1
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Werner M, Brinkhofer J, Hammermüller L, Heim T, Pham TL, Huber J, Klein C, Thomas F. Peptide Boronic Acids by Late-Stage Hydroboration on the Solid Phase. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2400640. [PMID: 38810019 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Organoboron compounds have a wide range of applications in numerous research fields, and metmhods to incorporate them in biomolecules are much sought after. Here, on-resin chemical syntheses of aliphatic and vinylogous peptide boronic acids are presented by transition metal-catalyzed late-stage hydroboration of alkene and alkyne groups in peptides and peptoids, for example on allyl- and propargylglycine residues, using readily available chemicals. These methods yield peptide boronic acids with much shorter linkers than previously reported on-resin methods. Furthermore, the methods are regio- and stereoselective, compatible with all canonical amino acid residues and can be applied to short, long, and in part even "difficult" peptide sequences. In a feasibility study, the protected peptide vinylboronic acids are further derivatized by the Petasis reaction using salicylaldehyde derivatives. The ability of the obtained peptide boronic acids to reversibly bind to carbohydrates is demonstrated in a catch-release model experiment using a fluorescently labeled peptide boronic acid on cross-linked dextran beads. In summary, this highlights the potential of the target compounds for drug discovery, glycan-specific target recognition, controlled release, and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Werner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Brinkhofer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leon Hammermüller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Heim
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Truc Lam Pham
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Huber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Klein
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Thomas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Olu-Igbiloba OA, Sitzmann H, Manolikakes G. Merging Cobalt-Catalyzed C-H Activation with the Mannich Reaction: A Modular Approach to α-Substituted N-Sulfonyl Amines. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6903-6914. [PMID: 38698761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
A three-component synthesis of α-substituted N-sulfonyl amines from aryl aldehydes, primary sulfonamides, and (hetero)arenes is described. This transformation enables a straightforward and modular synthesis of highly substituted sulfonamide scaffolds in good yields. The direct functionalization of C(sp2)-H bonds via cobalt-catalyzed C-H-activation offers an appealing and atom-economical alternative to classical methods for the synthesis of α-arylated amines such as the Petasis or Mannich-type reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helmut Sitzmann
- Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Georg Manolikakes
- Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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3
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Komaki T, Sato Y, Uchiyama M, Tanaka K, Nagashima Y. Visible-Light-Induced trans-Hydroboration of Diaryl Alkynes Utilizing Excited State of Borate Complexes. Org Lett 2024; 26:2180-2185. [PMID: 38466232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
We have developed visible-light-induced trans-hydroboration of diaryl alkynes via direct photoexcitation of in-situ-generated diboron complexes, affording previously elusive (E)-1,2-diaryl-vinylboronates with high stereoselectivity. Experimental, spectroscopic, and theoretical mechanistic studies revealed that the triplet-state borate complex facilitates B-B bond cleavage and the desired C-B bond formation. This methodology does not require any catalyst and is operationally simple. The highly borylated 1,2-diaryl alkenes [1-(2-borylphenyl)vinyl)boronates] are shown to be useful as building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Komaki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Yu Sato
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ken Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Yuki Nagashima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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4
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Pan Y, Breider F, Barrios B, Minakata D, Deng H, von Gunten U. Role of Carbonyl Compounds for N-Nitrosamine Formation during Nitrosation: Kinetics and Mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:4792-4801. [PMID: 38427382 PMCID: PMC10938875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
N-Nitrosamines are potential human carcinogens frequently detected in natural and engineered aquatic systems. This study sheds light on the role of carbonyl compounds in the formation of N-nitrosamines by nitrosation of five secondary amines via different pathways. The results showed that compared to a control system, the presence of formaldehyde enhances the formation of N-nitrosamines by a factor of 5-152 at pH 7, depending on the structure of the secondary amines. Acetaldehyde showed a slight enhancement effect on N-nitrosamine formation, while acetone and benzaldehyde did not promote nitrosation reactions. For neutral and basic conditions, the iminium ion was the dominant intermediate for N-nitrosamine formation, while carbinolamine became the major contributor under acidic conditions. Negative free energy changes (<-19 kcal mol-1) and relatively low activation energies (<18 kcal mol-1) of the reactions of secondary amines with N2O3, iminium ions with nitrite and carbinolamines with N2O3 from quantum chemical computations further support the proposed reaction pathways. This highlights the roles of the iminium ion and carbinolamine in the formation of N-nitrosamines during nitrosation in the presence of carbonyl compounds, especially in the context of industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishuai Pan
- School
of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne
(EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education,
Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, College
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 20092, China
| | - Florian Breider
- School
of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne
(EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Barrios
- Department
of Civil, Environmental and Geospatial Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Daisuke Minakata
- Department
of Civil, Environmental and Geospatial Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Huiping Deng
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education,
Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, College
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 20092, China
| | - Urs von Gunten
- School
of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne
(EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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5
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Li XZ, He YP, Wu H. Multicomponent Cyclizative 1,2-Rearrangement Enabled Enantioselective Construction of 2,2-Disubstituted Pyrrolinones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317182. [PMID: 38150406 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The 1,2-rearrangement reaction is one of the most important approaches to construct carbon-carbon bonds in organic synthesis. However, the development of catalytic asymmetric 1,2-rearrangements is still far from mature and often suffers from problems such as complex substrates, single product structure, and lack of synthetic application. Multicomponent reaction has been recognized as a robust tool for the synthesis of diverse and tunable products from readily available starting material. Conceptionally and practically, the development of multicomponent asymmetric 1,2-rearrangements is highly desirable. In this regard, we report herein a three-component benzilic acid-type rearrangement of 2,3-diketoesters, aromatic amines and aldehydes for the asymmetric construction of synthetically challenging pyrrolinones bearing aza-quaternary stereocenters. To the best of our knowledge, this reaction represents the first example of organocatalyzed multicomponent asymmetric 1,2-rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Zi Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yu-Ping He
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hua Wu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
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6
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Hao K, Li D, Fu D, Zou P, Xie S, Lan Y, Chen Y. Metal-Free 1,3-Boronate Rearrangement to Ketones Driven by Visible Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316481. [PMID: 38063138 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Boronate rearrangements, such as the Matteson and Petasis reactions, are valuable metal-free reactions for the transfer of the carbo group on boron to intramolecular electrophilic sites. However, only highly reactive electrophiles are suitable, and ketones are too inactive for those boronate rearrangements due to the high energy barriers. We disclose here the 1,3-boronate rearrangement to ketones, for which a high energy barrier (44.9 kcal/mol) is prohibitory for thermal reactions in the ground state. The reaction is enabled by the key keto-enol-boronate bidentate complex formation in situ, which absorbs visible light to reach the excited state for the chemoselective 1,3-boronate rearrangement to ketones. Experimental and computational investigations exclude free radical intermediates from organoboronates. The aryl, alkenyl, and alkyl boronic acids react with various 1,3-diketones driven by visible light irradiation to construct structurally diverse β-keto tertiary alcohols under metal-free conditions. The reaction demonstrates substrate diversity with 58 examples, yields up to 98 %, and it is suitable for gram-scale synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejia Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Defang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Dongmin Fu
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Peng Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shasha Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yu Lan
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Yiyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
- School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, China
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7
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Saeed S, Munawar S, Ahmad S, Mansha A, Zahoor AF, Irfan A, Irfan A, Kotwica-Mojzych K, Soroka M, Głowacka M, Mojzych M. Recent Trends in the Petasis Reaction: A Review of Novel Catalytic Synthetic Approaches with Applications of the Petasis Reaction. Molecules 2023; 28:8032. [PMID: 38138522 PMCID: PMC10745964 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Petasis reaction, also called the Petasis Borono-Mannich reaction, is a multicomponent reaction that couples a carbonyl derivative, an amine and boronic acids to yield substituted amines. The reaction proceeds efficiently in the presence or absence of a specific catalyst and solvent. By employing this reaction, a diverse range of chiral derivatives can easily be obtained, including α-amino acids. A broad substrate scope, high yields, distinct functional group tolerance and the availability of diverse catalytic systems constitute key features of this reaction. In this review article, attention has been drawn toward the recently reported methodologies for executing the Petasis reaction to produce structurally simple to complex aryl/allyl amino scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Saeed
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.S.); (S.M.); (A.M.); (A.I.)
| | - Saba Munawar
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.S.); (S.M.); (A.M.); (A.I.)
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Asim Mansha
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.S.); (S.M.); (A.M.); (A.I.)
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.S.); (S.M.); (A.M.); (A.I.)
| | - Ali Irfan
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.S.); (S.M.); (A.M.); (A.I.)
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Katarzyna Kotwica-Mojzych
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Cytophysiology of the Department of Basic Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłłowska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Malgorzata Soroka
- Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, The Mazovian Academy in Plock, Pl. Dąbrowskiego 2, 09-402 Płock, Poland;
| | - Mariola Głowacka
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, The Mazovian Academy in Plock, Pl. Dąbrowskiego 2, 09-402 Płock, Poland;
| | - Mariusz Mojzych
- Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, The Mazovian Academy in Plock, Pl. Dąbrowskiego 2, 09-402 Płock, Poland;
- Department of Chemistry, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 3-go Maja 54, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
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8
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Tian JS, Xu SW, Bi YH, Cao ZZ, Loh TP. Oxidative Amination of Aldehydes with Amines into α-Amino Ketones. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 38057263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative amination for the installation of nitrogen functional molecules from nitrogen nucleophiles has always been a very challenging topic in organic synthesis. Here we report a novel conversion of different aldehydes with secondary amines for the synthesis of diversified α-amino ketones. This method can be achieved through oxidative rearrangement of an in situ-generated enamine intermediate promoted by commercially available sodium percarbonate. Furthermore, this one-pot process is also suitable for the functional modification of complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Sheng Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Shuang-Wen Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yan-Hang Bi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Zhan-Zhi Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology (CCEB), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
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9
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Zou S, Zhao Z, Huang H. Palladium-Catalyzed Aminoalkylative Cyclization Enables Modular Synthesis of Exocyclic 1,3-Dienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311603. [PMID: 37815155 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel and efficient palladium-catalyzed regioselective and stereodivergent ring-closing reaction of aminoenynes with aldehydes and boronic acids or hydrosilane is developed. This three-component reaction allows for the modular synthesis of a series of exocyclic 1,3-dienes bearing 5- to 8-membered saturated N-heterocycles. The reactions utilize a simple Pd-catalyst and work with broad range of aminoenynes, aldehydes and organometallic reagents under mild reaction conditions. The products represent useful intermediates for chemical synthesis due to the versatility of the conjugated diene. Preliminary mechanistic details of the method are also revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchen Zou
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hanmin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, P. R. China
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10
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Krajcovicova S, Spring DR. Tryptophan in Multicomponent Petasis Reactions for Peptide Stapling and Late-Stage Functionalisation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307782. [PMID: 37389988 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Peptide stapling is a robust strategy for generating enzymatically stable, macrocyclic peptides. The incorporation of biologically relevant tags (such as cell-penetrating motifs or fluorescent dyes) into peptides, while preserving their binding interactions and enhancing their stability, is highly sought after. Despite the unique opportunities offered by tryptophan's indole scaffold for targeted functionalisation, its utilisation in peptide stapling has been limited as compared to other amino acids. Herein, we present an approach for peptide stapling using the tryptophan-mediated Petasis reaction. This method enables the synthesis of both stapled and labelled peptides and is applicable to both solution and solid-phase synthesis. Importantly, the use of the Petasis reaction in combination with tryptophan facilitates the formation of stapled peptides in a straightforward, multicomponent fashion, while circumventing the formation of undesired by-products. Furthermore, this approach allows for efficient and diverse late-stage peptide modifications, thereby enabling rapid production of numerous conjugates for biological and medicinal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Krajcovicova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Tr. 17. Listopadu 12, 77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - David R Spring
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK
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11
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Schrems M, Kravchuk AV, Niederacher G, Exler F, Bello C, Becker CFW. Light-Cleavable Auxiliary for Diselenide-Selenoester Ligations of Peptides and Proteins. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301253. [PMID: 37265454 PMCID: PMC10946927 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Diselenide-selenoester ligations are increasingly used for the synthesis of proteins. Excellent ligation rates, even at low concentrations, in combination with mild and selective deselenization conditions can overcome some of the most severe challenges in chemical protein synthesis. Herein, the versatile multicomponent synthesis and application of a new ligation auxiliary that combines a photocleavable scaffold with the advantages of selenium-based ligation strategies are presented. Its use was investigated with respect to different ligation junctions and describe a novel para-methoxybenzyl deprotection reaction for the selenol moiety. The glycine-based auxiliary enabled successful synthesis of the challenging target protein G-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schrems
- Institute of Biological ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
- Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem)University of ViennaWähringer Str. 421090ViennaAustria
| | - Alexander V. Kravchuk
- Institute of Biological ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
| | - Gerhard Niederacher
- Institute of Biological ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
| | - Florian Exler
- Institute of Biological ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
| | - Claudia Bello
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and BiologyDepartment of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”University of Florencevia della Lastruccia 1350019Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Christian F. W. Becker
- Institute of Biological ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
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12
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Liang W, Chen ZJ, Ran LH, Chen L. A Palladium-Catalyzed Borylation/Silica Gel Promoted Hydrolysis Sequence for the Synthesis of Hydroquinine-6'-Boric Acid and Its Applications. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37471456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Hydroquinine-6'-boric acid was first synthesized via a palladium-catalyzed borylation/silica gel promoted hydrolysis sequence of hydroquinine-derived triflate and bis(pinacolato)diboron. The newly designed chiral building block was subjected to the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction, Petasis reaction, and selenylation reaction, respectively, and all these reactions worked well to afford the corresponding 6'-functionalized hydroquinines with satisfactory results, demonstrating its extraordinary application potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Jun Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, P. R. China
| | - Long-Hao Ran
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, P. R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, P. R. China
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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13
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Brunen S, Mitschke B, Leutzsch M, List B. Asymmetric Catalytic Friedel-Crafts Reactions of Unactivated Arenes. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37440437 PMCID: PMC10375537 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery more than a century ago, the Friedel-Crafts reaction has manifested itself as a powerful method for the introduction of carbon substituents to arenes. Despite its potential generality, the scope of the reaction is intrinsically limited by the arene's nucleophilicity, which has previously restrained the applicability of asymmetric variants to activated substrates. To overcome this fundamental limitation, we report herein an asymmetric Friedel-Crafts reaction of unactivated, purely hydrocarbon arenes, alkoxybenzenes, and heteroarenes with N,O-acetals to give enantioenriched arylglycine esters. Highly regio- and stereoselective C-C bond formation was achieved using strong and confined Brønsted acid organocatalysts, enabling the first asymmetric catalytic Friedel-Crafts reaction of simple alkylbenzenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Brunen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mitschke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Benjamin List
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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14
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Wang Y, Czabala P, Raj M. Bioinspired one-pot furan-thiol-amine multicomponent reaction for making heterocycles and its applications. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4086. [PMID: 37429878 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39708-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
One-pot multicomponent coupling of different units in a chemoselective manner and their late-stage diversification has wide applicability in varying chemistry fields. Here, we report a simple multicomponent reaction inspired by enzymes that combines thiol and amine nucleophiles in one pot via a furan-based electrophile to generate stable pyrrole heterocycles independent of the diverse functionalities on furans, thiols and amines under physiological conditions. The resulting pyrrole provides a reactive handle to introduce diverse payloads. We demonstrate the application of Furan-Thiol-Amine (FuTine) reaction for the selective and irreversible labeling of peptides, synthesis of macrocyclic and stapled peptides, selective modification of twelve different proteins with varying payloads, homogeneous engineering of proteins, homogeneous stapling of proteins, dual modification of proteins with different fluorophores using the same chemistry and labeling of lysine and cysteine in a complex human proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 30322, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Patrick Czabala
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 30322, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Monika Raj
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 30322, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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15
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Ertl P, Altmann E, Racine S, Decoret O. Which boronic acids are used most frequently for synthesis of bioactive molecules? Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 91:117405. [PMID: 37421711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Boronic acids are essential building blocks used for the synthesis of bioactive molecules, the generation of chemical libraries and the exploration of structure-activity relationships. As a result, more than ten thousand boronic acids are commercially available. Medicinal chemists are therefore facing a challenge; which of them should they select to maximize information obtained by the synthesis of new target molecules. The present article aims to help them to make the right choices. The boronic acids used frequently in the synthesis of bioactive molecules were identified by mining several large molecular and reaction databases and their properties were analyzed. Based on the results a diverse set of boronic acids covering well the bioactive chemical space was selected and is suggested as a basis for library design for the efficient exploration of structure-activity relationships. A Boronic Acid Navigator web tool which helps chemists to make their own selection is also made available at https://bit.ly/boronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ertl
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eva Altmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Racine
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Odile Decoret
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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16
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Madhav H, Patel TS, Rizvi Z, Reddy GS, Rahman A, Rahman MA, Ahmedi S, Fatima S, Saxena K, Manzoor N, Bhattacharjee S, Dixit BC, Sijwali PS, Hoda N. Development of diphenylmethylpiperazine hybrids of chloroquinoline and triazolopyrimidine using Petasis reaction as new cysteine proteases inhibitors for malaria therapeutics. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115564. [PMID: 37321109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a widespread infectious disease, causing nearly 247 million cases in 2021. The absence of a broadly effective vaccine and rapidly decreasing effectiveness of most of the currently used antimalarials are the major challenges to malaria eradication efforts. To design and develop novel antimalarials, we synthesized a series of 4,7-dichloroquinoline and methyltriazolopyrimidine analogues using a multi-component Petasis reaction. The synthesized molecules (11-31) were screened for in-vitro antimalarial activity against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum with an IC50 value of 0.53 μM. The selected compounds were screened to evaluate in-vitro and in-silico enzyme inhibition efficacy against two cysteine proteases, PfFP2 and PfFP3. The compounds 15 and 17 inhibited PfFP2 with an IC50 = 3.5 and 4.8 μM, respectively and PfFP3 with an IC50 = 4.9 and 4.7 μM, respectively. Compounds 15 and 17 were found equipotent against the Pf3D7 strain with an IC50 value of 0.74 μM, whereas both were displayed IC50 values of 1.05 μM and 1.24 μM for the PfW2 strain, respectively. Investigation of effect of compounds on parasite development demonstrated that compounds were able to arrest the growth of the parasites at trophozoite stage. The selected compounds were screened for in-vitro cytotoxicity against mammalian lines and human red-blood-cell (RBC), which demonstrated no significant cytotoxicity associated with the molecules. In addition, in silico ADME prediction and physiochemical properties supported the drug-likeness of the synthesized molecules. Thus, the results highlighted the diphenylmethylpiperazine group cast on 4,7-dichloroquinoline and methyltriazolopyrimidine using Petasis reaction may serve as models for the development of new antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Madhav
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Tarosh S Patel
- Chemistry Department, V. P. & R. P. T. P Science College, Affiliated to Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, 388 120, Gujarat, India
| | - Zeba Rizvi
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500007, TS, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, UP, India
| | - G Srinivas Reddy
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500007, TS, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, UP, India
| | - Abdur Rahman
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Md Ataur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Saiema Ahmedi
- Medical Mycology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Sadaf Fatima
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Kanika Saxena
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500007, TS, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, UP, India
| | - Nikhat Manzoor
- Medical Mycology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Souvik Bhattacharjee
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Bharat C Dixit
- Chemistry Department, V. P. & R. P. T. P Science College, Affiliated to Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, 388 120, Gujarat, India
| | - Puran Singh Sijwali
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500007, TS, India.
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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17
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Jakob B, Schneider N, Gengenbach L, Manolikakes G. Palladium-catalyzed enantioselective three-component synthesis of α-arylglycine derivatives from glyoxylic acid, sulfonamides and aryltrifluoroborates. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:719-726. [PMID: 37284589 PMCID: PMC10241097 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed enantioselective three-component reaction of glyoxylic acid, sulfonamides and aryltrifluoroborates is described. This process provides modular access to the important α-arylglycine motif in moderate to good yields and enantioselectivies. The formed α-arylglycine products constitute useful building blocks for the synthesis of peptides or arylglycine-containing natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Jakob
- Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. Geb. 54, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Nico Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. Geb. 54, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Luca Gengenbach
- Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. Geb. 54, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Georg Manolikakes
- Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. Geb. 54, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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18
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Khot NP, Nagtilak PJ, Deo NK, Kapur M. A three component 1,3-difunctionalization of vinyl diazo esters enabled by a cobalt catalyzed C-H activation/carbene migratory insertion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:6076-6079. [PMID: 37114935 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00295k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
We report herein, a modular, regioselective 1,3-oxyarylation of vinyl diazo esters via a Co-catalyzed C-H activation/carbene migratory insertion cascade. The transformation involves the formation of C-C and C-O bonds in a one-pot fashion and displays a broad substrate scope with respect to both, vinyl diazo esters as well as benzamides. The coupled products were subjected to hydrogenation to access elusive allyl alcohol scaffolds. Mechanistic investigations reveal interesting insights on the mode of transformation, involving C-H activation, carbene migratory insertion of the diazo compound followed by a radical addition as the key steps of the transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandkishor Prakash Khot
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhauri, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Prajyot Jayadev Nagtilak
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhauri, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Nitish Kumar Deo
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhauri, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Manmohan Kapur
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhauri, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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19
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Fan R, Liu S, Yan Q, Wei Y, Wang J, Lan Y, Tan J. Empowering boronic acids as hydroxyl synthons for aryne induced three-component coupling reactions. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4278-4287. [PMID: 37123174 PMCID: PMC10132127 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00072a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Boronic acids have become one of the most prevalent classes of reagents in modern organic synthesis, displaying various reactivity profiles via C-B bond cleavage. Herein, we describe the utilization of a readily available boronic acid as an efficient surrogate of hydroxide upon activation via fluoride complexation. The hitherto unknown aryne induced ring-opening reaction of cyclic sulfides and three-component coupling of fluoro-azaarenes are developed to exemplify the application value. Different from metal hydroxides or water, this novel hydroxy source displays mild activation conditions, great functionality tolerance and structural tunability, which shall engender a new synthetic paradigm and in a broad context offer new blueprints for organoboron chemistry. Detailed computational studies also recognize the fluoride activation mode, provide in-depth insights into the unprecedented mechanistic pathway and elucidate the reactivity difference of ArB(OH) x F y complexes, which fully support the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Fan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Shihan Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University Chongqing 400030 China
| | - Qiang Yan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yun Wei
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yu Lan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University Chongqing 400030 China
- ZhengZhou JiShu Institute of AI Science Zhengzhou 450000 China
| | - Jiajing Tan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
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20
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Rand AW, Gonzalez KJ, Reimann CE, Virgil SC, Stoltz BM. Total Synthesis of Strempeliopidine and Non-Natural Stereoisomers through a Convergent Petasis Borono-Mannich Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7278-7287. [PMID: 36952571 PMCID: PMC10281614 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Strempeliopidine is a member of the monoterpenoid bisindole alkaloid family, a class of natural products that have been shown to elicit an array of biological responses including modulating protein-protein interactions in human cancer cells. Our synthesis of strempeliopidine leverages palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative asymmetric allylic alkylations to install the requisite all-carbon quaternary centers found in each of the two monomeric natural products, aspidospermidine and eburnamine. Initial studies employing Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling followed by diastereoselective hydrogenation provided evidence for a structural reassignment of the natural product. Our final synthetic sequence employs a diastereoselective Petasis borono-Mannich reaction to couple eburnamine to a trifluoroborate aspidospermidine derivative. These convergent approaches enabled the synthesis of eight diastereomers of this heterodimer and offer support for the reassignment of the absolute configuration of strempeliopidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Rand
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Kevin J Gonzalez
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Christopher E Reimann
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Scott C Virgil
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brian M Stoltz
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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21
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Chrzanowska M, Grajewska A, Rozwadowska MD. Diastereoselective Synthesis of (–)-6,7-Dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-1-carboxylic Acid via Morpholinone Derivatives. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073200. [PMID: 37049962 PMCID: PMC10095930 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple and convenient synthesis of (–)-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-1-carboxylic acid is described, applying a combination of two synthetic methods: the Petasis reaction and Pomeranz–Fritsch–Bobbitt cyclization. The diastereomeric morpholinone derivative N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-phenyl-1,4-oxazin-2-one formed in the Petasis reaction was further transformed into 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-1-carboxylic acid via Pomeranz–Fritsch–Bobbitt cyclization, a classical method of synthesis leading to the tetrahydroisoquinoline core. We review important examples of applications of the Pomeranz–Fritsch process and its modifications in the synthesis of chiral tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives that have been published in the past two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chrzanowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Grajewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maria D. Rozwadowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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22
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Gonzalez KJ, Rand AW, Stoltz BM. Development of a Non-Directed Petasis-Type Reaction by an Aromaticity-Disrupting Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218921. [PMID: 36763681 PMCID: PMC10033435 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The Petasis-type reaction, which couples an imine and boronic acid, is an important tool for C-C bond formation in organic synthesis. However, the generality of this transformation has been limited by the requirement for a directing heteroatom to enable reactivity. Herein, we report the development of a non-directed Petasis-type reaction that allows for the coupling of trifluoroborate salts with α-hydroxyindoles. By disrupting aromaticity to generate a reactive iminium ion, in conjunction with using trifluoroborate nucleophiles, the method generates a new C-C bond without the need for a directing group. This reaction is operationally simple, providing α-functionalized indoles in up to 99 % yield using sp, sp2 , and sp3 -hybridized trifluoroborate nucleophiles. Finally, this reaction is applied as a novel bioconjugation strategy to link biologically active molecules and toward the convergent synthesis of non-natural heterodimeric bisindole alkaloid analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Gonzalez
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology 1200 E., California, Blvd, MC 101-20, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Alexander W Rand
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology 1200 E., California, Blvd, MC 101-20, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Brian M Stoltz
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology 1200 E., California, Blvd, MC 101-20, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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23
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Huang Z, Lin J, Li M, Zhou YG, Yu Z. Zinc(II)-Catalyzed [2+2+1] Annulation of Internal Alkenes, Diazooxindoles, and Isocyanates to Access Spirooxindoles. Org Lett 2023; 25:2328-2332. [PMID: 36971357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Zinc(II)-catalyzed [2+2+1] annulation of internal alkenes, diazooxindoles, and isocyanates was successfully developed for the construction of multisubstituted spirooxindoles. This multicomponent transformation involves in situ generation of a sulfur-containing spirocyclic intermediate from the [4+1] annulation of diazooxindole to sulfonyl isocyanate, which subsequently reacts as a 1,3-dipole with the internal alkene, that is, α-oxo ketene dithioacetal, to furnish a formal [2+2+1] annulation in a one-pot manner. This synthetic protocol features a low-toxicity main group metal catalyst, readily available reagents, and ≤96% yields, offering an efficient route to multisubstituted spirooxindole derivatives.
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24
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Fuentes-Ríos D, Muñoz C, Díaz A, Sarabia F, López-Romero JM. Diastereoselective C-alkylation of aldimines, derived from chiral α-carbon heteroatom-substituted aldehydes, with triethylborane. Application to the synthesis of benzylisoquinolines. RSC Adv 2023; 13:8976-8984. [PMID: 36936855 PMCID: PMC10022415 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01397a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The one-pot reaction of a chiral aldehyde, p-methoxyaniline or p-fluoroaniline, and triethylborane produces the corresponding alkylated chiral amine with high yields and diastereoisomeric ratios. Stereocontrol is induced by the presence of a heteroatom in the α-position to the aldehyde. In the case of alkylation of imines derived from chiral aliphatic amines, good yields and moderate to high diastereoselectivity are obtained: yields are significantly better when the preformed imine is used in the reaction with triethyl borane, and diastereoselectivity of the reactions largely depends on the structure of the chiral aliphatic amine. The methodology is successfully applied to the synthesis of romneine, a natural benzylisoquinoline.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fuentes-Ríos
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071-Málaga Spain
| | - Carmen Muñoz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071-Málaga Spain
| | - Amelia Díaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071-Málaga Spain
| | - Francisco Sarabia
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071-Málaga Spain
| | - J Manuel López-Romero
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071-Málaga Spain
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25
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Jakob B, Diehl AM, Horst K, Kelm H, Manolikakes G. Palladium-catalyzed asymmetric three-component reaction between glyoxylic acid, sulfonamides and arylboronic acids for the synthesis of α-arylglycine derivatives. Front Chem 2023; 11:1165618. [PMID: 36993813 PMCID: PMC10040839 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1165618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed asymmetric three-component synthesis of α-arylglycine derivatives starting from glyoxylic acid, sulfonamides and arylboronic acids is reported. This novel, operationally simple method offers access to the α-arylglycine scaffold in good yields and enantioselectivities. The utilization of α tailored catalyst system enables the enantioselective synthesis of the desired α-arylglycines despite a fast racemic background reaction. The obtained products can be directly employed as building blocks in peptide synthesis.
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26
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Wang GB, Wang YJ, Kan JL, Xie KH, Xu HP, Zhao F, Wang MC, Geng Y, Dong YB. Construction of Covalent Organic Frameworks via a Visible-Light-Activated Photocatalytic Multicomponent Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4951-4956. [PMID: 36847546 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent reactions (MCRs), as a powerful one-pot combinatorial synthesis tool, have been recently applied to the synthesis of covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Compared with the thermally driven MCRs, the photocatalytic MCR-based COF synthesis has not yet been investigated. Herein, we first report the construction of COFs by a photocatalytic multicomponent reaction. Upon visible-light irradiation, a series of COFs with excellent crystallinity, stability, and permanent porosity are successfully synthesized via photoredox-catalyzed multicomponent Petasis reaction under ambient conditions. Additionally, the obtained Cy-N3-COF exhibits excellent photoactivity and recyclability for the visible-light-driven oxidative hydroxylation of arylboronic acids. The concept of photocatalytic multicomponent polymerization not only enriches the methodology for COF synthesis but also opens a new avenue for the construction of COFs that might not be possible with the existing synthetic methods based on thermally driven MCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Bo Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Jing Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Lan Kan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Ke-Hui Xie
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Peng Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Fei Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Miao-Can Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Yan Geng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Bin Dong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
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27
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Kuchta R, Heim C, Herrmann A, Maiwald S, Ng YLD, Sosič I, Keuler T, Krönke J, Gütschow M, Hartmann MD, Steinebach C. Accessing three-branched high-affinity cereblon ligands for molecular glue and protein degrader design. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:229-234. [PMID: 36908700 PMCID: PMC9994103 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00223j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Petasis borono-Mannich reaction was employed for an alternative entry towards three-branched cereblon ligands. Such compounds are capabable of making multiple interactions with the protein surface and possess a suitable linker exit vector. The high-affinity ligands were used to assemble prototypic new molecular glues and proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) targeting BRD4 for degradation. Our results highlight the importance of multicomponent reactions (MCRs) in drug discovery and add new insights into the rapidly growing field of protein degraders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kuchta
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn An der Immenburg 4 Bonn D-53121 Germany
| | - Christopher Heim
- Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen Tübingen D-72076 Germany .,Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen Tübingen 72076 Germany
| | | | - Samuel Maiwald
- Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen Tübingen D-72076 Germany
| | - Yuen Lam Dora Ng
- Charité, Department of Internal Medicine with Focus on Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology Berlin D-12203 Germany
| | - Izidor Sosič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana Ljubljana SI-1000 Slovenia
| | - Tim Keuler
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn An der Immenburg 4 Bonn D-53121 Germany
| | - Jan Krönke
- Charité, Department of Internal Medicine with Focus on Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology Berlin D-12203 Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn An der Immenburg 4 Bonn D-53121 Germany
| | - Marcus D Hartmann
- Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen Tübingen D-72076 Germany .,Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen Tübingen 72076 Germany
| | - Christian Steinebach
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn An der Immenburg 4 Bonn D-53121 Germany
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28
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Maikhuri VK, Verma V, Mathur D, Prasad AK, Chaudhary A, Kumar R. Sugars in Multicomponent Reactions: A Toolbox for Diversity-Oriented Synthesis. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2023. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1751418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractMulticomponent reactions (MCRs) cover strategically employed chemical transformations that incorporate three or more reactants in one pot leading to a functionalized final product. Thus, it is an ideal tool to achieve high levels of complexity, diversity, yields of desired products, atom economy, and reduced reaction times. Sugars belong to the class of naturally occurring compounds with fascinating applications in the field of drug discovery due to the presence of various hydroxy groups and well-defined stereochemistry. However, their potential in MCRs has been realized only recently. This account describes recent advances in the synthesis of sugar-derived heterocycles synthesized by MCRs. We hope to encourage the synthetic and medicinal chemistry community to apply this powerful MCR chemistry to generate novel glycoconjugate challenges.1 Introduction2 Synthesis of Various Functionalized Sugar Compounds2.1 Passerini and Ugi Multicomponent Reactions2.2 Petasis Reaction2.3 Hantzsch Reaction2.4 Domino Ferrier–Povarov Reaction2.5 Marckwald Reaction2.6 Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé (GBB) Reaction2.7 Prins–Ritter Reaction2.8 Debus–Radziszewski Imidazole Synthesis Reaction2.9 Mannich Reaction2.10 A3-Coupling Reaction2.11 [3+2]-Cycloaddition Reactions2.12 Miscellaneous Reactions3 Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vineet Verma
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi
- Department of Chemistry, Starex University
| | - Divya Mathur
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi
- Daulat Ram College, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi
| | - Ashok K. Prasad
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi
| | | | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, R.D.S. College, B.R.A. Bihar University
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29
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Haeffner F, Pickel TC, Hou A, Walker DG, Kiesman WF, Shi X. The Chelate Effect Rationalizes Observed Rate Acceleration and Enantioselectivity in BINOL-Catalyzed Petasis Reactions. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203331. [PMID: 36495400 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations afforded insight into the origin of the experimentally observed reaction rate acceleration (≥500 fold) and enantioselectivity (≥99 % ee) of 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol- (BINOL-) catalyzed three-component Petasis reactions . BINOL accelerates the rate determining step by forming a BIV chelate, which involves the loss of water from the hemiaminal moiety to generate an iminium intermediate. Subsequent vinyl group transfer from BIV to the iminium carbon affords the enantiomerically enriched product and a cyclic trigonal B(III)BINOL complex, which rapidly releases the BINOL allowing it to re-enter the catalytic cycle. In the transition state of the vinyl transfer step, C-H-O hydrogen bonding between the iminium C-H and O of (R)-BINOL directs the vinyl group addition to the Re-face of the iminium carbon. This mechanism explains both the rate acceleration and high enantioselectivity of the stereo determining step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Haeffner
- 1910 Genetics, 70 Fargo Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02210, USA
| | - Thomas C Pickel
- Biogen, ASO Development, 900 Davis Drive, Morrisville, North Carolina, 27526, USA
| | - April Hou
- Baystate Medical Center, Department of General Surgery, 759 Chestnut St, Springfield, Massachusetts, 01199, USA
| | | | | | - Xianglin Shi
- Leal Therapeutics, 17 Briden St., Worcester, Massachusetts, 01605, USA
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30
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Barani KK, Mohammadi M, Ghambarian M, Azizi Z. Fe 3O 4/ZnO@MWCNT Promoted Green Synthesis of biological Active of New Azepinooxazepine Derivatives: Combination of Experimental and Theoretical Study. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2023.2177682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marziyeh Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ghambarian
- Gas Conversion Department, Faculty of Petrochemicals, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Azizi
- Department of Chemistry, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
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31
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Avathan Veettil A, Kirchhoff JL, Brieger L, Strohmann C, Wu P. Petasis Sequence Reactions for the Scaffold-Diverse Synthesis of Bioactive Polycyclic Small Molecules. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:1168-1181. [PMID: 36643548 PMCID: PMC9835185 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The multicomponent Petasis reaction is a versatile method to access functionalized amines. The combination of Petasis reaction with subsequent ring-closing reactions is a powerful strategy to build novel polycyclic scaffolds. In this study, we report the generation of a diverse set of small molecules with polycyclic scaffolds featuring a high content of sp3-hybridized carbon atoms and multiple stereogenic centers by employing three-component Petasis reaction (3C-PR)-Intramolecular Diels-Alder (IMDA) and 3C-PR-ring-closing metathesis (RCM)-IMDA sequence reactions. This work demonstrates the wide substrate tolerance and broad applicability to access unexplored polycyclic scaffolds of biological interest using Petasis sequence reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrutha
K. Avathan Veettil
- Chemical
Genomics Centre, Max Planck Institute of
Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute
of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund
University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Jan-Lukas Kirchhoff
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund
University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Lukas Brieger
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund
University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund
University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Peng Wu
- Chemical
Genomics Centre, Max Planck Institute of
Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute
of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany
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32
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Li DC, Zeng JH, Yang YH, Zhan ZP. Transition metal-free radical trans-hydroboration of alkynes with NHC-boranes via visible-light photoredox catalysis. Org Chem Front 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d3qo00135k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Visible-light-induced 4-CzIPN-catalyzed trans-hydroboration of alkynes with NHC-boranes to generate diverse (E)-alkenylboranes with high selectivity.
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33
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Reynard G, Wimmer E, Richelet J, Fourquez JM, Lebel H. Chemoselective borylation of bromoiodoarene in continuous flow: synthesis of bromoarylboronic acids. J Flow Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-022-00246-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Yu S, Chang W, Hua R, Jie X, Zhang M, Zhao W, Chen J, Zhang D, Qiu H, Liang Y, Hu W. An enantioselective four-component reaction via assembling two reaction intermediates. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7088. [PMID: 36400780 PMCID: PMC9674633 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34913-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A reaction intermediate is a key molecular entity that has been used in explaining how starting materials converts into the final products in the reaction, and it is usually unstable, highly reactive, and short-lived. Extensive efforts have been devoted in identifying and characterizing such species via advanced physico-chemical analytical techniques. As an appealing alternative, trapping experiments are powerful tools in this field. This trapping strategy opens an opportunity to discover multicomponent reactions. In this work, we report various highly diastereoselective and enantioselective four-component reactions (containing alcohols, diazoesters, enamines/indoles and aldehydes) which involve the coupling of in situ generated intermediates (iminium and enol). The reaction conditions presented herein to produce over 100 examples of four-component reaction products proceed under mild reaction conditions and show high functional group tolerance to a broad range of substrates. Based on experimental and computational analyses, a plausible mechanism of this multicomponent reaction is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifan Yu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 PR China
| | - Wenju Chang
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XState Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Centre, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 PR China
| | - Ruyu Hua
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 PR China
| | - Xiaoting Jie
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 PR China
| | - Mengchu Zhang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 PR China
| | - Wenxuan Zhao
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XState Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Centre, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 PR China
| | - Jinzhou Chen
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 PR China
| | - Dan Zhang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 PR China
| | - Huang Qiu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 PR China
| | - Yong Liang
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XState Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Centre, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 PR China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 PR China
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35
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Bouillon ME, Nash RJ, Pyne SG. Studies towards the synthesis of polyhydroxylated pyrrolidine alkaloids isolated from Broussonetia kazinoki (moraceae). Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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36
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Zhang Y, Li X, Mo Q, Shi W, Zhao J, Zhu S. Highly Regioselective Cobalt‐Catalyzed Hydroboration of Internal Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208473. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Dong Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, the State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Xiao‐Yu Li
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, the State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Qian‐Kun Mo
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, the State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Wen‐Bin Shi
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, the State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Jia‐Bao Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, the State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Shou‐Fei Zhu
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, the State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300192 China
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37
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Davis CR, Fu Y, Liu P, Ready JM. Mechanistic Basis for the Iridium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Allylation of Alkenyl Boronates. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16118-16130. [PMID: 36036508 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Iridium(phosphoramidite) complexes catalyze an enantio- and diastereoselective three-component coupling reaction of alkenyl boronic esters, organolithium reagents, and secondary allylic carbonates. The reaction proceeds through an allylation-induced 1,2-metalate shift of the alkenyl boronate to form non-adjacent stereocenters. Mechanistic investigations outline the overall catalytic cycle and reveal trends in reactivity and selectivity. Analysis of relative stereochemistry in products derived from a variety of 1,1-disubtituted alkenyl boronates provides insight into the transition state of the addition and indicates a concerted pathway. Kinetic analysis of the reaction revealed the kinetic order dependence in boronate, the catalyst, and both the slow- and fast-reacting enantiomer of allylic carbonate as well as the turnover-limiting step of the reaction. Determination of nucleophile-specific parameters N and sN for alkenyl boronate complexes enabled comparison to other classes of nucleophiles. DFT calculations indicate the addition of the alkenyl boronate to the cationic Ir(π-allyl) intermediate and the 1,2-metalate shift occur in a concerted mechanism. The stereoselectivity is determined by ligand-substrate steric repulsions and dispersion interactions in the syn addition transition state. Hammett studies supported the computational results with regard to electronic trends observed with both aryl-derived alkenyl boronates and aryl carbonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colton R Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, United States
| | - Yue Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Joseph M Ready
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, United States
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38
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Multicomponent Reactions for the Synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15081009. [PMID: 36015157 PMCID: PMC9416173 DOI: 10.3390/ph15081009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicomponent reactions 9i.e., those that engage three or more starting materials to form a product that contains significant fragments of all of them), have been widely employed in the construction of compound libraries, especially in the context of diversity-oriented synthesis. While relatively less exploited, their use in target-oriented synthesis offers significant advantages in terms of synthetic efficiency. This review provides a critical summary of the use of multicomponent reactions for the preparation of active pharmaceutical principles.
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39
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Sengupta A, Maity S, Saha P, Ghosh P, Rudra S, Mukhopadhyay C. Diastereo- and regioselective petasis aryl and allyl boration of ninhydrins towards synthesis of functionalized indene-diones and dihydrobenzoindeno-oxazin-ones. Mol Divers 2022:10.1007/s11030-022-10496-4. [PMID: 35913662 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10496-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Petasis aryl and allyl borations were accomplished using substituted ninhydrins, boronic acids or 2-allyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane and 1,2-aminophenols in Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) without any catalysts to synthesize different aryl and allyl derivatives of ninhydrins. The nature of substitution in the boronic acids and 1,2-amino phenols was the key factor in determining the diastereo-regioselectivity and the type of product distributions. The products were isolated and characterized by HMBC, HSQC, 1H, 13C NMR experiments and X-ray single crystallographic analysis. A probable reaction pathway involves in situ formation of acyclic and cyclic ninhydrin-amino alcohol adducts, with the positioned hydroxyl group determining the stereo-regioselective outcome via tetracoordinated boron intermediates. A metal free diastereo- and regioselective Petasis aryl and allyl boration of ninhydrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayon Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 APC Road, Kolkata, 700009, India.,TCG Lifesciences Pvt. Ltd., BN 7, Sector V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Suvendu Maity
- Department of Chemistry, R.K. Mission Residencial College, Narendrapur, Kolkata, 700103, India
| | - Pinaki Saha
- Department of Chemistry, R.K. Mission Residencial College, Narendrapur, Kolkata, 700103, India
| | - Prasanta Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, R.K. Mission Residencial College, Narendrapur, Kolkata, 700103, India
| | - Sonali Rudra
- TCG Lifesciences Pvt. Ltd., BN 7, Sector V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, 700091, India.
| | - Chhanda Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 APC Road, Kolkata, 700009, India.
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40
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Chen L, Wang Z, Liu H, Li X, Wang B. tert-Butyl nitrite triggered radical cascade reaction for synthesizing isoxazoles by a one-pot multicomponent strategy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:9152-9155. [PMID: 35894608 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02823a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free radical cyclization/dehydrogenation cascade of alkenes with aldehydes has been developed for the synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted isoxazoles in a one-pot system. This protocol features excellent functional group tolerance and operational simplicity, and is easily scaled up. The radical process is well supported by TEMPO-adducts and the intermediate β-carbonyl ketoxime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leijing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, P. R. China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, P. R. China.
| | - Xinyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, P. R. China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, P. R. China. .,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, P. R. China
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41
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Ghobakhloo F, Azarifar D, Mohammadi M, Ghaemi M. γ‐Fe
2
O
3
@Cu
3
Al‐LDH/HEPES a novel heterogeneous amphoteric catalyst for synthesis of annulated pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidines. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Ghobakhloo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry Bu–Ali Sina University Hamedan Iran
| | - Davood Azarifar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry Bu–Ali Sina University Hamedan Iran
| | - Masoud Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Ilam University Ilam P.O. Box 69315516 Iran
| | - Masoumeh Ghaemi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry Bu–Ali Sina University Hamedan Iran
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42
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Mashal N, Azizian J, Larijani K, Nematollahi F, Azizian H. Baker’s Yeast Promoted One-Pot Synthesis of New 1,2,4-Triazolpyrimido-1,3,4-Oxadiazoles: Investigation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2094974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neda Mashal
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Azizian
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kambiz Larijani
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Homa Azizian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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43
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Zhang YD, Li XY, Mo QK, Shi WB, Zhao JB, Zhu SF. Highly Regioselective Cobalt‐Catalyzed Hydroboration of Internal Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiao-Yu Li
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Qian-Kun Mo
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Wen-Bin Shi
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | | | - Shou-Fei Zhu
- Nankai University Sate Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry 94 Wijin Road 300071 Tianjin CHINA
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44
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Altarejos J, Valero A, Manzano R, Carreras J. Synthesis of Tri‐ and Tetrasubstituted Alkenyl Boronates from Alkynes. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Altarejos
- Universidad de Alcalá Facultad de Ciencias: Universidad de Alcala Facultad de Ciencias Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica SPAIN
| | - Antonio Valero
- Universidad de Alcalá Facultad de Ciencias: Universidad de Alcala Facultad de Ciencias Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica SPAIN
| | - Rubén Manzano
- Universidad de Alcalá Facultad de Ciencias: Universidad de Alcala Facultad de Ciencias Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica SPAIN
| | - Javier Carreras
- Universidad de Alcalá Facultad de Ciencias: Universidad de Alcala Facultad de Ciencias Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica Carretera Madrid-Barcelona km 33,6, Campus Universitario.Facultad de Farmacia 28805 Alcalá de Henares SPAIN
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45
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Vytla D, Emmadi J, Velayuthaperumal R, Shaw P, Cavallaro CL, Mathur A, Roy A. Visible-light enabled one-pot three-component Petasis reaction for synthesis of α-substituted secondary sulfonamides/amides/hydrazides. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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46
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Roman G. Anticancer activity of Mannich bases: a review of recent literature. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200258. [PMID: 35678192 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This report summarizes the latest published data on the antiproliferative action and cytotoxic activity of Mannich bases, a structurally heterogeneous category of chemical entities that includes compounds which are synthesized via the grafting of an aminomethyl function onto diverse substrates by means of the Mannich reaction. The present overview of the topic is an update to the information assembled in a previously published review that covered the literature up to 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghe Roman
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Inorganic polymers, 41A Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda, 700487, Iasi, ROMANIA
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47
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian R. James
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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48
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Hsu C, Gonçalves CR, Tona V, Pons A, Kaiser M, Maulide N. Leveraging Electron‐Deficient Iminium Intermediates in a General Synthesis of Valuable Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115435. [PMID: 35103377 PMCID: PMC9311413 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of reactions converting alkenes and alkynes into valuable building blocks remains one of the main goals of synthetic chemistry. Herein, we present the leveraging of highly electron‐deficient iminium ions, rare and fleeting intermediates, into a general amine synthesis. This enables the preparation of amines bearing e.g. valuable α‐trifluoromethyl moieties under mild conditions. This broad concept is highlighted by the late‐stage amination of quinine into a biologically interesting new analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che‐Sheng Hsu
- University of Vienna Institute of Organic Chemistry Währinger Strasse 38 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Carlos R. Gonçalves
- University of Vienna Institute of Organic Chemistry Währinger Strasse 38 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Veronica Tona
- University of Vienna Institute of Organic Chemistry Währinger Strasse 38 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Amandine Pons
- University of Vienna Institute of Organic Chemistry Währinger Strasse 38 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Socinstrasse 57 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Nuno Maulide
- University of Vienna Institute of Organic Chemistry Währinger Strasse 38 1090 Vienna Austria
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49
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Hsu C, Gonçalves CR, Tona V, Pons A, Kaiser M, Maulide N. Nutzung von elektronenarmen Iminiumintermediaten zur Synthese von wertvollen Aminen. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 134:e202115435. [PMID: 38505700 PMCID: PMC10946883 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDie Entwicklung von Reaktionen zur Umwandlung von Alkenen und Alkinen in wertvolle Bausteine ist nach wie vor eines der Hauptziele in der synthetischen Chemie. In dieser Arbeit berichten wir von der Nutzbarmachung von stark elektronenarmen, seltenen und kurzlebigen Iminiumionen zur Synthese von Aminen. Dies ermöglicht die milde Herstellung von Aminen mit z. B. trifluormethylierten Einheiten. Dieses umfassende Konzept wird durch die Aminierung von Chinin zu einem biologisch interessanten neuen Analogon verdeutlicht.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che‐Sheng Hsu
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität WienWähringer Strasse 381090WienÖsterreich
| | - Carlos R. Gonçalves
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität WienWähringer Strasse 381090WienÖsterreich
| | - Veronica Tona
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität WienWähringer Strasse 381090WienÖsterreich
| | - Amandine Pons
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität WienWähringer Strasse 381090WienÖsterreich
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Schweizerisches Tropen- und Public-Health-InstitutSocinstrasse 574002BaselSchweiz
| | - Nuno Maulide
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität WienWähringer Strasse 381090WienÖsterreich
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50
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Pillitteri S, Ranjan P, Van der Eycken EV, Sharma UK. Uncovering the Potential of Boronic Acid and Derivatives as Radical Source in Photo(electro)chemical Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Pillitteri
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC) Department of Chemistry University of Leuven (KU Leuven) Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Prabhat Ranjan
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM) Maastricht University Urmonderbaan 22 6167 RD Geleen The Netherlands
| | - Erik V. Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC) Department of Chemistry University of Leuven (KU Leuven) Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) Miklukho-Maklaya street 6 RU-117198 Moscow Russia
| | - Upendra K. Sharma
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC) Department of Chemistry University of Leuven (KU Leuven) Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
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