute the first total synthesis. This survey provides new indications or possibilities for the discovery of new drugs from the original naturally occurring isoquinoline alkaloids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu Province, PR China.
- China-Kazakh Joint Research Center for Natural Veterinary Drug, Lanzhou 730050, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolou Miao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu Province, PR China.
- China-Kazakh Joint Research Center for Natural Veterinary Drug, Lanzhou 730050, P. R. China
| | - Lixia Dai
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu Province, PR China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- Tibetan Medicine Research Center of Qinghai University, Qinghai University Tibetan Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, P. R. China
| | - Janar Jenis
- The Research Center for Medicinal Plants, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu Province, PR China.
- China-Kazakh Joint Research Center for Natural Veterinary Drug, Lanzhou 730050, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofei Shang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu Province, PR China.
- China-Kazakh Joint Research Center for Natural Veterinary Drug, Lanzhou 730050, P. R. China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Tibetan Medicine Research Center of Qinghai University, Qinghai University Tibetan Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Martínez-Balart P, Velasco-Rubio Á, Barbeira-Arán S, Jiménez-Cristóbal H, Fañanás-Mastral M. Chemodivergent alkylation of trifluoromethyl alkenes via photocatalytic coupling with alkanes. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2024; 26:11196-11205. [PMID: 39398964 PMCID: PMC11465006 DOI: 10.1039/d4gc04176c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 10/04/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
gem-Difluoroalkenes and trifluoromethyl alkanes are prominent structures in biologically active compounds. Radical alkylation of α-trifluoromethyl alkenes represents a useful strategy to access these structures. However, reported methods have relied on the use of pre-functionalized radical precursors and examples involving the use of simple hydrocarbons as coupling partners are elusive. Here we report a chemodivergent methodology based on the direct activation of C(sp3)-H bonds enabled by HAT photoredox catalysis. This protocol provides an efficient platform for preparing both gem-difluoroalkenes and trifluoromethyl alkanes from ubiquitous hydrocarbon feedstocks, including gaseous alkanes. Importantly, chemoselectivity is easily achieved by simple modification of reaction conditions and/or additives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pol Martínez-Balart
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Álvaro Velasco-Rubio
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Sergio Barbeira-Arán
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Hugo Jiménez-Cristóbal
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Martín Fañanás-Mastral
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ji HT, Tang YQ, Wang YH, Wang JS, Xu YD, Zeng YY, Li T, Gong SF, He WM. Dual Ce@g-C 3N 4-Photoredox/Chlorine Catalysis: Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of N-Heteroarenes and Alkanes/Ethers with H 2 Evolution. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 39526537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c03538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
With Ce@g-C3N4 as a heterogeneous semiconductor photocatalyst, nBu4NCl as both a redox catalyst and a hydrogen atom transfer catalyst, the first example of semiheterogeneous photocatalytic cross-dehydrogenative coupling of N-heteroarenes and alkanes/ethers with H2 evolution was developed. Both a diverse array of high-value alkylated N-heteroarenes and clean H2 can be efficiently coproduced under sacrificial reagent- and chemical oxidant/reductant-free conditions. Combining both the reversible Ce4+/Ce3+ redox pair and the reversible Cl̅/Cl ̇ redox pair can considerably improve the photocatalytic efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tao Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yu-Qi Tang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Yao-Hui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yao-Dan Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Ting Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Shao-Feng Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Wei-Min He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jeong HC, Lee HJ, Maruoka K. Chemoselective Cleavage and Transamidation of Tertiary p-Methoxybenzyl Amides under Metal-Free Photoredox Catalysis. Org Lett 2024; 26:9513-9518. [PMID: 39431889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c03485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2024]
Abstract
A metal-free and mild cleavage of tertiary p-methoxybenzyl amides (PMB tert-amide) under photoredox conditions is developed using Mes-Acr-Ph+BF4- and Selectfluor to activate the electron-rich benzylic C-H bond of the PMB moiety. The resulting acyl fluoride intermediate is versatile and facilitates a one-pot transamidation of the PMB tert-amide. The value of this protocol is highlighted by performing the chemoselective activation of the PMB tert-amide in bifunctional molecules containing more reactive functionalities than the amide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Chan Jeong
- School of Advanced Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jun Lee
- School of Advanced Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Keiji Maruoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ghosh P, Maiti S, Malandain A, Raja D, Loreau O, Maity B, Roy TK, Audisio D, Maiti D. Taming CO 2•- via Synergistic Triple Catalysis in Anti-Markovnikov Hydrocarboxylation of Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:30615-30625. [PMID: 39468468 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2024]
Abstract
The direct utilization of carbon dioxide as an ideal one-carbon source in value-added chemical synthesis has garnered significant attention from the standpoint of global sustainability. In this regard, the photo/electrochemical reduction of CO2 into useful fuels and chemical feedstocks could offer a great promise for the transition to a carbon-neutral economy. However, challenges in product selectivity continue to limit the practical application of these systems. A robust and general method for the conversion of CO2 to the polarity-reversed carbon dioxide radical anion, a C1 synthon, is critical for the successful valorization of CO2 to selective carboxylation reactions. We demonstrate herein a hydride and hydrogen atom transfer synergy driven general catalytic platform involving CO2•- for highly selective anti-Markovnikov hydrocarboxylation of alkenes via triple photoredox, hydride, and hydrogen atom transfer catalysis. Mechanistic studies suggest that the synergistic operation of the triple catalytic cycle ensures a low-steady-state concentration of CO2•- in the reaction medium. This method using a renewable light energy source is mild, robust, selective, and capable of accommodating a wide range of activated and unactivated alkenes. The highly selective nature of the transformation has been revealed through the synthesis of hydrocarboxylic acids from the substrates bearing a hydrogen atom available for intramolecular 1,n-HAT process as well as diastereoselective synthesis. This technology represents a general strategy for the merger of in situ formate generation with a synergistic photoredox and HAA catalytic cycle to provide CO2•- for selective chemical transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pintu Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Sudip Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Augustin Malandain
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Dineshkumar Raja
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Olivier Loreau
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bholanath Maity
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Triptesh Kumar Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Davide Audisio
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
- Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
- National Center of Excellence CCU, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tu JL. Recent advances in photocatalytic and transition metal-catalyzed synthesis of disulfide compounds. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 39498810 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob01362j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2024]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds are essential in protein folding, cellular redox balance, materials science, and drug development. Despite existing synthetic methods, the efficient and selective synthesis of unsymmetrical disulfides remains challenging. This review highlights innovative approaches in visible light photocatalysis, including decarboxylation, deoxydisulfidation of alcohols, and direct C-H disulfidation, showcasing broad substrate applicability and functional group tolerance under mild conditions. Additionally, it explores transition metal-catalyzed systems with copper, nickel, palladium, chromium, Iridium, Rhodium molybdenum, and scandium, offering effective strategies for unsymmetrical disulfide bond formation and late-stage functionalization of complex molecules through reductive coupling, selective oxidation, and novel insertion reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lin Tu
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sennari G, Yamagishi H, Sarpong R. C-H functionalization of camphor through emerging approaches. CHEM LETT 2024; 53:upae204. [PMID: 39583054 PMCID: PMC11580201 DOI: 10.1093/chemle/upae204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2024] [Revised: 10/22/2024] [Accepted: 10/22/2024] [Indexed: 11/26/2024]
Abstract
Camphor and related monoterpenoid natural products have served as versatile "chiral pool" materials in organic chemistry for over half a century. Historically, many researchers have used a variety of transformations involving orchestrated rearrangements of the bornane skeleton to functionalize the camphor framework, expanding the utility of this chiral building block. Recent developments in C-H functionalization methodologies provide myriad opportunities to derivatize the camphor framework in a selective and predictable fashion. In this review, a short summary of the methods for functionalization of the camphor scaffold using rearrangement chemistry is provided followed by a discussion of emerging methods for directed C-H functionalizations that provide diverse new ways to derivatize the camphor framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Goh Sennari
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamagishi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Qu CH, Li ST, Liu JB, Chen ZZ, Tang DY, Li JH, Song GT. Site-Selective Access to Functionalized Pyrroloquinoxalinones via H-Atom Transfer from N═C sp2-H Bonds of Quinoxalinones. Org Lett 2024; 26:9244-9250. [PMID: 39440848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c03353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
Site-selective hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) from the N═Csp2-H bonds of quinoxaline-2(1H)-ones is a highly attractive but underdeveloped domain. Reported herein is a highly selective, practical, and economically efficient approach for facile assembly of pyrroloquinoxalinones by synergistic photocatalysis and HAT catalysis. The reaction proceeds through bromine radical-mediated HAT of quinoxalinones and imine radical addition to α-cyano-α,β-unsaturated ketones that establishes a cross-coupling/annulation cascade process, resulting in the synthesis of a series of functionalized pyrroloquinoxalinones. This protocol does not require transition metals or excess oxidants and uses easy-to-synthesize starting materials with excellent scalability and broad substrate scope. The establishment of N═Csp2 radical chemistry illustrates great potential for the synthesis of imine-containing molecules that are not possible with some traditional methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Hua Qu
- International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Shu-Ting Li
- International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Jian-Bo Liu
- International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Zhong-Zhu Chen
- International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Dian-Yong Tang
- International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Jia-Hong Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gui-Ting Song
- International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Iimuro H, Ishigaki S, Araujo Dias AJ, Inoue T, Tanaka K, Nagashima Y. Photocatalytic Generation of Germyl Radicals from Digermanes Enabling the Hydro/Deuteriogermylation of Alkenes. J Org Chem 2024; 89:15623-15629. [PMID: 39382946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
We have developed a visible-light-induced method to photolyze digermanes through single-electron oxidation using a photocatalyst, in contrast to direct excitation, to generate germyl radicals and achieve the hydro/deuteriogermylation of alkenes. This protocol allows the previously elusive incorporation of the small trimethylgermyl group and deuterium, metabolically stable bioisosteres of tert-butyl and hydrogen, respectively, making this approach attractive in not only organic synthesis but also medicinal chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Iimuro
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Shiho Ishigaki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Antônio Junio Araujo Dias
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Tomonori Inoue
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Ken Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Yuki Nagashima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li F, Dong J, Wang C, Liao H, Dang J, Zhou J, Li G, Xue D. Benzyl Alcohol Functionalization of [1.1.1]Propellane with Alkanes and Aldehydes. Org Lett 2024; 26:9276-9281. [PMID: 39432247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c03429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2024]
Abstract
Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (BCPs) play a crucial role in drug discovery research as C(sp3)-rich bioisosteres of benzene rings. However, the preparation of BCPs with strong alkane C(sp3)-H bonds has not been reported to date. In this study, we reported a method for light-induced benzyl alcohol functionalization of [1.1.1]propellane with aliphatic hydrocarbons (which have not previously been explored for this purpose) and aldehydes under metal- and photocatalyst-free conditions. The BCP products could be transformed into various useful derivatives, demonstrating the utility of the method. Notably, we achieved the synthesis of functionalized BCPs with simple alkanes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
- Department of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550002, Guizhou China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550002, Guizhou, China
| | - Jianyang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Chenya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Huijuan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Jiayi Dang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Dong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhao YL, Min X, Li L, Han XL, Wei Y, Hu XQ. Photocatalyst-Free Transformation of C(sp 3)-H Bonds to Oxime Ethers via Photoinduced Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Org Lett 2024; 26:9383-9388. [PMID: 39436111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c03653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2024]
Abstract
Herein, a direct transformation of aliphatic C-H bonds to oxime ethers has been developed via light-promoted hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) in the absence of a photocatalyst. Singlet oxygen and chlorine radical are complementary C(sp3)-H bond cleaving agents in this reaction, enabling the extraction of hydrogen atoms from a diverse range of compounds, like cycloalkanes, ethers, amines, amides, and cyclic sulfides. This method excels in transforming common aliphatic C-H bonds into valuable oxime ethers featuring abundant chemical feedstocks, good functional group tolerance, and catalyst free conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xuehong Min
- Equine Science Research and Horse Doping Control Laboratory, Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Racing Horse Detection and Application Transformation, Wuhan Business University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Lijing Li
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiao-Le Han
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zeng H, Yin R, Zhao Y, Ma JA, Wu J. Modular alkene synthesis from carboxylic acids, alcohols and alkanes via integrated photocatalysis. Nat Chem 2024; 16:1822-1830. [PMID: 39333390 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01642-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
Alkenes serve as versatile building blocks in diverse organic transformations. Despite notable advancements in olefination methods, a general strategy for the direct conversion of carboxylic acids, alcohols and alkanes into alkenes remains a formidable challenge owing to their inherent reactivity disparities. Here we demonstrate an integrated photochemical strategy that facilitates a one-pot conversion of these fundamental building blocks into alkenes through a sequential C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond formation-fragmentation process, utilizing an easily accessible and recyclable phenyl vinyl ketone as the 'olefination reagent'. This practical method not only offers an unparalleled paradigm for accessing value-added alkenes from abundant and inexpensive starting materials but also showcases its versatility through various complex scenarios, including late-stage on-demand olefination of multifunctional molecules, chain homologation of acids and concise syntheses of bioactive molecules. Moreover, initiating from carboxylic acids, alcohols and alkanes, this protocol presents a complementary approach to traditional olefination methods, making it a highly valuable addition to the research toolkit for alkene synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zeng
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ruize Yin
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yu Zhao
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, P. R. China.
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Jun-An Ma
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, P. R. China.
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education) and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China.
| | - Jie Wu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, P. R. China.
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nguyen TVT, Brownsey DK, Bossonnet A, Wodrich MD, Waser J. Homologation of Alkenyl Carbonyls via a Cyclopropanation/Light-Mediated Selective C-C Cleavage Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202417719. [PMID: 39478669 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202417719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 11/22/2024]
Abstract
We report herein our studies on the direct photoactivation of carbonyl cyclopropanes to give biradical intermediates, leading to selective cleavage of the more substituted carbon-carbon bond. Depending on the substrate structure, extended alkenes were isolated or directly reacted in a photo-Nazarov process to give bicyclic products. Based on these results, a unified reductive ring-opening reaction was developed by using diphenyl disulfide as a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reagent. By performing a sequential cyclopropanation/selective ring opening reaction, we achieved a CH2 insertion into the α,β bond of both acyclic and cyclic unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Our protocol provides a further tool for the modification of the carbon framework of organic compounds, complementing the recent progress in "skeletal editing".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tin V T Nguyen
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Duncan K Brownsey
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - André Bossonnet
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthew D Wodrich
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Feng Z, Wu L, Zhou CY, Wang C. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis for Polycyclic Benzazepines Assembly: Regioselective Intramolecular Tandem Radical Cyclization. Org Lett 2024; 26:9068-9072. [PMID: 39392687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c03303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
A variety of polycyclic benzazepines were rapidly constructed by NHC-catalyzed regioselective redox-neutral intramolecular tandem cyclization. Initial mechanistic studies revealed that a SET radical process was possibly involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Feng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511443, China
| | - Lili Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511443, China
| | - Cong-Ying Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511443, China
| | - Chengming Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511443, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Fan Z, Teng KX, Xu YY, Niu LY, Yang QZ. The Photodynamic Agent Designed by Involvement of Hydrogen Atom Transfer for Enhancing Photodynamic Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202413595. [PMID: 39448378 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202413595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 10/01/2024] [Accepted: 10/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024]
Abstract
Although Type-I photodynamic therapy has attracted increasingly growing interest due to its reduced dependence on oxygen, the design of effective Type-I photosensitizers remains a challenge. In this work, we report a design strategy for Type-I photosensitizers by the involvement of hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). As a proof of concept, a HAT-involved Type-I PS, which simultaneously generates superoxide and carbon-centered radicals under light-irradiation, was synthesized. This photosensitizer is comprised of a fluorene-substituted BODIPY unit as an electron acceptor covalently linked with a triphenylamine moiety as an electron donor. Under light-irradiation, photo-induced intramolecular electron transfer occurs to generate the BODIPY anion radical and triphenylamine cation radical. The former transfers electrons to oxygen to generate O2 -⋅, while the latter loses a proton to produce a benzyl carbon-centered radical which is well characterized. The resulting carbon-centered radicals efficiently oxidize NADH by HAT reaction. This photosensitizer demonstrates remarkable photocytotoxicity even under hypoxic conditions, along with outstanding in vivo antitumor efficacy in mouse models bearing HeLa tumors. This work offers a novel strategy for the design of Type-I photosensitizers by involvement of HAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Fan
- Institution Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Kun-Xu Teng
- Institution Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Xu
- Institution Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ya Niu
- Institution Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Zheng Yang
- Institution Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Skolia E, Mountanea OG, Kokotos CG. Photochemical Aerobic Upcycling of Polystyrene Plastics. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202400174. [PMID: 38763906 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Although the introduction of plastics has improved humanity's everyday life, the fast accumulation of plastic waste, including microplastics and nanoplastics, have created numerous problems with recent studies highlighting their involvement in various aspects of our lives. Upcycling of plastics, the conversion of plastic waste to high-added value chemicals, is a way to combat plastic waste that is receiving increased attention. Herein, we describe a novel aerobic photochemical process for the upcycling of real-life polystyrene-based plastics into benzoic acid. A new process employing a thioxanthone-derivative, in combination with N-bromosuccinimide, under ambient air and 390 nm irradiation is capable of upcycling real-life polystyrene-derived products in benzoic acid in yields varying from 24-54 %.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elpida Skolia
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga G Mountanea
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Entgelmeier LM, Mori S, Sendo S, Yamaguchi R, Suzuki R, Yanai T, García Mancheño O, Ohmatsu K, Ooi T. Zwitterionic Acridinium Amidate: A Nitrogen-Centered Radical Catalyst for Photoinduced Direct Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404890. [PMID: 38923134 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The development of small organic molecules that can convert light energy into chemical energy to directly promote molecular transformation is of fundamental importance in chemical science. Herein, we report a zwitterionic acridinium amidate as a catalyst for the direct functionalization of aliphatic C-H bonds. This organic zwitterion absorbs visible light to generate the corresponding amidyl radical in the form of excited-state triplet diradical with prominent reactivity for hydrogen atom transfer to facilitate C-H alkylation with a high turnover number. The experimental and theoretical investigations revealed that the noncovalent interactions between the anionic amidate nitrogen and a pertinent hydrogen-bond donor, such as hexafluoroisopropanol, are crucial for ensuring the efficient generation of catalytically active species, thereby fully eliciting the distinct reactivity of the acridinium amidate as a photoinduced direct hydrogen atom transfer catalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Soichiro Mori
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shion Sendo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Rie Yamaguchi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Suzuki
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yanai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | | | - Kohsuke Ohmatsu
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takashi Ooi
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Iglhaut M, Freund P, Bach T. Photochemical Deracemization of N-Carboxyanhydrides En Route to Chiral α-Amino Acid Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202418873. [PMID: 39412185 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202418873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 11/14/2024]
Abstract
Readily accessible, racemic N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs) of α-amino acids underwent a deracemization reaction upon irradiation at λ=366 nm in the presence of a chiral benzophenone catalyst. The enantioenriched NCAs (up to 98 % ee) serve as activated α-amino acid surrogates and, due to their instability, they were directly converted into consecutive products. N-Protected α-amino acid esters were obtained after reaction with MeOH and N-benzoylation (14 examples, 70 %-quant., 82-96 % ee). Other consecutive reactions included amide (ten examples, 65 %-quant., 90-98 % ee) and peptide (three examples, 75-89 %, d. r.=97/3 to 94/6) bond formation. Limitations of the method relate for some NCAs to issues with solubility, photooxidation, and high configurational lability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Iglhaut
- Technische Universität München, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Philip Freund
- Technische Universität München, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Technische Universität München, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
West JG. Building Catalytic Reactions One Electron at a Time. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:3068-3078. [PMID: 39317431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusClassical education in organic chemistry and catalysis, not the least my own, has centered on two-electron transformations, from nucleophilic attack to oxidative addition. The focus on two-electron chemistry is well-founded, as this brand of chemistry has enabled incredible feats of synthesis, from the development of life-saving pharmaceuticals to the production of ubiquitous commodity chemicals. With that said, this approach is in many ways complementary to the approach of nature, where enzymes frequently make use of single-electron "radical" steps to achieve challenging reactions with exceptional selectivity, including light detection and C-H hydroxylation. While the power of radical elementary steps is undeniable, the fundamental understanding of─and ability to apply─these in catalysis remains underdeveloped, constraining the palette with which chemists can make new reactions.Motivation to remedy this traditional underemphasis on radical catalysis has been intensified by the runaway success of outer-sphere photoredox catalysis, not only confirming the versatility of radicals in anthropogenic catalysis but also teaching the value of robust and well-understood catalytic cycles for reaction design. Indeed, I would argue the success of outer-sphere photoredox catalysis has been fueled by strong fundamental understanding of its underlying radical elementary steps, with consideration of single-electron transfer (SET) energetics allowing new reactions to be designed de novo with enviable confidence. However, outer-sphere photoredox catalysis is an outlier in this regard, with other mechanistic approaches remaining underexplored.Our research group is part of a growing movement to expand the vocabulary of synthetic radical catalysis beyond the traditional outer-sphere photoredox SET manifold, assembling new cycles comprised of hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), light-induced homolysis (LIH), and radical ligand transfer (RLT) steps in new combinations to achieve challenging transformations. These efforts have been made possible by the ever-growing understanding of these radical elementary steps and discovery of catalyst systems with significant mechanistic flexibility, most recently iron/thiol (Fe/S) cocatalysis.In this Account, I will focus on our efforts applying HAT and LIH steps in Fe/S cocatalysis, sharing broad guidelines we have found helpful for using these steps and demonstrating how they can be combined to make new reactions using three case studies: radical hydrogenation (HAT + HAT), decarboxylative protonation (LIH + HAT), and alkene hydrofluoroalkylation (LIH + HAT, with an intervening radical alkene addition). These efforts have highlighted the importance of several key parameters, including bond dissociation energy (BDE) and radical polarity, and I hope our findings similarly provide a valuable framework to others designing new radical catalytic reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian G West
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Panetti GB, Kim J, Myong MS, Bird MJ, Scholes GD, Chirik PJ. Photodriven Ammonia Synthesis from Manganese Nitrides: Photophysics and Mechanistic Investigations. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:27610-27621. [PMID: 39330978 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Ammonia synthesis from N,N,O,O-supported manganese(V) nitrides and 9,10-dihydroacridine using proton-coupled electron transfer and visible light irradiation in the absence of precious metal photocatalysts is described. While the reactivity of the nitride correlated with increased absorption of blue light, excited-state lifetimes determined by transient absorption were on the order of picoseconds. This eliminated excited-state manganese nitrides as responsible for bimolecular N-H bond formation. Spectroscopic measurements on the hydrogen source, dihydroacridine, demonstrated that photooxidation of 9,10-dihydroacridine was necessary for productive ammonia synthesis. Transient absorption and pulse radiolysis data for dihydroacridine provided evidence for the presence of intermediates with weak E-H bonds, including the dihydroacridinium radical cation and both isomers of the monohydroacridine radical, but notably these intermediates were unreactive toward hydrogen atom transfer and net N-H bond formation. Additional optimization of the reaction conditions using higher photon flux resulted in higher rates of the ammonia production from the manganese(V) nitrides due to increased activation of the dihydroacridine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace B Panetti
- Department of Chemistry, Frick Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Junho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Frick Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Michele S Myong
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Matthew J Bird
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Frick Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Paul J Chirik
- Department of Chemistry, Frick Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tu JL, Huang B. Direct C(sp 3)-H functionalization with aryl and alkyl radicals as intermolecular hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) agents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:11450-11465. [PMID: 39268687 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03383c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the emergence of direct intermolecular C(sp3)-H bond functionalization using in situ generated aryl/alkyl radicals as a unique class of hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) agents. A variety of precursors have been exploited to produce these radical HAT agents under photocatalytic, electrochemical or thermal conditions. To date, viable aryl radical precursors have included aryl diazonium salts or aryl azosulfones, diaryliodonium salts, O-benzoyl oximes, aryl sulfonium salts, aryl thioesters, and aryl halides; and applicable alkyl radical sources have included tetrahalogenated methanes (e.g., CCl3Br, CBr4 and CF3I), N-hydroxyphthalimide esters, alkyl bromides, and acetic acid. This review summarizes the current advances in direct intermolecular C(sp3)-H functionalization through key HAT events with in situ generated aryl/alkyl radicals and categorizes the procedures by the specific radical precursors applied. With an emphasis on the reaction conditions, mechanisms and representative substrate scopes of these protocols, this review aims to demonstrate the current trends and future challenges of this emerging field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lin Tu
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519085, China.
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Binbin Huang
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519085, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Liu Y, Xue GH, He Z, Yue JP, Pan M, Song L, Zhang W, Ye JH, Yu DG. Visible-Light Photoredox-Catalyzed Direct Carboxylation of Tertiary C(sp 3)-H Bonds with CO 2: Facile Synthesis of All-Carbon Quaternary Carboxylic Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39374105 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c09558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Abstract
Direct carboxylation of C-H bonds with CO2 represents an attractive strategy to synthesize valuable carboxylic acids with high atom, step, and redox economy. Although great progress has been achieved in this field, catalytic carboxylation of tertiary C(sp3)-H bonds still remains challenging due to their inherent inertness and significant steric hindrance. Herein, we report a direct carboxylation of tertiary benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds with CO2 via visible-light photoredox catalysis. Various all-carbon quaternary carboxylic acids, which are of significant importance in medicinal chemistry, are successfully obtained with high yields. This direct carboxylation is characterized by good functional group tolerance, broad substrate scope, and mild operational conditions. Furthermore, our methodology enables the efficient and rapid synthesis of key drug or bioactive molecules, such as carbetapentane, caramiphen, and PRE-084 (σ1 receptor agonist), and facilitates various functionalizations of C(sp2)-H bonds using the directing ability of target carboxylic acids, thus highlighting its practical applications. Mechanistic studies indicate that a carbanion, which serves as the key intermediate to react with CO2, is catalytically generated via a single electron reduction of a benzylic radical through a consecutive photoinduced electron transfer process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Guan-Hua Xue
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhen He
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Ping Yue
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Min Pan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Lei Song
- College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Heng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Da-Gang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lahdenperä ASK, Dhankhar J, Davies DJ, Lam NYS, Bacoş PD, de la Vega-Hernández K, Phipps RJ. A chiral hydrogen atom abstraction catalyst for the enantioselective epimerization of meso-diols. Science 2024; 386:42-49. [PMID: 39361751 DOI: 10.1126/science.adq8029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen atom abstraction is an important elementary chemical process but is very difficult to carry out enantioselectively. We have developed catalysts, readily derived from the Cinchona alkaloid family of natural products, which can achieve this by virtue of their chiral amine structure. The catalyst, following single-electron oxidation, desymmetrizes meso-diols by selectively abstracting a hydrogen atom from one carbon center, which then regains a hydrogen atom by abstraction from a thiol. This results in an enantioselective epimerization process, forming the chiral diastereomer with high enantiomeric excess. Cyclic and acyclic 1,2-diols are compatible, as are acyclic 1,3-diols. Additionally, we demonstrate the viability of combining our approach with carbon-carbon bond formation in Giese addition. Given the increasing number of synthetic methods involving hydrogen atom transfer steps, we anticipate that this work will have a broad impact in the field of enantioselective radical chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antti S K Lahdenperä
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Jyoti Dhankhar
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Daniel J Davies
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Nelson Y S Lam
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - P David Bacoş
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | | | - Robert J Phipps
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Garwood JJA, Chen AD, Nagib DA. Radical Polarity. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39363280 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
The polarity of a radical intermediate profoundly impacts its reactivity and selectivity. To quantify this influence and predict its effects, the electrophilicity/nucleophilicity of >500 radicals has been calculated. This database of open-shell species entails frequently encountered synthetic intermediates, including radicals centered at sp3, sp2, and sp hybridized carbon atoms or various heteroatoms (O, N, S, P, B, Si, X). Importantly, these computationally determined polarities have been experimentally validated for electronically diverse sets of >50 C-centered radicals, as well as N- and O- centered radicals. High correlations are measured between calculated polarity and quantified reactivity, as well as within parallel sets of competition experiments (across different radical types and reaction classes). These multipronged analyses show a strong relationship between the computed electrophilicity, ω, of a radical and its relative reactivity (krel vs Δω slopes up to 40; showing mere Δω of 0.1 eV affords up to 4-fold rate enhancement). We expect this experimentally validated database will enable reactivity and selectivity prediction (by harnessing polarity-matched rate enhancement) and assist with troubleshooting in synthetic reaction development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J A Garwood
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Andrew D Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - David A Nagib
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Nasirian A, Sung K, Jang HY, Yu S. Anomalous Reaction Pathways to Methane Production in Photocatalytic Ethanol Oxidation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:52191-52199. [PMID: 39315488 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c08729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic reduction reactions occasionally utilize sacrificial agents to scavenge photogenerated holes, thus enhancing the kinetics and efficiency of electron harvesting. However, exploring alternative hole-mediated oxidation reactions and their potential impact on photoredox processes is limited. This study investigates the products resulting from the oxidation of ethanol, a commonly used hole scavenger, and the underlying mechanisms involved. We examine a homogeneous eosin Y photoreaction scheme containing a Cu complex coordinated with an N-heterocyclic carbene, a combination often employed in CO2 conversion. Under visible-light excitation, this photosystem yields methane as an unusual product, alongside acetaldehyde and carbon monoxide. Mechanistic analysis reveals that ethanol undergoes a catalytic cascade involving oxidative processes, C-C bond cleavage, and intermolecular hydrogen atom transfer. Notably, the Lewis-acidic metal center of the Cu complex activates a novel pathway for ethanol oxidation. This work presents the influence of catalyst selection and reaction condition optimization on the emergence of new or unexpected catalytic processes.
Collapse
|
41
|
Tang S, Xu H, Dang Y, Yu S. Photoexcited Copper-Catalyzed Enantioselective Allylic C(sp 3)-H Acyloxylation of Acyclic Internal Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:27196-27203. [PMID: 39288447 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c11145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
The functionalization of C-H bonds streamlines the synthesis of complex molecules by eliminating the need for substrate preactivation. Traditionally, the Kharasch-Sosnovsky reaction, which directly oxidizes allylic C-H bonds into allylic esters under copper catalysis, has been hampered by long reaction times, limited substrate scope, and low enantioselectivity with acyclic olefins. Herein, we present a novel, visible light-driven, copper-catalyzed asymmetric Kharasch-Sosnovsky reaction that overcomes these challenges. This method expands the substrate scope to include acyclic internal alkenes and improves reaction conditions using eco-friendly visible light catalysis. It enhances radical reactivity and achieves superior enantioselectivity and regioselectivity in producing allylic C-H acyloxylation products. This breakthrough significantly advances direct C-H functionalization techniques, offering a more efficient and sustainable approach to synthesizing chiral molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shouyun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Michelas M, Wimberger L, Boyer C. A General Approach for Photo-Oxidative Degradation of Various Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400358. [PMID: 39008823 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The escalating demand for plastics has resulted in a surge of plastic waste worldwide, posing a monumental environmental challenge. To address this issue, a versatile photo-oxidative degradation method applicable to seven distinct polymer families is proposed, comprising poly(isobutyl vinyl ether) (PIBVE), poly(2,3-dihydrofuran) (PDHF), poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PBA), poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), poly(dimethyl acrylamide) (PDMA), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate) (PEGMEA), and even poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). This method employs photo-mediated hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) followed by oxidation to promote polymer degradation. This reaction is carried out under aerobic condition in the presence of iron trichloride (FeCl3) as a photocatalyst in combination with low-intensity purple light irradiation. The process can degrade up to 97% of the polymer in less than 3 h. This degradation process can be easily controlled by switching the light off, which allows for precise modulation of the degradation rate, enhancing the effectiveness of the method. Overall, this method provides a sustainable method for degrading various polymer types with low energy input.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Michelas
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Laura Wimberger
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hirose M, Sakaguchi H, Hashimoto R, Furutani T, Yamawaki M, Suzuki H, Yoshimi Y. Benzoic Acid Serves as Precursor of Catalytic HAT Reagent in a Two-Molecule Photoredox System. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402285. [PMID: 38987225 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The photoinduced regioselective HAT reactions of acetals, ethers, and alcohols using benzoic acids in a two-molecule photoredox system led to the formation of new C-C bonds with alkenes under mild conditions. Aryl carboxy radicals generated from benzoic acids in a two-molecule photoredox system can function as catalytic HAT reagents, even though an excess amount of a hydrogen donor substrate is required. Various acetals, ethers, alcohols, and alkenes can be employed in the photoreaction to provide both high yields of adducts and high recoveries of benzoic acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masami Hirose
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Hina Sakaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Ryoga Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Toshiki Furutani
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, National Institute of Technology, Fukui College, Geshi-cho, Fukui, 916-8507, Japan
| | - Mugen Yamawaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, National Institute of Technology, Fukui College, Geshi-cho, Fukui, 916-8507, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Yoshimi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
An Q, Chang L, Pan H, Zuo Z. Ligand-to-Metal Charge Transfer (LMCT) Catalysis: Harnessing Simple Cerium Catalysts for Selective Functionalization of Inert C-H and C-C Bonds. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:2915-2927. [PMID: 39291873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusChemists have long pursued harnessing light energy and photoexcitation processes for synthetic transformations. Ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) in high-valent metal complexes often triggers bond homolysis, generating oxidized ligand-centered radicals and reduced metal centers. While photoinduced oxidative activations can be enabled, this process, typically seen as photochemical decomposition, remains underexplored in catalytic applications. To mitigate decomposition during LMCT excitation, we developed a catalytic cycle integrating in situ coordination, LMCT, and ligand homolysis to activate ligated alcohols transiently into alkoxy radicals. This catalytic approach leverages Ce(IV) LMCT excitation and highly reactive alkoxy radical intermediates for selective functionalizations of C(sp3)-H and C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds under mild conditions. In this Account, we discuss these advancements, highlighting the practical utility of cost-effective cerium salts as catalysts and their potential to develop innovative transformations, addressing long-standing synthetic challenges.Selective functionalization of chemically inert C(sp3)-H bonds has long posed a significant challenge. We first detail our research using LMCT-enabled alkoxy radical-mediated hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) processes for selective C(sp3)-H functionalizations. Using readily available CeCl3, we established a general protocol for employing free alcohols in the Barton reaction. By integrating LMCT and HAT catalysis, we introduced a selective photocatalytic strategy for functionalizing feedstock alkanes, converting gaseous hydrocarbons into valuable products. Employing simple cerium salts like Ce(OTf)3 and CeCl3, we achieved selective C-H amination of methane and ethane at ambient temperature, achieving turnover numbers of 2900 and 9700, respectively. This catalytic manifold has been further exploited to address the site-selectivity challenge in the C-H functionalization of linear alkanes. The use of methanol as a cocatalyst enabled preferential functionalization of the most electron-rich sites, achieving a high intrinsic selectivity over 12:1 of secondary vs primary sites in pentane and hexane.Next, we discuss the catalytic utilization of alkoxy-radical-mediated β-scission, a frequently encountered side reaction in HAT transformations, for selective cleavage and functionalization of C-C bonds. The versatility of the LMCT catalytic platform facilitates the generation of alkoxy radicals from various free alcohols. In our initial demonstration of LMCT-enabled C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond activation, we developed a cerium-catalyzed ring-opening and amination of cycloalkanols, providing an effective protocol for cleaving unstrained C-C bonds. This strategy has been successfully applied to various radical cross-coupling processes, leading to innovative transformations such as ring expansions of cycloalkanols, dehydroxymethylative alkylation, amination, alkenylation, and ring expansions of cyclic ketones. These results highlight the synthetic potential of employing LMCT-mediated β-scission and ubiquitous C-C bonds as unconventional functional handles for generating molecular complexity.Lastly, we delve into our mechanistic investigations. Beyond the catalytic application of Ce(IV) LMCT in various transformations, we have undertaken comprehensive mechanistic studies. These investigations encompass characterization of Ce(IV) alkoxide complexes to elucidate their structures, evaluation of their photoactivity and selectivity in radical generation, and elucidation of kinetic pathways associated with transient LMCT excited states. Our research has revealed ultrafast bond homolysis, back electron transfer, and the selectivity of heteroleptic complexes in homolysis, providing crucial insights for advancing LMCT catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing An
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Liang Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhiwei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hu Y, Liu Q, Zhou X, Huang Y, Fernández I, Xiong Y. Lewis-Acid-Promoted Visible-Light-Mediated C(sp 3)-H Bond Functionalization of Arylvinylpyridines via Diradical Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Org Lett 2024; 26:8005-8010. [PMID: 39109801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
A visible-light-induced intramolecular diradical-mediated hydrogen atom transfer (DHAT) of primary, secondary, and tertiary C(sp3)-H bonds and subsequent cyclization is described. This transformation is enabled by triplet energy transfer upon Lewis acid coordination to alkyl-substituted arylvinylpyridines and gives access to a variety of benzocyclobutenes (>40 examples, 32-96% yield). Notably, tri- and tetrasubstituted olefins with tertiary C(sp3)-H bonds effectively delivered sterically hindered products with adjacent all-carbon quaternary centers. Mechanistic evidence and density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that Lewis acid coordination was crucial for the success by modulating the reactivity of the diradical intermediates to unlock a challenging carbon-to-carbon DHAT and subsequent cyclization with a rather low barrier, which allows the functionalization of benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds to construct otherwise inaccessible benzocyclobutenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovacion en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yang Xiong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mantry L, Gandeepan P. Photochemical direct alkylation of heteroarenes with alkanes, alcohols, amides, and ethers. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:7643-7648. [PMID: 39195903 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob01119h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Direct functionalization of heteroarenes with simple alkanes utilizing anthracene as a photoredox catalyst has been established. This approach provides a sustainable alternative, avoiding costly reagents or peroxides. The method demonstrates a broad substrate scope, enabling regioselective alkylation of various heteroarenes, including azoles, pyridines, quinolines, isoquinolones, and quinoxalinones under mild conditions. A range of alkyl sources, such as alkanes, ethers, dioxane, trioxane, alcohol, and alkylamides were viable substrates. A plausible catalytic cycle was proposed based on the preliminary mechanistic evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lusina Mantry
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Yerpedu-Venkatagiri Road, Yerpedu Post, Tirupati District, Andhra Pradesh, India - 517619.
| | - Parthasarathy Gandeepan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Yerpedu-Venkatagiri Road, Yerpedu Post, Tirupati District, Andhra Pradesh, India - 517619.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Langschwager T, Storch G. Flavin-Catalyzed, Photochemical Conversion of Dehydroalanine into 4,5-Dihydroxynorvaline. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202414679. [PMID: 39305229 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202414679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 11/06/2024]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of unnatural amino acids (UAA) is a key strategy for preparing designed peptides, including pharmaceutically active compounds. Alterations of existing amino acid residues such as dehydroalanine (Dha) are particularly important since selected positions can be addressed without the necessity of a complete de novo synthesis. The intriguing UAA 4,5-dihydroxynorvaline (Dnv) is found in a variety of naturally occurring peptides and biologically active compounds. However, no method is currently available to modify an existing peptide with this residue. We report the use of flavin catalysts and visible light irradiation for this challenge, which serves as a versatile strategy for converting Dha into Dnv. Our study shows that excited flavins are competent hydrogen atom abstraction catalysts for ethers and acetals, which allows masked 1,2-dihydroxyethylene functionalization from 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane. The masked diol was successfully coupled to Dha residues, and a series of Dnv-containing products is reported. A mild and orthogonal protocol for deprotection of the acetal group was also identified, allowing free Dnv-modified peptides to be obtained. This method provides a straightforward strategy for Dnv functionalization, which is envisioned to be crucial for accessing natural products and synthetic analogues with pharmaceutical activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Langschwager
- School of Natural Sciences and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Golo Storch
- School of Natural Sciences and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Gu X, Shen J, Xu Z, Liu J, Shi M, Wei Y. Visible-Light-Mediated Activation of Remote C(sp 3)-H Bonds by Carbon-Centered Biradical via Intramolecular 1,5- or 1,6-Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202409463. [PMID: 39031578 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202409463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we introduce a novel intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reaction that efficiently yields azetidine, oxetane, and indoline derivatives through a mechanism resembling the carbon analogue of the Norrish-Yang reaction. This process is facilitated by excited triplet-state carbon-centered biradicals, enabling the 1,5-HAT reaction by suppressing the critical 1,4-biradical intermediates from undergoing the Norrish Type II cleavage reaction, and pioneering unprecedented 1,6-HAT reactions initiated by excited triplet-state alkenes. We demonstrate the synthetic utility and compatibility of this method across various functional groups, validated through scope evaluation, large-scale synthesis, and derivatization. Our findings are supported by control experiments, deuterium labeling, kinetic studies, cyclic voltammetry, Stern-Volmer experiments, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiahao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ziyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Xu S, Ping Y, Xu M, Wu G, Ke Y, Miao R, Qi X, Kong W. Stereoselective and site-divergent synthesis of C-glycosides. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01629-3. [PMID: 39271916 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01629-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrates play important roles in medicinal chemistry and biochemistry. However, their synthesis relies on specially designed glycosyl donors, which are often unstable and require multi-step synthesis. Furthermore, the catalytic and stereoselective installation of arylated quaternary stereocentres on sugar rings remains a formidable challenge. Here we report a facile and versatile method for the synthesis of diverse C-R (where R is an aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, alkynyl or alkyl) glycosides from readily available and bench-stable 1-deoxyglycosides. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions and exhibits high stereoselectivity across a broad range of glycosyl units. This protocol can be used to synthesize challenging 2-deoxyglycosides, unprotected glycosides, non-classical glycosides and deuterated glycosides. We further developed the catalyst-controlled site-divergent functionalization of carbohydrates for the synthesis of various unexplored carbohydrates containing arylated quaternary stereocentres that are inaccessible by existing methods. The synthetic utility of this strategy is further demonstrated in the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant molecules and carbohydrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Xu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ping
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Minghao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guozhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Ke
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Miao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Wangqing Kong
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Wuhan Institute of Photochemistry and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Liu D, Hazra A, Liu X, Maity R, Tan T, Luo L. CdS Quantum Dot Gels as a Direct Hydrogen Atom Transfer Photocatalyst for C-H Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403186. [PMID: 38900647 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Here, we report CdS quantum dot (QD) gels, a three-dimensional network of interconnected CdS QDs, as a new type of direct hydrogen atom transfer (d-HAT) photocatalyst for C-H activation. We discovered that the photoexcited CdS QD gel could generate various neutral radicals, including α-amido, heterocyclic, acyl, and benzylic radicals, from their corresponding stable molecular substrates, including amides, thio/ethers, aldehydes, and benzylic compounds. Its C-H activation ability imparts a broad substrate and reaction scope. The mechanistic study reveals that this reactivity is intrinsic to CdS materials, and the neutral radical generation did not proceed via the conventional sequential electron transfer and proton transfer pathway. Instead, the C-H bonds are activated by the photoexcited CdS QD gel via a d-HAT mechanism. This d-HAT mechanism is supported by the linear correlation between the logarithm of the C-H bond activation rate constant and the C-H bond dissociation energy (BDE) with a Brønsted slope α=0.5. Our findings expand the currently limited direct hydrogen atom transfer photocatalysis toolbox and provide new possibilities for photocatalytic C-H activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daohua Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Atanu Hazra
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Rajendra Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Ting Tan
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Long Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI 48202
| |
Collapse
|