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Naweephattana P, Walaijai K, Rungnim C, Luanphaisarnnont T, Watthanaphanit A, Patthamasang S, Phiriyawirut P, Surawatanawong P. The role of organoaluminum and electron donors in propene insertion on the Ziegler-Natta catalyst. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:11050-11059. [PMID: 38885064 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01097c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Alkyl aluminium plays a primary role in activating Ti within Ziegler-Natta (ZN) catalysts for propylene polymerization. We performed density functional calculations to explore the additional roles of AlEt3 and AlEt2Cl, in conjunction with diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) internal donor and dicyclopentyl dimethoxysilane (DCPDMS) external donor, to enhance the stereoselectivity of propene insertion. Based on our calculated adsorption energies on the (MgCl2)13/TiCl2iBu cluster model for the ZN catalyst, the presence of DIBP on the cluster essentially facilitated AlEt2Cl adsorption while AlEt2Cl also promoted the adsorption of DIBP. The reaction between AlEt3 and DIBP on the cluster led to the extraction of DIBP, creating an available site for DCPDMS adsorption. While the stereoselectivity, represented by the difference in the activation energies between 1,2-re and 1,2-si insertions of propene, was negligible on the cluster containing only DIBP, it became significant on the clusters containing both AlEt2Cl and DIBP (and DCPDMS). AlEt2Cl plays a pivotal role in imposing steric effects near the Ti active site, thereby increasing stereoselectivity. Our findings suggest the importance of including AlEt2Cl alongside DIBP (and DCPDMS) in the ZN cluster model to investigate stereoselective propene insertion. Considering AlEt2Cl adsorption and AlEt3 reaction with internal donors is essential in developing Ziegler-Natta catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phiphob Naweephattana
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Khanittha Walaijai
- SCG Chemicals, Co., Ltd., 1 Siam Cement Road, Bangsue, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand
| | - Chompoonut Rungnim
- National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Torsak Luanphaisarnnont
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Anyarat Watthanaphanit
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | | | | | - Panida Surawatanawong
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
- Center of Sustainable Energy and Green Materials, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
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Feng J, Duan J, Hung CT, Zhang Z, Li K, Ai Y, Yang C, Zhao Y, Yu Z, Zhang Y, Wang L, Zhao D, Li W. Micelles Cascade Assembly to Tandem Porous Catalyst for Waste Plastics Upcycling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405252. [PMID: 38644634 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic upcycling of polyolefins into high-value chemicals represents the direction in end-of-life plastics valorization, but poses great challenges. Here, we report the synthesis of a tandem porous catalyst via a micelle cascade assembly strategy for selectively catalytic cracking of polyethylene into olefins at a low temperature. A hierarchically porous silica layer from mesopore to macropore is constructed on the surface of microporous ZSM-5 nanosheets through cascade assembly of dynamic micelles. The outer macropore arrays can adsorb bulky polyolefins quickly by the capillary and hydrophobic effects, enhancing the diffusion and access to active sites. The middle mesopores present a nanoconfinement space, pre-cracking polyolefins into intermediates by weak acid sites, which then transport into zeolites micropores for further cracking by strong Brønsted acid sites. The hierarchically porous and acidic structures, mimicking biomimetic protease catalytic clefts, ideally match the tandem cracking steps of polyolefins, thus suppressing coke formation and facilitating product escape. As a result, light hydrocarbons (C1-C7) are produced with a yield of 443 mmol gZSM-5 -1, where 74.3 % of them are C3-C6 olefins, much superior to ZSM-5 and porous silica catalysts. This tandem porous catalyst exemplifies a superstructure design of catalytic cracking catalysts for industrial and economical upcycling of plastic wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayou Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, and iChEM, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jindi Duan
- Key Lab of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Chin-Te Hung
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, and iChEM, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhenghao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, and iChEM, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Kailin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, and iChEM, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yan Ai
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, and iChEM, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chaochao Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, and iChEM, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yiyue Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, and iChEM, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhengmin Yu
- SINOPEC Dalian Research Institute of Petroleum and Petrochemicals Co., Ltd., 116045, Dalian, China
| | - Yahong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, and iChEM, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Key Lab of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Dongyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, and iChEM, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, and iChEM, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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3
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Shi CY, Qin WY, Qu DH. Semi-crystalline polymers with supramolecular synergistic interactions: from mechanical toughening to dynamic smart materials. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8295-8310. [PMID: 38846397 PMCID: PMC11151828 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02089h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Semi-crystalline polymers (SCPs) with anisotropic amorphous and crystalline domains as the basic skeleton are ubiquitous from natural products to synthetic polymers. The combination of chemically incompatible hard and soft phases contributes to unique thermal and mechanical properties. The further introduction of supramolecular interactions as noncovalently interacting crystal phases and soft dynamic crosslinking sites can synergize with covalent polymer chains, thereby enabling effective energy dissipation and dynamic rearrangement in hierarchical superstructures. Therefore, this review will focus on the design principles of SCPs by discussing supramolecular construction strategies and state-of-the-art functional applications from mechanical toughening to sophisticated functions such as dynamic adaptivity, shape memory, ion transport, etc. Current challenges and further opportunities are discussed to provide an overview of possible future directions and potential material applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yu Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Wen-Yu Qin
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Da-Hui Qu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
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4
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Liu Y, Wang C, Mu H, Jian Z. Aqueous Coordination-Insertion Copolymerization for Producing High Molecular Weight Polar Polyolefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404392. [PMID: 38548659 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Hydrocarbons, when used as the medium for transition metal catalyzed organic reactions and olefin (co-)polymerization, are ubiquitous. Environmentally friendly water is highly attractive and long-sought, but is greatly challenging as coordination-insertion copolymerization reaction medium of olefin and polar monomers. Unfavorable interactions from both water and polar monomer usually lead to either catalyst deactivation or the formation of low-molecular-weight polymers. Herein, we develop well-behaved neutral phosphinophenolato nickel catalysts, which enable aqueous copolymerization of ethylene and diverse polar monomers to produce significantly high-molecular-weight linear polar polyolefins (219-549 kDa, 0.13-1.29 mol %) in a single-component fashion under mild conditions for the first time. These copolymerization reactions occur better in water than in hydrocarbons such as toluene. The dual characteristics of high molecular weight and the incorporation of a small amount of functional group result in improved surface properties while retain the desirable intrinsic properties of high-density polyethylene (HDPE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Hongliang Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Zhongbao Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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5
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Movva S, Schirmeister CG, Hees T, Tavakoli D, Licht EH, Mülhaupt R, Garmestani H, Jacob KI. Crystallographic Texture Evolution in 3D Printed Polyethylene Reactor Blends. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:21016-21034. [PMID: 38764669 PMCID: PMC11097177 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
In this work, crystallographic texture evolution in 3D printed trimodal polyethylene (PE) blends and high-density PE (HDPE) benchmark material were investigated to quantify the resulting material anisotropy, and the results were compared to materials made from conventional injection molded (IM) samples. Trimodal PE reactor blends consisting of HDPE, ultrahigh molecular weight PE (UHMWPE), and HDPE_wax have been used for 3D printing and injection molding. Changes in the preferred orientation and distribution of crystallites, i.e., texture evolution, were quantified utilizing the wide angle X-ray diffraction through pole figures and orientation distribution functions (ODFs) for 3D printed and IM samples. Since the change in weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of the blend was expected to significantly affect the resulting crystallinity and orientation, the overall Mw of the trimodal PE blend was varied while keeping the UHMWPE component weight fraction to 10% in the blend. The resulting texture was analyzed by varying the overall Mw of the trimodal blend and the process parameters in 3D printing and compared to the texture of conventional IM samples. The printing speed and orientation (defined with respect to the axis along the length of the samples) were used as the variable process parameters for 3D printing. The degree of anisotropy increases with an increase in the nonuniform distribution of intensities in pole figures and ODFs. All the highest intensity major texture components in IM and 3D printed samples (0° printing orientation) of reactor blends are observed to have crystals oriented in [001] or [001̅]. Overall, for the same throughput, 3D printed samples in the 0° orientation showed greater texture evolution and higher anisotropy compared to IM samples. Most notably, an increase in 3D printing speed increased the crystalline distribution closer to the 0° direction, increasing the anisotropy, while deviation from this printing orientation reduced crystalline distribution closer to the 0° direction, thus increasing isotropy. This demonstrates that tailoring material properties in specific directions can be achieved more effectively with 3D printing than with the injection molding process. Change in the overall Mw of the trimodal PE blend changed the preferential orientation distribution of the crystal planes to some degree. However, the degree of anisotropy remained the same in almost all cases, indicating that the effect of molecular weight distribution is not as significant as the printing speed and printing orientation in tailoring the resulting properties. The 3D printing process parameters (speed and orientation) were shown to have more influence on the texture than the material parameters associated with the blend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahitya Movva
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Intel
Corporation, 2501 NE
Century Blvd, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, United States
| | - Carl G. Schirmeister
- Freiburg
Materials Research Center FMF and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
- Basell
Sales & Marketing B.V., LyondellBasell
Industries, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt a.M. D-65926, Germany
| | - Timo Hees
- Freiburg
Materials Research Center FMF and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - David Tavakoli
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Erik H. Licht
- Basell
Sales & Marketing B.V., LyondellBasell
Industries, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt a.M. D-65926, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Freiburg
Materials Research Center FMF and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
- Sustainability
Center Freiburg, Ecker-Str.
4, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - Hamid Garmestani
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Karl I. Jacob
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- G.W. Woodruff
School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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6
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Shi L, Zhang N, Xue Z, Luo G. Mechanistic Insights into Rare-Earth-Catalyzed Alternating Copolymerization through C-H Polyaddition of Functionalized Organic Compounds to Unconjugated Dienes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:8079-8091. [PMID: 38663005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been conducted to elucidate the detailed mechanisms of yttrium-catalyzed C-H polyaddition of 1,4-dimethoxybenzene (DMB) to 1,4-divinylbenzene (DVB). It was computationally determined that DMB not only serves as a substrate but also performs a crucial role as a ligand, stabilizing the catalytically active species and promoting alkene insertion. Side pathways involving Cβ-H activation and C═C continuous insertion were excluded due to steric and electronic factors, respectively, explaining why the reaction occurred efficiently and selectively to give perfectly alternating DMB-DVB polymers. Interestingly, the theoretical prediction of the reactivity of N,N-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine and 2,2'-biethyl-4,4'-bipyridine reveals significant differences in the coordination effects of these substrates, leading to distinct mechanisms, primarily influenced by their steric effects. These findings shed new light on the previously overlooked role of substrate ligand effects in rare-earth-catalyzed step-growth copolymerization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Ni Zhang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zuqian Xue
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Gen Luo
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
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7
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Tensi L, Moretti F, Amendola A, Froese RDJ, Macchioni A, Kuhlman RL, Pearson DM, Zuccaccia C. Solution Structure and Dynamics of Hf-Al and Hf-Zn Heterobimetallic Adducts Mimicking Relevant Intermediates in Chain Transfer Reactions. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:8222-8236. [PMID: 38666625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Cationic cyclometalated hafnocenes [CpPrCpCH2CH2CH2Hf][B(C6F5)4] (4Pr) and [CpiBuCpCH2CH(Me)CH2Hf][B(C6F5)4] (4aiBu and 4biBu) were synthesized from the corresponding [(CpPr)2HfMe][B(C6F5)4] (1Pr) and [(CpiBu)2HfMe][B(C6F5)4] (1iBu) complexes via C-H activation. 4aiBu, 4biBu, and 4Pr, mimicking a propagating M-polymeryl species (M = transition metal) with or without a β-methyl branch on the metalated chains, serve to investigate whether and how the nature of the last inserted olefin molecules changes the structure, stability, and reactivity of the corresponding heterobimetallic complexes, formed in the presence of aluminum- or zinc-alkyl chain transfer agents (CTAs), which are considered relevant intermediates in coordinative chain transfer polymerization (CCTP) and chain shuttling polymerization (CSP) technologies. NMR and DFT data indicate no major structural difference between the resulting heterobridged complexes, all characterized by the presence of multiple α-agostic interactions. On the contrary, thermodynamic and kinetic investigations, concerning the reversible formation and breaking of heterobimetallic adducts, demonstrate that isomer 4aiBu, in which the β-Me is oriented away from the reactive coordination site on Hf, but not 4biBu, having the β-Me pointing in the opposite direction, is capable of reacting with CTAs. Quantification of kinetic rate constants highlights that the formation process is rate limiting and that the nature of the last inserted α-olefin unit modulates transalkylation kinetics. The reaction of 4aiBu, 4biBu, and 4Pr with diisobutylaluminum hydride (DiBAlH) allows the interception and characterization of new heterobinuclear and heterotrinuclear species, featuring both hydride and alkyl bridging moieties, which represent structural models of elusive intermediates in CCTP and CSP processes, capturing the instant when an alkyl chain has just transferred from a transition metal to a main group metal, while the two metals remain engaged in a single heterobimetallic intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Tensi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia and CIRCC, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Moretti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CIRCC, University of Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Amendola
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CIRCC, University of Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Robert D J Froese
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 1776 Building, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Alceo Macchioni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CIRCC, University of Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roger L Kuhlman
- The Dow Chemical Company, 230 Abner Jackson Parkway Herbert H Dow Building #2B104, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - David M Pearson
- The Dow Chemical Company, 230 Abner Jackson Parkway Herbert H Dow Building #2B104, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Cristiano Zuccaccia
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CIRCC, University of Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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8
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Romano E, Barone V, Budzelaar PHM, De Rosa C, Talarico G. Revisiting Stereoselective Propene Polymerization Mechanisms: Insights through the Activation Strain Model. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400155. [PMID: 38494455 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The stereoelectronic factors responsible for stereoselectivity in propene polymerization with several metallocene and post-metallocene transition metal catalysts have been revisited using a combined approach of DFT calculations, the Activation Strain Model, Natural Energy Decomposition Analysis and a molecular descriptor (%VBur). There are in most cases two different paths leading to the formation of stereoerrors (SE), and the classical model does not suffice to fully understand stereoregulation. Improving stereoselectivity requires raising the energies of both SE insertion transition states. Our analyses show that the degrees of deformation of the active site (catalyst+chain) and the prochiral monomer differ for these two paths, and between different catalyst classes. Based on such analyses we discuss: a) the subtle differences in SE formation between stereoselective catalysts with different ligand frameworks; b) the reason for exceptional stereoselectivity reported for a special ansa-metallocene catalyst; c) the (double) stereocontrol origin for isoselective catalysts; d) the electronic contribution for isoselective catalysts generating SE by a modification of the ligand wrapping mode during the polymerization. Although this study will not immediately suggest new catalyst structures, we believe that understanding stereoregulation in great detail will increase our chances of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Romano
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138, Napoli, Italy
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Peter H M Budzelaar
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudio De Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Talarico
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138, Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
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9
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Burkhardt F, Schirmeister CG, Wesemann C, Baur L, Vach K, Nutini M, Licht EH, Metzger MC, Mülhaupt R, Spies BC. Dimensional accuracy and simulation-based optimization of polyolefins and biocopolyesters for extrusion-based additive manufacturing and steam sterilization. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 153:106507. [PMID: 38503082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Polyolefins exhibit robust mechanical and chemical properties and can be applied in the medical field, e.g. for the manufacturing of dentures. Despite their wide range of applications, they are rarely used in extrusion-based printing due to their warpage tendency. The aim of this study was to investigate and reduce the warpage of polyolefins compared to commonly used filaments after additive manufacturing (AM) and sterilization using finite element simulation. Three types of filaments were investigated: a medical-grade polypropylene (PP), a glass-fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP-GF), and a biocopolyester (BE) filament, and they were compared to an acrylic resin (AR) for material jetting. Square specimens, standardized samples prone to warpage, and denture bases (n = 10 of each group), as clinically relevant and anatomically shaped reference, were digitized after AM and steam sterilization (134 °C). To determine warpage, the volume underneath the square specimens was calculated, while the deviations of the denture bases from the printing file were measured using root mean square (RMS) values. To reduce the warpage of the PP denture base, a simulation of the printing file based on thermomechanical calculations was performed. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn's test for multiple comparisons. The results showed that PP exhibited the greatest warpage of the square specimens after AM, while PP-GF, BE, and AR showed minimal warpage before sterilization. However, warpage increased for PP-GF, BE and AR during sterilization, whereas PP remained more stable. After AM, denture bases made of PP showed the highest warpage. Through simulation-based optimization, warpage of the PP denture base was successfully reduced by 25%. In contrast to the reference materials, PP demonstrated greater dimensional stability during sterilization, making it a potential alternative for medical applications. Nevertheless, reducing warpage during the cooling process after AM remains necessary, and simulation-based optimization holds promise in addressing this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Burkhardt
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Center for Dental Medicine, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Carl G Schirmeister
- Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany; Basell Sales & Marketing B.V., LyondellBasell Industries, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt a.M, Germany
| | - Christian Wesemann
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Center for Dental Medicine, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Baur
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Center for Dental Medicine, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kirstin Vach
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 26, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Massimo Nutini
- Basell Poliolefine Italia Srl, LyondellBasell Industries, P. le Privato G. Donegani 12, 44122, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Erik H Licht
- Basell Sales & Marketing B.V., LyondellBasell Industries, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt a.M, Germany
| | - Marc C Metzger
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Center of Dental Medicine, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany; Sustainability Center Freiburg, Ecker-Str. 4, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt C Spies
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Center for Dental Medicine, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
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10
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Fu XY, Yue TJ, Ren BH, Wang H, Ren WM, Lu XB. A Powerful Strategy for Synthesizing Block Copolymers via Bimetallic Synergistic Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401926. [PMID: 38415944 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Block copolymers, comprising polyether and polyolefin segments, are an important and promising category of functional materials. However, the lack of efficient strategies for the construction of polyether-b-polyolefin block copolymers have hindered the development of these materials. Herein, we propose a simple and efficient method to obtain various block copolymers through the copolymerization of epoxides and acrylates via bimetallic synergistic catalysis. The copolymerization of epoxides and acrylates proceeds in a sequence-controlled manner, where the epoxides-involved homo- or copolymerization occurs first, followed by the homopolymerization of acrylates initiated by the alkoxide species from the propagating polymer chain, thus yielding copolymers with a block structure. Notably, the high monomer compatibility of this powerful strategy provides a platform for synthesizing various polyacrylate-based block copolymers comprising polyether, polycarbonate, polythiocarbonate, polyester, and polyurethane segments, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Tian-Jun Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Bai-Hao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Hai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Wei-Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
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11
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Liu J, Zhang J, Sun M, Li H, Lei M, Huang Q. Ethylene/Polar Monomer Copolymerization by [N, P] Ti Complexes: Polar Copolymers with Ultrahigh-Molecular Weight. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:15030-15039. [PMID: 38585117 PMCID: PMC10993284 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
A series of novel titanium complexes (2a-2e) bearing [N, P] aniline-chlorodiphenylphosphine ligands (1a-1e) featuring CH3 and F substituents have been synthesized and characterized. Surprisingly, in the presence of polar additive, the complexes (2a-2e) all displayed high catalytic activities (up to 1.04 × 106 gPolymer (mol·Ti)-1·h-1 and produced copolymer with the ultrahigh molecular weight up to 1.37 × 106 g/mol. The catalytic activities are significantly enhanced by introducing electron-withdrawing group (F) into the aniline aromatic ring. Especially, the increase in activity based on different complexes followed the order of 2e > 2d > 2c > 2b > 2a. Simultaneously, density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed to probe the polymerization mechanism as well as the electronic and steric effects of various substituents on the catalyst backbone. DFT computation revealed that the polymerization behaviors could be adjusted by the electronic effect of ligand substituents; however, it has little to do with the steric hindrance of the substituents. Furthermore, theoretical calculation results keep well in accordance with experimental measurement results. The article provided an appealing design method that the employment of fluorine atom as electron-withdrawing to be studied is the promotive effect of transition-metal coordination polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjiao Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of
Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, College of Material Science
and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of
Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, College of Material Science
and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Min Sun
- The
State Key Laboratory of Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering
(RIPP, SINPPEC), Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Hongming Li
- Petrochemical
Research Institute, PetroChina, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
| | - Ming Lei
- College
of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Qigu Huang
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of
Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, College of Material Science
and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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12
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Tang S, Lin BL, Tonks I, Eagan JM, Ni X, Nozaki K. Sustainable Copolymer Synthesis from Carbon Dioxide and Butadiene. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3590-3607. [PMID: 38478849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) has long been recognized as an ideal C1 feedstock comonomer for producing sustainable materials because it is renewable, abundant, and cost-effective. However, activating CO2 presents a significant challenge because it is highly oxidized and stable. A CO2/butadiene-derived δ-valerolactone (EVP), generated via palladium-catalyzed telomerization between CO2 and butadiene, has emerged as an attractive intermediate for producing sustainable copolymers from CO2 and butadiene. Owing to the presence of two active carbon-carbon double bonds and a lactone unit, EVP serves as a versatile intermediate for creating sustainable copolymers with a CO2 content of up to 29 wt % (33 mol %). In this Review, advances in the synthesis of copolymers from CO2 and butadiene with divergent structures through various polymerization protocols have been summarized. Achievements made in homo- and copolymerization of EVP or its derivatives are comprehensively reviewed, while the postmodification of the obtained copolymers to access new polymers are also discussed. Meanwhile, potential applications of the obtained copolymers are also discussed. The literature references were sorted into sections based on polymerization strategies and mechanisms, facilitating readers in gaining a comprehensive view of the present chemistry landscape and inspiring innovative approaches to synthesizing novel CO2-derived copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Tang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Bo-Lin Lin
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ian Tonks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - James M Eagan
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United State
| | - Xufeng Ni
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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13
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Schwab S, Baur M, Nelson TF, Mecking S. Synthesis and Deconstruction of Polyethylene-type Materials. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2327-2351. [PMID: 38408312 PMCID: PMC10941192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Polyethylene deconstruction to reusable smaller molecules is hindered by the chemical inertness of its hydrocarbon chains. Pyrolysis and related approaches commonly require high temperatures, are energy-intensive, and yield mixtures of multiple classes of compounds. Selective cleavage reactions under mild conditions (
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon
T. Schwab
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science,
Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Baur
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science,
Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Taylor F. Nelson
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science,
Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science,
Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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14
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Wang Y, Wang Q, Tan C, Chen C. Synthesis of Polar-functionalized Isotactic Polypropylenes Using Commercial Heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6837-6845. [PMID: 38426800 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The efficient synthesis of polar-functionalized polypropylenes with high molecular weight and high stereoregularity represents a challenging task. This challenge becomes even more daunting when pursuing an industrially preferred heterogeneous process. This study demonstrated the realization of these goals through the use of commercial heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalysts in the copolymerization of propylene with ionic cluster polar monomers. The results revealed high copolymerization activity (∼1.1 × 107 g mol-1 h-1), moderate polar monomer incorporation ratios (∼4.9 mol %), high copolymer molecular weight (Mw > 105 g mol-1), high stereoregularity ([mmmm] ∼ 96%), and high melting temperature range (150-162 °C). The utilization of ionic cluster polar monomers improved the thermal stability as well as stereoselectivity of the catalyst. Moreover, the Ziegler-Natta catalyst can homopolymerize ionic cluster polar monomers with high activities (>104 g mol-1 h-1). The resulting polar-functionalized isotactic polypropylenes (iPP) exhibited superior tensile strength, impact strength, creep resistance, transparency, and crystallinity compared with nonpolar iPP. This enhancement was attributable to the dual roles of the ionic cluster polar monomer unit, serving as both a transparent nucleating agent and a dynamic cross-linking functionality. Furthermore, the polar-functionalized iPP exhibited improved compatibility with polar materials, offering benefits for applications in composites, recycling of mixed plastic wastes, 3D printing, and other fields. This study offered a comprehensive solution for the future industrial production of polar-functionalized iPP via copolymerization, bridging the gap between an efficient and practical copolymerization process from a synthetic chemistry perspective and enhanced material properties from an application perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chen Tan
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Changle Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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15
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Lee JT, Kang M, Bae JY. The Facile Synthesis and Application of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles with a Vinyl Functional Group for Plastic Recycling. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2295. [PMID: 38396972 PMCID: PMC10889503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to growing concerns about environmental pollution from plastic waste, plastic recycling research is gaining momentum. Traditional methods, such as incorporating inorganic particles, increasing cross-linking density with peroxides, and blending with silicone monomers, often improve mechanical properties but reduce flexibility for specific performance requirements. This study focuses on synthesizing silica nanoparticles with vinyl functional groups and evaluating their mechanical performance when used in recycled plastics. Silica precursors, namely sodium silicate and vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS), combined with a surfactant, were employed to create pores, increasing silica's surface area. The early-stage introduction of vinyl functional groups prevented the typical post-synthesis reduction in surface area. Porous silica was produced in varying quantities of VTMS, and the synthesized porous silica nanomaterials were incorporated into recycled polyethylene to induce cross-linking. Despite a decrease in surface area with increasing VTMS content, a significant surface area of 883 m2/g was achieved. In conclusion, porous silica with the right amount of vinyl content exhibited improved mechanical performance, including increased tensile strength, compared to conventional porous silica. This study shows that synthesized porous silica with integrated vinyl functional groups effectively enhances the performance of recycled plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jae Young Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea; (J.-t.L.); (M.K.)
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16
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De Stefano F, Baur M, De Rosa C, Mecking S. Keto-Polyethylenes with Controlled Crystallinity and Materials Properties from Catalytic Ethylene-CO-Norbornene Terpolymerization. Macromolecules 2024; 57:1072-1079. [PMID: 38370911 PMCID: PMC10867887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c02309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in Ni(II) catalyzed, nonalternating catalytic copolymerization of ethylene with carbon monoxide (CO) enable the synthesis of in-chain keto-functionalized polyethylenes (keto-PEs) with high-density polyethylene-like materials properties. Addition of norbornene as a bulky, noncrystallizable comonomer during catalytic polymerization allows tuning of the crystallinity in these keto-PE materials by randomly incorporated norbornene units in the polymer chain, while molecular weights are not adversely affected. Such crystallinity-reduced keto-PEs are characterized as softer materials with better ductility and may therefore be more suited for, e.g., potential film applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio De Stefano
- Chair
of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, Napoli I-80126, Italy
| | - Maximilian Baur
- Chair
of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany
| | - Claudio De Rosa
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, Napoli I-80126, Italy
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Chair
of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany
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17
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Urciuoli G, Zaccaria F, Zuccaccia C, Cipullo R, Budzelaar PHM, Vittoria A, Ehm C, Macchioni A, Busico V. Cocatalyst effects in Hf-catalysed olefin polymerization: taking well-defined Al-alkyl borate salts into account. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:2286-2293. [PMID: 38197161 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04081j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Hafnium catalysts for olefin polymerization are often very sensitive to the nature of cocatalysts, especially if they contain "free" aluminium trialkyls. Herein, cocatalyst effects in Hf-catalysed propene polymerization are examined for four Hf catalysts belonging to the family of CS-symmetric (Hf-CS-Met) and C2-symmetric (Hf-C2-Met) metallocenes, as well as of octahedral (Hf-OOOO) and pentacoordinated (Hf-PyAm) "post-metallocenes". The performance of the recently developed {[iBu2(PhNMe2)Al]2(μ-H)}+[B(C6F5)4]- (AlHAl) cocatalyst is compared with that of established systems like methylalumoxane, phenol-modified methylalumoxane and trityl borate/tri-iso-butylaluminium. The worst catalytic performance is observed with MAO. Conversely, the best cocatalyst varies depending on the Hf catalyst used and the performance indicator of interest, highlighting the complexity and importance of selecting the right precatalyst/cocatalyst combination. AlHAl proved to be a suitable system for all catalysts tested and, in some cases, it provides the best performance in terms of productivity (e.g. with hafnocenes). Furthermore, it generally leads to high molecular weight polymers, also with catalysts enabling easy chain transfer to Al like Hf-PyAm. This suggests that AlHAl has a low tendency to form heterodinuclear adducts with the cationic active species, therefore preventing the formation of dormant sites and/or termination events by chain transfer to Al.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Urciuoli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CIRCC, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Francesco Zaccaria
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Cristiano Zuccaccia
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CIRCC, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Roberta Cipullo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Peter H M Budzelaar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Antonio Vittoria
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Christian Ehm
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Alceo Macchioni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CIRCC, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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18
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Ali A, Naveed A, Maroń A, Younis MA, Moradian JM, Yousaf B, Aziz T, Ali RN, Ahmad N, Alomar SY, Zheqiang F, Guo L. Copolymerization of ethylene and isoprene via silicon bridge metallocene [rac-Me 2Si(2-Me-4-Ph-Ind) 2ZrCl 2] catalyst: A new way to control the composition and microstructure of copolymers. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 347:140700. [PMID: 37977533 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The copolymerization of ethylene (E) with isoprene (Ip) was performed catalyzed by a symmetrical catalyst exhibiting a silicon bridge [rac-Me2Si(2-Me-4-Ph-Ind)2ZrCl2 with the combination of borate/TIBA activator. The effect of cocatalyst, Ip concentration, and polymerization temperature on the activity, molecular weight (Mw), distribution (MWD), comonomer composition, chain structure (regio- and stereoselectivity), and resulting side reactions were logically addressed. Gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) was used to characterize the Mw and polydispersity, while nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was employed for the chain structure of the polymers. The catalytic activity was significantly lower by increasing the Ip concentration in the feed, and the isoprene content in resulting polymers was lower under the reaction condition, leading to higher activity. Insertion of isoprene units in polymer structure demonstrates the higher regioselectivity for the 3,4 connections than the 1,4 connections and is expected to be a high-resistance polymer against acids. The MWD presented monomodal even with a higher concentration (1.44 mol/L) and did not appear as low Mw peaks of Ip. The Mw was higher with a broader MWD when purely TIBA was used as a cocatalyst, and it significantly reduced and presented a narrowed MWD with TEA in the cocatalyst. The higher efficiency of the catalyst for the higher insertion of Ip (C=C double bond) effectively modifies the polymer backbone. It is expected to be a promising candidate for easily degradable and favorable solutions for solving environmental problems caused by PE. wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China; Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, Katowice, 40-600, Poland; MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Ahmad Naveed
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.
| | - Anna Maroń
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, Katowice, 40-600, Poland
| | - Muhammad Adnan Younis
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | | | - Balal Yousaf
- Department of Technologies and Installations for West Management, Faculty of Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Tariq Aziz
- School of Engineering Yunqi Campus, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, PR China
| | - Rai Nauman Ali
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials for Sustainable Energy Technologies, Mohammed IV Polytechnic University, Benguirer, Morocco
| | - Naushad Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliman Yousef Alomar
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fan Zheqiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Li Guo
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.
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19
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Chen X, Huang Q. Model Simulation and Rheological Research on Crosslinking Behavior of Polyethylene Resin. Gels 2023; 10:35. [PMID: 38247758 PMCID: PMC10815699 DOI: 10.3390/gels10010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The crosslinking behavior of polyethylene (PE) determines its exceptional performance and application. In this study, we investigated the crosslinking behaviors of different PE resins through model simulation and rheological methods. Specifically, the mathematical equation of "S" model was established for PE resin. According to this equation, the optimal maximum gel content for high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was found to be around 85%. Moreover, the maximum crosslinking degrees for different PE resins depended largely on their density and molecular weight. The melt viscosities before crosslinking in PE resins were highly influenced by their melt index. The higher melt indexes resulted in the lower storage moduli, improving melt processability during processing. In addition, the crosslinking rates of PE resins were strongly influenced by peroxide concentration, independent of PE resin structures. For high molecular weight and low-density PE resins, they exhibited decreased ti values, increased A0 values, and decreased k6 values. However, there were no noticeable variations in the values of k2 and phi among different PE resins. All simulated modeling outcomes showed remarkable consistency with the experimental rheological data. These findings are of strong significance in the industrial manufacture of PE resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Carbon Fibers and Functional Polymers, The College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Shenhua (Beijing) New Materials Technology Co., Ltd., CHN Energy Group, Beijing 102211, China
| | - Qigu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Carbon Fibers and Functional Polymers, The College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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20
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Lin F, Voccia M, Odenwald L, Göttker-Schnetmann I, Falivene L, Caporaso L, Mecking S. Origin of Suppressed Chain Transfer in Phosphinephenolato Ni(II)-Catalyzed Ethylene Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27950-27957. [PMID: 38103185 PMCID: PMC10755696 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in the generation of polar-functionalized and more sustainable degradable polyethylenes have been enabled by advanced phosphinephenolato Ni(II) catalysts. A key has been to overcome this type of catalysts' propensity for extensive chain transfer to enable formation of high-molecular-weight polyethylene chains. We elucidate the mechanistic origin of this paradigm shift by a combined experimental and theoretical study. Single-crystal X-ray structural analysis and cyclic voltammetry of a set of six different catalysts with variable electronics and sterics, combined with extensive pressure reactor polymerization studies, suggest that an attractive Ni-aryl interaction of a P-[2-(aryl)phenyl] is responsible for the suppression of chain transfer. This differs from the established picture of steric shielding found for other prominent late transition metal catalysts. Extensive density functional theory studies identify the relevant pathways of chain growth and chain transfer and show how this attractive interaction suppresses chain transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lin
- Chair
of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Maria Voccia
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università
di Salerno, Via Papa Paolo Giovanni II, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Lukas Odenwald
- Chair
of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Inigo Göttker-Schnetmann
- Chair
of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Laura Falivene
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università
di Salerno, Via Papa Paolo Giovanni II, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Lucia Caporaso
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università
di Salerno, Via Papa Paolo Giovanni II, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Chair
of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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21
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Thi Kim Chau N, Kim S, Lee HJ, Lee M, Chung YM. Cr-catalysed ethylene dimerization in an ionic liquid-organic solvent biphasic system with perfect 1-butene selectivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 60:168-171. [PMID: 38050669 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04998a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Cr-catalyzed ionic liquid-organic biphasic ethylene dimerization was realized with 100% 1-butene selectivity. The perfect α-olefin selectivity can be rationalized in terms of the poor solubility of the oligomerized long-chain olefins in ionic liquids, and enables the establishment of a dimerization process without any complicated and energy-intensive catalyst and byproduct separation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Kim Chau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehak-ro, Gunsan, Jeollabuk-Do 54150, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seungwhan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehak-ro, Gunsan, Jeollabuk-Do 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehak-ro, Gunsan, Jeollabuk-Do 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjae Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehak-ro, Gunsan, Jeollabuk-Do 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehak-ro, Gunsan, Jeollabuk-Do 54150, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Liu Z, Li G, Alalouni MR, Chen Z, Dong X, Wang J, Chen C. Facile preparation of a Ni-imidazole compound with high activity for ethylene dimerization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 60:188-191. [PMID: 38044830 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04794f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
A compound consisting of Ni and imidazole (Ni-imidazole) was synthesized in large quantities by a one-step co-precipitation method. The structure and stability of this Ni-imidazole were well studied by a series of characterization methods. The Ni-imidazole compound exhibited excellent catalytic properties for the dimerization of ethylene to 1-butene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Multi-scale Porous Materials Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Guanxing Li
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed R Alalouni
- Catalyst Center of Excellence (CCoE), Research and Development Center, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziyin Chen
- Gas and Particulate Metrology Group, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, London TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Xinglong Dong
- School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK.
| | - Jianjian Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Multi-scale Porous Materials Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Cailing Chen
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
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23
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Li Y, Liu Q, Bao J, Yiu SM, Chan MCW. Coplanar binuclear group 4 post-metallocene complexes supported by chelating μ-(σ 2-aryl) ligands: characterisation and olefin polymerisation catalysis. Dalton Trans 2023; 53:346-353. [PMID: 38050668 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03641c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The report concerns expansion of the previously developed M-[O,N,C] [pyridine-2-phenolate-6-(σ-aryl)] catalyst system into rigid, coplanar bimetallic assemblies, which afford metal-metal distances that are predetermined yet amenable for cooperativity, as well as locked-in "syn" orientation of binding sites that offer the same direction of access for substrates. The binuclear complexes are generated in a regioselective manner to yield para hydrogen atoms (not ortho) at the central μ-aryl moiety, and have been characterised by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. The "anti" (showing opposite directions of access) and mononuclear analogues have also been prepared for comparison purposes. Six syn-type bimetallic derivatives of Ti, Zr and Hf have been characterised by X-ray crystallography, to reveal metal-metal separations of 6.3-6.7 Å. For ethylene and ethylene/1-octene polymerisation reactions in conjunction with trityl borate, the syn-Ti2 catalysts display superior efficiencies and produced polymers with higher Mw values than for the anti and mono-Ti congeners, thus indicating the possibility of favourable enchainment interactions and cooperative reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Li
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Junhui Bao
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Shek-Man Yiu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Michael C W Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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24
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Lindeboom W, Deacy AC, Phanopoulos A, Buchard A, Williams CK. Correlating Metal Redox Potentials to Co(III)K(I) Catalyst Performances in Carbon Dioxide and Propene Oxide Ring Opening Copolymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308378. [PMID: 37409487 PMCID: PMC10952574 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide copolymerization is a front-runner CO2 utilization strategy but its viability depends on improving the catalysis. So far, catalyst structure-performance correlations have not been straightforward, limiting the ability to predict how to improve both catalytic activity and selectivity. Here, a simple measure of a catalyst ground-state parameter, metal reduction potential, directly correlates with both polymerization activity and selectivity. It is applied to compare performances of 6 new heterodinuclear Co(III)K(I) catalysts for propene oxide (PO)/CO2 ring opening copolymerization (ROCOP) producing poly(propene carbonate) (PPC). The best catalyst shows an excellent turnover frequency of 389 h-1 and high PPC selectivity of >99 % (50 °C, 20 bar, 0.025 mol% catalyst). As demonstration of its utility, neither DFT calculations nor ligand Hammett parameter analyses are viable predictors. It is proposed that the cobalt redox potential informs upon the active site electron density with a more electron rich cobalt centre showing better performances. The method may be widely applicable and is recommended to guide future catalyst discovery for other (co)polymerizations and carbon dioxide utilizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Lindeboom
- Department ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Arron C. Deacy
- Department ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Andreas Phanopoulos
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research HubLondonW12 OBZUK
| | - Antoine Buchard
- Department of ChemistryInstitute for SustainabilityUniversity of BathBathBA2 7AYUK
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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25
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Wang C, Wang D, Xu T, Zhang Q, Fu Z. Effect of N-Aryl Para-Benzhydryl Substituent on the Thermal Stability of α-Diimine Nickel Catalyst. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300221. [PMID: 37293788 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The thermal stability of α-diimine nickel catalysts has always been the focus of research. The introduction of large groups in the backbone or N-aryl ortho-position is a relatively mature solution. However, the question of whether the N-aryl bond rotation is a factor affecting the thermal stability of nickel catalysts is still open. In this work, the effects of N-aryl para-benzhydryl substitutes on catalyst thermal stability are investigated, and the results of ethylene polymerization and the factors affecting thermal stability (steric effect, electronic effect, five-membered coordination ring stability, N-aryl bond rotation, etc.) are systematically analyzed. It is believed that the introduction of large steric hindrance groups at the N-aryl para-position hinders the rotation of the N-aryl bond. This obstacle effect is beneficial to improving catalyst thermal stability, and the obstacle capacity is weakened with the increase of ortho-substituent size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Xinglu High-end Polyolefin Research & Development Center, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Dan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Tao Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Xinglu High-end Polyolefin Research & Development Center, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Hangzhou Xinglu Technologies Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, 310012, P. R. China
| | - Qisheng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Zhisheng Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Xinglu High-end Polyolefin Research & Development Center, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
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26
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Xia Y, Zhou F, Hao W, Tang S. Synthesis of Degradable Polyolefins Bearing Disulfide Units via Metathesis Copolymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3101. [PMID: 37514489 PMCID: PMC10384691 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Disulfide bonds are dynamic covalent bonds, which are easy to cleave and reform upon chemical stimulus. Various methods including the oxidative coupling of thiols and polymerization of disulfide-containing monomers have been developed for the synthesis of poly(disulfide)s. However, installing small amounts of disulfide units in the main chain of polyolefins has received much less attention. Herein, we report a novel strategy for incorporating cleavable disulfide units into the backbone of polyolefins using commercially available diallyl disulfide (DADS) as a comonomer via metathesis copolymerization. The copolymerization of diallyl disulfide with cyclooctene occurred using the second-generation Grubbs catalyst under mild conditions, allowing for the synthesis of copolymers with adjustable disulfide content ranging from 0.7 to 8.5 mol%, and the molecular weight of the obtained copolymers ranged from 5.8 kg·mol-1 to 42.8 kg·mol-1. The resulting polyolefins with disulfide insertion retained excellent thermal processability and exhibited degradability. Treatment of the copolymer (8.5 mol% disulfide content) with tri-n-butylphosphine resulted in a significant reduction in molecular weight from 5.8 kg·mol-1 to 1.6 kg·mol-1. Successful copolymerization with diallyl disulfide provides a convenient and effective method for obtaining degradable polyolefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Fulin Zhou
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenyan Hao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Shan Tang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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27
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Wang C, Xia J, Zhang Y, Hu X, Jian Z. Photodegradable polar-functionalized polyethylenes. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad039. [PMID: 37600561 PMCID: PMC10434297 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The degradation of plastics has attracted much attention from the global community. Polyethylenes (PEs), as the most abundant synthetic plastics, are most frequently studied. PE is non-degradable and non-polar because of the sole presence of the pure hydrocarbon components. Concurrent incorporation of both in-chain cleavable and functional groups into the PE chain is an effective pathway to overcome the non-degradable and non-polar issue; however, the method for achieving this pathway remains elusive. Here, we report a strictly non-alternating (>99%) terpolymerization of ethylene with CO and fundamental polar monomers via a coordination-insertion mechanism using late transition metal catalysts, which effectively prevents the formation of undesired chelates originating from both co-monomers under a low CO concentration. High-molecular-weight linear PEs with both in-chain isolated keto (>99%) and main-chain functional groups are prepared. The incorporation of key low-content isolated keto groups makes PEs photodegradable while retaining their desirable bulk material properties, and the introduction of polar functional groups considerably improves their surface properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, Universityof Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jian Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yuxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, Universityof Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, Universityof Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhongbao Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, Universityof Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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28
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Pawlak M, Drzeżdżon J, Jacewicz D. The greener side of polymers in the light of d-block metal complexes as precatalysts. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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29
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Peng Q, Shuai Y, Zhou Q, Chen Y, Dai J, Ren C, Huang Z, Li W, Wang J, Yang Y. Reduction of Chain Entanglement of Ethylene Polymerization Endowed by the Dormancy Effect of Fluorosilicone Microdroplets. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Quanwei Peng
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yun Shuai
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhou
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Yuming Chen
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jincheng Dai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Congjing Ren
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Zhengliang Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jingdai Wang
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yongrong Yang
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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30
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Li W, Dong C, Wang X, Wang J, Yang Y. POSS@TiCl4 Nanoparticles: A minimalism styled Ziegler-Natta Catalytic System. J Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2023.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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31
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Walsh DJ, Zou W, Schneider L, Mello R, Deagen ME, Mysona J, Lin TS, de Pablo JJ, Jensen KF, Audus DJ, Olsen BD. Community Resource for Innovation in Polymer Technology (CRIPT): A Scalable Polymer Material Data Structure. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:330-338. [PMID: 36968543 PMCID: PMC10037456 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The Community Resource for Innovation in Polymer Technology (CRIPT) data model is designed to address the high complexity in defining a polymer structure and the intricacies involved with characterizing material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J. Walsh
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Weizhong Zou
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ludwig Schneider
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Reid Mello
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael E. Deagen
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Joshua Mysona
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Tzyy-Shyang Lin
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Juan J. de Pablo
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Debra J. Audus
- Materials
Science and Engineering Division, National
Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Bradley D. Olsen
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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32
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Wang YB, Nan C, Zhuo W, Zou C, Jiang H, Hao XQ, Chen C, Song MP. Amine-Imine Nickel Catalysts with Pendant O-Donor Groups for Ethylene (Co)Polymerization. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:5105-5113. [PMID: 36933227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of a secondary interaction is an efficient strategy to modulate transition-metal-catalyzed ethylene (co)polymerization. In this contribution, O-donor groups were suspended on amine-imine ligands to synthesize a series of nickel complexes. By adjusting the interaction between the nickel metal center and the O-donor group on the ligands, these nickel complexes exhibited high activities for ethylene polymerization (up to 3.48 × 106 gPE·molNi-1·h-1) with high molecular weight up to 5.59 × 105 g·mol-1 and produced good polyethylene elastomers (strain recovery (SR) = 69-81%). In addition, these nickel complexes can catalyze the copolymerization of ethylene with vinyl acetic acid, 6-chloro-1-hexene, 10-undecylenic, 10-undecenoic acid, and 10-undecylenic alcohol to prepare the functionalized polyolefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bing Wang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Chenlong Nan
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Weize Zhuo
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Chen Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Qi Hao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Changle Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mao-Ping Song
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
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33
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Zou C, Wang Q, Si G, Chen C. A co-anchoring strategy for the synthesis of polar bimodal polyethylene. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1442. [PMID: 36922533 PMCID: PMC10017819 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37152-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since polar groups can poison the metal centers in catalysts, the incorporation of polar comonomers usually comes at the expense of catalytic activity and polymer molecular weight. In this contribution, we demonstrate polar bimodal polyethylene as a potential solution to this trade-off. The more-polar/more-branched low-molecular-weight fraction provides polarity and processability, while the less-polar/less-branched high-molecular-weight fraction provides mechanical and melt properties. To achieve high miscibility between these two fractions, three synthetic routes are investigated: mixtures of homogeneous catalysts, separately supported heterogeneous catalysts, and a co-anchoring strategy (CAS) to heterogenize different homogeneous catalysts on one solid support. The CAS route is the only viable strategy for the synthesis of polar bimodal polyethylene with good molecular level entanglement and minimal phase separation. This produces polyolefin materials with excellent mechanical properties, surface/dyeing properties, gas barrier properties, as well as extrudability and 3D-printability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Guifu Si
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China.
| | - Changle Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China.
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34
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Shiraki Y, Saito M, Yamada NL, Ito K, Yokoyama H. Adhesion to Untreated Polyethylene and Polypropylene by Needle-like Polyolefin Crystals. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Shiraki
- Polyurethane Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, 1-8, Kasumi, Yokkaichi, Mie 510-8540, Japan
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 227-8561, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saito
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 227-8561, Japan
| | - Norifumi L. Yamada
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Kohzo Ito
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 227-8561, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yokoyama
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 227-8561, Japan
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35
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Peng D, Xu M, Tan C, Chen C. Emulsion Polymerization Strategy for Heterogenization of Olefin Polymerization Catalysts. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Menghe Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chen Tan
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Changle Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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36
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Montjoy DG, Wilson EAK, Hou H, Graves JD, Kotov NA. Photocatalytic cyclohexane oxidation and epoxidation using hedgehog particles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:857. [PMID: 36792615 PMCID: PMC9932155 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36473-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Inorganic particles are effective photocatalysts for the liquid-state production of organic precursors and monomers at ambient conditions. However, poor colloidal stability of inorganic micro- and nanoparticles in low-polarity solvents limits their utilization as heterogeneous catalysts and coating them with surfactants drastically reduces their catalytic activity. Here we show that effective photo-oxidation of liquid cyclohexane (CH) is possible using spiky particles from metal oxides with hierarchical structure combining micro- and nanoscale structural features engineered for enhanced dispersibility in CH. Nanoscale ZnO spikes are assembled radially on α-Fe2O3 microcube cores to produce complex 'hedgehog' particles (HPs). The 'halo' of stiff spikes reduces van der Waals attraction, preventing aggregation of the catalytic particles. Photocatalysis in Pickering emulsions formed by HPs with hydrogen peroxide provides a viable pathway to energy-efficient alkane oxidation in the liquid state. Additionally, HPs enable a direct chemical pathway from alkanes to epoxides at ambient conditions, specifically to cyclohexene oxide, indicating that the structure of HPs has a direct effect on the recombination of ion-radicals during the hydrocarbon oxidation. These findings demonstrate the potential of inorganic photocatalysts with complex architecture for 'green' catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G. Montjoy
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Elizabeth A. K. Wilson
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Harrison Hou
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Joel D. Graves
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Nicholas A. Kotov
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Materials Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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37
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Yu J, Zhang D, Wang Q. Rigid Triptycene-Based Di- and Trinuclear Salicylaldiminato Nickel Cooperative Polymerization Catalysts. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jueqin Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 200438 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 200438 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quanrui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 200438 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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38
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Xu M, Chen A, Li W, Li Y, Zou C, Chen C. Efficient Synthesis of Polar Functionalized Polyolefins with High Biomass Content. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Menghe Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wu Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yougui Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Chen Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Changle Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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39
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Li SH, Chen SY, Lu XB, Liu Y. Favorable Propylene-Incorporated Terpolymerization of Ethylene with CO Mediated by Cationic [P,O]-Pd and Ni Complexes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:2228-2235. [PMID: 36689703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Commercial polyketone materials are generally produced by palladium-catalyzed terpolymerization of ethylene and α-olefin with carbon monoxide (CO), and rare examples were reported regarding the incorporation of propylene into an ethylene/CO copolymer chain using a cost-effective nickel catalyst. In this study, we have developed a series of [P,O]-type cationic Pd and Ni complexes supported by a diphosphazane monoxide (PNPO) platform, and the electronic and steric effect on phosphine, amine, and phosphine oxide moieties is systematically investigated for terpolymerization in terms of activity, propylene/CO (C3) incorporation, and molecular weight control. It is observed that the melting temperature (Tm) is proportional to the number of C3 incorporations present in the polymer chain, and the incorporated propylene does not affect the degradation temperature substantially, thus broadening the processing temperature window of the resultant polyketones. Notably, in comparison with dppp-type catalysts, PNPO catalysts exhibited a higher preference for propylene consumption, which is of great importance for making more efficient use of α-olefin resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Huan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Shi-Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
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40
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Li K, Cui L, Zhang Y, Jian Z. Amide-Functionalized Polyolefins and Facile Post-Transformations. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Lei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhongbao Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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41
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Structural, Mechanical, and Tribological Properties of Oriented Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene/Graphene Nanoplates/Polyaniline Films. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030758. [PMID: 36772060 PMCID: PMC9919961 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Preparing high-strength polymeric materials using an orientation drawing process is considered one of the most urgent topics in the modern world. Graphene nanoplates/polyaniline (GNP/PANI) were added to the commercial grade UHMWPE (GUR 4120) matrix as a filler with antifriction properties. The effect of GNP/PANI addition on the structure, the orientation process, the void formation (cavitation), the mechanical, and tribological properties was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The paper's findings indicated an increase in the cavitation effect of 120-320% after the addition of GNP/PANI to the UHMWPE polymer matrix. This increase, during the process of the oriented films' thermal orientation hardening, led, in turn, to a decrease in the tensile strength during the process of the oriented films' thermal orientation hardening. Furthermore, the decrease in the coefficient of friction in the best samples of oriented UHMWPE films was two times greater, and the increase in wear resistance was more than an order of magnitude. This process was part of the orientation hardening process for the UHMWPE films containing PE-wax as an intermolecular lubricant, as well as the presence of GNP/PANI in the material, which have a high resistance to abrasive wear.
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42
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Miller SA, Guironnet D. Tunable Latency of Hydrosilylation Catalyst by Ligand Density on Nanoparticle Supports. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214267. [PMID: 36454923 PMCID: PMC10107349 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Functionalizing inorganic particles with organic ligands is a common technique for heterogenizing organometallic catalysts. We describe how coordinating molecular platinum to silica nanoparticles functionalized with a high density of norbornene ligands causes unexpected latency of the catalytic activity in hydrosilylation reactions when compared to an identical reaction in which the norbornene is not tethered (2 % vs 97 % conversion in 1 h). Performing the hydrosilylation at elevated temperature (70 °C) suppresses this activity delay, suggesting the usefulness of this technique towards temperature-triggered catalysis. We demonstrate that this latency is related to ligand density on the particle surface, chemical structure of the norbornene, and silica nanoparticle topology. We also establish the benefit of this latency for triggered curing of silicone elastomers. Overall, our work establishes the non-innocent role of inorganic supports when functionalized with organometallic complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah A Miller
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Damien Guironnet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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43
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Mehmood A, Mahmood A, Xu X, Raza W, Ahmed S, Ullah N, Luo Y, Tian X. Mechanistic study to reveal steric and electronic aspects involved in the formation of microstructures during Pd-catalyzed olefin/divinyl formal copolymerization: reactivity to catalyst choice. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:2439-2450. [PMID: 36598957 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05117f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of metal-catalyzed copolymers is a formidable challenge for achieving distinct catalytic properties to compete with existing plastic polymers in industrial commodities. Herein, we reveal the roles of electronic and steric environments in the thermodynamic preference of microstructures in ethylene/divinyl formal (DVF) co-polymerization using a Pd catalyst under mild conditions to accommodate the respective industrial applicabilities. The insertion products of DVF result in the alteration of the steric crowding, ultimately favoring the efficient formation of cyclic units having potential applications in the manufacture of high-strength fibers. More specifically, to achieve an improved yield of the end copolymer, we tuned the catalytic activity and regioselectivity through a variety of catalysts during ethylene-DVF co-polymerization. The naphthalene-bridged (P^O)PdMe catalyst was found to be promising in terms of the least hindered (buried volume of 47.8%) environment with the thermodynamic preference of 2,1-insertion with an energy of 5.1 kcal mol-1 among all the Pd-metal based catalysts. The highest activity with moderate energy barriers of the proposed catalyst will open new avenues for achieving a variety of potential applications, which is typically not possible using existing polymerization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andleeb Mehmood
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Ayyaz Mahmood
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- PetroChina Petrochemical Research Institute, 102206, Beijing, China.
| | - Waseem Raza
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Guangdong, 518060, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Shehzad Ahmed
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Naeem Ullah
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yi Luo
- PetroChina Petrochemical Research Institute, 102206, Beijing, China. .,School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoqing Tian
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, China.
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44
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Burgenson WR, Wentz CM, Sita LR. Tailoring Glass Transition Temperature in a Series of Poly(methylene-1,3-cyclopentane- stat-cyclohexane) Statistical Copolymers. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:101-106. [PMID: 36598863 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A systematic investigation of the synthesis and characterization of a new class of amorphous atactic cis, trans poly(methylene-1,3-cyclopentane-stat-cyclohexane) statistical copolymers (I) is reported. Production of different grades of I that vary with respect to the ratio of 5- and 6-membered cycloalkane repeat units was achieved through the living coordinative chain transfer cyclopolymerization of different initial feed ratios of 1,5-hexadiene and 1,6-heptadiene comonomers. It was determined that the glass transition temperature, Tg, of I can be systematically increased from -16 to 100 °C as a function of increasing 6-membered ring content, although not in a strictly linear fashion. It was further determined that a small level of 6-membered ring content is sufficient to disrupt the crystallinity of the limiting atactic cis, trans poly(methylene-1,3-cyclopentane) (PMCP) homopolymer that possesses a melting temperature, Tm, of 98 °C. These results establish a foundation for future potential technological applications of this unique class of polyolefin copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Burgenson
- Laboratory for Applied Catalyst Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Charlotte M Wentz
- Laboratory for Applied Catalyst Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Lawrence R Sita
- Laboratory for Applied Catalyst Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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45
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All-polyethylene compositions of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) synthesized in one-step ethylene polymerization with combinations of zirconocene and iron-based catalysts. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-023-01141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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46
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‘Catalyst + X’ strategies for transition metal-catalyzed olefin-polar monomer copolymerization. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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47
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Wu R, Klingler Wu W, Stieglitz L, Gaan S, Rieger B, Heuberger M. Recent advances on α-diimine Ni and Pd complexes for catalyzed ethylene (Co)polymerization: A comprehensive review. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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48
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Turney KM, Kaewdeewong P, Eagan JM. Ethylene polymerization using heterogeneous multinuclear nickel catalysts supported by a crosslinked alpha diimine ligand network. Polym Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d3py00118k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
A crosslinked alpha diimine ligand supporting a nickel metal center polymerizes ethylene to produce polyethylene with controlled microstructures, high activities, and can be removed from the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keaton M. Turney
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, 44325-3909 USA
| | - Parin Kaewdeewong
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, 44325-3909 USA
| | - James M. Eagan
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, 44325-3909 USA
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49
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Ji L, Song P, Zhou Y, Sun XL, Gao Y, Tang Y. A tridentate phenoxy-phosphine (POP) divalent chromium complex and its reactivities in olefin polymerization. Polym Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01509a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We reported the synthesis and characterization of a Cr(ii) complex based on a tridentate phenoxy-phosphine ligand and studied its reactivities in ethylene and norbornene homopolymerization and ethylene copolymerization with norbornene or 1-octene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ji
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Song
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Youyun Zhou
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiu-Li Sun
- State key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanshan Gao
- State key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China
- State key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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50
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Qasim M, Tian W, Pang W, Pan Y, Behzadi S, Chen M. Effect of Coumarin backbone in N^O type Nickel Catalyzed Olefin Polymerization. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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