1
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Feng Y, Ge L, Li Q, Wang R, Ge T. Internally-cooled atmospheric water harvesting enabling improved productivity. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 265:122293. [PMID: 39167972 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Sorption-based atmospheric water harvesting holds promise for alleviating water scarcity, but current prototypes have not shown significant increases in practical yields despite efforts in the enlarged engineering scale. This is due to weakened heat and mass transfer with a packed sorbent bed. In this work, the desiccant-coated adsorbers were employed to fabricate the water harvesting device that incorporates internal fluid for cooling and heating during sorption and desorption. Featured with an internal cooling effect, practical water productivity could be improved by 1.75-9.96 times with a low desorption temperature (45-62 °C). The continuous water harvesting system could produce 0.77-3.98 Lwater/kgsorbent/day with a thermal energy consumption of 7.7-30.4 MJ/kg in wide climates from 20 % to 80 % RH, providing a reference for device design in the engineering view. The demonstration revealed that using natural cooling in the sorption stage has great benefits in improving water harvesting performance, which can be integrated into the building sectors or a wider range of scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohui Feng
- Engineering Research Center of Solar Power & Refrigeration (MOE), Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lurong Ge
- Engineering Research Center of Solar Power & Refrigeration (MOE), Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qian Li
- Engineering Research Center of Solar Power & Refrigeration (MOE), Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ruzhu Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Solar Power & Refrigeration (MOE), Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tianshu Ge
- Engineering Research Center of Solar Power & Refrigeration (MOE), Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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2
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Chen R, Liu S, Zhang C, Jiang C, Zhou W, Chen P, Wu D, Li D, Zhang J, Luo T. Laser Fabrication of Humidity Sensors on Ethanol-Soaked Polyimide for Fully Contactless Respiratory Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39139068 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c07731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Humidity-sensor-based fully contactless respiratory monitoring can eliminate the discomfort and infection risks associated with any wearable device. However, challenges in the facile fabrication of highly sensitive humidity sensors continue to hinder their widespread application for fully contactless respiratory monitoring. In this study, we introduce a simple method to fabricate highly sensitive humidity sensors. Our method employs laser-induced graphene (LIG) on an ethanol-soaked polyimide (PI) film as the electrode of the humidity sensor. The ethanol-soaked PI between adjacent LIG electrodes functions as the sensing material, enabling ion-conductive humidity sensing. Compared to the LIG humidity sensors fabricated on untreated PI films, LIG humidity sensors fabricated on ethanol-soaked PI films exhibit superior performance with higher linearity (R2 = 0.9936), reduced hysteresis (ΔH = 5.1% RH), and increased sensitivity (0.65%/RH). Notably, the LIG humidity sensor fabricated on the ethanol-soaked PI film can detect a person's breathing from a distance of 30 cm, a capability not achieved by sensors fabricated on untreated PI films. Moreover, incorporating these LIG humidity sensors into an array further enhances both the detection distance and the sensitivity for respiratory monitoring. Experimental results demonstrate that the LIG humidity sensor array can be employed for fully contactless on-bed respiration monitoring and for continuous, fully contactless monitoring of the respiratory rate during treadmill exercise. These results highlight the great potential of our LIG humidity sensors for various practical applications in medicine and sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Sirui Liu
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chongjie Jiang
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Pengfeng Chen
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Dezhi Wu
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Dongxia Li
- Physical Education Department, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jinhui Zhang
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Tao Luo
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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3
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Yang K, Pan T, Ferhat N, Felix AI, Waller RE, Hong PY, Vrouwenvelder JS, Gan Q, Han Y. A solar-driven atmospheric water extractor for off-grid freshwater generation and irrigation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6260. [PMID: 39048551 PMCID: PMC11269568 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50715-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Solar-driven atmospheric water extraction (SAWE) is a sustainable technology for decentralized freshwater supply. However, most SAWE systems produce water intermittently due to the cyclic nature, with adoption hindered by complex design requirements or periodic manual operations. Herein, a fully passive SAWE system that can continuously produce freshwater under sunlight is presented. By optimizing the three-dimensional architecture to facilitate spontaneous mass transport and efficient energy utilization, this system can consistently produce 0.65 L m-2 h-1 of freshwater under 1-sun illumination at 90% relative humidity (RH) and functions in arid environments with an RH as low as 40%. We test the practical performance of a scaled-up system in Thuwal, Saudi Arabia over 35 days across two seasons. The system produces 2.0-3.0 L m-2 per day of freshwater during the summer and 1.0-2.8 L m-2 per day of freshwater during the fall, without requiring additional maintenance. Intriguingly, we demonstrate the system's potential for off-grid irrigation by successfully growing cabbage plants using atmospheric water. This passive SAWE system, harnessing solar energy to continuously extract moisture from air for drinking and irrigation, offers a promising solution to address the intertwined challenges of energy, water, and food supply, particularly for remote and water-scarce regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Yang
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Sustainable Photonics Energy Research Lab, Material Science Engineering, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center, Division of Biological Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tingting Pan
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadia Ferhat
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center, Division of Biological Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alejandra Ibarra Felix
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center, Division of Biological Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rebekah E Waller
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pei-Ying Hong
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center, Division of Biological Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Johannes S Vrouwenvelder
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center, Division of Biological Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qiaoqiang Gan
- Sustainable Photonics Energy Research Lab, Material Science Engineering, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center, Division of Biological Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yu Han
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
- Center for Electron Microscopy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511442, China.
- School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511442, China.
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4
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Lei C, Guan W, Zhao Y, Yu G. Chemistries and materials for atmospheric water harvesting. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:7328-7362. [PMID: 38896434 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00423j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) is recognized as a crucial strategy to address the global challenge of water scarcity by tapping into the vast reserves of atmospheric moisture for potable water supply. Within this domain, sorbents lie in the core of AWH technologies as they possess broad adaptability across a wide spectrum of humidity levels, underpinned by the cyclic sorption and desorption processes of sorbents, necessitating a multi-scale viewpoint regarding the rational material and chemical selection and design. This Invited Review delves into the essential sorption mechanisms observed across various classes of sorbent systems, emphasizing the water-sorbent interactions and the progression of water networks. A special focus is placed on the insights derived from isotherm profiles, which elucidate sorbent structures and sorption dynamics. From these foundational principles, we derive material and chemical design guidelines and identify key tuning factors from a structural-functional perspective across multiple material systems, addressing their fundamental chemistries and unique attributes. The review further navigates through system-level design considerations to optimize water production efficiency. This review aims to equip researchers in the field of AWH with a thorough understanding of the water-sorbent interactions, material design principles, and system-level considerations essential for advancing this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuxin Lei
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Weixin Guan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Yaxuan Zhao
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Guihua Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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5
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Li X, Bezrukov AA, Graham W, Sensharma D, Kong XJ, Thonhauser T, Zaworotko MJ. Modulation of Water Vapor Sorption by Pore Engineering in Isostructural Square Lattice Topology Coordination Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:34402-34408. [PMID: 38902851 PMCID: PMC11232023 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
We report a crystal-engineering study conducted upon a platform of three mixed-linker square lattice (sql) coordination networks of general formula [Zn(Ria)(bphy)] [bphy = 1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)hydrazine, H2Ria = 5-position-substituted isophthalic acid, and R = -Br, -NO2, and -OH; compounds 1-3]. Analysis of single-crystal X-ray diffraction data of 1-2 and the simulated crystal structure of 3 revealed that 1-3 are isomorphous and sustained by bilayers of sql networks linked by hydrogen bonds. Although similar pore shapes and sizes exist in 1-3, distinct isotherm shapes (linear and S shape) and uptakes (2.4, 11.6, and 13.3 wt %, respectively) were observed. Ab initio calculations indicated that the distinct water sorption properties can be attributed to the R groups, which offer a range of hydrophilicity. Calculations indicated that the significantly lower experimental uptake in compound 1 can be attributed to a constricted channel. The calculated water-binding sites provide insights into how adsorbed water molecules bond to the pore walls, with the strongest interactions, water-hydroxyl hydrogen bonding, observed for 3. Overall, this study reveals how pore engineering can result in large variations in water sorption properties in an isomorphous family of rigid porous coordination networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Department
of Chemical Science, Bernal Institute, University
of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Republic
of Ireland
| | - Andrey A. Bezrukov
- Department
of Chemical Science, Bernal Institute, University
of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Republic
of Ireland
| | - Wells Graham
- Department
of Physics and Center for Functional Materials, Wake Forest University, Winston–Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
| | - Debobroto Sensharma
- Department
of Chemical Science, Bernal Institute, University
of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Republic
of Ireland
| | - Xiang-Jing Kong
- Department
of Chemical Science, Bernal Institute, University
of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Republic
of Ireland
| | - Timo Thonhauser
- Department
of Physics and Center for Functional Materials, Wake Forest University, Winston–Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
| | - Michael J. Zaworotko
- Department
of Chemical Science, Bernal Institute, University
of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Republic
of Ireland
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6
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Yu F, Cheng X, Yang L, Zhu Z, Chen Z, Zhang L, Wang X, Zhang Q. Bioinspired 1T-MoS 2-based aerogel beads for efficient freshwater harvesting in harsh environments. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 664:1021-1030. [PMID: 38513402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Freshwater scarcity is one of the most critical issues worldwide, particularly in arid regions, stemming from population growth and climate change. Inspired by the hydrophilic bump structures of desert beetles, 1T-MoS2-based aerogel beads with porous structures and CaCl2-crystal loading (termed as MoAB-m@CaCl2-n) were prepared for freshwater harvesting. Metallic-phase MoS2 nanospheres exhibit excellent photothermal conversion abilities, facilitating solar-driven water desorption and evaporation. Owing to the synergistic effect of its localized surface features, hydrophilic groups, and dispersive CaCl2 particles, MoAB-2@CaCl2-2 efficiently harvests water from atmosphere with a superior moisture adsorption capacity (0.18-0.82 g g-1) at a wide range of relative humidity (10 %-70 %). Under one-sun illumination, MoAB-2@CaCl2-2 demonstrates an outstanding solar-driven water evaporation rate of 2.25 kg m-2h-1. The water evaporation rate from soil (water content = 20 %) is 1.19 kg m-2h-1, which is sufficient for sustainable freshwater generation from the soil in arid regions. More importantly, the multifunctional MoAB-2@CaCl2-2-based homemade freshwater generation prototype delivers a certain amount of water harvesting (0.99 g g-1 day-1) on a rainy day and provides an impressive daily freshwater yield (53.7 kg m-2) under natural sunlight. The integrated device exhibits excellent efficiency and practicality and offers a feasible method for freshwater harvesting in harsh environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Xiangyu Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Zhenwei Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Zihe Chen
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Liu Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China.
| | - Xianbao Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials (Hubei University), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China.
| | - Qinfang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China.
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7
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Luo Q, Chen M, Yu D, Zhang T, Zhao J, Zhang L, Han X, Zhou M, Hou Y, Zheng Y. An Atmospheric Water-Harvester with Ultrahigh Uptake-Release Efficiency at Low Humidity. ACS NANO 2024; 18:14650-14660. [PMID: 38761383 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric water harvesting is a practical strategy that is achieved by removing materials from air moisture to relieve global water scarcity. Here we design a water-harvester (i.e., MOF-303/thiolated polymer composite (MTC)) by using a metal-organic framework (MOF-303) and thiolated chitosan (TC) skeleton. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding between TC and MOF-303 facilitates porous structures with enlarged air-polymer interfaces for long cycling life and high capacity at low relative humidity. Benefiting from synergetic effects on porosity and anchorage for accelerating the uptake-release of moisture, MTC exhibits a rapid water uptake capacity of 0.135 g/g in 60 min under 12.5 RH% and ultrafast water desorption kinetics of 0.003 g/g/min at 8.5 RH%, which is superior to the as-reported MOF-303 based adsorbents. At low heat (∼40 °C), the water desorption and collection rate, respectively, are 0.0195 and 0.0168 g/g/min within 210 min, showing ultrahigh harvesting efficiency. These results highlight the enormous potential as promising materials for solving the world's water scarcity crisis. This study offers an insight into the design of AWH materials, which can be extended into applications in some realms, e.g., freshwater development for industry in arid areas, water engineering-related devices and systems, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Minshuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Tiance Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Maolin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yongping Hou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yongmei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
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8
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Hunter KM, Paesani F. Monitoring water harvesting in metal-organic frameworks, one water molecule at a time. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5303-5310. [PMID: 38577368 PMCID: PMC10988614 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06162k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained prominence as potential materials for atmospheric water harvesting, a vital solution for arid regions and areas experiencing severe water shortages. However, the molecular factors influencing the performance of MOFs in capturing water from the air remain elusive. Among all MOFs, Ni2X2BTDD (X = F, Cl, Br) stands out as a promising water harvester due to its ability to adsorb substantial amounts of water at low relative humidity (RH). Here, we use advanced molecular dynamics simulations carried out with the state-of-the-art MB-pol data-driven many-body potential to monitor water adsorption in the three Ni2X2BTDD variants as a function of RH. Our simulations reveal that the type of halide atom in the three Ni2X2BTDD frameworks significantly influences the corresponding molecular mechanisms of water adsorption: while water molecules form strong hydrogen bonds with the fluoride atoms in Ni2F2BTDD, they tend to form hydrogen bonds with the nitrogen atoms of the triazolate linkers in Ni2Cl2BTDD and Ni2Br2BTDD. Importantly, the large size of the bromide atoms reduces the void volume in the Ni2Br2BTDD pores, which enable water molecules to initiate an extended hydrogen-bond network at lower RH. These findings not only underscore the prospect for precisely tuning structural and chemical modifications of the frameworks to optimize their interaction with water, but also highlight the predictive power of simulations with the MB-pol data-driven many-body potential. By providing a realistic description of water under different thermodynamic conditions and environments, these simulations yield unique, molecular-level insights that can guide the design and optimization of energy-efficient water harvesting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Hunter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California La Jolla San Diego California 92093 USA
| | - Francesco Paesani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California La Jolla San Diego California 92093 USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California La Jolla San Diego California 92093 USA
- Halicioğlu Data Science Institute, University of California La Jolla San Diego California 92093 USA
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California La Jolla San Diego California 92093 USA
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9
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Bai Z, Wang P, Xu J, Wang R, Li T. Progress and perspectives of sorption-based atmospheric water harvesting for sustainable water generation: Materials, devices, and systems. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:671-687. [PMID: 38105159 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Establishing alternative methods for freshwater production is imperative to effectively alleviate global water scarcity, particularly in land-locked arid regions. In this context, extracting water from the ubiquitous atmospheric moisture is an ingenious strategy for decentralized freshwater production. Sorption-based atmospheric water harvesting (SAWH) shows strong potential for supplying liquid water in a portable and sustainable way even in desert environments. Herein, the latest progress in SAWH technology in terms of materials, devices, and systems is reviewed. Recent advances in sorbent materials with improved water uptake capacity and accelerated sorption-desorption kinetics, including physical sorbents, polymeric hydrogels, composite sorbents, and ionic solutions, are discussed. The thermal designs of SAWH devices for improving energy utilization efficiency, heat transfer, and mass transport are evaluated, and the development of representative SAWH prototypes is clarified in a chronological order. Thereafter, state-of-the-art operation patterns of SAWH systems, incorporating intermittent, daytime continuous and 24-hour continuous patterns, are examined. Furthermore, current challenges and future research goals of this cutting-edge field are outlined. This review highlights the irreplaceable role of heat and mass transfer enhancement and facile structural improvement for constructing high-yield water harvesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyuan Bai
- Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiaxing Xu
- Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ruzhu Wang
- Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Research Center of Solar Power and Refrigeration (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tingxian Li
- Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Research Center of Solar Power and Refrigeration (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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10
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Frank HO, Paesani F. Molecular driving forces for water adsorption in MOF-808: A comparative analysis with UiO-66. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:094703. [PMID: 38426523 DOI: 10.1063/5.0189569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), with their unique porous structures and versatile functionality, have emerged as promising materials for the adsorption, separation, and storage of diverse molecular species. In this study, we investigate water adsorption in MOF-808, a prototypical MOF that shares the same secondary building unit (SBU) as UiO-66, and elucidate how differences in topology and connectivity between the two MOFs influence the adsorption mechanism. To this end, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to calculate several thermodynamic and dynamical properties of water in MOF-808 as a function of relative humidity (RH), from the initial adsorption step to full pore filling. At low RH, the μ3-OH groups of the SBUs form hydrogen bonds with the initial water molecules entering the pores, which triggers the filling of these pores before the μ3-OH groups in other pores become engaged in hydrogen bonding with water molecules. Our analyses indicate that the pores of MOF-808 become filled by water sequentially as the RH increases. A similar mechanism has been reported for water adsorption in UiO-66. Despite this similarity, our study highlights distinct thermodynamic properties and framework characteristics that influence the adsorption process differently in MOF-808 and UiO-66.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilliary O Frank
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Francesco Paesani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Halicioğlu Data Science Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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11
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Li R, Wang W, Shi Y, Wang CT, Wang P. Advanced Material Design and Engineering for Water-Based Evaporative Cooling. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2209460. [PMID: 36638501 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Water-based evaporative cooling is emerging as a promising technology to provide sustainable and low-cost cold to alleviate the rising global cooling demand. Given the significant and fast progress made in recent years, this review aims to provide a timely overview on the state-of-the-art material design and engineering in water-based evaporative cooling. The fundamental mechanisms and major components of three water-based evaporative cooling processes are introduced, including direct evaporative cooling, cyclic sorption-driven liquid water evaporative cooling (CSD-LWEC), and atmospheric water harvesting-based evaporative cooling (AWH-EC). The distinctive requirements on the sorbent materials in CSD-LWEC and AWH-EC are highlighted, which helps synthesize the literature information on the advanced material design and engineering for the purpose of improving cooling performance. The challenges and future outlooks on further improving the water-based evaporative cooling performance are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyuan Li
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wenbin Wang
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yifeng Shi
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chang-Ting Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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12
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Song Y, Zeng M, Wang X, Shi P, Fei M, Zhu J. Hierarchical Engineering of Sorption-Based Atmospheric Water Harvesters. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2209134. [PMID: 37246306 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Harvesting water from air in sorption-based devices is a promising solution to decentralized water production, aiming for providing potable water anywhere, anytime. This technology involves a series of coupled processes occurring at distinct length scales, ranging from nanometer to meter and even larger, including water sorption/desorption at the nanoscale, condensation at the mesoscale, device development at the macroscale and water scarcity assessment at the global scale. Comprehensive understanding and bespoke designs at every scale are thus needed to improve the water-harvesting performance. For this purpose, a brief introduction of the global water crisis and its key characteristics is provided to clarify the impact potential and design criteria of water harvesters. Next the latest molecular-level optimizations of sorbents for efficient moisture capture and release are discussed. Then, novel microstructuring of surfaces to enhance dropwise condensation, which is favorable for atmospheric water generation, is shown. After that, system-level optimizations of sorbent-assisted water harvesters to achieve high-yield, energy-efficient, and low-cost water harvesting are highlighted. Finally, future directions toward practical sorption-based atmospheric water harvesting are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Song
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, P. R. China
| | - Mengyue Zeng
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, P. R. China
| | - Xueyang Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, P. R. China
| | - Peiru Shi
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, P. R. China
| | - Minfei Fei
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, P. R. China
| | - Jia Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, P. R. China
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Lin H, Yang Y, Hsu YC, Zhang J, Welton C, Afolabi I, Loo M, Zhou HC. Metal-Organic Frameworks for Water Harvesting and Concurrent Carbon Capture: A Review for Hygroscopic Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2209073. [PMID: 36693232 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As water scarcity becomes a pending global issue, hygroscopic materials prove a significant solution. Thus, there is a good cause following the structure-performance relationship to review the recent development of hygroscopic materials and provide inspirational insight into creative materials. Herein, traditional hygroscopic materials, crystalline frameworks, polymers, and composite materials are reviewed. The similarity in working conditions of water harvesting and carbon capture makes simultaneously addressing water shortages and reduction of greenhouse effects possible. Concurrent water harvesting and carbon capture is likely to become a future challenge. Therefore, an emphasis is laid on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for their excellent performance in water and CO2 adsorption, and representative role of micro- and mesoporous materials. Herein, the water adsorption mechanisms of MOFs are summarized, followed by a review of MOF's water stability, with a highlight on the emerging machine learning (ML) technique to predict MOF water stability and water uptake. Recent advances in the mechanistic elaboration of moisture's effects on CO2 adsorption are reviewed. This review summarizes recent advances in water-harvesting porous materials with special attention on MOFs and expects to direct researchers' attention into the topic of concurrent water harvesting and carbon capture as a future challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyu Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yihao Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yu-Chuan Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Claire Welton
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ibukun Afolabi
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Marshal Loo
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Hong-Cai Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Wang M, Liu E, Jin T, Zafar SU, Mei X, Fauconnier ML, De Clerck C. Towards a better understanding of atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) technology. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 250:121052. [PMID: 38171174 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.121052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) technology is an emerging sustainable development strategy to deal with global water scarcity. To better understand the current state of AWH technology development, we conducted a bibliometric analysis highlighting three water harvesting technologies (fog harvesting, condensation, and sorption). By comprehensively reviewing the research progress and performing a comparative assessment of these technologies, we summarized past achievements and critically analyzed the different technologies. Traditional fog collectors are more mature, but their efficiency still needs to be improved. External field-driven fog harvesting and active condensation need to be driven by external forces, and passive condensation has high requirements for environmental humidity. Emerging bio-inspired fog harvesting and sorption technology provide new possibilities for atmospheric water collection, but they have high requirements for materials, and their commercial application is still to be further promoted. Based on the key characteristics of each technology, we presented the development prospects for the joint use of integrated/hybrid systems. Next, the water-energy relationship is used as a link to clarify the future development strategy of AWH technology in energy driving and conversion. Finally, we outlined the core ideas of AWH for both basic research and practical applications and described its limitless possibilities for drinking water supply and agricultural irrigation. This review provides an essential reference for the development and practical application of AWH technologies, which contribute to the sustainable utilization of water resources globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglu Wang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; AgricultureIsLife, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liege University, Passage des Déportés 2, Gembloux 5030, Belgium
| | - Enke Liu
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; State Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa, Tibet 850002, China.
| | - Tao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa, Tibet 850002, China
| | - Saud-Uz Zafar
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xurong Mei
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Marie-Laure Fauconnier
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liege University, Passage des Déportés 2, Gembloux 5030, Belgium
| | - Caroline De Clerck
- AgricultureIsLife, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liege University, Passage des Déportés 2, Gembloux 5030, Belgium
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Mabuchi H, Irie T, Sakai J, Das S, Negishi Y. Covalent Organic Frameworks: Cutting-Edge Materials for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Water Harvesting from Air. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303474. [PMID: 38078517 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The implacable rise of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) concentration in the atmosphere and acute water stress are one of the central challenges of our time. Present-day chemistry is strongly inclined towards more sustainable solutions. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), attributable to their structural designability with atomic precision, functionalizable chemical environment and robust extended architectures, have demonstrated promising performances in CO2 trapping and water harvesting from air. In this Review, we discuss the major developments in this field as well as sketch out the opportunities and shortcomings that remain over large-scale COF synthesis, device engineering, and long-term performance in real environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Mabuchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Irie
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Jin Sakai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Saikat Das
- Research Institute for Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
- Research Institute for Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
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16
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Liu X, Zhu W, Deng P, Li T. Redesigning Natural Materials for Energy, Water, Environment, and Devices. ACS NANO 2023; 17:18657-18668. [PMID: 37725794 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) acknowledges that global cooperation is paramount to mitigate climate change and further warming. The global community is committed to renewable energy and natural materials to tackle this challenge for all humankind. The widespread use of natural materials is embraced as one such action to reach net-zero carbon emissions. Given the hierarchical framework and earth abundance, cellulose-based materials extend their negative carbon benefits to our daily products and accelerate our pace toward carbon neutrality. Here, we present an overview of recent developments of cellulose-based materials in upsurging applications in radiative cooling, thermal insulation, nanofluidics, and wearable devices. We also highlight various modifications and functionalized processes that transform massive amounts of cellulose into green products. The prosperous development of functionalized cellulose materials aligns with a circular economy. Expedited interdisciplinary fundamental investigations are expected to make fibrillated cellulose penetrate more into carbon downdraw at speed and scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Wenkai Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Pengfei Deng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tian Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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17
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Entezari A, Esan OC, Yan X, Wang R, An L. Sorption-Based Atmospheric Water Harvesting: Materials, Components, Systems, and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210957. [PMID: 36869587 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater scarcity is a global challenge posing threats to the lives and daily activities of humankind such that two-thirds of the global population currently experience water shortages. Atmospheric water, irrespective of geographical location, is considered as an alternative water source. Sorption-based atmospheric water harvesting (SAWH) has recently emerged as an efficient strategy for decentralized water production. SAWH thus opens up a self-sustaining source of freshwater that can potentially support the global population for various applications. In this review, the state-of-the-art of SAWH, considering its operation principle, thermodynamic analysis, energy assessment, materials, components, different designs, productivity improvement, scale-up, and application for drinking water, is first extensively explored. Thereafter, the practical integration and potential application of SAWH, beyond drinking water, for wide range of utilities in agriculture, fuel/electricity production, thermal management in building services, electronic devices, and textile are comprehensively discussed. The various strategies to reduce human reliance on natural water resources by integrating SAWH into existing technologies, particularly in underdeveloped countries, in order to satisfy the interconnected needs for food, energy, and water are also examined. This study further highlights the urgent need and future research directions to intensify the design and development of hybrid-SAWH systems for sustainability and diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Entezari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Oladapo Christopher Esan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaohui Yan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ruzhu Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Liang An
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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18
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Hu Y, Wang Y, Fang Z, Yao B, Ye Z, Peng X. Ca-MOF-Derived Porous Sorbents for High-Yield Solar-Driven Atmosphere Water Harvesting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:44942-44952. [PMID: 37703912 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of high-yield, metal-organic framework (MOF)-based water harvesters in arid areas remains challenging due to the absence of effective strategies for enhancing water sorption capacity and kinetics. Herein, we presented a novel strategy for in situ fabrication of calcium chloride (CaCl2) decorated MOF-derived porous sorbents (PCC-42) through pyrolysis Ca-MOF and subsequently hydrochloric acid (HCl) vapor treatment process. The resulting PCC-42 sorbents exhibited a high water adsorption capacity of 3.04 g g-1 at 100% relative humidity (RH), outstanding photothermal performance, and rapid water uptake-release kinetics, surpassing most reported MOFs adsorbents. At 20, 30, 40, and 50% RH, PCC-42 demonstrated water uptake capacity of 0.45, 0.59, 0.76, and 0.9 g g-1, which represented an increase of 421 and 940% (at 20% RH) and 333 and 351% (at 30% RH) compared to Ca-MOF and CaCl2·2H2O, respectively. Approximately 80% of the adsorbed water in PCC-42 could be released under one sun within 50 min. Indoor water harvesting experiments demonstrated that PCC-42 is a promising adsorbent for various humidity environments. Additionally, outdoor solar-driven atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) tests revealed a high daily water production of 1.13 L/kgadsorbent under typical arid conditions (30-60% RH). The proposed strategy helps the design of high-performance adsorbents for solar-driven AWH in arid environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Optoelectronic and Nanomaterials, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou 325006, P. R. China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Optoelectronic and Nanomaterials, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou 325006, P. R. China
| | - Zhou Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Optoelectronic and Nanomaterials, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou 325006, P. R. China
| | - Bing Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Optoelectronic and Nanomaterials, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou 325006, P. R. China
| | - Zhizhen Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Optoelectronic and Nanomaterials, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou 325006, P. R. China
| | - Xinsheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Optoelectronic and Nanomaterials, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou 325006, P. R. China
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Meng L, Lan JH, Huang ZW, Liu Y, Hu KQ, Yuan LY, Wang XP, Chai ZF, Mei L, Shi WQ. Sequential Water Sorption/Desorption of a Nonporous Adaptive Organic Ligand Bridged Coordination Polymer for Atmospheric Moisture Harvesting. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301929. [PMID: 37429820 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Moisture harvesters with favourable attributes such as easy synthetic availability and good processability as alternatives for atmospheric moisture harvesting (AWH) are desirable. This study reports a novel nonporous anionic coordination polymer (CP) of uranyl squarate with methyl viologen (MV2+ ) as charge balancing ions (named U-Squ-CP) which displays intriguing sequential water sorption/desorption behavior as the relative humidity (RH) changes gradually. The evaluation of AWH performance of U-Squ-CP shows that it can absorb water vapor under air atmosphere at a low RH of 20 % typical of the levels found in most dry regions of the world, and have good cycling durability, thus demonstrating the capability as a potential moisture harvester for AWH. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report on non-porous organic ligand bridged CP materials for AWH. Moreover, a stepwise water-filling mechanism for the water sorption/desorption process is deciphered by comprehensive characterizations combining single-crystal diffraction, which provides a reasonable explanation for the special moisture harvesting behaviour of this non-porous crystalline material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liao Meng
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials, Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jian-Hui Lan
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Huang
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Radiochemistry Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kong-Qiu Hu
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li-Yong Yuan
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin-Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials, Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Zhi-Fang Chai
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lei Mei
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei-Qun Shi
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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20
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Do Y, Ko M, Lee YK. Impact of surface cooling on the water harvesting efficiency of nanostructured window glass. RSC Adv 2023; 13:22325-22334. [PMID: 37497098 PMCID: PMC10366654 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03433j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans face a severe shortage of fresh water due to economic growth, climate change, overpopulation, and overutilization. Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) is a promising solution where clean water is collected from the air through various approaches, including dropwise condensation. However, designing surfaces that balance rapid condensation with efficient water removal is challenging. To address this issue, inspired by the efficient water collection mechanisms in the skin of cold-blooded tree frogs, we propose an eco-friendly approach to collect fresh water from cooled window glass. We fabricated various planar and TiO2 nanostructured surfaces including surfaces mimicking a lotus leaf and a hybrid surface mimicking a desert beetle and a cactus, with different wettability levels such as superhydrophilic, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, superhydrophobic, and biphilic. Sub-cooling of glass substrates between 5 and 15 °C using a Peltier device significantly enhanced the condensation process for all surfaces, with modest dependency on surface properties. This cooling temperature regime could be achieved by geothermal cooling methods that consume little energy. To improve visibility for window applications, we developed hydrophobic polymer nanofilm-modified glass substrates using a simple spin-coating technique, and achieved comparable water harvesting efficiency to that of nanostructured substrates. Our study provides insight into the optimal surface structures and cooling temperature for window glass AWH systems that could be used with an underground cooling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonseo Do
- Grier School Pennsylvania 16686-0308 USA
| | - Minji Ko
- Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University Seoul 02707 Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University San Diego CA 92182 USA
| | - Young Kwang Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University San Diego CA 92182 USA
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21
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Ho CH, Valentine ML, Chen Z, Xie H, Farha O, Xiong W, Paesani F. Structure and thermodynamics of water adsorption in NU-1500-Cr. Commun Chem 2023; 6:70. [PMID: 37061604 PMCID: PMC10105746 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00870-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of materials with diverse chemical and structural properties, and have been shown to effectively adsorb various types of guest molecules. The mechanism of water adsorption in NU-1500-Cr, a high-performance atmospheric water harvesting MOF, is investigated using a combination of molecular dynamics simulations and infrared spectroscopy. Calculations of thermodynamic and dynamical properties of water as a function of relative humidity allow for following the adsorption process from the initial hydration stage to complete filling of the MOF pores. Initial hydration begins at the water molecules that saturate the open Cr3+ sites of the framework, which is then followed by the formation of water chains that extend along the channels connecting the hexagonal pores of the framework. Water present in these channels gradually coalesces and fills the hexagonal pores sequentially after the channels are completely hydrated. The development of hydrogen-bond networks inside the MOF pores as a function of relative humidity is characterized at the molecular level using experimental and computational infrared spectroscopy. A detailed analysis of the OH-stretch vibrational band indicates that the low-frequency tail stems from strongly polarized hydrogen-bonded water molecules, suggesting the presence of some structural disorder in the experimental samples. Strategies for designing efficient water harvesting MOFs are also proposed based on the mechanism of water adsorption in NU-1500-Cr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hwa Ho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Mason L Valentine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Zhijie Chen
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Haomiao Xie
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Omar Farha
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Francesco Paesani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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22
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Nguyen HL. Covalent Organic Frameworks for Atmospheric Water Harvesting. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300018. [PMID: 36892195 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric water harvesting using reticular materials is an innovation that has the potential to change the world. Using covalent organic frameworks (COFs) for capturing water holds great promise because COFs are metal-free, stable under working conditions, and their structure can be intentionally designed to meet the requirements for this application. To promote the chemistry and use of COFs for atmospheric water harvesting, important features for synthesizing suitable water-harvesting COFs are discussed. The achievements of using COFs as water harvesters are then highlighted, showing how the water harvesting properties are related to the structural design. Finally, perspectives and research directions for further studies in COF chemistry are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha L Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Berkeley Global Science Institute, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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23
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Lin Y, Shao K, Li S, Li N, Wang S, Wu X, Guo C, Yu L, Murto P, Xu X. Hygroscopic and Photothermal All-Polymer Foams for Efficient Atmospheric Water Harvesting, Passive Humidity Management, and Protective Packaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:10084-10097. [PMID: 36753048 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmental humidity and thermal control are of primary importance for fighting global warming, growing energy consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions. Sorption-based atmospheric water harvesting is an emerging technology with great potential in clean water production and passive cooling applications. However, sorption-based humidity management and their hybrid applications are limited due to the lack of energywise designs of hygroscopic materials and devices. Herein, all polymeric 3D foams are developed and evaluated as hygroscopic and photothermal materials. The gas-foaming method generates closed-cell structures with interconnected hydrophilic networks and wrinkled surfaces, expanding hygroscopic, photothermal, and evaporating areas of the 3D foams. These unique advantages lead to efficient water vapor sorption in a wide broad relative humidity (RH) range of 50-90% and efficient water release in a wide solar intensity (0.4-1 sun) and temperature range (27-80 °C). The reversible moisture sorption/release in 50 adsorption/desorption cycles highlights the excellent durability of the 3D foams compared to conventional inorganic desiccants. The 3D foams disclose passive and efficient apparent temperature regulation in warm and humid environments. Moreover, the use of the 3D foams as loose fill for fruit preservation and packaging is demonstrated for the first time by taking the merit of the 3D foams' moisture-absorbing, quick-drying, cushioning, and thermal-insulating properties. This work presents an integrated design of polymeric desiccants and scaffolds, not merely delivering stable water adsorption/desorption but also discovering innovative hybrid applications in humidity management and protective packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Lin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Ke Shao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Shuxue Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xiaochun Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Cui Guo
- College of Marine Life Science, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Liangmin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- Open Studio for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Petri Murto
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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24
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Wu H, Xiong Y, Yu D, Yang P, Shi H, Huang L, Wu Y, Xi M, Xiao P, Yang L. Fe-Co controlled super-hygroscopic hydrogels toward efficient atmospheric water harvesting. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:18022-18032. [PMID: 36444669 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04830b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Extracting atmospheric moisture for freshwater production is an appealing way to mitigate the global water crisis. However, the low moisture sorption capacity and high desorption temperature are the major bottlenecks for efficient atmospheric water harvesting. Herein, we develop a transition metal super-hygroscopic hydrogel by an economical strategy, which is constructed through a facile coordination between metal salts and ethanolamine. When the empty electron orbital of the metal ion is coordinated with the lone electron pair of nitrogen or oxygen atom, the water active sorption site is formed. A single water layer is bonded on the sites by a coordination effect, followed by physical interaction with water to form multi-layer structures. The Fe and Co ions in the hydrogel function as dual sorption sites to capture moisture, which can harvest additional water by the synergistic effect of bimetals. As a result, the bimetal hydrogel contributes to a high water uptake of 5.22 g g-1 at 95% RH, triggering the desorption process by one solar intensity due to its low desorption temperature (≤50 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangfei Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Smart Materials, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China.
| | - Yuli Xiong
- College of Physical and Electrical Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Duohuan Yu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Smart Materials, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China.
| | - Peixin Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Smart Materials, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China.
| | - Huihui Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Lu Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Yali Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Mufeng Xi
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and System of Ministry of Education, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China.
| | - Peng Xiao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Smart Materials, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China.
| | - Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and System of Ministry of Education, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China.
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25
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Foday EH, Sesay T, Baion YM, Koroma EB, Jalloh AY, Kokofele K, Baion FW. Efficient Water Collection from Biodesigned and Natural Inclined Surfaces: Influence of Inclination Angle on Atmospheric Water Collection. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:43574-43581. [PMID: 36506142 PMCID: PMC9730469 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Water is one of the most important and crucial indicators of sustainable development goals (SDGs) for humans and other living organisms. Water demand has outstripped supply, resulting in shortage on a worldwide scale, particularly in arid regions. This water scarcity has impeded agricultural productivity and other developmental projects with the ongoing global warming and other anthropogenic activities making it more complicated. To address the worldwide water crisis, it is worthwhile to convert atmospheric air to drinking water. Sequel to that, a hydrophobic surface was designed using facile lithography to compare its water harvesting efficiency with a hydrophilic surface at different orientation angles. For the research, the hydrophobic designed surface is called biodesigned material, while the hydrophilic natural surface is a Mangifera indica leaf (MIL). It is against this background that we seek to investigate the most suitable orientation angle good for efficient water harvesting. To that end, a 60° inclination angle is the most efficacious orientation for water collection as it outperformed the 30 and 45° orientation angles. To minimize re-evaporation, absorption, suction, and other environmental challenges that impede efficient collection, atmospheric moisture should be collected immediately from functional surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Hingha Foday
- Department
of Environmental Engineering, School of Water and Environment, Chang’an University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province 710064, P.R China
- Faculty of
Education, Eastern Technical University
of Sierra Leone, Combema
Road, Kenema City 00232, Sierra Leone
| | - Taiwo Sesay
- School
of Highway, Chang’an University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province 710064, P.R China
| | - Yagbasuah Maada Baion
- College
of Economics and Management, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Emmanuel Bartholomew Koroma
- Department
of Geography-Environment and Natural Resources Management, Faculty
of Social and Management Sciences, Ernest
Bai Koroma University of Science and Technology, Magburaka City 00232, Sierra Leone
| | - Alpha Yayah Jalloh
- School
of Economics and Management, Chang’an
University, Xi’an 710064, China
| | - Kejan Kokofele
- Faculty of
Education, Eastern Technical University
of Sierra Leone, Combema
Road, Kenema City 00232, Sierra Leone
| | - Florence Wuyah Baion
- Faculty of
Education, Eastern Technical University
of Sierra Leone, Combema
Road, Kenema City 00232, Sierra Leone
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26
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Feng Y, Wang R, Ge T. Pathways to Energy-efficient Water Production from the Atmosphere. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2204508. [PMID: 36285671 PMCID: PMC9798993 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) provides a fascinating chance to facilitate a sustainable water supply, which obtains considerable attention recently. However, ignoring the energy efficiency of AWH leads to high energy consumption in current prototypes (ca. 101 to 102 MJ kg-1 ), misfitting with the high-strung and complicated water-energy nexus. In this perspective, a robust evaluation of existing AWHs is conducted and a detailed way to high-efficiency AWH is paved. The results suggest that using cooling-assisted adsorption will weaken the bounds of climate to sorbent selections and have the potential to improve efficiency by more than 50%. For device design, the authors deeply elucidate how to perfect heat/mass transfer to narrow the gap between lab and practices. Reducing heat loss, recovering heat and structured sorbent are the main paths to improve efficiency on the device scale, which is more significant for a large-scale AWH. Besides efficiency, the techno-economic evaluation reveals that developing a cost-effective AWH is also crucial for sustainability, which can be contributed by green synthesis routes and biomass-based sorbents. These analyses provide a uniform platform to guide the next-generation AWH to mitigate the global water crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohui Feng
- Research Center of Solar Power & RefrigerationInstitute of Refrigeration and CryogenicsSchool of Mechanical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong University800 Dongchuan RoadShanghai200240China
| | - Ruzhu Wang
- Research Center of Solar Power & RefrigerationInstitute of Refrigeration and CryogenicsSchool of Mechanical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong University800 Dongchuan RoadShanghai200240China
| | - Tianshu Ge
- Research Center of Solar Power & RefrigerationInstitute of Refrigeration and CryogenicsSchool of Mechanical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong University800 Dongchuan RoadShanghai200240China
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27
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Xie H, Zhao Z, Liu T, Wu Y, Lan C, Jiang W, Zhu L, Wang Y, Yang D, Shao Z. A membrane-based seawater electrolyser for hydrogen generation. Nature 2022; 612:673-678. [PMID: 36450987 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05379-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical saline water electrolysis using renewable energy as input is a highly desirable and sustainable method for the mass production of green hydrogen1-7; however, its practical viability is seriously challenged by insufficient durability because of the electrode side reactions and corrosion issues arising from the complex components of seawater. Although catalyst engineering using polyanion coatings to suppress corrosion by chloride ions or creating highly selective electrocatalysts has been extensively exploited with modest success, it is still far from satisfactory for practical applications8-14. Indirect seawater splitting by using a pre-desalination process can avoid side-reaction and corrosion problems15-21, but it requires additional energy input, making it economically less attractive. In addition, the independent bulky desalination system makes seawater electrolysis systems less flexible in terms of size. Here we propose a direct seawater electrolysis method for hydrogen production that radically addresses the side-reaction and corrosion problems. A demonstration system was stably operated at a current density of 250 milliamperes per square centimetre for over 3,200 hours under practical application conditions without failure. This strategy realizes efficient, size-flexible and scalable direct seawater electrolysis in a way similar to freshwater splitting without a notable increase in operation cost, and has high potential for practical application. Importantly, this configuration and mechanism promises further applications in simultaneous water-based effluent treatment and resource recovery and hydrogen generation in one step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Sciences and Geothermal Energy Exploitation and Utilization, Institute of Deep Earth Sciences and Green Energy, College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China. .,Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Zhiyu Zhao
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Lan
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenchuan Jiang
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liangyu Zhu
- Petroleum Engineering School, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongsheng Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zongping Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China. .,WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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28
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Li T, Wu M, Xu J, Du R, Yan T, Wang P, Bai Z, Wang R, Wang S. Simultaneous atmospheric water production and 24-hour power generation enabled by moisture-induced energy harvesting. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6771. [PMID: 36351950 PMCID: PMC9646691 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Water and electricity scarcity are two global challenges, especially in arid and remote areas. Harnessing ubiquitous moisture and sunlight for water and power generation is a sustainable route to address these challenges. Herein, we report a moisture-induced energy harvesting strategy to realize efficient sorption-based atmospheric water harvesting (SAWH) and 24-hour thermoelectric power generation (TEPG) by synergistically utilizing moisture-induced sorption/desorption heats of SAWH, solar energy in the daytime and radiative cooling in the nighttime. Notably, the synergistic effects significantly improve all-day thermoelectric power density (~346%) and accelerate atmospheric water harvesting compared with conventional designs. We further demonstrate moisture-induced energy harvesting for a hybrid SAWH-TEPG device, exhibiting high water production of 750 g m-2, together with impressive thermoelectric power density up to 685 mW m-2 in the daytime and 21 mW m-2 in the nighttime. Our work provides a promising approach to realizing sustainable water production and power generation at anytime and anywhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingxian Li
- Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Research Center of Solar Power and Refrigeration of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Minqiang Wu
- Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jiaxing Xu
- Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ruxue Du
- Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Taisen Yan
- Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Bai
- Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ruzhu Wang
- Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Research Center of Solar Power and Refrigeration of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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29
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Deng F, Chen Z, Wang C, Xiang C, Poredoš P, Wang R. Hygroscopic Porous Polymer for Sorption-Based Atmospheric Water Harvesting. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2204724. [PMID: 36209387 PMCID: PMC9685462 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sorption-based atmospheric water harvesting (SAWH) holds huge potential due to its freshwater capabilities for alleviating water scarcity stress. The two essential parts, sorbent material and system structure, dominate the water sorption-desorption performance and the total water productivity for SAWH system together. Attributed to the superiorities in aspects of sorption-desorption performance, scalability, and compatibility in practical SAWH devices, hygroscopic porous polymers (HPPs) as next-generation sorbents are recently going through a vast surge. However, as HPPs' sorption mechanism, performance, and applied potential lack comprehensive and accurate guidelines, SAWH's subsequent development is restricted. To address the aforementioned problems, this review introduces HPPs' recent development related to mechanism, performance, and application. Furthermore, corresponding optimized strategies for both HPP-based sorbent bed and coupling structural design are proposed. Finally, original research routes are directed to develop next-generation HPP-based SAWH systems. The presented guidelines and insights can influence and inspire the future development of SAWH technology, further achieving SAWH's practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Deng
- Institute of Refrigeration and CryogenicsMOE Engineering Research Center of Solar Power and RefrigerationShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200040China
| | - Zhihui Chen
- Institute of Refrigeration and CryogenicsMOE Engineering Research Center of Solar Power and RefrigerationShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200040China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Institute of Refrigeration and CryogenicsMOE Engineering Research Center of Solar Power and RefrigerationShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200040China
| | - Chengjie Xiang
- Institute of Refrigeration and CryogenicsMOE Engineering Research Center of Solar Power and RefrigerationShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200040China
| | - Primož Poredoš
- Institute of Refrigeration and CryogenicsMOE Engineering Research Center of Solar Power and RefrigerationShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200040China
| | - Ruzhu Wang
- Institute of Refrigeration and CryogenicsMOE Engineering Research Center of Solar Power and RefrigerationShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200040China
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30
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Shi W, Guan W, Lei C, Yu G. Sorbents for Atmospheric Water Harvesting: From Design Principles to Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202211267. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shi
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Weixin Guan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Chuxin Lei
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Guihua Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA
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31
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Shan H, Li C, Chen Z, Ying W, Poredoš P, Ye Z, Pan Q, Wang J, Wang R. Exceptional water production yield enabled by batch-processed portable water harvester in semi-arid climate. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5406. [PMID: 36109494 PMCID: PMC9478113 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33062-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractSorption-based atmospheric water harvesting has the potential to realize water production anytime, anywhere, but reaching a hundred-gram high water yield in semi-arid climates is still challenging, although state-of-the-art sorbents have been used. Here, we report a portable and modularized water harvester with scalable, low-cost, and lightweight LiCl-based hygroscopic composite (Li-SHC) sorbents. Li-SHC achieves water uptake capacity of 1.18, 1.79, and 2.93 g g−1 at 15%, 30%, and 60% RH, respectively. Importantly, considering the large mismatch between water capture and release rates, a rationally designed batch processing mode is proposed to pursue maximum water yield in a single diurnal cycle. Together with the advanced thermal design, the water harvester shows an exceptional water yield of 311.69 g day−1 and 1.09 g gsorbent−1 day−1 in the semi-arid climate with the extremely low RH of ~15%, demonstrating the adaptability and possibility of achieving large-scale and reliable water production in real scenarios.
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32
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Lu H, Shi W, Zhang JH, Chen AC, Guan W, Lei C, Greer JR, Boriskina SV, Yu G. Tailoring the Desorption Behavior of Hygroscopic Gels for Atmospheric Water Harvesting in Arid Climates. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2205344. [PMID: 35901232 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous nature of atmospheric moisture makes it a significant water resource available at any geographical location. Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) technology, which extracts moisture from the ambient air to generate clean water, is a promising strategy to realize decentralized water production. The high water uptake by salt-based sorbents makes them attractive for AWH, especially in arid environments. However, they often have relatively high desorption heat, rendering water release an energy-intensive process. A LiCl-incorporating polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAM-LiCl) capable of effective moisture harvesting from arid environments is proposed. The interactions between the hydrophilic hydrogel network and the captured water generate more free and weakly bonded water, significantly lowering the desorption heat compared with conventional neat salt sorbents. Benefiting from the affinity for swelling of the polymer backbones, the developed PAM-LiCl achieves a high water uptake of ≈1.1 g g-1 at 20% RH with fast sorption kinetics of ≈0.008 g g-1 min-1 and further demonstrates a daily water yield up to ≈7 g g-1 at this condition. These findings provide a new pathway for the synthesis of materials with efficient water absorption/desorption properties, to reach energy-efficient water release for AWH in arid climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyi Lu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Wen Shi
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - James H Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Amylynn C Chen
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Weixin Guan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Chuxin Lei
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Julia R Greer
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Svetlana V Boriskina
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Guihua Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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33
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Dods MN, Weston SC, Long JR. Prospects for Simultaneously Capturing Carbon Dioxide and Harvesting Water from Air. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2204277. [PMID: 35980944 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mitigation of anthropogenic climate change is expected to require large-scale deployment of carbon dioxide removal strategies. Prominent among these strategies is direct air capture with sequestration (DACS), which encompasses the removal and long-term storage of atmospheric CO2 by purely engineered means. Because it does not require arable land or copious amounts of freshwater, DACS is already attractive in the context of sustainable development, but opportunities to improve its sustainability still exist. Leveraging differences in the chemistry of CO2 and water adsorption within porous solids, here, the prospect of simultaneously removing water alongside CO2 in direct air capture operations is investigated. In many cases, the co-adsorbed water can be desorbed separately from chemisorbed CO2 molecules, enabling efficient harvesting of water from air. Depending upon the material employed and process conditions, the desorbed water can be of sufficiently high purity for industrial, agricultural, or potable use and can thus improve regional water security. Additionally, the recovered water can offset a portion of the costs associated with DACS. In this Perspective, molecular- and process-level insights are combined to identify routes toward realizing this nascent yet enticing concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Dods
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Simon C Weston
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, Annandale, NJ, 08801, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Long
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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Shi W, Guan W, Lei C, Yu G. Sorbents for Atmospheric Water Harvesting: from Design Principles to Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202211267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shi
- UT Austin: The University of Texas at Austin Materials Science and Engineering UNITED STATES
| | - Weixin Guan
- UT Austin: The University of Texas at Austin Materials Science and Engineering UNITED STATES
| | - Chuxin Lei
- UT Austin: The University of Texas at Austin Materials Science and Engineering UNITED STATES
| | - Guihua Yu
- The University of Texas at Austin Mechanical Engineering 1 University Station C2200 78712 Austin UNITED STATES
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Linker Functionalization Strategy for Water Adsorption in Metal-Organic Frameworks. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092614. [PMID: 35565965 PMCID: PMC9104645 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Water adsorption in metal-organic frameworks has gained a lot of scientific attention recently due to the potential to be used in adsorption-based water capture. Functionalization of their organic linkers can tune water adsorption properties by increasing the hydrophilicity, thus altering the shape of the water adsorption isotherms and the overall water uptake. In this work, a large set of functional groups is screened for their interaction with water using ab initio calculations. The functional groups with the highest water affinities form two hydrogen bonds with the water molecule, acting as H-bond donor and H-bond acceptor simultaneously. Notably, the highest binding energy was calculated to be -12.7 Kcal/mol for the -OSO3H group at the RI-MP2/def2-TZVPP-level of theory, which is three times larger than the reference value. Subsequently, the effect of the functionalization strategy on the water uptake is examined on a selected set of functionalized MOF-74-III by performing Monte Carlo simulations. It was found that the specific groups can increase the hydrophilicity of the MOF and enhance the water uptake with respect to the parent MOF-74-III for relative humidity (RH) values up to 30%. The saturation water uptake exceeded 800 cm3/cm3 for all candidates, classifying them among the top performing materials for water harvesting.
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Legrand U, Girard-Lauriault PL, Meunier JL, Boudreault R, Tavares JR. Experimental and Theoretical Assessment of Water Sorbent Kinetics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:2651-2659. [PMID: 35175059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of water adsorption in powder sorbent layers are important to design a scaled-up atmospheric water capture device. Herein, the adsorption kinetics of three sorbents, a chromium (Cr)-based metal-organic framework (Cr-MIL-101), a carbon-based material (nanoporous sponges/NPS), and silica gel, have been tested experimentally, using powder layers ranging from ∼0 to 7.5 mm in thickness, in a custom-made calibrated environmental chamber cycling from 5 to 95% RH at 30 °C. A mass and energy transfer model was applied onto the experimental curves to better understand the contribution of key parameters (maximum water uptake, kinetics of single particles, layer open porosity, and particle size distribution). Open porosity (i.e., the void-to-particle ratio in the sorbent layer) shows the highest influence to improve the kinetics. Converting the sorbent kinetics data into a daily yield of captured water demonstrated (i) the existence of an optimal open porosity for each sorbent, (ii) that thinner layers with moderate open porosity performed respectively better than thicker layers with high open porosity, and (iii) that high maximum water uptake and fast single-particle kinetics are not necessarily predictive of high daily water yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Legrand
- CREPEC, Chemical Engineering Department, Polytechnique Montreal, 2500 Chemin de Polytechnique, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | - Jean-Luc Meunier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Richard Boudreault
- Awn Nanotech, Inc., 1985 55th Ave, Suite 100, Dorval, Quebec H9P 1G9, Canada
| | - Jason Robert Tavares
- CREPEC, Chemical Engineering Department, Polytechnique Montreal, 2500 Chemin de Polytechnique, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
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Lu H, Shi W, Guo Y, Guan W, Lei C, Yu G. Materials Engineering for Atmospheric Water Harvesting: Progress and Perspectives. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110079. [PMID: 35122451 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) is emerging as a promising strategy to produce fresh water from abundant airborne moisture to overcome the global clean water shortage. The ubiquitous moisture resources allow AWH to be free from geographical restrictions and potentially realize decentralized applications, making it a vital parallel or supplementary freshwater production approach to liquid water resource-based technologies. Recent advances in regulating chemical properties and micro/nanostructures of moisture-harvesting materials have demonstrated new possibilities to promote enhanced device performance and new understandings. This perspective aims to provide a timely overview on the state-of-the-art materials design and how they serve as the active components in AWH. First, the key processes of AWH, including vapor condensation, droplet nucleation, growth, and departure are outlined, and the desired material properties based on the fundamental mechanisms are discussed. Then, how tailoring materials-water interactions at the molecular level play a vital role in realizing high water uptake and low energy consumption is shown. Last, the challenges and outlook on further improving AWH from material designs and system engineering aspects are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyi Lu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Wen Shi
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Youhong Guo
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Weixin Guan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Chuxin Lei
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Guihua Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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