1
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Ishida Y, Nakanishi Y, Hiratsuka T, Kawaguchi H. Hydrazido complexes prepared by methylation of an anionic end-on bridging dinitrogen dititanium complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7459-7462. [PMID: 38946396 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02080d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Here we report stepwise methylation of end-on bridging dinitrogen to a hydrazido ligand to a pentamethylhydrazinium salt, which is mediated by a titanium system with a tripodal aryloxide supporting ligand. The results constitute a synthetic cycle for pentamethylhydrazinium formation from dinitrogen and methyl iodide. We also describe silylation of the dinitrogen complex and carboxylation of the hydrazido complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Ishida
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Nakanishi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
| | - Takuma Hiratsuka
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Kawaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
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2
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Benaissa I, Rialland B, Bennaamane S, Espada MF, Saffon-Merceron N, Fustier-Boutignon M, Clot E, Mézailles N. N 2 Functionalization via Molybdenum-Nitride Complex: Stepwise BH Bond Additions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402586. [PMID: 38683630 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Reactivity of (triphosphine)MoIV-nitrido complex generated by N2 splitting, toward boranes is reported. The simple adduct Mo≡N→BH3 is observed with BH3.SMe2 while 1,2 addition is evidenced with 9-BBN leading to H-Mo=NBR2. A second addition of BH3.SMe2 is facile and forms an unprecedented complex featuring two bridging H between two B and the Mo centers. Addition of PMe3 or BH3.SMe2 promotes reductive elimination and N-H bond formation. The full sequence of functionalization at Mo≡N obtained after N2 splitting is therefore evidenced in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idir Benaissa
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie, Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
- Present address: Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation-UM6P, Hay Moulay Rachid, BP43150, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Barbara Rialland
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie, Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
- Present address: Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation-UM6P, Hay Moulay Rachid, BP43150, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Soukaina Bennaamane
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie, Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
- Present address: Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation-UM6P, Hay Moulay Rachid, BP43150, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Maria F Espada
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie, Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
- Present address: Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation-UM6P, Hay Moulay Rachid, BP43150, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Nathalie Saffon-Merceron
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse ICT-UAR2599, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 31062, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Marie Fustier-Boutignon
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie, Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
- Present address: Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation-UM6P, Hay Moulay Rachid, BP43150, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Eric Clot
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Mézailles
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie, Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
- Present address: Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation-UM6P, Hay Moulay Rachid, BP43150, Benguerir, Morocco
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3
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Liu W, Tian Y. Observing C-N bond formation in plasma: a case study of benzene and dinitrogen coupling via an arylnitrenium ion intermediate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:18016-18020. [PMID: 38894641 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01594k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Directly fixing dinitrogen into value-added organics is one of the core issues, and yet a long-standing challenge, in chemical synthesis. In earlier discrete studies, direct amination of benzene with N2 has been achieved via non-thermal plasma-liquid reaction. Nonetheless, the reaction mechanism thereof remains elusive and the amination product was non-selective primarily including aniline and diphenylamine. Herein, non-thermal plasma reaction in combination with on-line mass spectrometry was employed to probe the reaction pathway by on-line detection of the transient intermediate and the stable amination product. The long-lived atomic nitrogen ions N+(3P) as well as the arylnitrenium ions' intermediacy were shown to play a pivotal role in the amination process, and the product distribution was affected by an external hydrogen source and likely dependent on the competing hydrogen abstraction reaction and intersystem crossing of the initially generated triplet state arylnitrenium ions. The mechanistic investigation in this work has implications for plasma-based nitrogen conversion into organics, but also has broader relevance for understanding the C-N coupling by other means directly with N2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Shaanxi 710127, China.
| | - Yonghui Tian
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Shaanxi 710127, China.
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4
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Shima T, Zhuo Q, Zhou X, Wu P, Owada R, Luo G, Hou Z. Hydroamination of alkenes with dinitrogen and titanium polyhydrides. Nature 2024:10.1038/s41586-024-07694-5. [PMID: 38885694 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07694-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
An ideal synthesis of alkyl amines would involve the direct use of abundant and easily accessible molecules such as dinitrogen (N2) and feedstock alkenes1-4. However, this ambition remains a great challenge as it is usually difficult to simultaneously activate both N2 and a simple alkene and combine them together through carbon-nitrogen (C-N) bond formation. Currently, the synthesis of alkyl amines relies on the use of ammonia produced through the Haber-Bosch process and prefunctionalized electrophilic carbon sources. Here we report the hydroamination of simple alkenes with N2 in a trititanium hydride framework, which activates both alkenes and N2, leading to selective C-N bond formation and providing the corresponding alkyl amines on further hydrogenation and protonation. Computational studies reveal key mechanistic details of N2 activation and selective C-N bond formation. This work demonstrates a strategy for the transformation of N2 and simple hydrocarbons into nitrogen-containing organic compounds mediated by a multinuclear hydride framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Shima
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Japan.
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Japan.
| | - Qingde Zhuo
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Japan
| | - Xiaoxi Zhou
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Japan
| | - Ping Wu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Ryota Owada
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Japan
| | - Gen Luo
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China.
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Japan.
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Japan.
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5
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Jain S, Danovich D, Shaik S. Dinitrogen Activation within Frustrated Lewis Pairs Is Promoted by Adding External Electric Fields. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:4595-4604. [PMID: 38775015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
This study uses computational means to explore the feasibility of N2 cleavage by frustrated Lewis pair (FLPs) species. The employed FLP systems are phosphane/borane (1) and carbene/borane (2). Previous studies show that 1 and 2 react with H2 and CO2 but do not activate N2. The present study demonstrates that N2 is indeed inert, and its activation requires augmentation of the FLPs by an external tool. As we demonstrate here, FLP-mediated N2 activation can be achieved by an external electric field oriented along the reaction axis of the FLP. Additionally, the study demonstrates that FLP -N2 activation generates useful nitrogen compound, e.g., hydrazine (H2N-NH2). In summary, we conclude that FLP effectively activates N2 in tandem with oriented external electric fields (OEEFs), which play a crucial role. This FLP/OEEF combination may serve as a general activator of inert molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailja Jain
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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6
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Li Y, Mou LH, Jiang GD, Li ZY, He SG, Chen H. Toward Designing Reactive Metal Clusters for Dinitrogen Activation: A Guideline Based on N 2 Initial Adsorption. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:10775-10785. [PMID: 38804545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Gas-phase metal clusters are ideal models to explore transition-metal-mediated N2 activation mechanism. However, the effective design and search of reactive clusters in N2 activation are currently hindered by the lack of clear guidelines. Inspired by the Sabatier principle, we discovered in this work that N2 initial adsorption energy (ΔEads) is an important parameter to control the N2 activation reactivity of metal clusters in the gas phase. This mechanistic insight obtained from high-level calculations rationalizes the N2 activation reactivity of many previously reported metal clusters when combined with the known factor determining the N≡N cleavage process. Furthermore, based on this guideline of ΔEads, we successfully designed several new reactive clusters for cleaving N≡N triple bond under mild conditions, including FeV2S2-, TaV2C2-, and TaV2C3-, the high N2 activation reactivity of which has been fully corroborated in our gas phase experiments employing mass spectrometry with collision-induced dissociation. The importance of ΔEads revealed in this work not only reshapes our understanding of N2 activation reactions in the gas phase but also could have implication for other N2 activation processes in the condensed phase. The more general establishment of this new perspective on N2 activation reactivity warrants future experimental and computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Li-Hui Mou
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Gui-Duo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hui Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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7
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Tanabe Y, Nishibayashi Y. Catalytic Nitrogen Fixation Using Well-Defined Molecular Catalysts under Ambient or Mild Reaction Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202406404. [PMID: 38781115 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) is industrially produced from dinitrogen (N2) and dihydrogen (H2) by the Haber-Bosch process, although H2 is prepared from fossil fuels, and the reaction requires harsh conditions. On the other hand, microorganisms have fixed nitrogen under ambient reaction conditions. Recently, well-defined molecular transition metal complexes have been found to work as catalyst to convert N2 into NH3 by reactions with chemical reductants and proton sources under ambient reaction conditions. Among them, involvement of both N2-splitting pathway and proton-coupled electron transfer is found to be very effective for high catalytic activity. Furthermore, direct electrocatalytic and photocatalytic conversions of N2 into NH3 have been recently achieved. In addition to catalytic formation of NH3, selective catalytic conversion of N2 into hydrazine (NH2NH2) and catalytic silylation of N2 into silylamines have been reported. Catalytic C-N bond formation has been more recently established to afford cyanate anion (NCO-) under ambient reaction conditions. Further development of direct conversion of N2 into nitrogen-containing compounds as well as green ammonia synthesis leading to the use of ammonia as an energy carrier is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nishibayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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8
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Weber M, Kupfer T, Arrowsmith M, Dewhurst RD, Rang M, Ritschel B, Titlbach S, Ernst M, Rodrigues MO, da Silva Júnior EN, Braunschweig H. Bypassing Ammonia: From N 2 to Nitrogen Heterocycles without N 1 Intermediates or Transition Metals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402777. [PMID: 38501403 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Diboradiazene compounds, derived in one step from the boron-mediated reduction of dinitrogen (N2), were treated separately with sulfur and acetic anhydride, providing heterocyclic compounds that are BN isosteres of thiophene and 1,3-oxazole, respectively. These simple reactions represent the final steps in two-step routes to complex heterocycles from N2 that both circumvent the need for transition metal reagents and completely bypass the traditional intermediate ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Weber
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kupfer
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Merle Arrowsmith
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rian D Dewhurst
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Rang
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Ritschel
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Titlbach
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Martin Ernst
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Marieli O Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, MG-31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Eufrânio N da Silva Júnior
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, MG-31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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9
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Evans MJ, Jones C. Low oxidation state and hydrido group 2 complexes: synthesis and applications in the activation of gaseous substrates. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5054-5082. [PMID: 38595211 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00097h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Numerous industrial processes utilise gaseous chemical feedstocks to produce useful chemical products. Atmospheric and other small molecule gases, including anthropogenic waste products (e.g. carbon dioxide), can be viewed as sustainable building blocks to access value-added chemical commodities and materials. While transition metal complexes have been well documented in the reduction and transformation of these substrates, molecular complexes of the terrestrially abundant alkaline earth metals have also demonstrated promise with remarkable reactivity reported towards an array of industrially relevant gases over the past two decades. This review covers low oxidation state and hydrido group 2 complexes and their role in the reduction and transformation of a selection of important gaseous substrates towards value-added chemical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Evans
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
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10
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Zhuo Q, Yang J, Zhou X, Shima T, Luo Y, Hou Z. Dinitrogen Cleavage and Multicoupling with Isocyanides in a Dititanium Dihydride Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10984-10992. [PMID: 38578866 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Dinitrogen (N2) activation and functionalization through N-N bond cleavage and N-C bond formation are of great interest and importance but remain highly challenging. We report here for the first time N2 cleavage and selective multicoupling with isocyanides in a dititanium dihydride framework. The reaction of a dinitrogen dititanium dihydride complex [{(acriPNP)Ti}2(μ-η1:η2-N2)(μ-H)2] (1) with an excess (four or more equivalents) of p-methoxyphenyl isocyanide at room temperature gave a novel amidoamidinatoguanidinate complex [(acriPNP)Ti{NC(═NR)NC(═NR)CH2NR}Ti(acriPNP)(CNR)] (2, acriPNP = 4,5-bis(diisopropylphosphino)-2,7,9,9-tetramethyl-9H-acridin-10-ide; R = p-MeOC6H4) through N2 splitting and coupling with three isocyanide molecules. When 1 equiv of p-methoxyphenyl isocyanide was used to react with 1 at -30 °C, the hydrogenation of the isocyanide unit by the two hydride ligands in 1 took place, affording an amidomethylene-bridged dititanium dinitrogen complex [{(acriPNP)Ti}2(μ-η1:η2-N2){μ-η1:η2-CH2N(p-MeOC6H4)}] (3), which upon reaction with another equivalent of p-methoxyphenyl isocyanide at room temperature gave an amidomethylene/nitrido/carbodiimido complex [(acriPNP)Ti(N═C═NR)(μ-N)(μ-η1:η2-CH2NR)Ti(acriPNP)] (4) through N2 cleavage and N═C bond formation. Further reaction of 4 with 1 equiv of p-methoxyphenyl isocyanide led to an unprecedented four-component (carbodiimido, nitrido, isocyanide, and amidomethylene) coupling, yielding an amidoamidinatoguanidinate complex [{(acriPNP)Ti}2{NC(═NR)NC(═NR)CH2NR}] (5), which on reaction with another equivalent of p-methoxyphenyl isocyanide afforded the isocyanide-coordinated analogue 2. The reaction of 1 with 2-naphthyl isocyanide also took place in a similar multicoupling fashion. Moreover, the cross-coupling reactions of the p-methoxyphenyl isocyanide-derived amidomethylene/nitrido/carbodiimido complex 4 with 2-naphthyl isocyanide, cyclohexyl isocyanide, and tert-butyl isocyanide were also achieved, which afforded the corresponding amidoamidinatoguanidinate products consisting of two different isocyanides. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further elucidated the mechanistic details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingde Zhuo
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jimin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhou
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takanori Shima
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- PetroChina Petrochemical Research Institute, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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11
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Rang M, Heinz M, Halkić A, Weber M, Dewhurst RD, Rempel A, Härterich M, Holthausen MC, Braunschweig H. Trapping of a Terminal Intermediate in the Boron-Mediated Dinitrogen Reduction: Mono-, Tri-, and Tetrafunctionalized Hydrazines in Two Steps from N 2. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38598273 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The addition of chlorotrimethylsilane to a boron-mediated, transition-metal-free N2 activation reaction leads to the isolation of multiple potassium boryl(silyl)hydrazido species, likely trapping products of a terminal dinitrogen complex of boron. One of these silylated N2 species can be protonated or methylated, providing access to mono- to tetrafunctionalized hydrazines in two steps from N2 and in the absence of transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Rang
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Myron Heinz
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anel Halkić
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Weber
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rian D Dewhurst
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Rempel
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Härterich
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Max C Holthausen
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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12
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Eberle L, Ballmann J. Synthesis of Collidine from Dinitrogen via a Tungsten Nitride. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7979-7984. [PMID: 38489245 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of pyridines from dinitrogen in homogeneous solution is known to be challenging considering that an N2 cleavage step needs to be combined with two N-C coupling steps. Herein, a tungsten complex bearing a tailor-made 2,2'-(tBu2As)2-substituted tolane ligand scaffold was shown to split N2 to afford the corresponding tungsten nitride, which is not the case for the corresponding (iPr2As)2-substituted derivative. The former nitride was then reacted with 2,4,6-trimethylpyrylium triflate, which led to the formation of a tungsten oxo complex, along with collidine. Over the course of this reaction, the O atom of the pyrylium starting material was replaced with an N atom via a hitherto unprecedented skeletal editing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Eberle
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, D-69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Joachim Ballmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, D-69120 Heidelberg Germany
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13
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Wang GX, Shan C, Chen W, Wu B, Zhang P, Wei J, Xi Z, Ye S. Unusual Electronic Structures of an Electron Transfer Series of [Cr(μ-η 1 : η 1 -N 2 )Cr] 0/1+/2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315386. [PMID: 38299757 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
In dinitrogen (N2 ) fixation chemistry, bimetallic end-on bridging N2 complexes M(μ-η1 : η1 -N2 )M can split N2 into terminal nitrides and hence attract great attention. To date, only 4d and 5d transition complexes, but none of 3d counterparts, could realize such a transformation. Likewise, complexes {[Cp*Cr(dmpe)]2 (μ-N2 )}0/1+/2+ (1-3) are incapable to cleave N2 , in contrast to their Mo congeners. Remarkably, cross this series the N-N bond length of the N2 ligand and the N-N stretching frequency exhibit unprecedented nonmonotonic variations, and complexes 1 and 2 in both solid and solution states display rare thermally activated ligand-mediated two-center spin transitions, distinct from discrete dinuclear spin crossovers. In-depth analyses using wave function based ab initio calculations reveal that the Cr-N2 -Cr bonding in complexes 1-3 is distinguished by strong multireference character and cannot be described by solely one electron configuration or Lewis structure, and that all intriguing spectroscopic observations originate in their sophisticate multireference electronic structures. More critical is that such multireference bonding of complexes 1-3 is at least a key factor that contributes to their kinetic inertness toward N2 splitting. The mechanistic understanding is then used to rationalize the disparate reactivity of related 3d M(μ-η1 : η1 -N2 )M complexes compared to their 4d and 5d analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Xiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chunxiao Shan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Botao Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shengfa Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
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14
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Morris RH. Reactivity umpolung (reversal) of ligands in transition metal complexes. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2808-2827. [PMID: 38353155 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00979c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The success and power of homogeneous catalysis derives in large part from the wide choice of transition metal ions and their ligands. This tutorial review introduces examples where the reactivity of a ligand is completely reversed (umpolung) from Lewis basic/nucleophilic to acidic/electrophilic or vice versa on changing the metal and co-ligands. Understanding this phenomenon will assist in the rational design of catalysts and the understanding of metalloenzyme mechanisms. Labelling a metal and ligand with Seebach donor and acceptor labels helps to identify whether a reaction involving the intermolecular attack on the ligand is displaying native reactivity or reactivity umpolung. This has been done for complexes of nitriles, carbonyls, isonitriles, dinitrogen, Fischer carbenes, alkenes, alkynes, hydrides, methyls, methylidenes and alkylidenes, silylenes, oxides, imides/nitrenes, alkylidynes, methylidynes, and nitrides. The electronic influence of the metal and co-ligands is discussed in terms of the energy of (HOMO) d electrons. The energy can be related to the pKLACa (LAC is ligand acidity constant) of the theoretical hydride complexes [H-[M]-L]+ formed by the protonation of pair of valence d electrons on the metal in the [M-L] complex. Preliminary findings indicate that a negative pKLACa indicates that nucleophilic attack by a carbanion or amine on the ligand will likely occur while a positive pKLACa indicates that electrophilic attack by strong acids on the ligand will usually occur when the ligand is nitrile, carbonyl, isonitrile, alkene and η6-arene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S3H6.
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15
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Landaeta VR, Horsley Downie TM, Wolf R. Low-Valent Transition Metalate Anions in Synthesis, Small Molecule Activation, and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1323-1463. [PMID: 38354371 PMCID: PMC10906008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
This review surveys the synthesis and reactivity of low-oxidation state metalate anions of the d-block elements, with an emphasis on contributions reported between 2006 and 2022. Although the field has a long and rich history, the chemistry of transition metalate anions has been greatly enhanced in the last 15 years by the application of advanced concepts in complex synthesis and ligand design. In recent years, the potential of highly reactive metalate complexes in the fields of small molecule activation and homogeneous catalysis has become increasingly evident. Consequently, exciting applications in small molecule activation have been developed, including in catalytic transformations. This article intends to guide the reader through the fascinating world of low-valent transition metalates. The first part of the review describes the synthesis and reactivity of d-block metalates stabilized by an assortment of ligand frameworks, including carbonyls, isocyanides, alkenes and polyarenes, phosphines and phosphorus heterocycles, amides, and redox-active nitrogen-based ligands. Thereby, the reader will be familiarized with the impact of different ligand types on the physical and chemical properties of metalates. In addition, ion-pairing interactions and metal-metal bonding may have a dramatic influence on metalate structures and reactivities. The complex ramifications of these effects are examined in a separate section. The second part of the review is devoted to the reactivity of the metalates toward small inorganic molecules such as H2, N2, CO, CO2, P4 and related species. It is shown that the use of highly electron-rich and reactive metalates in small molecule activation translates into impressive catalytic properties in the hydrogenation of organic molecules and the reduction of N2, CO, and CO2. The results discussed in this review illustrate that the potential of transition metalate anions is increasingly being tapped for challenging catalytic processes with relevance to organic synthesis and energy conversion. Therefore, it is hoped that this review will serve as a useful resource to inspire further developments in this dynamic research field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Wolf
- University of Regensburg, Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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16
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Yang W, Li X, Li SY, Li Q, Sun H, Li X. Synthesis of Bis(silylene) Iron Chlorides and Their Catalytic Activity for Dinitrogen Silylation. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:21014-21024. [PMID: 38095917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, three tetracoordinated bis(silylene) iron(II) chlorides, namely, [SiCHRSi]FeCl2 (1) (R = H), (2) (R = CH3), and (3) (R = Ph), were synthesized through the reactions of the three different bis(silylene) ligands [LSiCHRSiL] (L = PhC(NtBu)2, L1 (R = H), L2 (R = CH3), L3 (R = Ph)) with FeCl2·(THF)1.5 in THF. The bis(silylene) Fe complexes 1-3 could be used as effective catalysts for dinitrogen silylation, with complex 3 demonstrating the highest turnover number (TON) of 746 equiv among the three complexes. The catalytic mechanism was explored, revealing the involvement of the pentacoordinated bis(dinitrogen) iron(0) complexes [SiCHRSi]Fe(N2)2(THF), (4)-(6), as the active catalysts in the dinitrogen silylation reaction. Additionally, the cyclic silylene compound 10 was obtained from the reaction of L1 with KC8. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses confirmed the molecular structures of complexes 1-3 and 10 in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Shanda Nanlu 27, 250100 Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomiao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Shanda Nanlu 27, 250100 Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Yong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Shanda Nanlu 27, 250100 Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingshuang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Shanda Nanlu 27, 250100 Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjian Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Shanda Nanlu 27, 250100 Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Shanda Nanlu 27, 250100 Jinan, People's Republic of China
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17
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Specklin D, Boegli MC, Coffinet A, Escomel L, Vendier L, Grellier M, Simonneau A. An orbitally adapted push-pull template for N 2 activation and reduction to diazene-diide. Chem Sci 2023; 14:14262-14270. [PMID: 38098710 PMCID: PMC10718075 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04390h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A Lewis superacidic bis(borane) C6F4{B(C6F5)2}2 was reacted with tungsten N2-complexes [W(N2)2(R2PCH2CH2PR2)2] (R = Ph or Et), affording zwitterionic boryldiazenido W(ii) complexes trans-[W(L)(R2PCH2CH2PR2)2(N2{B(C6F5)2(C6F4B(C6F5)3})] (L = ø, N2 or THF). These compounds feature only one N-B linkage of the covalent type, as a result of intramolecular boron-to-boron C6F5 transfer. Complex trans-[W(THF)(Et2PCH2CH2PEt2)2(N2{B(C6F5)2C6F4B(C6F5)3})] (5) was shown to split H2, leading to a seven-coordinate complex [W(H)2(Et2PCH2CH2PEt2)2(N2{B(C6F5)2}2C6F4)] (7). Interestingly, hydride storage at the metal triggers backward C6F5 transfer. This reverts the bis(boron) moiety to its bis(borane) state, now doubly binding the distal N, with structural parameters and DFT computations pointing to dative N→B bonding. By comparison with an N2 complex [W(H)2(Et2PCH2CH2PEt2)2(N2{B(C6F5)3}] (10) differing only in the Lewis acid (LA), namely B(C6F5)3, coordinated to the distal N, we demonstrate that two-fold LA coordination imparts strong N2 activation up to the diazene-diide (N22-) state. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a neutral LA coordination that induces reduction of N2.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Specklin
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS 205 route de Narbonne BP44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Marie-Christine Boegli
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS 205 route de Narbonne BP44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Anaïs Coffinet
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS 205 route de Narbonne BP44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Léon Escomel
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS 205 route de Narbonne BP44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Laure Vendier
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS 205 route de Narbonne BP44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Mary Grellier
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS 205 route de Narbonne BP44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Antoine Simonneau
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS 205 route de Narbonne BP44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
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18
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Wang X, Wang Y, Wu Y, Wang GX, Wei J, Xi Z. Syntheses and Characterizations of Hetero-Bimetallic Chromium-Dinitrogen Transition-Metal Complexes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:18641-18648. [PMID: 37905954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
In the domain of N2 activation, hetero-bimetallic dinitrogen complexes are garnering substantial interest due to their potential to induce polarization in nonpolar N2 gas. Herein, we present the syntheses and characterizations of three novel hetero-multimetallic dinitrogen complexes: Cp*Cr(depe)N2V(depe)Me[O, P, O] 5, Cp*Cr(depe)N2V(depe)Tipp[O, P, O] 6, and [Cp*Cr(depe)N2]2TiTipp[O, P, O] 7. These complexes were synthesized via a transmetalation process involving the treatment of [Cr0-N2]- complex 4 with vanadium and titanium chloride complexes bearing alkyl or aryl substituted bis(o-hydroxyphenyl)-phenyl phosphine R[O, P, O] ligand (alkyl = methyl, aryl = 2,4,6-tri-isopropylbenzene). X-ray analysis shows that complexes 5 and 6 exhibit heterodinuclear structures, while complex 7 exhibits a heterotrinuclear core with two N2 ligands concurrently coordinated to two chromium and one titanium atoms. Raman spectroscopic data show that the N-N stretching vibration of the N2 moiety is clearly downshifted relative to free N2 and to mononuclear [Cr0-N2]- complex 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yixi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Gao-Xiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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19
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Haufe LC, Endres L, Arrowsmith M, Bertermann R, Dietz M, Fantuzzi F, Finze M, Braunschweig H. Boron Insertion into the N≡N Bond of a Tungsten Dinitrogen Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23986-23993. [PMID: 37875434 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The 1,3-addition of 1,2-diaryl-1,2-dibromodiboranes (B2Br2Ar2) to trans-[W(N2)2(dppe)2] (dppe = κ2-(Ph2PCH2)2), which is accompanied by a Br-Ar substituent exchange between the two boron atoms, is followed by a spontaneous rearrangement of the resulting tungsten diboranyldiazenido complex to a 2-aza-1,3-diboraallenylimido complex displaying a linear, cumulenic B=N=B moiety. This rearrangement involves the splitting of both the B-B and N=N bonds of the N2B2 ligand, formal insertion of a BAr boranediyl moiety into the N=N bond, and coordination of the remaining BArBr boryl moiety to the terminal nitrogen atom. Density functional theory calculations show that the reaction proceeds via a cyclic NB2 intermediate, followed by dissociation into a tungsten nitrido complex and a linear boryliminoborane, which recombine by adduct formation between the nitrido ligand and the electron-deficient iminoborane boron atom. The linear B=N=B moiety also undergoes facile 1,2-addition of Brønsted acids (HY = HOPh, HSPh, and H2NPh) with concomitant Y-Br substituent exchange at the terminal boron atom, yielding cationic (borylamino)borylimido tungsten complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Haufe
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Endres
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Merle Arrowsmith
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Dietz
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Park Wood Rd, Canterbury CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Maik Finze
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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20
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Wang GX, Yin ZB, Wei J, Xi Z. Dinitrogen Activation and Functionalization Affording Chromium Diazenido and Hydrazido Complexes. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:3211-3222. [PMID: 37937752 PMCID: PMC10666292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusThe activation and functionalization of N2 to form nitrogen-element bonds have long posed challenges to industrial, biological, and synthetic chemists. The first transition-metal dinitrogen complex prepared by Allen and Senoff in 1965 provoked researchers to explore homogeneous N2 fixation. Despite intensive research in the last six decades, efficient and quantitative conversion of N2 to diazenido and hydrazido species remains problematic. Relative to a plethora of reactions to generate N2 complexes, their functionalization reactions are rather rare, and the yields are often unsatisfactory, emphasizing the need for systematic investigations of the reaction mechanisms.In this Account, we summarize our recent work on the synthesis, spectroscopic features, electronic structures, and reactivities of several Cr-N2 complexes. Initially, a series of dinuclear and trinuclear Cr(I)-N2 complexes bearing cyclopentadienyl-phosphine ligands were accessed. However, they cannot achieve N2 functionalization but undergo oxidative addition reactions with phenylsilane, azobenzene, and other unsaturated organic compounds at the low-valent Cr(I) centers rather than at the N2 unit. Further reduction of these Cr(I) complexes leads to the formation of more activated mononuclear Cr(0) bis-dinitrogen complexes. Remarkably, silylation of the cyclopentadienyl-phosphine Cr(0)-N2 complex with Me3SiCl afforded the first Cr hydrazido complex. This process follows the distal pathway to functionalize the Nβ atom twice, yielding an end-on η1-hydrazido complex, Cr(III)═N-N(SiMe3)2. In contrast, upon substitution of the phosphine ligand in the Cr(0)-N2 complex with a N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand, the corresponding reaction with Me3SiCl proceeds via the alternating pathway; the silylation occurs at both Nα and Nβ atoms and generates a side-on η2-hydrazido complex, Cr(III)(η2-Me3SiN-NSiMe3). Both silylation reactions are inevitably accompanied by the formation of Cr(III) hydrazido complexes and Cr(II) chlorides with a 2:1 ratio. These processes exhibit a peculiar '3-4-2-1' stoichiometry (i.e., treating 3 equiv of Cr(0)-N2 complexes with 4 equiv of Me3SiCl yields 2 equiv of Cr(III) disilyl-hydrazido complexes and 1 equiv of Cr(II) chloride). Upon replacing the monodentate phosphine and/or NHC ligand with a bisphosphine ligand, a monodinitrogen Cr(0) complex, instead of the bis-dinitrogen Cr(0) complexes, is obtained; consequently, the silylation reactions progress via the normal two-electron route, which passes through Cr(II)-N═N-R diazenido species as an intermediate and furnishes [Cr(IV)═N-NR2]+ hydrazido as the final products. More importantly, this type of Cr(0)-N2 complex can be not only silylated but also protonated and alkylated proficiently. All of the second-order reaction rates of the first and second transformations are determined along with the lifetimes of the intervening diazenido species. Based on these findings, we have successfully carried out nearly quantitative preparations of the Cr(IV) hydrazido species with unmixed or hybrid substituents.The studies of Cr-N2 systems provide effective approaches for the activation and functionalization of N2, deepening the understanding of N2 electrophilic attack. We hope that this Account will inspire more discoveries related to the transformation of gaseous N2 to high-value-added nitrogen-containing organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Xiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhu-Bao Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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21
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Fries DV, Klein MP, Straßner A, Huber ME, Luczak M, Wiehn C, Niedner-Schatteburg G. Cryo IR spectroscopy and cryo kinetics of dinitrogen activation and cleavage by small tantalum cluster cations. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:164303. [PMID: 37873960 DOI: 10.1063/5.0157217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigate small tantalum clusters Tan+, n = 2-4, for their capability to cleave N2 adsorption spontaneously. We utilize infrared photon dissociation (IR-PD) spectroscopy of isolated and size selected clusters under cryogenic conditions within a buffer gas filled ion trap, and we augment our experiments by quantum chemical simulations (at DFT level). All Tan+ clusters, n = 2-4, seem to cleave N2 efficiently. We confirm and extend a previous study under ambient conditions on Ta2+ cluster [Geng et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 115, 11680-11687 (2018)]. Our cryo studies and the concomitant DFT simulations of the tantalum trimer Ta3+ suggest cleavage of the first and activation of the second and third N2 molecule across surmountable barriers and along much-involved multidimensional reaction paths. We unravel the underlying reaction processes and the intermediates involved. The study of the N2 adsorbate complexes of Ta4+ presented here extends our earlier study and previously published spectra from (4,m), m = 1-5 [Fries et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 23(19), 11345-11354 (2021)], up to m = 12. We confirm the priory published double activation and nitride formation, succeeded by single side-on N2 coordination. Significant red shifts of IR-PD bands from these side-on coordinated μ2-κN:κN,N N2 ligands correlate with the degree of tilting towards the second coordinating Ta center. All subsequently attaching N2 adsorbates onto Ta4+ coordinate in an end-on fashion, and we find clear evidence for co-existence of end-on coordination isomers. The study of stepwise N2 adsorption revealed adsorption limits m(max) of [Tan(N2)m]+ which increase with n, and kinetic fits revealed significant N2 desorption rates upon higher N2 loads. The enhanced absolute rate constants of the very first adsorbate steps kabs(n,0) of the small Ta3+ and Ta4+ clusters independently suggest dissociative N2 adsorption and likely N2 cleavage into Ta nitrides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela V Fries
- Department of Chemistry and State Research Center OPTIMAS, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität (RPTU) Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Matthias P Klein
- Department of Chemistry and State Research Center OPTIMAS, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität (RPTU) Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Annika Straßner
- Department of Chemistry and State Research Center OPTIMAS, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität (RPTU) Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Maximilian E Huber
- Department of Chemistry and State Research Center OPTIMAS, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität (RPTU) Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Maximilian Luczak
- Department of Chemistry and State Research Center OPTIMAS, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität (RPTU) Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Christopher Wiehn
- Department of Chemistry and State Research Center OPTIMAS, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität (RPTU) Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Gereon Niedner-Schatteburg
- Department of Chemistry and State Research Center OPTIMAS, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität (RPTU) Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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22
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Zhuo Q, Yang J, Zhou X, Shima T, Luo Y, Hou Z. Aza-Michael Addition of Dinitrogen to α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds in a Dititanium Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22803-22813. [PMID: 37797654 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The direct use of dinitrogen (N2) as a building block for the synthesis of NN-containing organic compounds is of fundamental interest and practical importance but has remained a formidable challenge to date. Here, we report an unprecedented 1,4-conjugate (aza-Michael) addition of N2 to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds in a dititanium framework. The resulting hydrazinopropenolate products could be easily converted to diverse NN-containing organic compounds such as β-hydrazine-functionalized esters and amides, pyrazolidinones, and pyrazolines depending on the types of Michael acceptors through protonation with MeOH. Further transformations of a hydrazinopropenolate titanium complex through C-C and N-C bond formations with electrophiles such as CO2 and benzaldehyde have also been achieved. The mechanistic details of the N2 addition reaction have been elucidated by computational studies, revealing the importance of redox-active metal centers in this event. This work showcases the potential of using N2 as a building block for the synthesis of NN-containing organic compounds through activation and functionalization in a molecular metal framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingde Zhuo
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jimin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhou
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takanori Shima
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- PetroChina Petrochemical Research Institute, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
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23
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Zhang Z, Jiang Y, Li J, Miyazaki M, Kitano M, Hosono H. A 2D Ba 2N Electride for Transition Metal-Free N 2 Dissociation under Mild Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145. [PMID: 37800540 PMCID: PMC10655079 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
N2 activation is a key step in the industrial synthesis of ammonia and other high-value-added N-containing chemicals, and typically is heavily reliant on transition metal (TM) sites as active centers to reduce the large activation energy barrier for N2 dissociation. In the present work, we report that a 2D electride of Ba2N with anionic electrons in the interlayer spacings works efficiently for TM-free N2 dissociation under mild conditions. The interlayer electrons significantly boost N2 dissociation with a very small activation energy of 35 kJ mol-1, as confirmed by the N2 isotopic exchange reaction. The reaction of anionic electrons with N2 molecules stabilizes (N2)2- anions, the so-called diazenide, in the large interlayer space (∼4.5 Å) sandwiched by 2 cationic slabs of Ba2N as the main intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhujun Zhang
- MDX
Research Center for Element Strategy, International Research Frontiers
Initiative, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yihao Jiang
- MDX
Research Center for Element Strategy, International Research Frontiers
Initiative, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Jiang Li
- MDX
Research Center for Element Strategy, International Research Frontiers
Initiative, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Miyazaki
- MDX
Research Center for Element Strategy, International Research Frontiers
Initiative, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kitano
- MDX
Research Center for Element Strategy, International Research Frontiers
Initiative, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hideo Hosono
- MDX
Research Center for Element Strategy, International Research Frontiers
Initiative, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- WPI-MANA, National
Institute for Materials Science, Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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24
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Le Dé Q, Bouammali A, Bijani C, Vendier L, Del Rosal I, Valyaev DA, Dinoi C, Simonneau A. An Experimental and Computational Investigation Rules Out Direct Nucleophilic Addition on the N 2 Ligand in Manganese Dinitrogen Complex [Cp(CO) 2 Mn(N 2 )]. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202305235. [PMID: 37379032 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
We have re-examined the reactivity of the manganese dinitrogen complex [Cp(CO)2 Mn(N2 )] (1, Cp=η5 -cyclopentadienyl, C5 H5 ) with phenylithium (PhLi). By combining experiment and density functional theory (DFT), we have found that, unlike previously reported, the direct nucleophilic attack of the carbanion onto coordinated dinitrogen does not occur. Instead, PhLi reacts with one of the CO ligands to provide an anionic acylcarbonyl dinitrogen metallate [Cp(CO)(N2 )MnCOPh]Li (3) that is stable only below -40 °C. Full characterization of 3 (including single crystal X-ray diffraction) was performed. This complex decomposes quickly above -20 °C with N2 loss to give a phenylate complex [Cp(CO)2 MnPh]Li (2). The latter compound was erroneously formulated as an anionic diazenido compound [Cp(CO)2 MnN(Ph)=N]Li in earlier reports, ruling out the claimed and so-far unique behavior of the N2 ligand in 1. DFT calculations were run to explore both the hypothesized and the experimentally verified reactivity of 1 with PhLi and are fully consistent with our results. Direct attack of a nucleophile on metal-coordinated N2 remains to be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Le Dé
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, BP44099, 31077, Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - Amal Bouammali
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, BP44099, 31077, Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - Christian Bijani
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, BP44099, 31077, Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - Laure Vendier
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, BP44099, 31077, Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - Iker Del Rosal
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Dmitry A Valyaev
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, BP44099, 31077, Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - Chiara Dinoi
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Antoine Simonneau
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, BP44099, 31077, Toulouse cedex 4, France
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25
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Mei T, Zhang P, Song Z, Wang B, Qu J, Ye S, Yang D. Unusual Hydrogenation Reactivities of a Thiolate-Bridged Dicobalt μ-Nitride Featuring a Bent {Co III-N-Co III} Core. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20578-20587. [PMID: 37674257 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal nitrides have received considerable attention owing to their crucial roles in nitrogen fixation and nitrogen atom transfer reactions. Compared to the early and middle transition metals, it is much more challenging to access late transition metal nitrides, especially cobalt in group 9. So far, only a handful of cobalt nitrides have been reported; consequently, their hydrogenation reactivity is largely unexplored. Herein, we present a structurally and spectroscopically well-characterized thiolate-bridged dicobalt μ-nitride [Cp*CoIII(μ-SAd)(μ-N)CoIIICp*] (2) featuring a bent {CoIII(μ-N)CoIII} core. Remarkably, complex 2 can realize not only direct hydrogenation of nitride to amide but also stepwise N-H bond formation from nitride to ammonia. Specifically, 2 can facilely activate dihydrogen (H2) at mild conditions to generate a dicobalt μ-amide [Cp*CoII(μ-SAd)(μ-NH2)CoIICp*] (4) via an unusual mechanism of two-electron oxidation of H2 as proposed by computational studies; in the presence of protons (H+) and electrons, nitride 2 can convert to dicobalt μ-imide [Cp*CoIII(μ-SAd)(μ-NH)CoIIICp*][BPh4] (3[BPh4]) and to CoIICoII μ-amide 4, and finally release ammonia. In contrast to 2, the only other structurally characterized dicobalt μ-nitride Na(THF)4{[(ketguan)CoIII(N3)]2(μ-N)} (ketguan = [(tBu2CN)C(NDipp)2]-, Dipp = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) (e) that possesses a linear {CoIII(μ-N)CoIII} moiety cannot directly react with H2 or H+. Further in-depth electronic structure analyses shed light on how the varying geometries of the {CoIII(μ-N)CoIII} moieties in 2 and e, bent vs linear, impart their disparate reactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zihe Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Baomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jingping Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Shengfa Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Dawei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
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26
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Mondal R, Evans MJ, Rajeshkumar T, Maron L, Jones C. Coordination and Activation of N 2 at Low-Valent Magnesium using a Heterobimetallic Approach: Synthesis and Reactivity of a Masked Dimagnesium Diradical. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308347. [PMID: 37475607 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The activation of dinitrogen (N2 ) by transition metals is central to the highly energy intensive, heterogeneous Haber-Bosch process. Considerable progress has been made towards more sustainable homogeneous activations of N2 with d- and f-block metals, though little success has been had with main group metals. Here we report that the reduction of a bulky magnesium(II) amide [(TCHP NON)Mg] (TCHP NON=4,5-bis(2,4,6-tricyclohexylanilido)-2,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-xanthene) with 5 % w/w K/KI yields the magnesium-N2 complex [{K(TCHP NON)Mg}2 (μ-N2 )]. DFT calculations and experimental data show that the dinitrogen unit in the complex has been reduced to the N2 2- dianion, via a transient anionic magnesium(I) radical. The compound readily reductively activates CO, H2 and C2 H4 , in reactions in which it acts as a masked dimagnesium(I) diradical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mondal
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Matthew J Evans
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- Université de Toulouse et CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR5215, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Maron
- Université de Toulouse et CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR5215, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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27
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Zhao C, Wu R, Zhang S, Hong X. Benchmark Study of Density Functional Theory Methods in Geometry Optimization of Transition Metal-Dinitrogen Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:6791-6803. [PMID: 37530446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The current benchmark study is focused on determining the most precise theoretical method for optimizing the geometry of transition metal-dinitrogen complexes. To accomplish this goal, seven density functional (DF) methods from five distinct classes of density functional theory (DFT) have been selected, including B3LYP-D3(BJ), BP86-D3(BJ), PBE0-D3(BJ), ωB97X-D, M06, M06-L, and TPSSh-D3(BJ). These DFs will be utilized with the Karlsruhe basis set (def2-SVP). To carry out this benchmark study, a total of forty-two structurally diverse transition metal-dinitrogen compounds with experimentally known X-ray data have been selected from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC). Based on a comparison of the theoretical data with experimental values (X-ray) of the selected transition metal-dinitrogen compounds, statistical parameters such as root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) and N-N and M-N bond lengths are obtained to evaluate the performance of the seven chosen DFs. According to the obtained results, among all DFT methods used in the study, Minnesota functionals (M06 and M06-L) and TPSSh-D3(BJ) show good performance, with lower RMSD values. This suggests that these three methods are the most reliable for optimizing the geometry of transition metal-dinitrogen complexes. Based on the absolute errors of the N-N and M-N bond lengths relative to the X-ray data, further analysis is conducted, and it is determined that M06-L is the best functional for optimizing the geometry of transition metal-dinitrogen compounds. Additionally, the influence of using a high-level basis set (def2-TZVP) compared to def2-SVP on the calculated RMSD among the seven chosen methods is found to be negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyue Zhao
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Rongkai Wu
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Shuoqing Zhang
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, No. 2, Zhongguancun North First Street, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Xin Hong
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, No. 2, Zhongguancun North First Street, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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28
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Palluccio TD, Germain ME, Marazzi M, Temprado M, Silvia JS, Müller P, Cummins CC, Davis JV, Serafim LF, Captain B, Hoff CD, Rybak-Akimova EV. Binding of Nitriles and Isonitriles to V(III) and Mo(III) Complexes: Ligand vs Metal Controlled Mechanism. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37377337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and structures of nitrile complexes of V(N[tBu]Ar)3, 2 (Ar = 3,5-Me2C6H3), are described. Thermochemical and kinetic data for their formation were determined by variable temperature Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), calorimetry, and stopped-flow techniques. The extent of back-bonding from metal to coordinated nitrile indicates that electron donation from the metal to the nitrile plays a less prominent role for 2 than for the related complex Mo(N[tBu]Ar)3, 1. Kinetic studies reveal similar rate constants for nitrile binding to 2, but the activation parameters depend critically on the nature of R in RCN. Activation enthalpies range from 2.9 to 7.2 kcal·mol-1, and activation entropies from -9 to -28 cal·mol-1·K-1 in an opposing manner. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations provide a plausible explanation supporting the formation of a π-stacking interaction between a pendant arene of the metal anilide of 2 and the arene substituent on the incoming nitrile in favorable cases. Data for ligand binding to 1 do not exhibit this range of activation parameters and are clustered in a small area centered at ΔH‡ = 5.0 kcal·mol-1 and ΔS‡ = -26 cal·mol-1·K-1. Computational studies are in agreement with the experimental data and indicate a stronger dependence on electronic factors associated with the change in spin state upon ligand binding to 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn D Palluccio
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Meaghan E Germain
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Marco Marazzi
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Grupo de Reactividad y Estructura Molecular (RESMOL), Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid 28805, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Química 'Andrés M. del Río'' (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid 28805, Spain
| | - Manuel Temprado
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Grupo de Reactividad y Estructura Molecular (RESMOL), Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid 28805, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Química 'Andrés M. del Río'' (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid 28805, Spain
| | - Jared S Silvia
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peter Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher C Cummins
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jack V Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Leonardo F Serafim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Burjor Captain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Carl D Hoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Elena V Rybak-Akimova
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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29
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Keener M, Maria L, Mazzanti M. Progress in the chemistry of molecular actinide-nitride compounds. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6493-6521. [PMID: 37350843 PMCID: PMC10283502 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01435e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemistry of actinide-nitrides has witnessed significant advances in the last ten years with a large focus on uranium and a few breakthroughs with thorium. Following the early discovery of the first terminal and bridging nitride complexes, various synthetic routes to uranium nitrides have since been identified, although the range of ligands capable of stabilizing uranium nitrides still remains scarce. In particular, both terminal- and bridging-nitrides possess attractive advantages for potential reactivity, especially in light of the recent development of uranium complexes for dinitrogen reduction and functionalization. The first molecular thorium bridged-nitride complexes have also been recently identified, anticipating the possibility of expanding nitride chemistry not only to low-valent thorium, but also to the transuranic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Keener
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering - ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Leonor Maria
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa 2695-066 Bobadela Portugal
| | - Marinella Mazzanti
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering - ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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30
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Hosono H. Spiers Memorial Lecture: Catalytic activation of molecular nitrogen for green ammonia synthesis: introduction and current status. Faraday Discuss 2023. [PMID: 37212151 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00070b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The efficient synthesis of ammonia using carbon-footprint-free hydrogen under mild conditions is a grand challenge in chemistry today. To achieve this objective, novel concepts are needed for the activation process and catalyst. This article briefly reviews catalytic activation of N2 for ammonia synthesis under mild conditions. The features of the various activation methods reported so far are summarized, looking chronologically back at progress in heterogeneous catalysts since the use of iron oxide for the Haber-Bosch process, and finally the technical challenges to be overcome are described. Establishing low work functions for the support materials of the metal catalysts is one key to reducing the activation barrier to dissociate N2. Surfaces of electride materials that preserve the character of the bulk are shown to be useful for this purpose. The requirements of desired catalysts are high efficiency at low temperatures, Ru-free compositions, and chemical robustness in the ambient atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Hosono
- MDX Research Centre for Element Strategy, International Research Frontiers Initiative, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
- WPI-mana, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
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31
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Wang GX, Wang X, Jiang Y, Chen W, Shan C, Zhang P, Wei J, Ye S, Xi Z. Snapshots of Early-Stage Quantitative N 2 Electrophilic Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9746-9754. [PMID: 37067517 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrophilic functionalization of N2 moieties in metal dinitrogen complexes typically initiates the catalytic synthesis of N-containing molecules directly from N2. Despite intensive research in the last six decades, how to efficiently and even quantitatively convert N2 into diazenido and hydrazido species still poses a great challenge. In this regard, systematic and comprehensive investigations to elucidate the reaction intricacies are of profound significance. Herein, we report a kinetic dissection on the first and second electrophilic functionalization steps of a new Cr0-N2 system with HOTf, MeOTf, and Me3SiOTf. All reactions pass through fleeting diazenido intermediates and furnish long-lived final hydrazido products, and both steps are quantitative conversions at low temperatures. All of the second-order reaction rates of the first and second transformations were determined as well as the lifetimes of the intervening diazenido species. Based on these findings, we succeeded in large-scale and near-quantitative preparation of all hydrazido species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Xiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xueli Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Wang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunxiao Shan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shengfa Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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32
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Kokubo Y, Tsuzuki K, Sugiura H, Yomura S, Wasada-Tsutsui Y, Ozawa T, Yanagisawa S, Kubo M, Takeyama T, Yamaguchi T, Shimazaki Y, Kugimiya S, Masuda H, Kajita Y. Syntheses, Characterizations, Crystal Structures, and Protonation Reactions of Dinitrogen Chromium Complexes Supported with Triamidoamine Ligands. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:5320-5333. [PMID: 36972224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel dinitrogen-dichromium complex, [{Cr(LBn)}2(μ-N2)] (1), has been prepared from reaction of CrCl3 with a lithiated triamidoamine ligand (Li3LBn) under dinitrogen. The X-ray crystal structure analysis of 1 revealed that it is composed of two independent dimeric Cr complexes bridged by N2 in the unit cell. The bridged N-N bond lengths (1.188(4) and 1.185(7) Å) were longer than the free dinitrogen molecule. The elongations of N-N bonds in 1 were also supported by the fact that the ν(N-N) stretching vibration at 1772 cm-1 observed in toluene is smaller than the free N2. Complex 1 was identified to be a 5-coordinated high spin Cr(IV) complex by Cr K-edge XANES measurement. The 1H NMR spectrum and temperature dependent magnetic susceptibility of 1 indicated that complex 1 is in the S = 1 ground state, in which two Cr(IV) ions and unpaired electron spins of the bridging N22- ligand are strongly antiferromagnetically coupled. Reaction of complex 1 with 2.3 equiv of Na or K gave chromium complexes with N2 between the Cr ion and the respective alkali metal ion, [{CrNa(LBn)(N2)(Et2O)}2] (2) and [{CrK(LBn)(N2)}4(Et2O)2] (3), respectively. Furthermore, the complexes 2 and 3 reacted with 15-crown-5 and 18-crown-6 to form the respective crown-ether adducts, [CrNa(LBn)(N2)(15-crown-5)] (4) and [CrK(LBn)(N2)(18-crown-6)] (5). The XANES measurements of complexes 2, 3, 4, and 5 revealed that they are high spin Cr(IV) complexes like complex 1. All complexes reacted with a reducing agent and a proton source to form NH3 and/or N2H4. The yields of these products in the presence of K+ were higher than those in the presence of Na+. The electronic structures and binding properties of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were evaluated and discussed based on their DFT calculations.
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33
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Li ZY, Horn F, Li Y, Mou LH, Schöllkopf W, Chen H, He SG, Asmis KR. Dinitrogen Activation in the Gas Phase: Spectroscopic Characterization of C-N Coupling in the V 3 C + +N 2 Reaction. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203384. [PMID: 36511849 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report on cluster-mediated C-N bond formation in the gas phase using N2 as a nitrogen source. The V3 C+ +N2 reaction is studied by a combination of ion-trap mass spectrometry with infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy and complemented by electronic structure calculations. The proposed reaction mechanism is spectroscopically validated by identifying the structures of the reactant and product ions. V3 C+ exhibits a pyramidal structure of C1 -symmetry. N2 activation is initiated by adsorption in an end-on fashion at a vanadium site, followed by spontaneous cleavage of the N≡N triple bond and subsequent C-N coupling. The IRPD spectrum of the metal nitride product [NV3 (C=N)]+ exhibits characteristic C=N double bond (1530 cm-1 ) and V-N single bond (770, 541 and 522 cm-1 ) stretching bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of, Unstable and Stable Species, Institution of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Francine Horn
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Li-Hui Mou
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of, Unstable and Stable Species, Institution of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wieland Schöllkopf
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hui Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of, Unstable and Stable Species, Institution of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Knut R Asmis
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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34
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Zhang Y, Pan X, Xu M, Xiong C, Hong D, Fang H, Cui P. Dinitrogen Complexes of Cobalt(-I) Supported by Rare-Earth Metal-Based Metalloligands. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:3836-3846. [PMID: 36800534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Sequential reactions of heptadentate phosphinoamine LH3 with rare-earth metal tris-alkyl precursor (Me3SiCH2)3Ln(THF)2 (Ln = Sc, Lu, Yb, Y, Gd) and a low-valent cobalt complex (Ph3P)3CoI afforded rare-earth metal-supported cobalt iodide complexes. Reduction of these iodide complexes under N2 allowed the isolation of the first series of dinitrogen complexes of Co(-I) featuring dative Co(-I) → Ln (Ln = Sc, Lu, Yb, Y, Gd) bonding interactions. These compounds were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, electrochemistry, and computational studies. The correlation of N-N vibrational frequencies with the pKa of [Ln(H2O)6]3+ showed that strongest activation of N2 was achieved with the least Lewis acidic Gd(III) ion. Interestingly, these Ln-Co-N2 complexes catalyzed silylation of N2 in the presence of KC8 and Me3SiCl with turnover numbers (TONs) up to 16, where the lutetium-supported Co(-I) complex showed the highest activity within the series. The role of the Lewis acidic Ln(III) was crucial to achieve catalytic turnovers and tunable reactivity toward N2 functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, 189 South Jiuhua Road, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Pan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Min Xu
- Key Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, 189 South Jiuhua Road, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, 189 South Jiuhua Road, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China
| | - Dongjing Hong
- Key Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, 189 South Jiuhua Road, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China
| | - Huayi Fang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Peng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, 189 South Jiuhua Road, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China
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35
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Bhutto SM, Hooper RX, Mercado BQ, Holland PL. Mechanism of Nitrogen-Carbon Bond Formation from Iron(IV) Disilylhydrazido Intermediates during N 2 Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4626-4637. [PMID: 36794981 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported a reaction sequence that activates C-H bonds in simple arenes as well as the N-N triple bond in N2, delivering the aryl group to N2 to form a new N-C bond (Nature 2020, 584, 221). This enables the transformation of abundant feedstocks (arenes and N2) into N-containing organic compounds. The key N-C bond forming step occurs upon partial silylation of N2. However, the pathway through which reduction, silylation, and migration occurred was unknown. Here, we describe synthetic, structural, magnetic, spectroscopic, kinetic, and computational studies that elucidate the steps of this transformation. N2 must be silylated twice at the distal N atom before aryl migration can occur, and sequential silyl radical and silyl cation addition is a kinetically competent pathway to a formally iron(IV)-NN(SiMe3)2 intermediate that can be isolated at low temperature. Kinetic studies show its first-order conversion to the migrated product, and DFT calculations indicate a concerted transition state for migration. The electronic structure of the formally iron(IV) intermediate is examined using DFT and CASSCF calculations, which reveal contributions from iron(II) and iron(III) resonance forms with oxidized NNSi2 ligands. The depletion of electron density from the Fe-coordinated N atom makes it electrophilic enough to accept the incoming aryl group. This new pathway for the N-C bond formation offers a method for functionalizing N2 using organometallic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Bhutto
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Reagan X Hooper
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Brandon Q Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Patrick L Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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36
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Yin ZB, Wu B, Wang GX, Wei J, Xi Z. Dinitrogen Functionalization Affording Chromium Diazenido and Side-on η 2-Hydrazido Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7065-7070. [PMID: 36815758 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Isolation of key intermediate complexes in dinitrogen functionalization is crucial for elucidating the mechanistic details and further investigation. Herein, the synthesis and characterization of (μ-η1:η1-N2)(η1-N2)-Cr(I) 3 and (η1-N2)2-Cr(0) complexes 4 supported by Cp* (Cp* = C5Me5) and NHC ligands were reported. Further functionalization of Cr(0)-N2 complex 4 with silyl halides delivered the key intermediates in the alternating pathway, the chromium diazenido complex 5 and the chromium side-on η2-hydrazido complex 6. Protonation of 6 led to the quantitative formation of N2H4. Moreover, the [η2-Me3SiNNSiMe3]2- unit in 6 enabled N-C bond formation reactions with CO2 and tBuNCO, giving the corresponding N,O-chelating hydrazidochromium complexes 7 and 8, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Bao Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Botao Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Gao-Xiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai, 200032, China
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37
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Iliescu A, Oppenheim JJ, Sun C, Dincǎ M. Conceptual and Practical Aspects of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Solid-Gas Reactions. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6197-6232. [PMID: 36802581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The presence of site-isolated and well-defined metal sites has enabled the use of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as catalysts that can be rationally modulated. Because MOFs can be addressed and manipulated through molecular synthetic pathways, they are chemically similar to molecular catalysts. They are, nevertheless, solid-state materials and therefore can be thought of as privileged solid molecular catalysts that excel in applications involving gas-phase reactions. This contrasts with homogeneous catalysts, which are overwhelmingly used in the solution phase. Herein, we review theories dictating gas phase reactivity within porous solids and discuss key catalytic gas-solid reactions. We further treat theoretical aspects of diffusion within confined pores, the enrichment of adsorbates, the types of solvation spheres that a MOF might impart on adsorbates, definitions of acidity/basicity in the absence of solvent, the stabilization of reactive intermediates, and the generation and characterization of defect sites. The key catalytic reactions we discuss broadly include reductive reactions (olefin hydrogenation, semihydrogenation, and selective catalytic reduction), oxidative reactions (oxygenation of hydrocarbons, oxidative dehydrogenation, and carbon monoxide oxidation), and C-C bond forming reactions (olefin dimerization/polymerization, isomerization, and carbonylation reactions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Iliescu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Julius J Oppenheim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chenyue Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mircea Dincǎ
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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38
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Hasanayn F, Holland PL, Goldman AS, Miller AJM. Lewis Structures and the Bonding Classification of End-on Bridging Dinitrogen Transition Metal Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4326-4342. [PMID: 36796367 PMCID: PMC9983020 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The activation of dinitrogen by coordination to transition metal ions is a widely used and promising approach to the utilization of Earth's most abundant nitrogen source for chemical synthesis. End-on bridging N2 complexes (μ-η1:η1-N2) are key species in nitrogen fixation chemistry, but a lack of consensus on the seemingly simple task of assigning a Lewis structure for such complexes has prevented application of valence electron counting and other tools for understanding and predicting reactivity trends. The Lewis structures of bridging N2 complexes have traditionally been determined by comparing the experimentally observed NN distance to the bond lengths of free N2, diazene, and hydrazine. We introduce an alternative approach here and argue that the Lewis structure should be assigned based on the total π-bond order in the MNNM core (number of π-bonds), which derives from the character (bonding or antibonding) and occupancy of the delocalized π-symmetry molecular orbitals (π-MOs) in MNNM. To illustrate this approach, the complexes cis,cis-[(iPr4PONOP)MCl2]2(μ-N2) (M = W, Re, and Os) are examined in detail. Each complex is shown to have a different number of nitrogen-nitrogen and metal-nitrogen π-bonds, indicated as, respectively: W≡N-N≡W, Re═N═N═Re, and Os-N≡N-Os. It follows that each of these Lewis structures represents a distinct class of complexes (diazanyl, diazenyl, and dinitrogen, respectively), in which the μ-N2 ligand has a different electron donor number (total of 8e-, 6e-, or 4e-, respectively). We show how this classification can greatly aid in understanding and predicting the properties and reactivity patterns of μ-N2 complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraj Hasanayn
- Department
of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon,E-mail: (F.H.)
| | - Patrick L. Holland
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Alan S. Goldman
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers,
The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Alexander J. M. Miller
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States,E-mail: (A.J.M.M.)
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39
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Synthesis and structural analysis of titanium-μ-dinitrogen complex supported by di-anionic guanidinate ligands. Sci China Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1490-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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40
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Zhuo Q, Zhou X, Shima T, Hou Z. Dinitrogen Activation and Addition to Unsaturated C-E (E=C, N, O, S) Bonds Mediated by Transition Metal Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218606. [PMID: 36744517 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dinitrogen (N2 ) activation and functionalization is of fundamental interest and practical importance. This review focuses on N2 activation and addition to unsaturated substrates, including carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, heteroallenes, aldehydes, ketones, acid halides, nitriles, alkynes, and allenes, mediated by transition metal complexes, which afforded a variety of N-C bond formation products. Emphases are placed on the reaction modes and mechanisms. We hope that this work would stimulate further explorations in this challenging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingde Zhuo
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Xiaoxi Zhou
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takanori Shima
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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41
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Huang W, Peng LY, Zhang J, Liu C, Song G, Su JH, Fang WH, Cui G, Hu S. Vanadium-Catalyzed Dinitrogen Reduction to Ammonia via a [V]═NNH 2 Intermediate. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:811-821. [PMID: 36596224 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic transformation of N2 to NH3 by transition metal complexes is of great interest and importance but has remained a challenge to date. Despite the essential role of vanadium in biological N2 fixation, well-defined vanadium complexes that can catalyze the conversion of N2 to NH3 are scarce. In particular, a V(NxHy) intermediate derived from proton/electron transfer reactions of coordinated N2 remains unknown. Here, we report a dinitrogen-bridged divanadium complex bearing POCOP (2,6-(tBu2PO)2-C6H3) pincer and aryloxy ligands, which can serve as a catalyst for the reduction of N2 to NH3 and N2H4. Low-temperature protonation and reduction of the dinitrogen complex afforded the first structurally characterized neutral metal hydrazido(2-) species ([V]═NNH2), which mediated 15N2 conversion to 15NH3, indicating that it is a plausible intermediate of the catalysis. DFT calculations showed that the vanadium hydrazido complex [V]═NNH2 possessed a N-H bond dissociation free energy (BDFEN-H) of as high as 59.1 kcal/mol. The protonation of a vanadium amide complex ([V]-NH2) with [Ph2NH2][OTf] resulted in the release of NH3 and the formation of a vanadium triflate complex, which upon reduction under N2 afforded the vanadium dinitrogen complex. These transformations model the final steps of a vanadium-catalyzed N2 reduction cycle. Both experimental and theoretical studies suggest that the catalytic reaction may proceed via a distal pathway to liberate NH3. These findings provide unprecedented insights into the mechanism of N2 reduction related to FeV nitrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuang Huang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Ling-Ya Peng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Chenrui Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Guoyong Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Hu Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Shaowei Hu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
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42
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Dong S, Zhu J. Predicting Small Molecule Activation including Catalytic Hydrogenation of Dinitrogen Promoted by a Dual Lewis Acid. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202200991. [PMID: 36353939 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
For decades, N2 activation and functionalization have required the use of transition metal complexes. Thus, it is one of the most challenging projects to activate the abundant dinitrogen through metal-free systems under mild conditions. Here, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept study on the catalytic hydrogenation of dinitrogen (with activation energy as low as 15.3 kcal mol-1 ) initiated by a dual Lewis acid (DLA) via density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In addition, such a DLA could be also used to activate a series of small molecules including carbon dioxide, formaldehyde, N-ethylenemethylamine, and acetonitrile. It is found that aromaticity plays an important role in stabilizing intermediates and products. Our findings provide an alternative approach to N2 activation and functionalization, highlighting a great potential of DLA for small molecule activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
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43
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Activation of unsaturated small molecules by bio-relevant multinuclear metal-sulfur clusters. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Hu C, Ding Y, Bai Y, Guo L, Cui C. Synthesis and reactivity of a μ-1,2-dinitrogen dinickel(II) complex with a C-H activated silaamidinate pincer ligand. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:13795-13798. [PMID: 36441626 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05472h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of the silaamidinate nickel bromide LSi(NAr)2NiBr2Li(thf)(OEt2) (L = PhC(NtBu)2, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3, 1) with NaHBEt3 led to intramolecular C-H activation with the formation of the μ-1,2-dinitrogen dinickel pincer complex [LSi(NAr)(NAr)Ni]2(μ-1,2-N2) (Ar = 2-C(CH3)2-6-iPrC6H3, 2). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of 2 disclosed a square planar Ni(II) atom bridged by N2. Reaction of 2 with carbon monoxide and 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide yielded square planar carbonyl and isocyanide complexes 3 and 4 with release of N2. These results provide new approaches for the coordination of N2 with nickel(II) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaopeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yazhou Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yunping Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Lulu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Shima T, Zhuo Q, Hou Z. Dinitrogen activation and transformation by multimetallic polyhydride complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Tanabe Y, Nishibayashi Y. Recent advances in catalytic nitrogen fixation using transition metal–dinitrogen complexes under mild reaction conditions. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Itabashi T, Arashiba K, Egi A, Tanaka H, Sugiyama K, Suginome S, Kuriyama S, Yoshizawa K, Nishibayashi Y. Direct synthesis of cyanate anion from dinitrogen catalysed by molybdenum complexes bearing pincer-type ligand. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6161. [PMID: 36280675 PMCID: PMC9592615 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33809-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinitrogen is an abundant and promising material for valuable organonitrogen compounds containing carbon-nitrogen bonds. Direct synthetic methods for preparing organonitrogen compounds from dinitrogen as a starting reagent under mild reaction conditions give insight into the sustainable production of valuable organonitrogen compounds with reduced fossil fuel consumption. Here we report the catalytic reaction for the formation of cyanate anion (NCO-) from dinitrogen under ambient reaction conditions. A molybdenum-carbamate complex bearing a pyridine-based 2,6-bis(di-tert-butylphosphinomethyl)pyridine (PNP)-pincer ligand is synthesized from the reaction of a molybdenum-nitride complex with phenyl chloroformate. The conversion between the molybdenum-carbamate complex and the molybdenum-nitride complex under ambient reaction conditions is achieved. The use of samarium diiodide (SmI2) as a reductant promotes the formation of NCO- from the molybdenum-carbamate complex as a key step. As a result, we demonstrate a synthetic cycle for NCO- from dinitrogen mediated by the molybdenum-PNP complexes in two steps. Based on this synthetic cycle, we achieve the catalytic synthesis of NCO- from dinitrogen under ambient reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Itabashi
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
| | - Kazuya Arashiba
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
| | - Akihito Egi
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Hiromasa Tanaka
- grid.440870.f0000 0001 0726 1340School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Daido University, Minami-ku, Nagoya, 457-8530 Japan
| | - Keita Sugiyama
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
| | - Shun Suginome
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
| | - Shogo Kuriyama
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nishibayashi
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
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Fang W, Zhu Q, Zhu C. Recent advances in heterometallic clusters with f-block metal-metal bonds: synthesis, reactivity and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:8434-8449. [PMID: 36164971 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00424k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to the heterometallic synergistic effects from different metals, heterometallic clusters are of great importance in small-molecule activation and catalysis. For example, both biological nitrogen fixation and photosynthetic splitting of water into oxygen are thought to involve multimetallic catalytic sites with d-block transition metals. Benefitting from the larger coordination numbers of f-block metals (rare-earth metals and actinide elements), heterometallic clusters containing f-block metal-metal bonds have long attracted the interest of both experimental and theoretical chemists. Therefore, a series of effective strategies or platforms have been developed in recent years for the construction of heterometallic clusters with f-block metal-metal bonds. More importantly, synergistic effects between f-block metals and transition metals have been observed in small-molecule activation and catalysis. This tutorial review highlights the recent advances in the construction of heterometallic molecular clusters with f-block metal-metal bonds and also their reactivities and applications. It is hoped that this tutorial review will persuade chemists to develop more efficient strategies to construct clusters with f-block metal-metal bonds and also further expand their applications with heterometallic synergistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Qin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Congqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Wang H, Tian YM, König B. Energy- and atom-efficient chemical synthesis with endergonic photocatalysis. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:745-755. [PMID: 37117495 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00421-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Endergonic photocatalysis is the use of light to perform catalytic reactions that are thermodynamically unfavourable. While photocatalysis has become a powerful tool in facilitating chemical transformations, the light-energy efficiency of these processes has not gathered much attention. Exergonic photocatalysis does not take full advantage of the light energy input, producing low-energy products and heat, whereas endergonic photocatalysis incorporates a portion of the photon energy into the reaction, yielding products that are higher in free energy than the reactants. Such processes can enable catalytic, atom-economic syntheses of reactive compounds from bench-stable materials. With respect to environmental friendliness and carbon neutrality, endergonic photocatalysis is also of interest to large-scale industrial manufacturing, where better energy efficiency, less waste and value addition are highly sought. We therefore assess here the thermochemistry of several classes of reported photocatalytic transformations to showcase current advances in endergonic photocatalysis and point to their industrial potential.
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Ouellette ET, Magdalenski JS, Bergman RG, Arnold J. Heterobimetallic-Mediated Dinitrogen Functionalization: N-C Bond Formation at Rhenium-Group 9 Diazenido Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:16064-16071. [PMID: 36150135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of rhenium-group 9 heterobimetallic diazenido species (η5-Cp)Re(μ-BDI)(μ-N2)M(η4-COD) (1-M, M = Ir or Rh, Cp = cyclopentadienide, BDI = N,N'-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3,5-dimethyl-β-diketiminate, COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene), formed from salt elimination reactions between Na[(η5-Cp)Re(BDI)] and [MCl(η4-COD)]2. Additionally, we find that these same reagents react under an argon atmosphere to instead produce bridging hydride complexes (BDI)Re(μ-η5:η1-C5H4)(μ-H)M(η4-COD) (2-M), which undergo rearrangements upon protonation to form the alternative bridging hydrides [(η5-Cp)Re(μ-BDI)(μ-H)M(η4-COD)][(B(m-C6H3(CF3)2)4)] (3-M). Further, we demonstrate the first example of N-C bond formation at a heterobimetallic dinitrogen complex through reactions of 1-M and methyl triflate, which produces the alkylated species [(η5-Cp)Re(μ-N(Me)N)(μ-BDI)M(η4-COD)][OTf] (4-M, OTf = trifluoromethanesulfonate). A combination of spectroscopic studies, X-ray structural analysis, and computational investigations is discussed as an aid to understanding the modes of dinitrogen activation within these unique heterobimetallic complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik T Ouellette
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Julian S Magdalenski
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Robert G Bergman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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