1
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Yang W, Xia Z, Zheng J, Li F, Nan X, Du T, Han C. Reactive oxygen species play key roles in the nitrite formation by the inorganic nitrate photolysis in the presence of urban water-soluble organic carbon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174203. [PMID: 38909793 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Inorganic nitrates were considered to be a potential source of atmospheric NO2-/HONO during the daytime. To better evaluate the contribution of nitrate photochemistry on NO2-/HONO formation, the photolysis of nitrates in the real atmospheric environment needs to be further explored. Here, the NO2- generation by the photolysis of inorganic nitrates in the presence of total water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) was quantified. The physicochemical properties of WSOC were measured to understand the underlying mechanism for the photolysis of inorganic nitrates with WSOC. WSOC enhanced or suppressed the photochemical conversion of nitrates to NO2-, with the quantum yield of NO2- (ΦNO2-) varying from (0.07 ± 0.02)% to (3.11 ± 0.04)% that depended on the light absorption properties of WSOC. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from WSOC, including O2-/HO2 and OH, played a dual role in the NO2- formation. Light-absorbing substances in WSOC, such as N-containing and carbonyl aromatics, produced O2-/HO2 that enhanced the secondary conversion of NO2 to NO2-. On the other hand, OH deriving from the WSOC photochemistry inhibited the nitrate photodegradation and the NO2- formation. HONO source strength by the aqueous photolysis of nitrates with WSOC was estimated to be lower than 100 ppt h-1, which may partly contribute to the atmospheric HONO source in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangjin Yang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Zhifu Xia
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jianwei Zheng
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Fu Li
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xiangli Nan
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Tao Du
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Chong Han
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
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2
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Zhou L, Liang Z, Qin Y, Chan CK. Evaporation-Induced Transformations in Volatile Chemical Product-Derived Secondary Organic Aerosols: Browning Effects and Alterations in Oxidative Reactivity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:11105-11117. [PMID: 38866390 PMCID: PMC11210209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Volatile chemical products (VCPs) are increasingly recognized as significant sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban atmospheres, potentially serving as key precursors for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. This study investigates the formation and physicochemical transformations of VCP-derived SOA, produced through ozonolysis of VOCs evaporated from a representative room deodorant air freshener, focusing on the effects of aerosol evaporation on its molecular composition, light absorption properties, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Following aerosol evaporation, solutes become concentrated, accelerating reactions within the aerosol matrix that lead to a 42% reduction in peroxide content and noticeable browning of the SOA. This process occurs most effectively at moderate relative humidity (∼40%), reaching a maximum solute concentration before aerosol solidification. Molecular characterization reveals that evaporating VCP-derived SOA produces highly conjugated nitrogen-containing products from interactions between existing or transformed carbonyl compounds and reduced nitrogen species, likely acting as chromophores responsible for the observed brownish coloration. Additionally, the reactivity of VCP-derived SOA was elucidated through heterogeneous oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO2), which revealed enhanced photosensitized sulfate production upon drying. Direct measurements of ROS, including singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide (O2•-), and hydroxyl radicals (•OH), showed higher abundances in dried versus undried SOA samples under light exposure. Our findings underscore that drying significantly alters the physicochemical properties of VCP-derived SOA, impacting their roles in atmospheric chemistry and radiative balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Zhou
- Division
of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
- School
of Energy and Environment, City University
of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhancong Liang
- Division
of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yiming Qin
- School
of Energy and Environment, City University
of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chak K. Chan
- Division
of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
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3
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Dai Y, Chen Z, Qin X, Dong P, Xu J, Hu J, Gu L, Chen S. Hydrolysis reactivity reveals significant seasonal variation in the composition of organic peroxides in ambient PM 2.5. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172143. [PMID: 38569967 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric organic peroxides (POs) play a key role in the formation of O3 and secondary organic aerosol (SOA), impacting both air quality and human health. However, there still remain technical challenges in investigating the reactivity of POs in ambient aerosols due to the instability and lack of standards for POs, impeding accurate evaluation of their environmental impacts. In the present study, we conducted the first attempt to categorize and quantify POs in ambient PM2.5 through hydrolysis, which is an important transformation pathway for POs, thus revealing the reactivities of various POs. POs were generally categorized into hydrolyzable POs (HPO) and unhydrolyzable POs (UPO). HPO were further categorized into three groups: short-lifetime HPO (S-HPO), intermediate-lifetime HPO (I-HPO), and long-lifetime HPO (L-HPO). S-HPO and L-HPO are typically formed from Criegee intermediate (CI) and RO2 radical reactions, respectively. Results show that L-HPO are the most abundant HPO, indicating the dominant role of RO2 pathway in HPO formation. Despite their lower concentration compared to L-HPO, S-HPO make a major contribution to the HPO hydrolysis rate due to their faster rate constants. The hydrolysis of PM2.5 POs accounts for 19 % of the nighttime gas-phase H2O2 growth during the summer observation, constituting a noteworthy source of gas-phase H2O2 and contributing to the atmospheric oxidation capacity. Seasonal and weather conditions significantly impact the composition of POs, with HPO concentrations in summer being significantly higher than those in winter and elevated under rainy and nighttime conditions. POs are mainly composed of HPO in summer, while in winter, POs are dominated by UPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishuang Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhongming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiayun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jingcheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Linghao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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4
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Gautam T, Kim E, Ng L, Choudhary V, Lima Amorim J, Loebel Roson M, Zhao R. Photooxidation-Initiated Aqueous-Phase Formation of Organic Peroxides: Delving into Formation Mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:6564-6574. [PMID: 38578220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Formation of highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) such as organic peroxides (ROOR, ROOH, and H2O2) is known to degrade food and organic matter. Gas-phase unimolecular autoxidation and bimolecular RO2 + HO2/RO2 reactions are prominently renowned mechanisms associated with the formation of peroxides. However, the reaction pathways and conditions favoring the generation of peroxides in the aqueous phase need to be evaluated. Here, we identified bulk aqueous-phase ROOHs in varying organic precursors, including a laboratory model compound and monoterpene oxidation products. Our results show that formation of ROOHs is suppressed at enhanced oxidant concentrations but exhibits complex trends at elevated precursor concentrations. Furthermore, we observed an exponential increase in the yield of ROOHs when UV light with longer wavelengths was used in the experiment, comparing UVA, UVB, and UVC. Water-soluble organic compounds represent a significant fraction of ambient cloud-water components (up to 500 μM). Thus, the reaction pathways facilitating the formation of HOMs (i.e., ROOHs) during the aqueous-phase oxidation of water-soluble species add to the climate and health burden of atmospheric particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Gautam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Erica Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Lisa Ng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Vikram Choudhary
- Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z1W9, Canada
| | - Jessica Lima Amorim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Max Loebel Roson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ran Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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5
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Gerritz L, Wei J, Fang T, Wong C, Klodt AL, Nizkorodov SA, Shiraiwa M. Reactive Oxygen Species Formation and Peroxide and Carbonyl Decomposition in Aqueous Photolysis of Secondary Organic Aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:4716-4726. [PMID: 38412378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism and kinetics of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation when atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is exposed to solar radiation are poorly understood. In this study, we combined an in situ UV-vis irradiation system with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to characterize the photolytic formation of ROS in aqueous extracts of SOA formed by the oxidation of isoprene, α-pinene, α-terpineol, and toluene. We observed substantial formation of free radicals, including •OH, superoxide (HO2•), and organic radicals (R•/RO•) upon irradiation. Compared to dark conditions, the radical yield was enhanced by a factor of ∼30 for •OH and by a factor of 2-10 for superoxide radicals, and we observed the emergence of organic radicals. Total peroxide measurements showed substantial decreases of peroxide contents after photoirradiation, indicating that organic peroxides can be an important source of the observed radicals. A liquid chromatography interfaced with high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to detect a number of organic radicals in the form of adducts with a spin trap, BMPO. The types of detected radicals and aqueous photolysis of model compounds indicated that photolysis of carbonyls by Norrish type I mechanisms plays an important role in the organic radical formation. The photolytic ROS formation serves as the driving force for cloud and fog processing of SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Gerritz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Jinlai Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Ting Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, China
| | - Cynthia Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Alexandra L Klodt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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6
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Shahpoury P, Lelieveld S, Johannessen C, Berkemeier T, Celo V, Dabek-Zlotorzynska E, Harner T, Lammel G, Nenes A. Influence of aerosol acidity and organic ligands on transition metal solubility and oxidative potential of fine particulate matter in urban environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167405. [PMID: 37777133 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
The adverse health effects of air pollution around the world have been associated with the inhalation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Such outcomes are thought to be related to the induction of oxidative stress due to the excess formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. The ability of airborne chemicals to deplete antioxidants and to form ROS is known as oxidative potential (OP). Here we studied the influence of aerosol acidity and organic ligands on the solubility of transition metals, in particular iron (Fe) and copper (Cu), and on the OP of PM2.5 from Canadian National Air Pollution Surveillance urban sites in Toronto, Vancouver, and Hamilton. Using chemical assays and model simulations of the lung redox chemistry, we quantified ROS formation in the lung lining fluid, targeting superoxide anion (O2•-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (•OH), as well as the PM2.5 redox potential (RP). Experimental •OH formation (OPOH) showed high correlations with RP and model-predicted ROS metrics. Both aerosol acidity and oxalate content enhanced the solubility of transition metals, with oxalate showing a stronger association. While experimental OP metrics were primarily associated with species of primary origin such as elemental carbon, Fe, and Cu, model-predicted ROS were associated with secondary processes including proton- and ligand-mediated dissolution of Fe. Model simulations showed that water-soluble Cu was the main contributor to O2•- formation, while water-soluble Fe dominated the formation of highly reactive •OH radical, particularly at study sites with highly acidic aerosol and elevated levels of oxalate. This study underscores the importance of reducing transition metal emissions in urban environments to improve population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pourya Shahpoury
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada; Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Steven Lelieveld
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Berkemeier
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Valbona Celo
- Analysis and Air Quality Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland; Center for the Study of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, Greece
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7
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Qin L, Yang L, Shiraiwa M, Faiola F, Zhong H, Sonne C, Yang Y, Liu S, Liu G, Zheng M, Jiang G. Unexpected hydroxyl radical production in brewed tea under sunlight. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae015. [PMID: 38274119 PMCID: PMC10810332 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Tea is one of the world's most popular and widely consumed beverages. It is a common pastime to enjoy a cup of tea in the sunshine. However, little attention has been given to understanding the possible photochemical reactions occurring beneath the calm surface of brewed tea. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is widely used in food and beverages, is the most significant active ingredient found in tea. In this study, we investigated the presence of free radicals in both an aqueous EGCG solution and brewed tea under simulated sunlight conditions. To our surprise, we unexpectedly observed the production of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) in brewed tea. It was found that sunlight irradiation played a critical role in the formation of •OH, independent of the presence of metal ions. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the •OH generated from the EGCG aqueous solution induced cell cytotoxicity and DNA damage in vitro. Considering the crucial role of •OH in various fields, including human health and the environment, it is important to further explore the practical implications of •OH production in brewed tea under sunlight. In summary, our study unveils the unexpected formation of •OH in brewed tea and emphasizes the significance of sunlight-induced reactions. The observed cytotoxic and DNA-damaging effects of •OH emphasize the importance of understanding the potential health consequences associated with tea consumption. Further research in this area will contribute to a better understanding of the broader implications of •OH production in brewed tea under sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Francesco Faiola
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Huan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department for Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde DK-4000, Denmark
| | - Yujue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shuting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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8
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Zhou Z, Crilley LR, Ditto JC, VandenBoer TC, Abbatt JPD. Chemical Fate of Oils on Indoor Surfaces: Ozonolysis and Peroxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15546-15557. [PMID: 37647222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Unsaturated triglycerides found in food and skin oils are reactive in ambient air. However, the chemical fate of such compounds has not been well characterized in genuine indoor environments. Here, we monitored the aging of oil coatings on glass surfaces over a range of environmental conditions, using mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques. Upon room air exposure (up to 17 ppb ozone), the characteristic ozonolysis products, secondary ozonides, were observed on surfaces near the cooking area of a commercial kitchen, along with condensed-phase aldehydes. In an office setting, ozonolysis is also the dominant degradation pathway for oil films exposed to air. However, for indoor enclosed spaces such as drawers, the depleted air flow makes lipid autoxidation more favorable after an induction period of a few days. Forming hydroperoxides as the major primary products, this radical-mediated peroxidation behavior is accelerated by indoor direct sunlight, but the initiation step in dark settings is still unclear. These results are in accord with radical measurements, indicating that indoor photooxidation facilitates radical formation on surfaces. Overall, many intermediate and end products observed are reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may induce oxidative stress in human bodies. Given that these species can be widely found on both food and household surfaces, their toxicological properties are worth further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Leigh R Crilley
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Jenna C Ditto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | | | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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9
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Chen Q, Chen J, Li J, Cheng Y, Zhang R, Liu Z. Recent advances of oxidative stress in thromboangiitis obliterans: biomolecular mechanisms, biomarkers, sources and clinical applications. Thromb Res 2023; 230:64-73. [PMID: 37639784 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2023.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) has been identified as a key factor in the development of Thromboangiitis Obliterans (TAO). The detection of OS levels in clinical and scientific research practice is mainly based on the measurement of oxidative stress such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and lipid peroxides. These markers are typically assessed through a combination of physical and chemical methods. Smoking is known to the state of OS in TAO, and OS levels are significantly increased in smokers due to inadequate antioxidant protection, which leads to the expression of apoptotic proteins and subsequent cell injury, thrombosis and limb ischemia. There, understanding the role of OS in the pathogenesis of TAO may provide insights into the etiology of TAO and a basis for its prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jing Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jiahua Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Rong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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10
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Qin Y, Perraud V, Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Wingen LM. Peroxides on the Surface of Organic Aerosol Particles Using Matrix-Assisted Ionization in Vacuum (MAIV) Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14260-14268. [PMID: 37695633 PMCID: PMC10537442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic peroxides are key intermediates in the atmosphere but are challenging to detect, especially in the particle phase, due to their instability, which has led to substantial gaps in the understanding of their environmental effects. We demonstrate that matrix-assisted ionization in vacuum (MAIV) mass spectrometry (MS), which does not require an ionization source, enables in situ characterization of peroxides and other products in the surface layers of organic particles. Hydroxyl radical oxidation of glutaric acid particles yields hydroperoxides and organic peroxides, which were detected with signals of the same order of magnitude as the major, more stable products. Product identification is supported by MS/MS analysis, peroxide standards, and offline high-resolution MS. The peroxide signals relative to the stable carbonyl and alcohol products are significantly larger using MAIV compared to those in the offline bulk analysis. This is also the case for analysis using fast, online easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry. These studies demonstrate the advantage of MAIV for the real-time characterization of labile peroxides in the surface layers of solid particles. The presence of peroxides on the surface may be important for surface oxidation processes as well as for the toxicity of inhaled particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Qin
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025 United States
| | - Véronique Perraud
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025 United States
| | | | - Lisa M. Wingen
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025 United States
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11
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Zhao T, Yan Y, Zhou B, Zhong X, Hu X, Zhang L, Huo P, Xiao K, Zhang Y, Zhang Y. Insights into reactive oxygen species formation induced by water-soluble organic compounds and transition metals using spectroscopic method. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:835-845. [PMID: 36182187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ambient particulate matter (PM) can cause adverse health effects via their ability to produce Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Water-Soluble Organic Compounds (WSOCs), a complex mixture of organic compounds which usually coexist with Transition Metals (TMs) in PM, have been found to contribute to ROS formation. However, the interaction between WSOCs and TMs and its effect on ROS generation are still unknown. In this study, we examined the ROS concentrations of V, Zn, Suwannee River Fulvic Acid (SRFA), Suwannee River Humic Acid (SRHA) and the mixtures of V/Zn and SRFA/SRHA by using a cell-free 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH) assay. The results showed that V or Zn synergistically promoted ROS generated by SRFA, but had an antagonistic effect on ROS generated by SRHA. Fluorescence quenching experiments indicated that V and Zn were more prone to form stable complexes with aromatic humic acid-like component (C1) and fulvic acid-like component (C3) in SRFA and SRHA. Results suggested that the underlying mechanism involving the fulvic acid-like component in SRFA more tending to complex with TMs to facilitate ROS generation through π electron transfer. Our work showed that the complexing ability and complexing stability of atmospheric PM organics with metals could significantly affect ROS generation. It is recommended that the research deploying multiple analytical methods to quantify the impact of PM components on public health and environment is needed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Zhao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Yu Yan
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Bian Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Xuezhen Zhong
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Lijia Zhang
- Resource and Environmental Branch, China National Institute of Standardization, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Peng Huo
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Yuanxun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; Beijing Yanshan Earth Critical Zone National Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; Beijing Yanshan Earth Critical Zone National Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China.
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12
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Wang S, Zhao Y, Chan AWH, Yao M, Chen Z, Abbatt JPD. Organic Peroxides in Aerosol: Key Reactive Intermediates for Multiphase Processes in the Atmosphere. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1635-1679. [PMID: 36630720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic peroxides (POs) are organic molecules with one or more peroxide (-O-O-) functional groups. POs are commonly regarded as chemically labile termination products from gas-phase radical chemistry and therefore serve as temporary reservoirs for oxidative radicals (HOx and ROx) in the atmosphere. Owing to their ubiquity, active gas-particle partitioning behavior, and reactivity, POs are key reactive intermediates in atmospheric multiphase processes determining the life cycle (formation, growth, and aging), climate, and health impacts of aerosol. However, there remain substantial gaps in the origin, molecular diversity, and fate of POs due to their complex nature and dynamic behavior. Here, we summarize the current understanding on atmospheric POs, with a focus on their identification and quantification, state-of-the-art analytical developments, molecular-level formation mechanisms, multiphase chemical transformation pathways, as well as environmental and health impacts. We find that interactions with SO2 and transition metal ions are generally the fast PO transformation pathways in atmospheric liquid water, with lifetimes estimated to be minutes to hours, while hydrolysis is particularly important for α-substituted hydroperoxides. Meanwhile, photolysis and thermolysis are likely minor sinks for POs. These multiphase PO transformation pathways are distinctly different from their gas-phase fates, such as photolysis and reaction with OH radicals, which highlights the need to understand the multiphase partitioning of POs. By summarizing the current advances and remaining challenges for the investigation of POs, we propose future research priorities regarding their origin, fate, and impacts in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai200444, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Yue Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E5, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E8, Canada
| | - Min Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Zhongming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3H6, Canada
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13
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Armstrong NC, Chen Y, Cui T, Zhang Y, Christensen C, Zhang Z, Turpin BJ, Chan MN, Gold A, Ault AP, Surratt JD. Isoprene Epoxydiol-Derived Sulfated and Nonsulfated Oligomers Suppress Particulate Mass Loss during Oxidative Aging of Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:16611-16620. [PMID: 36378716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Acid-driven multiphase chemistry of isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) with inorganic sulfate aerosols contributes substantially to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, which constitutes a large mass fraction of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5). However, the atmospheric chemical sinks of freshly generated IEPOX-SOA particles remain unclear. We examined the role of heterogeneous oxidation of freshly generated IEPOX-SOA particles by gas-phase hydroxyl radical (•OH) under dark conditions as one potential atmospheric sink. After 4 h of gas-phase •OH exposure (∼3 × 108 molecules cm-3), chemical changes in smog chamber-generated IEPOX-SOA particles were assessed by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HILIC/ESI-HR-QTOFMS). A comparison of the molecular-level compositional changes in IEPOX-SOA particles during aging with or without •OH revealed that decomposition of oligomers by heterogeneous •OH oxidation acts as a sink for •OH and maintains a reservoir of low-volatility compounds, including monomeric sulfate esters and oligomer fragments. We propose tentative structures and formation mechanisms for previously uncharacterized SOA constituents in PM2.5. Our results suggest that this •OH-driven renewal of low-volatility products may extend the atmospheric lifetimes of particle-phase IEPOX-SOA by slowing the production of low-molecular weight, high-volatility organic fragments and likely contributes to the large quantities of 2-methyltetrols and methyltetrol sulfates reported in PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Cazimir Armstrong
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Tianqu Cui
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Cade Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Barbara J Turpin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Man Nin Chan
- Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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14
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Fang T, Huang YK, Wei J, Monterrosa Mena JE, Lakey PSJ, Kleinman MT, Digman MA, Shiraiwa M. Superoxide Release by Macrophages through NADPH Oxidase Activation Dominating Chemistry by Isoprene Secondary Organic Aerosols and Quinones to Cause Oxidative Damage on Membranes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17029-17038. [PMID: 36394988 PMCID: PMC9730850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a key process for adverse aerosol health effects. Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) account for a major fraction of fine particulate matter, and their inhalation and deposition into the respiratory tract causes the formation of ROS by chemical and cellular processes, but their relative contributions are hardly quantified and their link to oxidative stress remains uncertain. Here, we quantified cellular and chemical superoxide generation by 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PQN) and isoprene SOA using a chemiluminescence assay combined with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy as well as kinetic modeling. We also applied cellular imaging techniques to study the cellular mechanism of superoxide release and oxidative damage on cell membranes. We show that PQN and isoprene SOA activate NADPH oxidase in macrophages to release massive amounts of superoxide, overwhelming the superoxide formation by aqueous chemical reactions in the epithelial lining fluid. The activation dose for PQN is 2 orders of magnitude lower than that of isoprene SOA, suggesting that quinones are more toxic. While higher exposures trigger cellular antioxidant response elements, the released ROS induce oxidative damage to the cell membrane through lipid peroxidation. Such mechanistic and quantitative understandings provide a basis for further elucidation of adverse health effects and oxidative stress by fine particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Fang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697, California, United States
| | - Yu-Kai Huang
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
California, Irvine 92697, California, United States
| | - Jinlai Wei
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697, California, United States
| | - Jessica E. Monterrosa Mena
- Division
of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92697, California, United States
| | - Pascale S. J. Lakey
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697, California, United States
| | - Michael T. Kleinman
- Division
of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92697, California, United States
| | - Michelle A. Digman
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
California, Irvine 92697, California, United States
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697, California, United States
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15
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Bian C, Zheng Z, Su J, Wang H, Chang S, Xin Y, Jiang X. Targeting Mitochondrial Metabolism to Reverse Radioresistance: An Alternative to Glucose Metabolism. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2202. [PMID: 36358574 PMCID: PMC9686736 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy failure and poor tumor prognosis are primarily attributed to radioresistance. Improving the curative effect of radiotherapy and delaying cancer progression have become difficult problems for clinicians. Glucose metabolism has long been regarded as the main metabolic process by which tumor cells meet their bioenergetic and anabolic needs, with the complex interactions between the mitochondria and tumors being ignored. This misconception was not dispelled until the early 2000s; however, the cellular molecules and signaling pathways involved in radioresistance remain incompletely defined. In addition to being a key metabolic site that regulates tumorigenesis, mitochondria can influence the radiation effects of malignancies by controlling redox reactions, participating in oxidative phosphorylation, producing oncometabolites, and triggering apoptosis. Therefore, the mitochondria are promising targets for the development of novel anticancer drugs. In this review, we summarize the internal relationship and related mechanisms between mitochondrial metabolism and cancer radioresistance, thus exploring the possibility of targeting mitochondrial signaling pathways to reverse radiation insensitivity. We suggest that attention should be paid to the potential value of mitochondria in prolonging the survival of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbin Bian
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Zheng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jing Su
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Sitong Chang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ying Xin
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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16
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Edwards KC, Klodt AL, Galeazzo T, Schervish M, Wei J, Fang T, Donahue NM, Aumont B, Nizkorodov SA, Shiraiwa M. Effects of Nitrogen Oxides on the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals from α-Pinene and Naphthalene Secondary Organic Aerosols. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7361-7372. [PMID: 36194388 PMCID: PMC9574922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFR) play an important role in chemical transformation of atmospheric aerosols and adverse aerosol health effects. This study investigated the effects of nitrogen oxides (NOx) during photooxidation of α-pinene and naphthalene on the EPFR content and ROS formation from secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was applied to quantify EPFR content and ROS formation. While no EPFR were detected in α-pinene SOA, we found that naphthalene SOA contained about 0.7 pmol μg-1 of EPFR, and NOx has little influence on EPFR concentrations and oxidative potential. α-Pinene and naphthalene SOA generated under low NOx conditions form OH radicals and superoxide in the aqueous phase, which was lowered substantially by 50-80% for SOA generated under high NOx conditions. High-resolution mass spectrometry analysis showed the substantial formation of nitroaromatics and organic nitrates in a high NOx environment. The modeling results using the GECKO-A model that simulates explicit gas-phase chemistry and the radical 2D-VBS model that treats autoxidation predicted reduced formation of hydroperoxides and enhanced formation of organic nitrates under high NOx due to the reactions of peroxy radicals with NOx instead of their reactions with HO2. Consistently, the presence of NOx resulted in the decrease of peroxide contents and oxidative potential of α-pinene SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey C Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Alexandra L Klodt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Tommaso Galeazzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Meredith Schervish
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jinlai Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Ting Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Neil M Donahue
- Departments of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Engineering and Public Policy, Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Bernard Aumont
- CNRS, LISA, Univ of Paris Est Creteil and University Paris Cité, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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17
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Wei J, Fang T, Shiraiwa M. Effects of Acidity on Reactive Oxygen Species Formation from Secondary Organic Aerosols. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2022; 2:336-345. [PMID: 35928555 PMCID: PMC9342606 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in the chemical transformation of atmospheric secondary organic aerosols (SOA) and aerosol health effects by causing oxidative stress in vivo. Acidity is an important physicochemical property of atmospheric aerosols, but its effects on the ROS formation from SOA have been poorly characterized. By applying the electron paramagnetic resonance spin-trapping technique and the Diogenes chemiluminescence assay, we find highly distinct radical yields and composition at different pH values in the range of 1-7.4 from SOA generated by oxidation of isoprene, α-terpineol, α-pinene, β-pinene, toluene, and naphthalene. We observe that isoprene SOA has substantial hydroxyl radical (•OH) and organic radical yields at neutral pH, which are 1.5-2 times higher compared to acidic conditions in total radical yields. Superoxide (O2 •-) is found to be the dominant species generated by all types of SOAs at lower pH. At neutral pH, α-terpineol SOA exhibits a substantial yield of carbon-centered organic radicals, while no radical formation is observed by aromatic SOA. Further experiments with model compounds show that the decomposition of organic peroxide leading to radical formation may be suppressed at lower pH due to acid-catalyzed rearrangement of peroxides. We also observe 1.5-3 times higher molar yields of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in acidic conditions compared to neutral pH by biogenic and aromatic SOA, likely due to enhanced decomposition of α-hydroxyhydroperoxides and quinone redox cycling, respectively. These findings are critical to bridge the gap in understanding ROS formation mechanisms and kinetics in atmospheric and physiological environments.
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18
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Yao M, Li Z, Li C, Xiao H, Wang S, Chan AWH, Zhao Y. Isomer-Resolved Reactivity of Organic Peroxides in Monoterpene-Derived Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:4882-4893. [PMID: 35357822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic peroxides play a vital role in the formation, evolution, and health impacts of atmospheric aerosols, yet their molecular composition and fate in the particle phase remain poorly understood. Here, we identified, using iodometry-assisted liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, a large suite of isomer-resolved peroxide monomers (C8-10H12-18O5-8) and dimers (C15-20H22-34O5-14) in secondary organic aerosol formed from ozonolysis of the most abundant monoterpene (α-pinene). Combining aerosol isothermal evaporation experiments and multilayer kinetic modeling, bulk peroxides were found to undergo rapid particle-phase chemical transformation with an average lifetime of several hours under humid conditions, while the individual peroxides decompose on timescales of half an hour to a few days. Meanwhile, the majority of isomeric peroxides exhibit distinct particle-phase behaviors, highlighting the importance of the characterization of isomer-resolved peroxide reactivity. Furthermore, the reactivity of most peroxides increases with aerosol water content faster in a low relative humidity (RH) range than in a high RH range. Such non-uniform water effects imply a more important role of water as a plasticizer than as a reactant in influencing the peroxide reactivity. The high particle-phase reactivity of organic peroxides and its striking dependence on RH should be considered in atmospheric modeling of their fate and impacts on aerosol chemistry and health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ziyue Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huayun Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shunyao Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Yue Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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19
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Wang Y, Huang DD, Huang W, Liu B, Chen Q, Huang R, Gen M, Mabato BRG, Chan CK, Li X, Hao T, Tan Y, Hoi KI, Mok KM, Li YJ. Enhanced Nitrite Production from the Aqueous Photolysis of Nitrate in the Presence of Vanillic Acid and Implications for the Roles of Light-Absorbing Organics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15694-15704. [PMID: 34784716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A prominent source of hydroxyl radicals (•OH), nitrous acid (HONO) plays a key role in tropospheric chemistry. Apart from direct emission, HONO (or its conjugate base nitrite, NO2-) can be formed secondarily in the atmosphere. Yet, how secondary HONO forms requires elucidation, especially for heterogeneous processes involving numerous organic compounds in atmospheric aerosols. We investigated nitrite production from aqueous photolysis of nitrate for a range of conditions (pH, organic compound, nitrate concentration, and cation). Upon adding small oxygenates such as ethanol, n-butanol, or formate as •OH scavengers, the average intrinsic quantum yield of nitrite [Φ(NO2-)] was 0.75 ± 0.15%. With near-UV-light-absorbing vanillic acid (VA), however, the effective Φ(NO2-) was strongly pH-dependent, reaching 8.0 ± 2.1% at a pH of 8 and 1.5 ± 0.39% at a more atmospherically relevant pH of 5. Our results suggest that brown carbon (BrC) may greatly enhance the nitrite production from the aqueous nitrate photolysis through photosensitizing reactions, where the triplet excited state of BrC may generate solvated electrons, which reduce nitrate to NO2 for further conversion to nitrite. This photosensitization process by BrC chromophores during nitrate photolysis under mildly acidic conditions may partly explain the missing HONO in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Centre for Regional Oceans, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Dan Dan Huang
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Wanyi Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Centre for Regional Oceans, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Ben Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Centre for Regional Oceans, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rujin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Masao Gen
- Faculty of Frontier Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | | | - Chak K Chan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Tianwei Hao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Centre for Regional Oceans, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Yunkai Tan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Centre for Regional Oceans, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Ka In Hoi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Centre for Regional Oceans, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Kai Meng Mok
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Centre for Regional Oceans, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Yong Jie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Centre for Regional Oceans, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
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20
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Lelieveld S, Wilson J, Dovrou E, Mishra A, Lakey PSJ, Shiraiwa M, Pöschl U, Berkemeier T. Hydroxyl Radical Production by Air Pollutants in Epithelial Lining Fluid Governed by Interconversion and Scavenging of Reactive Oxygen Species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:14069-14079. [PMID: 34609853 PMCID: PMC8529872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a major risk factor for human health. Chemical reactions in the epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of the human respiratory tract result in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can lead to oxidative stress and adverse health effects. We use kinetic modeling to quantify the effects of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), ozone (O3), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on ROS formation, interconversion, and reactivity, and discuss different chemical metrics for oxidative stress, such as cumulative production of ROS and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to hydroxyl radical (OH) conversion. All three air pollutants produce ROS that accumulate in the ELF as H2O2, which serves as reservoir for radical species. At low PM2.5 concentrations (<10 μg m-3), we find that less than 4% of all produced H2O2 is converted into highly reactive OH, while the rest is intercepted by antioxidants and enzymes that serve as ROS buffering agents. At elevated PM2.5 concentrations (>10 μg m-3), however, Fenton chemistry overwhelms the ROS buffering effect and leads to a tipping point in H2O2 fate, causing a strong nonlinear increase in OH production. This shift in ROS chemistry and the enhanced OH production provide a tentative mechanistic explanation for how the inhalation of PM2.5 induces oxidative stress and adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Lelieveld
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jake Wilson
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Eleni Dovrou
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ashmi Mishra
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pascale S. J. Lakey
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Berkemeier
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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21
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Hu M, Tonokura K, Morino Y, Sato K, Enami S. Effects of Metal Ions on Aqueous-Phase Decomposition of α-Hydroxyalkyl-Hydroperoxides Derived from Terpene Alcohols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12893-12901. [PMID: 34525797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of a mass spectrometric study of the effects of atmospherically relevant metal ions on the decomposition of α-hydroxyalkyl-hydroperoxides (α-HHs) derived from ozonolysis of α-terpineol in aqueous solutions. By direct mass spectrometric detection of chloride adducts of α-HHs, we assessed the temporal profiles of α-HHs and other products in the presence of metal ions. In addition, reactions between α-HHs and FeCl2 in the presence of excess DMSO showed that the amount of hydroxyl radicals formed in a mixture of α-terpineol, O3, and FeCl2 was 5.7 ± 0.8% of the amount formed in a mixture of H2O2 and FeCl2. The first-order rate constants for the decay of α-HHs produced by ozonolysis of α-terpineol in the presence of 5 mM acetate buffer at a pH of 5.1 ± 0.1 were determined to be (4.5 ± 0.1) × 10-4 s-1 (no metal ions), (4.7 ± 0.2) × 10-4 s-1 (with 0.05 mM Fe2+), (4.7 ± 0.1) × 10-4 s-1 (with 0.05 mM Zn2+), and (4.8 ± 0.2) × 10-4 s-1 (with 0.05 mM Cu2+). We propose that in acidic aqueous media, the reaction of α-HHs with Fe2+ is outcompeted by H+-catalyzed decomposition of α-HHs, which produces the corresponding aldehydes and H2O2, which can in turn react with Fe2+ to form hydroxyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxi Hu
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8563, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tonokura
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8563, Japan
| | - Yu Morino
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Shinichi Enami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
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22
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Wei J, Fang T, Lakey PSJ, Shiraiwa M. Iron-Facilitated Organic Radical Formation from Secondary Organic Aerosols in Surrogate Lung Fluid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 56:7234-7243. [PMID: 34596401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory deposition of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) and iron may lead to the generation of reactive oxygen species and free radicals in lung fluid to cause oxidative stress, but their underlying mechanism and formation kinetics are not well understood. Here we demonstrate substantial formation of organic radicals in surrogate lung fluid (SLF) by mixtures of Fe2+ and SOA generated from photooxidation of isoprene, α-terpineol, and toluene. The molar yields of organic radicals by SOA are measured to be 0.03-0.5% in SLF, which are 5-10 times higher than in water. We observe that Fe2+ enhances organic radical yields dramatically by a factor of 20-80, which can be attributed to Fe2+-facilitated decomposition of organic peroxides, in consistency with a positive correlation between peroxide contents and organic radical yields. Ascorbate mediates redox cycling of iron ions to sustain organic peroxide decomposition, as supported by kinetic modeling reproducing time- and concentration-dependence of organic radical formation as well as additional experiments observing the formation of Fe2+ and ascorbate radicals in mixtures of ascorbate and Fe3+. •OH and superoxide are found to be scavenged by antioxidants efficiently. These findings have implications on the role of organic radicals in oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlai Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Ting Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Pascale S J Lakey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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23
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Campbell SJ, Wolfer K, Utinger B, Westwood J, Zhang ZH, Bukowiecki N, Steimer SS, Vu TV, Xu J, Straw N, Thomson S, Elzein A, Sun Y, Liu D, Li L, Fu P, Lewis AC, Harrison RM, Bloss WJ, Loh M, Miller MR, Shi Z, Kalberer M. Atmospheric conditions and composition that influence PM 2.5 oxidative potential in Beijing, China. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2021; 21:5549-5573. [PMID: 34462630 PMCID: PMC7611584 DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-5549-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have consistently linked exposure to PM2.5 with adverse health effects. The oxidative potential (OP) of aerosol particles has been widely suggested as a measure of their potential toxicity. Several acellular chemical assays are now readily employed to measure OP; however, uncertainty remains regarding the atmospheric conditions and specific chemical components of PM2.5 that drive OP. A limited number of studies have simultaneously utilised multiple OP assays with a wide range of concurrent measurements and investigated the seasonality of PM2.5 OP. In this work, filter samples were collected in winter 2016 and summer 2017 during the atmospheric pollution and human health in a Chinese megacity campaign (APHH-Beijing), and PM2.5 OP was analysed using four acellular methods: ascorbic acid (AA), dithiothreitol (DTT), 2,7-dichlorofluorescin/hydrogen peroxidase (DCFH) and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). Each assay reflects different oxidising properties of PM2.5, including particle-bound reactive oxygen species (DCFH), superoxide radical production (EPR) and catalytic redox chemistry (DTT/AA), and a combination of these four assays provided a detailed overall picture of the oxidising properties of PM2.5 at a central site in Beijing. Positive correlations of OP (normalised per volume of air) of all four assays with overall PM2.5 mass were observed, with stronger correlations in winter compared to summer. In contrast, when OP assay values were normalised for particle mass, days with higher PM2.5 mass concentrations (μgm-3) were found to have lower mass-normalised OP values as measured by AA and DTT. This finding supports that total PM2.5 mass concentrations alone may not always be the best indicator for particle toxicity. Univariate analysis of OP values and an extensive range of additional measurements, 107 in total, including PM2.5 composition, gas-phase composition and meteorological data, provided detailed insight into the chemical components and atmospheric processes that determine PM2.5 OP variability. Multivariate statistical analyses highlighted associations of OP assay responses with varying chemical components in PM2.5 for both mass- and volume-normalised data. AA and DTT assays were well predicted by a small set of measurements in multiple linear regression (MLR) models and indicated fossil fuel combustion, vehicle emissions and biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) as influential particle sources in the assay response. Mass MLR models of OP associated with compositional source profiles predicted OP almost as well as volume MLR models, illustrating the influence of mass composition on both particle-level OP and total volume OP. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that different assays cover different chemical spaces, and through comparison of mass- and volume-normalised data we demonstrate that mass-normalised OP provides a more nuanced picture of compositional drivers and sources of OP compared to volume-normalised analysis. This study constitutes one of the most extensive and comprehensive composition datasets currently available and provides a unique opportunity to explore chemical variations in PM2.5 and how they affect both PM2.5 OP and the concentrations of particle-bound reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Campbell
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kate Wolfer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Battist Utinger
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joe Westwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zhi-Hui Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicolas Bukowiecki
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Tuan V. Vu
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jingsha Xu
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nicholas Straw
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Steven Thomson
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Atallah Elzein
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Di Liu
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Alastair C. Lewis
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, York, UK
| | - Roy M. Harrison
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - William J. Bloss
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Miranda Loh
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark R. Miller
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Zongbo Shi
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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