1
|
Zhao S, Zhang T, Kan Y, Li H, Li JP. Overview of the current procedures in synthesis of heparin saccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 339:122220. [PMID: 38823902 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Natural heparin, a glycosaminoglycan consisting of repeating hexuronic acid and glucosamine linked by 1 → 4 glycosidic bonds, is the most widely used anticoagulant. To subvert the dependence on animal sourced heparin, alternative methods to produce heparin saccharides, i.e., either heterogenous sugar chains similar to natural heparin, or structurally defined oligosaccharides, are becoming hot subjects. Although the success by chemical synthesis of the pentasaccharide, fondaparinux, encourages to proceed through a chemical approach generating homogenous product, synthesizing larger oligos is still cumbersome and beyond reach so far. Alternatively, the chemoenzymatic pathway exhibited exquisite stereoselectivity of glycosylation and regioselectivity of modification, with the advantage to skip the tedious protection steps unavoidable in chemical synthesis. However, to a scale of drug production needed today is still not in sight. In comparison, a procedure of de novo biosynthesis in an organism could be an ultimate goal. The main purpose of this review is to summarize the current available/developing strategies and techniques, which is expected to provide a comprehensive picture for production of heparin saccharides to replenish or eventually to replace the animal derived products. In chemical and chemoenzymatic approaches, the methodologies are discussed according to the synthesis procedures: building block preparation, chain elongation, and backbone modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siran Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Tianji Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China.
| | - Ying Kan
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Y, Wang Y, Chen J, Wang N, Huang N, Yao H. Stereoselective Synthesis of β- S-Glycosides via Palladium Catalysis. J Org Chem 2024; 89:8815-8827. [PMID: 38835152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
S-Glycosides are more resistant to enzymatic and chemical hydrolysis and exhibit higher metabolic stability than common O-glycosides, demonstrating their widespread application in biological research and drug development. In particular, β-S-glycosides are used as antirheumatic, anticancer, and antidiabetic drugs in clinical practice. However, the stereoselective synthesis of β-S-glycosides is still highly challenging. Herein, we report an effective β-S-glycosylation using 3-O-trichloroacetimidoyl glycal and thiols under mild conditions. The C3-imidate is designed to guide Pd to form a complex with glucal from the upper face, followed by Pd-S (thiols) coordination to realize β-stereoselectivity. This method demonstrates excellent compatibility with a broad scope of various thiol acceptors and glycal donors with yields up to 87% and a β/α ratio of up to 20:1. The present β-S-glycosylation strategy is used for late-stage functionalization of drugs/natural products such as estrone, zingerone, and thymol. Overall, this novel and simple operation approach provides a general and practical strategy for the construction of β-thioglycosides, which holds high potential in drug discovery and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P. R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P. R. China
| | - Nengzhong Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P. R. China
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang 443007, P. R. China
| | - Nianyu Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P. R. China
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang 443007, P. R. China
| | - Hui Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P. R. China
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang 443007, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiang Y, Wei Y, Zhou QY, Sun GQ, Fu XP, Levin N, Zhang Y, Liu WQ, Song N, Mohammed S, Davis BG, Koh MJ. Direct radical functionalization of native sugars. Nature 2024:10.1038/s41586-024-07548-0. [PMID: 38898275 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07548-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Naturally occurring (native) sugars and carbohydrates contain numerous hydroxyl groups of similar reactivity1,2. Chemists, therefore, rely typically on laborious, multi-step protecting-group strategies3 to convert these renewable feedstocks into reagents (glycosyl donors) to make glycans. The direct transformation of native sugars to complex saccharides remains a notable challenge. Here we describe a photoinduced approach to achieve site- and stereoselective chemical glycosylation from widely available native sugar building blocks, which through homolytic (one-electron) chemistry bypasses unnecessary hydroxyl group masking and manipulation. This process is reminiscent of nature in its regiocontrolled generation of a transient glycosyl donor, followed by radical-based cross-coupling with electrophiles on activation with light. Through selective anomeric functionalization of mono- and oligosaccharides, this protecting-group-free 'cap and glycosylate' approach offers straightforward access to a wide array of metabolically robust glycosyl compounds. Owing to its biocompatibility, the method was extended to the direct post-translational glycosylation of proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yi Wei
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qian-Yi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guo-Quan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xia-Ping Fu
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nikita Levin
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yijun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - NingXi Song
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shabaz Mohammed
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Benjamin G Davis
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Ming Joo Koh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li T, Li T, Yang Y, Qiu Y, Liu Y, Zhang M, Zhuang H, Schmidt RR, Peng P. Reaction Rate and Stereoselectivity Enhancement in Glycosidations with O-Glycosyl Trihaloacetimidate Donors due to Catalysis by a Lewis Acid-Nitrile Cooperative Effect. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38805026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Activation of O-glycosyl trihaloacetimidate glycosyl donors with AuCl3 as a catalyst and pivalonitrile (tBuCN) as a ligand led to excellent glycosidation results in terms of yield and anomeric selectivity. In this way, various β-d-gluco- and β-d-galactopyranosides were obtained conveniently and efficiently. Experimental studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, in order to elucidate the reaction course, support formation of the tBuCN-AuCl2-OR(H)+ AuCl4- complex as a decisive intermediate in the glycosidation event. Proton transfer from this acceptor complex to the imidate nitrogen leads to donor activation. In this way, guided by the C-2 configuration of the glycosyl donor, the alignment of the acceptor complex enforces the stereoselective β-glycoside formation in an intramolecular fashion, thus promoting also a fast reaction course. The high stereocontrol of this novel 'Lewis acid-nitrile cooperative effect' is independent of the glycosyl donor anomeric configuration and without the support of neighboring group or remote group participation. The power of the methodology is shown by a successful glycoalkaloid solamargine synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianlu Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Carbohydrate, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate Based Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Tong Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Carbohydrate, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate Based Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Yue Yang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Carbohydrate, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate Based Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Yongshun Qiu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Carbohydrate, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate Based Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Yingguo Liu
- Division of Molecular Catalysis and Synthesis, Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Carbohydrate, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate Based Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Haoru Zhuang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Carbohydrate, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate Based Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Richard R Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz D-78457, Germany
| | - Peng Peng
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Carbohydrate, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate Based Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Shandong 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Walke G, Kasdekar N, Pati S, Taillefer M, Jaroschik F, Hotha S. Activation of glycosyl methylpropiolates by TfOH. Carbohydr Res 2024; 539:109106. [PMID: 38640704 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Activation of glycosyl methylpropiolates by TfOH was investigated. Armed and superarmed glycosyl donors can be activated by use of 0.2 equivalent TfOH whereas 1.0 equivalent of TfOH was required for the activation of the disarmed glycosyl donors. All the glycosidations gave very good yields. The method is suitable for synthesis of glycosides and disaccharides and it may result in the hydrolysis of the interglycosidic bond if the sugar at the non-reducing end is armed or superarmed. These problems are not seen when gold-catalyzed activation procedures are invoked for the activation of glycosyl alkynoates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gulab Walke
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune, 411 008, India
| | - Niteshlal Kasdekar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune, 411 008, India
| | | | - Marc Taillefer
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Srinivas Hotha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune, 411 008, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kashiwagi GA, Petrosilli L, Escopy S, Lay L, Stine KJ, De Meo C, Demchenko AV. HPLC-Based Automated Synthesis and Purification of Carbohydrates. Chemistry 2024:e202401214. [PMID: 38684455 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Reported herein is a new HPLC-based automated synthesizer (HPLC-A) capable of a temperature-controlled synthesis and purification of carbohydrates. The developed platform allows to perform various protecting group manipulations as well as the synthesis of O- and N-glycosides. A fully automated synthesis and purification was showcased in application to different carbohydrate derivatives including glycosides, oligosaccharides, glycopeptides, glycolipids, and nucleosides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Kashiwagi
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501Laclede Ave, St. Louis, Missouri, 63103, USA
| | - Laura Petrosilli
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501Laclede Ave, St. Louis, Missouri, 63103, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Samira Escopy
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501Laclede Ave, St. Louis, Missouri, 63103, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Keith J Stine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
| | - Cristina De Meo
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, 1 Hairpin Dr., Edwardsville, Illinois, 62025, USA
| | - Alexei V Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501Laclede Ave, St. Louis, Missouri, 63103, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu H, Laporte AG, Gónzalez Pinardo D, Fernández I, Hazelard D, Compain P. An Unexpected Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Cascade during the Synthesis of the DEF-Benzoxocin Ring System of Nogalamycin and Menogaril: Mechanistic Elucidation by Intermediate Trapping Experiments and Density Functional Theory Studies. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5634-5649. [PMID: 38554093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
An unexpected Lewis acid-catalyzed carbohydrate rearrangement of a 1,5-bis-glycopyranoside to the product of a formal intramolecular C-aryl glycosylation reaction is reported. Mechanistic studies based mainly on intermediate trapping experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal a cascade process involving three transient (a)cyclic oxocarbenium cations, the breaking of three single C(sp3)-O bonds, and the formation of three single bonds (i.e., exo-, endo-, and C-glycosidic bonds), leading to the 2,6-epoxybenzoxocine skeleton of bioactive natural glycoconjugates related to serjanione A and mimocaesalpin E. DFT calculations established that the generation of the pyran moiety embedded in the bridged benzoxocin ring system is likely to proceed through an unusual ring-closure of an ortho-quinone methide intermediate in which the attacking nucleophile is a carbonyl oxygen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haijuan Liu
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS (UMR 7042), Equipe de Synthèse Organique et Molécules Bioactives (SYBIO), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Adrien G Laporte
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS (UMR 7042), Equipe de Synthèse Organique et Molécules Bioactives (SYBIO), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Daniel Gónzalez Pinardo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Damien Hazelard
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS (UMR 7042), Equipe de Synthèse Organique et Molécules Bioactives (SYBIO), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Compain
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS (UMR 7042), Equipe de Synthèse Organique et Molécules Bioactives (SYBIO), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sen S, Kundu S, Pasari S, Hotha S. Cut-insert-stitch editing reaction (CIStER) sequence for surgical chemical glycan editing. Commun Chem 2024; 7:73. [PMID: 38565709 PMCID: PMC10987650 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-synthetic surgical editing enables synthesizing diverse molecules from a common scaffold. Editing carbohydrates by inserting a foreign glycan is still a far-reaching goal for synthetic chemists. In this study, a one-pot-three-step chemical approach was employed to edit glycoconjugates. It is comprised of three steps: the first is a 'cut' step, cleaving one of the interglycosidic bonds and producing an intermediate that could be intercepted with 4-mercaptotoluene; second step activates the thiotolyl glycoside in the presence of an aglycon containing an orthogonally activatable ethynylcycloxyl carbonate moiety; and the third step involves 'stitching' by activating the carbonate donor. The cut-insert stitch-editing reaction (CIStER) is demonstrated by inserting branched and linear arabinans reminiscent of M. tuberculosis cell wall from the same designer trimannoside. Glycosylating an activated hydroxyacid (serinyl, steroidal, and lipid) after cutting the interglycosidic bond and stitching in the presence of base extendes the CIStER approach to the synthesis of glycohybrids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune, 411 008, India
| | - Suman Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune, 411 008, India
| | - Sandip Pasari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune, 411 008, India
| | - Srinivas Hotha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune, 411 008, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li J, Fu Z, Qiao Z, Xie D, Zhang L, Liu YZ, Yang J, Yan JX, Ma X. Controllable 1,3-Bis-Functionalization of 2-Nitroglycals with High Regioselectivity and Stereoselectivity Enabled by a H-Bond Catalyst. JACS AU 2024; 4:974-984. [PMID: 38559736 PMCID: PMC10976612 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The selective modification of carbohydrates is significant for producing their unnatural analogues for drug discovery. C1-functionalization (glycosylation) and C1,C2-difunctionalization of carbohydrates have been well developed. In contrast, C3-functionalization or C1,C3-difunctionalization of carbohydrates remains rare. Herein, we report such processes that efficiently and stereoselectively modify carbohydrates. Specifically, we found that trifluoroethanol (TFE) could promote 1,3-bis-indolylation/pyrrolylation of 2-nitroglycals generated carbohydrate derivatives in up to 93% yield at room temperature; slightly reducing the temperature could install two different indoles at the C1- and C3-positions. Switching TFE to a bifunctional amino thiourea catalyst leads to the generation of C3 monosubstituted carbohydrates, which could also be used to construct 1,3-di-C-functionalized carbohydrates. This approach produced a range of challenging sugar derivatives (over 80 examples) with controllable and high stereoselectivity (single isomer for over 90% of the examples). The potential applications of the reaction were demonstrated by a set of transformations including the synthesis of bridged large-ring molecules and gram scale reactions. Biological activities evaluation demonstrated that three compounds exhibit a potent inhibitory effect on human cancer cells T24, HCT116, AGS, and MKN-45 with IC50 ranged from 0.695 to 3.548 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Li
- Natural
Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengyan Fu
- Natural
Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
- Department
of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy,
West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zeen Qiao
- Natural
Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Demeng Xie
- Natural
Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Natural
Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Zhou Liu
- Natural
Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Yang
- Natural
Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xin Yan
- Natural
Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Ma
- Natural
Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Azeem MZ, Dubey MS, Islam MSA, Mandal PK. An Open-Air Palladium-Catalyzed Stereoselective O-Glycosylation of Glycals via in-situ Generation of gem-Disubstituted Methanols from p-Quinone Methides. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202301013. [PMID: 38133606 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
We devised a palladium-catalyzed α-stereoselective glycosylation that incorporates oxygen via in-situ generation of gem-disubstituted methanols from p-quinone methides to access 2,3-unsaturated gem-diarylmethyl O-glycosides under open-air atmosphere at room temperature. Advantages of this environmentally friendly strategy include the absence of additives and ligands, using water as the green source of oxygen, mildest, operationally simple, exhibiting a wide functional group tolerance, and compatibility with a variety of glycal progenitors in appreciable yields. A mechanistic study has been verified via H2 18 O labeling, which validates that water (moisture) is a sole source of oxygen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ms Zanjila Azeem
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, P.O. Box 173, Lucknow, 226 031, India
- Chemical Science, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ms Shashiprabha Dubey
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, P.O. Box 173, Lucknow, 226 031, India
| | - Mr Sk Areful Islam
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, P.O. Box 173, Lucknow, 226 031, India
| | - Pintu Kumar Mandal
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, P.O. Box 173, Lucknow, 226 031, India
- Chemical Science, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang G, Ho CC, Zhou Z, Hao YJ, Lv J, Jin J, Jin Z, Chi YR. Site-Selective C-O Bond Editing of Unprotected Saccharides. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:824-832. [PMID: 38123470 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Glucose and its polyhydroxy saccharide analogs are complex molecules that serve as essential structural components in biomacromolecules, natural products, medicines, and agrochemicals. Within the expansive realm of saccharides, a significant area of research revolves around chemically transforming naturally abundant saccharide units to intricate or uncommon molecules such as oligosaccharides or rare sugars. However, partly due to the presence of multiple hydroxyl groups with similar reactivities and the structural complexities arising from stereochemistry, the transformation of unprotected sugars to the desired target molecules remains challenging. One such formidable challenge lies in the efficient and selective activation and modification of the C-O bonds in saccharides. In this study, we disclose a modular 2-fold "tagging-editing" strategy that allows for direct and selective editing of C-O bonds of saccharides, enabling rapid preparation of valuable molecules such as rare sugars and drug derivatives. The first step, referred to as "tagging", involves catalytic site-selective installation of a photoredox active carboxylic ester group to a specific hydroxyl unit of an unprotected sugar. The second step, namely, "editing", features a C-O bond cleavage to form a carbon radical intermediate that undergoes further transformations such as C-H and C-C bond formations. Our strategy constitutes the most effective and shortest route in direct transformation and modification of medicines and other molecules bearing unprotected sugars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanjie Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Chang Chin Ho
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Zhixu Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Yong-Jia Hao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Jie Lv
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jiamiao Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhichao Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The structural complexity of glycans poses a serious challenge in the chemical synthesis of glycosides, oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates. Glycan complexity, determined by composition, connectivity, and configuration far exceeds what nature achieves with nucleic acids and proteins. Consequently, glycoside synthesis ranks among the most complex tasks in organic synthesis, despite involving only a simple type of bond-forming reaction. Here, we introduce the fundamental principles of glycoside bond formation and summarize recent advances in glycoside bond formation and oligosaccharide synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conor J Crawford
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li X, Di Carluccio C, Miao H, Zhang L, Shang J, Molinaro A, Xu P, Silipo A, Yu B, Yang Y. Promoter-Controlled Synthesis and Conformational Analysis of Cyclic Mannosides up to a 32-mer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307851. [PMID: 37433753 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins are widely used as carriers of small molecules for drug delivery owing to their remarkable host properties and excellent biocompatibility. However, cyclic oligosaccharides with different sizes and shapes are limited. Cycloglycosylation of ultra-large bifunctional saccharide precursors is challenging due to the constrained conformational spaces. Herein we report a promoter-controlled cycloglycosylation approach for the synthesis of cyclic α-(1→6)-linked mannosides up to a 32-mer. Cycloglycosylation of the bifunctional thioglycosides and (Z)-ynenoates was found to be highly dependent on the promoters. In particular, a sufficient amount of a gold(I) complex played a key role in the proper preorganization of the ultra-large cyclic transition state, providing a cyclic 32-mer polymannoside, which represents the largest synthetic cyclic polysaccharide to date. NMR experiments and a computational study revealed that the cyclic 2-mer, 4-mer, 8-mer, 16-mer, and 32-mer mannosides adopted different conformational states and shapes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Cristina Di Carluccio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - He Miao
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Lvfeng Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jintao Shang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Osaka University Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Peng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Osaka University Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - You Yang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Schmid D, Li TR, Goldfuss B, Tiefenbacher K. Exploring the Glycosylation Reaction Inside the Resorcin[4]arene Capsule. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14515-14526. [PMID: 37796244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, there has been an increased interest in applying supramolecular capsule and cage catalysis to the current challenges in synthetic organic chemistry. In this context, we recently reported the resorcin[4]arene capsule-catalyzed conversion of α-glycosyl halides into β-glycosides with high selectivity. Interestingly, this methodology enabled the formation of a wide range of β-pyranosides as well as β-furanosides, although these two donor classes exhibit different reactivities and usually require different reaction conditions and catalysts. Evidence was provided that a proton wire plays a key role in this reaction by enabling dual activation of the glycosyl donor and acceptor. Here, we describe a detailed investigation of several aspects of this reactivity. Besides a mechanistic study, we elucidated the size limitation, the origin of catalytic turnover, and the electrophile scope of nonglycosylic halides. Moreover, a screening of the sensitivity to changes in the reaction conditions provides guidelines to facilitate reproducibility. Furthermore, we demonstrate the compatibility with environmentally benign solvent alternatives, including the renewable solvent limonene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Schmid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tian-Ren Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Goldfuss
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität zu Köln, Greinstrasse 4, 50939 Köln, Germany
| | - Konrad Tiefenbacher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 24, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wu J, Jia P, Kuniyil R, Liu P, Tang W. Dynamic Kinetic Stereoselective Glycosylation via Rh II and Chiral Phosphoric Acid-Cocatalyzed Carbenoid Insertion to the Anomeric OH Bond for the Synthesis of Glycoconjugates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307144. [PMID: 37532672 PMCID: PMC10530496 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemical synthesis of glycoconjugates is essential for studying the biological functions of carbohydrates. We herein report an efficient approach for the stereoselective synthesis of challenging α-linked glycoconjugates via a RhII /chiral phosphoric acid (CPA)-cocatalyzed dynamic kinetic anomeric O-alkylation of sugar-derived lactols via carbenoid insertion to the anomeric OH bond. Notably, we observed excellent anomeric selectivity, excellent diastereoselectivity, broad substrate scope, and high efficiency for this glycosylation reaction by exploring various parameters of the cocatalytic system. DFT calculations suggested that the anomeric selectivity was mainly determined by steric interactions between the C2-carbon of the carbohydrate and the phenyl group of the metal carbenoid, while π/π interactions with the C2-OBn substituent on the carbohydrate substrate play a significant role for diastereoselectivity at the newly generated stereogenic center.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Wu
- Lachman Institute for Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Peijing Jia
- Lachman Institute for Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Rositha Kuniyil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Weiping Tang
- Lachman Institute for Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, United States
- Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Ave, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wu L, Zhou Z, Sathe D, Zhou J, Dym S, Zhao Z, Wang J, Niu J. Precision native polysaccharides from living polymerization of anhydrosugars. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1276-1284. [PMID: 37106096 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01193-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The composition, sequence, length and type of glycosidic linkage of polysaccharides profoundly affect their biological and physical properties. However, investigation of the structure-function relationship of polysaccharides is hampered by difficulties in accessing well-defined polysaccharides in sufficient quantities. Here we report a chemical approach to precision polysaccharides with native glycosidic linkages via living cationic ring-opening polymerization of 1,6-anhydrosugars. We synthesized well-defined polysaccharides with tunable molecular weight, low dispersity and excellent regio- and stereo-selectivity using a boron trifluoride etherate catalyst and glycosyl fluoride initiators. Computational studies revealed that the reaction propagated through the monomer α-addition to the oxocarbenium and was controlled by the reversible deactivation of the propagating oxocarbenium to form the glycosyl fluoride dormant species. Our method afforded a facile and scalable pathway to multiple biologically relevant precision polysaccharides, including D-glucan, D-mannan and an unusual L-glucan. We demonstrated that catalytic depolymerization of precision polysaccharides efficiently regenerated monomers, suggesting their potential utility as a class of chemically recyclable materials with tailored thermal and mechanical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lianqian Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Zefeng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Devavrat Sathe
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Junfeng Zhou
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Shoshana Dym
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Zhensheng Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Junpeng Wang
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Jia Niu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
van de Vrande KN, Filippov DV, Codée JDC. Formation of Glycosyl Trichloroacetamides from Trichloroacetimidate Donors Occurs through an Intermolecular Aglycon Transfer Reaction. Org Lett 2023; 25:6128-6132. [PMID: 37578204 PMCID: PMC10463224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
To probe the reaction mechanism, underlying the rearrangement of oft-used trichloroacetimidate glycosyl donors into the corresponding anomeric trichloroacetamides, we have used a combination of 13C- and 15N-labeled glycosyl trichloroacetimidate donors in a series of crossover experiments. These unambiguously show that trichloroacetamides are formed via an intermolecular aglycon transfer mechanism. This insight enables the design of more effective glycosylation protocols, preventing the formation of dead-end side products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitri V. Filippov
- Leiden Institute
of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333
CC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute
of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333
CC Leiden, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Boulogeorgou MA, Toskas A, Gallos JK, Stathakis CI. Stereoselective oxidative O-glycosylation of disarmed glycosyl iodides with alcohols using PIDA as the promoter. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6479-6483. [PMID: 37523208 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00929g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The direct and practical oxidative anomeric O-glycosylation of glycosyl iodides with an array of alcohols as glycosyl acceptors is presented. Using phenyliodine(III) diacetate (PIDA) as the promoter of the reaction, at ambient temperature, an enviromentally benign and operationally simple protocol has been developed providing access stereoselectively to 1,2-trans-O-glycosides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Boulogeorgou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - Alexandros Toskas
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - John K Gallos
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - Christos I Stathakis
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lu IC, Cheng KC, Wang YF, Pan CW, Hung JS, Mong KKT. Orthogonal Glycosylation with Phosphate Acceptors for Expeditious Synthesis of Bacterial Inner Core Oligosaccharides. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300424. [PMID: 37339944 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
We report a practical one-pot glycosylation strategy for synthesis of bacterial inner core oligosaccharides that composed of unavailable L-glycero-D-manno and D-glycero-D-manno-heptopyranose components. The glycosylation method features a new orthogonal glycosylation procedure; whereby a phosphate acceptor is coupled with a thioglycosyl donor producing a disaccharide phosphate, which can be engaged in another orthogonal glycosylation procedure to couple with a thioglycosyl acceptor. The phosphate acceptors used in above one-pot procedure are directly prepared from thioglycosyl acceptors via the in-situ phosphorylation. Such phosphate acceptor preparation protocol eliminates the traditional protection and deprotection procedures. Based on the new one-pot glycosylation strategy, two partial inner core structures of Yersinia pestis lipopolysaccharide and Haemophilus ducreyi lipooligosaccharide were acquired.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I-Chen Lu
- Applied Chemistry Department, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001, University Road, East District, Hsinchu City, 30093, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Chun Cheng
- Applied Chemistry Department, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001, University Road, East District, Hsinchu City, 30093, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Wang
- Applied Chemistry Department, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001, University Road, East District, Hsinchu City, 30093, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Pan
- Applied Chemistry Department, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001, University Road, East District, Hsinchu City, 30093, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Jan-Siang Hung
- Applied Chemistry Department, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001, University Road, East District, Hsinchu City, 30093, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Kwok-Kong Tony Mong
- Applied Chemistry Department, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001, University Road, East District, Hsinchu City, 30093, R.O.C., Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ding H, Lyu J, Zhang XL, Xiao X, Liu XW. Efficient and versatile formation of glycosidic bonds via catalytic strain-release glycosylation with glycosyl ortho-2,2-dimethoxycarbonylcyclopropylbenzoate donors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4010. [PMID: 37419914 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39619-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalytic glycosylation is a vital transformation in synthetic carbohydrate chemistry due to its ability to expediate the large-scale oligosaccharide synthesis for glycobiology studies with the consumption of minimal amounts of promoters. Herein we introduce a facile and efficient catalytic glycosylation employing glycosyl ortho-2,2-dimethoxycarbonylcyclopropylbenzoates (CCBz) promoted by a readily accessible and non-toxic Sc(III) catalyst system. The glycosylation reaction involves a novel activation mode of glycosyl esters driven by the ring-strain release of an intramolecularly incorporated donor-acceptor cyclopropane (DAC). The versatile glycosyl CCBz donor enables highly efficient construction of O-, S-, and N-glycosidic bonds under mild conditions, as exemplified by the convenient preparation of the synthetically challenging chitooligosaccharide derivatives. Of note, a gram-scale synthesis of tetrasaccharide corresponding to Lipid IV with modifiable handles is achieved using the catalytic strain-release glycosylation. These attractive features promise this donor to be the prototype for developing next generation of catalytic glycosylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Ding
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Jian Lyu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Xiao-Lin Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Xiong Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P.R. China.
| | - Xue-Wei Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Faurschou NV, Taaning RH, Pedersen CM. Substrate specific closed-loop optimization of carbohydrate protective group chemistry using Bayesian optimization and transfer learning. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6319-6329. [PMID: 37325141 PMCID: PMC10266441 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01261a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A new way of performing reaction optimization within carbohydrate chemistry is presented. This is done by performing closed-loop optimization of regioselective benzoylation of unprotected glycosides using Bayesian optimization. Both 6-O-monobenzoylations and 3,6-O-dibenzoylations of three different monosaccharides are optimized. A novel transfer learning approach, where data from previous optimizations of different substrates is used to speed up the optimizations, has also been developed. The optimal conditions found by the Bayesian optimization algorithm provide new insight into substrate specificity, as the conditions found are significantly different. In most cases, the optimal conditions include Et3N and benzoic anhydride, a new reagent combination for these reactions, discovered by the algorithm, demonstrating the power of this concept to widen the chemical space. Further, the developed procedures include ambient conditions and short reaction times.
Collapse
|
22
|
Lakshika Hettiarachchi I, Wu F, Stoica M, Li X, Zhu J. Potassium carbonate-mediated β-selective anomeric O-alkylation with primary electrophiles: Application to the synthesis of glycosphingolipids. Tetrahedron Lett 2023; 122:154511. [PMID: 37334260 PMCID: PMC10270675 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2023.154511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Stereoselective construction of a variety of β-glycosides can be achieved using abundant and inexpensive K2CO3-mediated stereoselective anomeric O-alkylation of sugar lactols with primary electrophiles. In addition, application of this methodology to the synthesis of various azido-modified glycosphingolipids has been accomplished in good yields and excellent anomeric selectivity using sphingosine-derived primary triflate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ishani Lakshika Hettiarachchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Fenglang Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Maria Stoica
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, United States
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, United States
| | - Jianglong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Haisha S, Nguyen HM, Schlegel HB. Stereoselective glycosylation reactions with 2-deoxyglucose: a computational study of some catalysts. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2023; 1224:114122. [PMID: 37214423 PMCID: PMC10195097 DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2023.114122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
2-Deoxy glycosides are important components of many oligosaccharides with antibiotic and anti-cancer activity, but their synthesis can be very challenging. Phenanthrolines and substituted pyridines promote stereoselective glycosylation of 1-bromo sugars via a double SN2 mechanism. Pyridine reacting with α-bromo, 2-deoxyglucose was chosen to model this reaction. The first step involves displacement of bromide by pyridine which can be rate limiting because bromide ion is poorly solvated in the non-polar solvents used for these reactions. We examined a series of small molecules to bind bromide and stabilize this transition state. Geometry optimization and vibrational frequencies were calculated using M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p) and SMD implicit solvation for diethyl ether. More accurate energies were obtained with M06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ and implicit solvation. Urea, thiourea, guanidine and cyanoguanidine bind bromide more strongly than alkylamines, (NH2CH2CH2)nNH3-n. Compared to the uncatalyzed reaction, urea, thiourea and cyanoguanidine lower the free energy of the transition state by 3 kcal/mol while guanidine lowers the barrier by 2 kcal/mol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Haisha
- Department of Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Hien M Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - H Bernhard Schlegel
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kim HS, Jang E, Kim HI, Hari Babu M, Lee JY, Kim SK, Sim J. Chemical Glycosylation with p-Methoxyphenyl (PMP) Glycosides via Oxidative Activation. Org Lett 2023; 25:3471-3475. [PMID: 37140886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel persulfate-mediated oxidative glycosylation system using p-methoxyphenyl (PMP) glycosides as bench-stable glycosyl donors is developed. This study shows that both K2S2O8 as an oxidant and Hf(OTf)4 as a Lewis acid catalyst play important roles in the oxidative activation of the PMP group into a potential leaving group. This convenient glycosylation protocol proceeds under mild conditions and delivers a wide range of biologically and synthetically valuable glycoconjugates, including glycosyl fluorides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Su Kim
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 120 Haeryong-ro, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 11160, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunbin Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Hoe In Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Madala Hari Babu
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jaehoon Sim
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Regulatory Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Regulatory Innovation through Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Asano T, Udagawa T, Komura N, Imamura A, Ishida H, Ando H, Tanaka HN. Unprecedented neighboring group participation of C2 N-imidoxy functionalities for 1,2-trans-selective glycosylation. Carbohydr Res 2023; 527:108808. [PMID: 37068315 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Stereoselective glycosylation reactions are important in carbohydrate chemistry. The most used method for 1,2-trans(β)-selective glycosylation involves the neighboring group participation (NGP) of the 2-O-acyl protecting group; nevertheless, an alternative stereoselective method independent of classical NGP would contribute to carbohydrate chemistry, despite being challenging to achieve. Herein, a β-selective glycosylation reaction employing unprecedented NGP of the C2 N-succinimidoxy and phthalimidoxy functionalities is reported. The C2 functionalities provided the glycosylated products in high yields with β-selectivity. The participation of the functionalities from the α face of the glycosyl oxocarbenium ions gives stable six-membered intermediates and is supported by density functional theory calculations. The applicability of the phthalimidoxy functionality for hydroxyl protection is also demonstrated. This work expands the scope of functionalities tolerated in carbohydrate chemistry to include O-N moieties.
Collapse
|
26
|
Geulin A, Bourne-Branchu Y, Ben Ayed K, Lecourt T, Joosten A. Ferrier/Aza-Wacker/Epoxidation/Glycosylation (FAWEG) Sequence to Access 1,2-Trans 3-Amino-3-deoxyglycosides. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203987. [PMID: 36793144 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
3-Amino-3-deoxyglycosides constitute an essential class of nitrogen-containing sugars. Among them, many important 3-amino-3-deoxyglycosides possess a 1,2-trans relationship. In view of their numerous biological applications, the synthesis of 3-amino-3-deoxyglycosyl donors giving rise to a 1,2-trans glycosidic linkage is thus an important challenge. Even though glycals are highly polyvalent donors, the synthesis and reactivity of 3-amino-3-deoxyglycals have been little studied. In this work, we describe a new sequence, involving a Ferrier rearrangement and subsequent aza-Wacker cyclization that allows the rapid synthesis of orthogonally protected 3-amino-3-deoxyglycals. Finally a 3-amino-3-deoxygalactal derivative was submitted for the first time to an epoxidation/glycosylation with high yield and great diastereoselectivity, highlighting FAWEG (Ferrier/Aza-Wacker/Epoxidation/Glycosylation) as a new approach to access 1,2-trans 3-amino-3-deoxyglycosides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anselme Geulin
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 76000, Rouen, France
- 24 Rue Lucien Tesnière, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Yann Bourne-Branchu
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 76000, Rouen, France
- 24 Rue Lucien Tesnière, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Kawther Ben Ayed
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 76000, Rouen, France
- 24 Rue Lucien Tesnière, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Thomas Lecourt
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 76000, Rouen, France
- 24 Rue Lucien Tesnière, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Antoine Joosten
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 76000, Rouen, France
- 24 Rue Lucien Tesnière, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gao P, Xu J, Zhou T, Liu Y, Bisz E, Dziuk B, Lalancette R, Szostak R, Zhang D, Szostak M. L-Shaped Heterobidentate Imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-ylidene (N,C)-Ligands for Oxidant-Free Au I /Au III Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218427. [PMID: 36696514 PMCID: PMC9992098 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, major advances have been made in homogeneous gold catalysis. However, AuI /AuIII catalytic cycle remains much less explored due to the reluctance of AuI to undergo oxidative addition and the stability of the AuIII intermediate. Herein, we report activation of aryl halides at gold(I) enabled by NHC (NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene) ligands through the development of a new class of L-shaped heterobidentate ImPy (ImPy=imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-ylidene) N,C ligands that feature hemilabile character of the amino group in combination with strong σ-donation of the carbene center in a rigid conformation, imposed by the ligand architecture. Detailed characterization and control studies reveal key ligand features for AuI /AuIII redox cycle, wherein the hemilabile nitrogen is placed at the coordinating position of a rigid framework. Given the tremendous significance of homogeneous gold catalysis, we anticipate that this ligand platform will find widespread application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, 07102, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jihong Xu
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100, Jinan, China
| | - Tongliang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, 07102, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100, Jinan, China
| | - Elwira Bisz
- Department of Chemistry, Opole University, 48 Oleska Street, 45-052, Opole, Poland
| | - Błażej Dziuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Norwida 4/6, 50-373, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Roger Lalancette
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, 07102, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Roman Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dongju Zhang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100, Jinan, China
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, 07102, Newark, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu H, Liang ZF, Liu HJ, Liao JX, Zhong LJ, Tu YH, Zhang QJ, Xiong B, Sun JS. ortho-Methoxycarbonylethynylphenyl Thioglycosides (MCEPTs): Versatile Glycosyl Donors Enabled by Electron-Withdrawing Substituents and Catalyzed by Gold(I) or Cu(II) Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3682-3695. [PMID: 36727591 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
With easily accessible and operator-friendly reagents, shelf-stable ortho-methoxycarbonylethynylphenyl thioglycosides were efficiently prepared. Based on these MCEPT glycoside donors, a novel glycosylation protocol featuring mild and catalytic promotion conditions with Au(I) or Cu(II) complexes, expanded substrate scope encompassing challenging donors and acceptors and clinically used pharmaceuticals, and versatility in various strategies for highly efficient synthesis of glycosides has been established. The practicality of the MCEPT glycosylation protocol was fully exhibited by highly efficient and scalable synthesis of surface polysaccharide subunits of Acinetobacter baumannii via latent-active, reagent-controlled divergent orthogonal one-pot and orthogonal one-pot strategies. The underlying reaction mechanism was investigated systematically through control reactions, leading to the isolation and characterization of the vital catalyst species in MCEPT glycosylation, the benzothiophen-3-yl-gold(I) complex. Based on the results obtained both from control reactions and from studies leading to the glycosylation protocol establishment, an operative mechanism was proposed and the effect of the vital catalyst species reactivity on the results of metal-catalyzed alkyne-containing donor-involved glycosylation was disclosed. Moreover, the mechanism for C-glycosylation side product formation from ortho-(substituted)ethynylphenyl thioglycoside donors with electron-donating substituents was also illuminated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Zhi-Fen Liang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Han-Jian Liu
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Jin-Xi Liao
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Li-Jun Zhong
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Yuan-Hong Tu
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Qing-Ju Zhang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Bin Xiong
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Jian-Song Sun
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China.,School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li TR, Piccini G, Tiefenbacher K. Supramolecular Capsule-Catalyzed Highly β-Selective Furanosylation Independent of the S N1/S N2 Reaction Pathway. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4294-4303. [PMID: 36751707 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The resorcin[4]arene capsule was found to catalyze β-selective furanosylation reactions for a variety of different furanosyl donors: α-d- and α-l-arabinosyl-, α-l-fucosyl-, α-d-ribosyl-, α-d-xylosyl-, and even α-d-lyxosyl fluorides. The scope is only limited by the inherently finite volume inside the closed capsular catalyst. The catalyst is readily available on a multi-100 g scale and can be recycled for at least seven rounds without significant loss in activity, yield, and selectivity. The mechanistic investigations indicated that the furanosylation mechanism is shifted toward an SN1 reaction on the mechanistic continuum between the prototypical SN1 and SN2 substitution types, as compared to the pyranosylation reaction inside the same catalyst. This is especially true for the lyxosyl donor, as indicated by the nucleophile reaction order of 0.26, and supported by metadynamics calculations. The mechanistic shift toward SN1 is of high interest as it indicates that this catalyst not only enables β-selective furanosylations and pyranoslyations independently of the substrate configuration but in addition also independently of the operating mechanism. To our knowledge, there is no alternative catalyst available that displays such properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ren Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- NCCR Molecular Systems Engineering, BPR 1095, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - GiovanniMaria Piccini
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Konrad Tiefenbacher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- NCCR Molecular Systems Engineering, BPR 1095, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Li J, Nguyen HM. Phenanthroline Catalysis in Stereoselective 1,2- cis Glycosylations. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:3738-3751. [PMID: 36448710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The National Research Council's report in 2012 recognized glycosidic bond forming (glycosylation) reactions as critical due to the central importance of carbohydrates to the glycosciences. This report emphasized the need for the development of reproducible and broadly applicable glycosylation technologies to facilitate the stereoselective synthesis of biomedically relevant glycan libraries for tool development and for research applications by nonspecialists. In response to this report with NIH Common Fund support, the publications of new catalytic diastereoselective glycosylation protocols, some with broad generality under mild conditions, have been recently reported by our group and others. These recent discoveries have also advanced the understanding of the glycosylation reaction mechanism involving the coupling of a sugar electrophile bearing a leaving group at its C1-anomeric center with an alcohol nucleophile. This glycosidic bond forming reaction can lead to a mixture of two stereoisomers that differ in the configuration of the anomeric center.In our group, we discovered that readily available phenanthroline, a rigid and planar organic compound with two fused pyridine rings, could be utilized as a nucleophilic catalyst to promote highly diastereoselective glycosylation of an alcohol nucleophile with a sugar bromide electrophile. The phenanthroline catalysis process allows access to a myriad of high yielding and diastereoselective 1,2-cis pyranosides and furanosides. This catalyst-controlled approach has been applied to the synthesis of a potential vaccine adjuvant α-glucan octasaccharide. For pyranosyl bromide electrophiles, an extensive mechanistic investigation illustrated that two phenanthrolinium ion intermediates, a 4C1 chair-liked equatorial-conformer and a B2,5 boat-like axial-conformer, are formed in a ratio of 2:1 (equatorial/axial). To obtain high levels of axial-1,2-cis selectivity, a Curtin-Hammett scenario was proposed wherein interconversion of the 4C1 equatorial-conformer and B2,5 axial-conformer is more rapid than nucleophilic addition. Hydroxyl attack takes place from the axial-face of the more reactive 4C1 chairlike equatorial intermediate to afford an axial-1,2-cis glycoside product. The phenanthroline catalysis system is applicable to a number of furanosyl bromide electrophiles to provide the challenging 1,2-cis substitution products in good yield and diastereoselectivity. NMR experiments and density-functional theory (DFT) calculations support an associative mechanism in which the rate-determining step takes place from an invertive displacement of the faster reacting furanosyl phenanthrolinium ion intermediate with an alcohol nucleophile. Overall, this work stands at the underdeveloped intersection of operationally simple conditions, catalysis, and stereocontrolled glycosidic bond formation, each of which represents an important theme in the preparation of biologically important oligosaccharides and glycopeptides for applications to human health and medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Hien M Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Aswathy M, Abhijith B, Lankalapalli RS, Radhakrishnan KV. A pentacarbomethoxycyclopentadiene (PCCP) organic Brønsted acid catalyzed stereoselective glycosidation of N-pentenyl orthoesters (NPOE) of d-glucose and d-galactose, in conjunction with N-iodosuccinimide. Carbohydr Res 2022; 522:108684. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
32
|
Pseudo-glycoconjugates with a C-glycoside linkage. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2022; 82:35-77. [PMID: 36470649 DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Work by the author and colleagues has been focused on the development of pseudo-glycans (pseudo-glycoconjugates), in which the O-glycosidic linkage of the natural-type glycan structure is replaced by a C-glycosidic linkage. These analogs are not degraded by cellular glycoside hydrolases and are thus expected to be useful molecular tools that may maintain the original biological activity for a long period in the cell. However, their biological potential is not yet well understood because only a few pseudo glycans have so far been synthesized. This article aims to provide a bird's-eye view of our recent studies on the creation of C-glycoside analogs of ganglioside GM3 based on the CHF-sialoside linkage, and summarizes the chemical insights acquired during our stereoselective synthesis of the C-sialoside bond, ultimately leading to pseudo-GM3. Conformational analysis of the synthesized CHF-sialoside disaccharides confirmed that the anticipated conformational control by F-atom introduction was successful, and furthermore, enhanced the biological activity. In order to improve access to C-glycoside analogs based on pseudo-GM3, it is still important to streamline the synthesis process. With this in mind, we designed and developed a direct C-glycosylation method using atom-transfer radical coupling, and employed it in syntheses of pseudo-isomaltose and pseudo-KRN7000.
Collapse
|
33
|
Glycosyl Formates: Glycosylations with Neighboring-Group Participation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196244. [PMID: 36234778 PMCID: PMC9572138 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protected 2-O-benzyolated glycosyl formates were synthesized in one-step from the corresponding orthoester using formic acid as the sole reagent. Glucopyranosyl, mannopyranosyl and galactopyranosyl donors were synthesized and their glycosylation properties studied using model glycosyl acceptors of varied steric bulk and reactivity. Bismuth triflate was the preferred catalyst and KPF6 was used as an additive. The 1,2-trans-selectivities resulting from neighboring-group participation were excellent and the glycosylations were generally high-yielding.
Collapse
|
34
|
Morelli L, Compostella F, Panza L, Imperio D. Unusual promoters and leaving groups in glycosylation reactions: The evolution of carbohydrate synthesis. Carbohydr Res 2022; 519:108625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
35
|
Ishiwata A, Tanaka K, Ao J, Ding F, Ito Y. Recent advances in stereoselective 1,2-cis-O-glycosylations. Front Chem 2022; 10:972429. [PMID: 36059876 PMCID: PMC9437320 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.972429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
For the stereoselective assembly of bioactive glycans with various functions, 1,2-cis-O-glycosylation is one of the most essential issues in synthetic carbohydrate chemistry. The cis-configured O-glycosidic linkages to the substituents at two positions of the non-reducing side residue of the glycosides such as α-glucopyranoside, α-galactopyranoside, β-mannopyranoside, β-arabinofuranoside, and other rather rare glycosides are found in natural glycans, including glycoconjugate (glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteoglycans, and microbial polysaccharides) and glycoside natural products. The way to 1,2-trans isomers is well sophisticated by using the effect of neighboring group participation from the most effective and kinetically favored C-2 substituent such as an acyl group, although high stereoselective synthesis of 1,2-cis glycosides without formation of 1,2-trans isomers is far less straightforward. Although the key factors that control the stereoselectivity of glycosylation are largely understood since chemical glycosylation was considered to be one of the useful methods to obtain glycosidic linkages as the alternative way of isolation from natural sources, strictly controlled formation of these 1,2-cis glycosides is generally difficult. This minireview introduces some of the recent advances in the development of 1,2-cis selective glycosylations, including the quite recent developments in glycosyl donor modification, reaction conditions, and methods for activation of intermolecular glycosylation, including the bimodal glycosylation strategy for 1,2-cis and 1,2-trans glycosides, as well as intramolecular glycosylations, including recent applications of NAP-ether-mediated intramolecular aglycon delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ishiwata
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Akihiro Ishiwata, ; Feiqing Ding, ; Yukishige Ito,
| | - Katsunori Tanaka
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiaming Ao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feiqing Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Akihiro Ishiwata, ; Feiqing Ding, ; Yukishige Ito,
| | - Yukishige Ito
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Akihiro Ishiwata, ; Feiqing Ding, ; Yukishige Ito,
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Liu X, Lin Y, Peng W, Zhang Z, Gao L, Zhou Y, Song Z, Wang Y, Xu P, Yu B, Sun H, Xie W, Li W. Direct Synthesis of 2,6-Dideoxy-β-glycosides and β-Rhamnosides with a Stereodirecting 2-(Diphenylphosphinoyl)acetyl Group. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206128. [PMID: 35695834 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anomeric stereocontrol is usually one of the major issues in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates, particularly those involving β-configured 2,6-dideoxyglycoside and d/l-rhamnoside moieties. Herein, we report that 2-(diphenylphosphinoyl)acetyl is highly effective as a remote stereodirecting group in the direct synthesis of these challenging β-glycosides under mild conditions. A deoxy-trisaccharide as a mimic of the sugar chain of landomycin E was prepared stereospecifically in high yield. The synthetic potential was also highlighted in the synthesis of Citrobacter freundii O-antigens composed of a [→4)-α-d-Manp-(1→3)-β-d-Rhap(1→4)-β-d-Rhap-(1→] repeating unit, wherein the convergent assembly up to a nonasaccharide was realized with a strongly β-directing trisaccharide donor. Variable-temperature NMR studies indicate the presence of intermolecular H-bonding between the donor and the bulky acceptor as direct spectral evidence in support of the concept of hydrogen-bond-mediated aglycone delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianglai Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Yetong Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Wenyi Peng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Zhaolun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Longwei Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Yueer Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Zhe Song
- Instrumental Analysis Center, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Peng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Weijia Xie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Li TR, Huck F, Piccini G, Tiefenbacher K. Mimicry of the proton wire mechanism of enzymes inside a supramolecular capsule enables β-selective O-glycosylations. Nat Chem 2022; 14:985-994. [PMID: 35798949 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00981-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes achieve high substrate and product selectivities by orientating and activating the substrate(s) appropriately inside a confined and finely optimized binding pocket. Although some basic aspects of enzymes have already been mimicked successfully with man-made catalysts, substrate activation by proton wires inside enzyme pockets has not been recreated with man-made catalysts so far. A proton wire facilitates the dual activation of a nucleophile and an electrophile via a reciprocal proton transfer, enabling highly stereoselective reactions under mild conditions. Here we present evidence for such an activation mode inside the supramolecular resorcin[4]arene capsule and demonstrate that it enables catalytic and highly β-selective glycosylation reactions-still a major challenge in glycosylation chemistry. Extensive control experiments provide very strong evidence that the reactions take place inside the molecular container. We show that this activation strategy is compatible with a broad scope of glycoside donors and nucleophiles, and is only limited by the cavity size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ren Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,NCCR Molecular Systems Engineering, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Huck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,NCCR Molecular Systems Engineering, Basel, Switzerland
| | - GiovanniMaria Piccini
- Facoltà di Informatica, Istituto Eulero, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Tiefenbacher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,NCCR Molecular Systems Engineering, Basel, Switzerland. .,Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Luo T, Zhang Q, Guo YF, Pei ZC, Dong H. Efficient Preparation of 2‐SAc‐Glycosyl Donors and Investigation of Their Application in Synthesis of 2‐Deoxyglycosides. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Luo
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology - Main Campus: Huazhong University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Luoyu Road 1037 430074 Wuhan CHINA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology - Main Campus: Huazhong University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Yang-Fan Guo
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology - Main Campus: Huazhong University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Zhi-Chao Pei
- Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University College of Chemistry and Pharmacy CHINA
| | - Hai Dong
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology - Main Campus: Huazhong University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Luoyu Road 1037 430074 Wuhan CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mukherjee MM, Ghosh R, Hanover JA. Recent Advances in Stereoselective Chemical O-Glycosylation Reactions. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:896187. [PMID: 35775080 PMCID: PMC9237389 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.896187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates involving glycoconjugates play a pivotal role in many life processes. Better understanding toward glycobiological events including the structure–function relationship of these biomolecules and for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes including tailor-made vaccine development and synthesis of structurally well-defined oligosaccharides (OS) become important. Efficient chemical glycosylation in high yield and stereoselectivity is however challenging and depends on the fine tuning of a protection profile to get matching glycosyl donor–acceptor reactivity along with proper use of other important external factors like catalyst, solvent, temperature, activator, and additive. So far, many glycosylation methods have been reported including several reviews also. In the present review, we will concentrate our discussion on the recent trend on α- and β-selective glycosylation reactions reported during the past decade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mana Mohan Mukherjee
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rina Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
- *Correspondence: John A. Hanover, ; Rina Ghosh,
| | - John A. Hanover
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: John A. Hanover, ; Rina Ghosh,
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Liu X, Lin Y, Peng W, Zhang Z, Gao L, Zhou Y, Song Z, Wang Y, Xu P, Yu B, Sun H, Xie W, Li W. Direct Synthesis of 2,6‐Dideoxy‐β‐glycosides and β‐Rhamnosides with a Stereodirecting 2‐(Diphenylphosphinoyl)acetyl Group. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianglai Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yetong Lin
- China Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry CHINA
| | - Wenyi Peng
- China Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry CHINA
| | - Zhaolun Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry CHINA
| | - Longwei Gao
- China Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yueer Zhou
- China Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry CHINA
| | - Zhe Song
- China Pharmaceutical University Instrumental Analysis Center CHINA
| | - Yingjie Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry CHINA
| | - Peng Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry CHINA
| | - Biao Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry CHINA
| | - Haopeng Sun
- China Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry CHINA
| | - Weijia Xie
- China Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry CHINA
| | - Wei Li
- China Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry 639 Longmian Avenue 211198 Nanjing CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Nielsen MM, Pedersen CM. Vessel effects in organic chemical reactions; a century-old, overlooked phenomenon. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6181-6196. [PMID: 35733904 PMCID: PMC9159102 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01125e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most intriguing aspects of synthetic chemistry is the interplay of numerous dependent and independent variables en route to achieve a successful, high-yielding chemical transformation. The experienced synthetic chemist will probe many of these variables during reaction development and optimization, which will routinely involve investigation of reaction temperature, solvent, stoichiometry, concentration, time, choice of catalyst, addition sequence or quenching conditions just to name some commonly addressed variables. Remarkably, little attention is typically given to the choice of reaction vessel material as the surface of common laboratory borosilicate glassware is, incorrectly, assumed to be chemically inert. When reviewing the scientific literature, careful consideration of the vessel material is typically only given during the use of well-known glass-etching reagents such as HF, which is typically only handled in HF-resistant, polyfluorinated polymer vessels. However, there are examples of chemical transformations that do not involve such reagents but are still clearly influenced by the choice of reaction vessel material. In the following review, we wish to condense the most significant examples of vessel effects during chemical transformations as well as observations of container-dependent stability of certain molecules. While the primary focus is on synthetic organic chemistry, relevant examples from inorganic chemistry, polymerization reactions, atmospheric chemistry and prebiotic chemistry are also covered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Martin Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen O Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Haese M, Winterhalter K, Jung J, Schmidt MS. Like Visiting an Old Friend: Fischer Glycosylation in the Twenty-First Century: Modern Methods and Techniques. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2022; 380:26. [PMID: 35595946 PMCID: PMC9123081 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fischer glycosylation is typically the chemical reaction of a monosaccharide and an alcohol in presence of an acidic catalyst to afford glycosides in pyranosidic and furanosidic forms. This reaction is still applied today for the synthesis of specialized glycosides, and optimization and modification of the method have continued since its discovery by Emil Fischer in the 1890s. This review presents advancements in Fischer glycosylation described in literature of the past 15 years and its implementation in modern chemical methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Haese
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry Labs, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, 78054 VS-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Kai Winterhalter
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry Labs, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, 78054 VS-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Jessica Jung
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry Labs, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, 78054 VS-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Magnus S. Schmidt
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry Labs, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, 78054 VS-Schwenningen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Liu X, Song Y, Liu A, Zhou Y, Zhu Q, Lin Y, Sun H, Zhu K, Liu W, Ding N, Xie W, Sun H, Yu B, Xu P, Li W. More than a Leaving Group: N-Phenyltrifluoroacetimidate as a Remote Directing Group for Highly α-Selective 1,2-cis Glycosylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201510. [PMID: 35266604 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The anomeric configuration can greatly affect the biological functions and activities of carbohydrates. Herein, we report that N-phenyltrifluoroacetimidoyl (PTFAI), a well-known leaving group for catalytic glycosylation, can act as a stereodirecting group for the challenging 1,2-cis α-glycosylation. Utilizing rapidly accessible 1,6-di-OPTFAI glycosyl donors, TMSOTf-catalyzed glycosylation occurred with excellent α-selectivity and broad substrate scope, and the remaining 6-OPTFAI group can be cleaved chemoselectively. The remote participation of 6-OPTFAI is supported by the first characterization of the crucial 1,6-bridged bicyclic oxazepinium ion intermediates by low-temperature NMR spectroscopy. These cations were found to be relatively stable and mainly responsible for the present stereoselectivities. Further application is highlighted in glycosylation reactions toward trisaccharide heparins as well as the convergent synthesis of chacotriose derivatives using a bulky 2,4-di-O-glycosylated donor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianglai Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Yingying Song
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Ao Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Yueer Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yetong Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Huiyong Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Kaidi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weijia Xie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Peng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Halder S, Addanki RB, Moktan S, Kancharla PK. Glycosyl o-[1-( p-MeO-Phenyl)vinyl]benzoates (PMPVB) as Easily Accessible, Stable, and Reactive Glycosyl Donors for O-, S-, and C-Glycosylations under Brønsted Acid Catalysis. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7033-7055. [PMID: 35559689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methods suitable for the synthesis of both O- and S-glycosylations are relatively rare because commonly used promoters like halonium sources or gold catalysts are incompatible with thiols as nucleophiles. Here, we present (p-MeO)phenylvinylbenzoates (PMPVB) as easily accessible, stable, and reactive alkene-based glycosyl donors that can be activated with catalytic amounts of a Brønsted acid. This activation protocol not only allows us to synthesize O-glycosides but also can successfully provide S- and C-linked glycosides. The armed and disarmed donors lead to product formation in 5 min, showcasing the high reactivity of the donors. Competitive experiments show that the PMPVB donors are much more reactive than the corresponding PVB donors even under NIS/TMSOTf conditions, whereas PVB donors are not reactive enough to be efficiently activated under Brønsted acid conditions. The potential of the catalytic glycosylation protocol has also been showcased by synthesizing trisaccharides. The Brønsted acid activation of PMPVB donors also allows access to C-glycosides in a stereoselective fashion. The easy accessibility of the donor aglycon on a multigram scale in just two steps makes the PMPVB donors highly attractive alternatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suvendu Halder
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Rupa Bai Addanki
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Sangay Moktan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Pavan K Kancharla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhu Q, Tang Y, Yu B. GeCl 2·Dioxane-AgBF 4 Catalyzed Activation of Glycosyl Fluorides for Glycosylation. Org Lett 2022; 24:3626-3630. [PMID: 35549391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A catalytic glycosyl fluoride activation system using the GeCl2·dioxane-AgBF4 combination was developed, which involves a reversible activation of the anomeric C-F bond by a [Ge(II)-Cl]+ cation and a reversible chloride ion transfer between Ge(II) and glycosyl cations. This catalytic glycosylation system is easy to operate, proceeds at room temperature, and offers a broad scope of substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - You Yang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kasdekar N, Walke G, Deshpande K, Hotha S. Glycosyl Vinylogous Carbonates as Glycosyl Donors by Metal-Free Activation. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5472-5484. [PMID: 35414184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of glycoconjugates employs a glycosylation reaction wherein an electrophile and a nucleophile known as a glycosyl donor and an aglycon, respectively, are involved. Glycosyl donors often contain a leaving group at the anomeric carbon that upon reaction with activator(s) results in a highly reactive electrophilic species reported as an oxycarbenium ion contact pair that will then be attacked by the aglycon. Therefore, identification of the correct glycosyl donor and activation protocol is essential for the synthesis of all glycoconjugates. Recently identified [Au]/[Ag]-catalyzed activation of ethynylcyclohexyl glycosyl carbonates is one such versatile method for the synthesis of glycosides, oligosaccharides, and glycoconjugates. In this work, stable glycosyl vinylogous carbonates were identified to undergo glycosidation in the presence of a sub-stoichiometric quantity of TfOH. The reaction is fast and suitable for donors containing both C2-ethers and C2-esters. Donors positioned with C2-ethers resulted in anomeric mixtures with greater selectivity toward 1,2-cis glycosides, whereas those with C2-esters gave 1,2-trans selective glycosides. The versatility of the method is demonstrated by conducting the glycosylation with more than 25 substrates. Furthermore, the utility of the glycosyl vinylogous carbonate donors is demonstrated with the successful synthesis of the branched pentaarabinofuranoside moiety of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niteshlal Kasdekar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune 411 008, India
| | - Gulab Walke
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune 411 008, India
| | - Kshitij Deshpande
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune 411 008, India
| | - Srinivas Hotha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune 411 008, India
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Martin JL, Sati GC, Malakar T, Hatt J, Zimmerman PM, Montgomery J. Glycosyl Exchange of Unactivated Glycosidic Bonds: Suppressing or Embracing Side Reactivity in Catalytic Glycosylations. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5817-5826. [PMID: 35413188 PMCID: PMC9173671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While developing boron-catalyzed glycosylations using glycosyl fluoride donors and trialkylsilyl ether acceptors, competing pathways involving productive glycosylation or glycosyl exchange were observed. Experimental and computational mechanistic studies suggest a novel mode of reactivity where a dioxolenium ion is a key intermediate that promotes both pathways through addition to either a silyl ether or to the acetal of an existing glycosidic linkage. Modifications in catalyst structure enable either pathway to be favored, and with this understanding, improved multicomponent iterative couplings and glycosyl exchange processes were demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Girish C Sati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Tanmay Malakar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Jessica Hatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - John Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kumar M, Kumar N, Gurawa A, Kashyap S. Stereoselective Synthesis of
α
‐ʟ‐Rhamnopyranosides from ʟ‐Rhamnal Employing Ruthenium‐Catalysis. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Research Laboratory (CCRL) Department of Chemistry Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur (MNIT Jaipur) J. L. N. Marg Jaipur 302 017 INDIA
| | - Nitin Kumar
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Research Laboratory (CCRL) Department of Chemistry Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur (MNIT Jaipur) J. L. N. Marg Jaipur 302 017 INDIA
| | - Aakanksha Gurawa
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Research Laboratory (CCRL) Department of Chemistry Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur (MNIT Jaipur) J. L. N. Marg Jaipur 302 017 INDIA
| | - Sudhir Kashyap
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Research Laboratory (CCRL) Department of Chemistry Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur (MNIT Jaipur) J. L. N. Marg Jaipur 302 017 INDIA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Yesilcimen A, Jiang NC, Gottlieb FH, Wasa M. Enantioselective Organocopper-Catalyzed Hetero Diels-Alder Reaction through in Situ Oxidation of Ethers into Enol Ethers. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6173-6179. [PMID: 35380438 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We disclose a catalytic method for the enantio- and diastereoselective union of alkyl ethers and heterodienes. We demonstrate that a chiral Cu-BOX complex catalyzes the efficient oxidation of ethers into enol ethers in the presence of trityl acetate. Then, the organocopper promotes stereoselective hetero Diels-Alder reaction between the in situ generated enol ethers and β,γ-unsaturated ketoesters, allowing for rapid access to an array of dihydropyran derivatives possessing three vicinal stereogenic centers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Yesilcimen
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Na-Chuan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Felix H Gottlieb
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Masayuki Wasa
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| |
Collapse
|