1
|
Dhanurkar T, Budamala V, Das Bhowmik R. Understanding the association between global forest fire products and hydrometeorological variables. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:173911. [PMID: 38889823 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Climate change and anthropogenic activities have influenced the frequency and magnitude of forest fires both globally and regionally. While skilful short- to extended-range prediction of forest fires is essential for effective mitigation in local communities, it is also important to identify the implications of forest fires on different sectors, including water resources and sustainable development. Limited studies have investigated the association between forest fires and hydrometeorological variables at the regional scale in developing countries due to the lack of necessary datasets, which can now be leveraged using the newly hosted global reanalysis of fire danger indices (referred to as fire indices). The current study presents a comprehensive analysis of the spatio-temporal variations of eight fire indices across India, as well as their association with hydro-meteorological variables, such as precipitation, temperature, and the streamflow of a major river basin (Mahanadi) in India. The accuracy of these indices in capturing real fire events and the potential benefit of incorporating fire indices into long-term hydrologic simulations are also explored. The results show that fire indices can accurately yield fire seasons (i.e., post-monsoon and summer) in India. Furthermore, forest fires are found to be strongly associated with hydro-meteorological variables, typically resulting in low streamflow regimes. Fire indices can also capture actual fire events, maintaining high scalar accuracy. Finally, an improvement in uncalibrated hydrologic model simulations is observed when simulated streamflow is post-processed using the fire indices as predictors. Overall, the current study has valuable implications for fire indices forecasting and hydrologic simulations in ungauged basins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshik Dhanurkar
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Venkatesh Budamala
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Rajarshi Das Bhowmik
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bouchali R, Mandon C, Danty-Berger E, Géloën A, Marjolet L, Youenou B, Pozzi ACM, Vareilles S, Galia W, Kouyi GL, Toussaint JY, Cournoyer B. Runoff microbiome quality assessment of a city center rainwater harvesting zone shows a differentiation of pathogen loads according to human mobility patterns. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 260:114391. [PMID: 38781750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The hygienic quality of urban surfaces can be impaired by multiple sources of microbiological contaminants. These surfaces can trigger the development of multiple bacterial taxa and favor their spread during rain events through the circulation of runoff waters. These runoff waters are commonly directed toward sewer networks, stormwater infiltration systems or detention tanks prior a release into natural water ways. With water scarcity becoming a major worldwide issue, these runoffs are representing an alternative supply for some usage like street cleaning and plant watering. Microbiological hazards associated with these urban runoffs, and surveillance guidelines must be defined to favor these uses. Runoff microbiological quality from a recently implemented city center rainwater harvesting zone was evaluated through classical fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) assays, quantitative PCR and DNA meta-barcoding analyses. The incidence of socio-urbanistic patterns on the organization of these urban microbiomes were investigated. FIB and DNA from Human-specific Bacteroidales and pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus were detected from most runoffs and showed broad distribution patterns. 16S rRNA DNA meta-barcoding profilings further identified core recurrent taxa of health concerns like Acinetobacter, Mycobacterium, Aeromonas and Pseudomonas, and divided these communities according to two main groups of socio-urbanistic patterns. One of these was highly impacted by heavy traffic, and showed recurrent correlation networks involving bacterial hydrocarbon degraders harboring significant virulence properties. The tpm-based meta-barcoding approach identified some of these taxa at the species level for more than 30 genera. Among these, recurrent pathogens were recorded such as P. aeruginosa, P. paraeruginosa, and Aeromonas caviae. P. aeruginosa and A. caviae tpm reads were found evenly distributed over the study site but those of P. paraeruginosa were higher among sub-catchments impacted by heavy traffic. Health risks associated with these runoff P. paraeruginosa emerging pathogens were high and associated with strong cytotoxicity on A549 lung cells. Recurrent detections of pathogens in runoff waters highlight the need of a microbiological surveillance prior allowing their use. Good microbiological quality can be obtained for certain typologies of sub-catchments with good hygienic practices but not all. A reorganization of Human mobility and behaviors would likely trigger changes in these bacterial diversity patterns and reduce the occurrences of the most hazardous groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rayan Bouchali
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne / Microbial Ecology (LEM), CNRS 5557, INRAE 1418, 69280, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Claire Mandon
- Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, UMR Environnement, Ville, Société, CNRS 5600, 18 rue Chevreul, 69362, Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuelle Danty-Berger
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne / Microbial Ecology (LEM), CNRS 5557, INRAE 1418, 69280, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Alain Géloën
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne / Microbial Ecology (LEM), CNRS 5557, INRAE 1418, 69280, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Laurence Marjolet
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne / Microbial Ecology (LEM), CNRS 5557, INRAE 1418, 69280, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Benjamin Youenou
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne / Microbial Ecology (LEM), CNRS 5557, INRAE 1418, 69280, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Adrien C M Pozzi
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne / Microbial Ecology (LEM), CNRS 5557, INRAE 1418, 69280, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Sophie Vareilles
- Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, UMR Environnement, Ville, Société, CNRS 5600, 18 rue Chevreul, 69362, Lyon, France
| | - Wessam Galia
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne / Microbial Ecology (LEM), CNRS 5557, INRAE 1418, 69280, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | | | - Jean-Yves Toussaint
- Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, UMR Environnement, Ville, Société, CNRS 5600, 18 rue Chevreul, 69362, Lyon, France
| | - Benoit Cournoyer
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne / Microbial Ecology (LEM), CNRS 5557, INRAE 1418, 69280, Marcy L'Etoile, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shelton SA, Kaushal SS, Mayer PM, Shatkay RR, Rippy MA, Grant SB, Newcomer-Johnson TA. Salty chemical cocktails as water quality signatures: Longitudinal trends and breakpoints along different U.S. streams. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172777. [PMID: 38670384 PMCID: PMC11371123 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Along urban streams and rivers, various processes, including road salt application, sewage leaks, and weathering of the built environment, contribute to novel chemical cocktails made up of metals, salts, nutrients, and organic matter. In order to track the impacts of urbanization and management strategies on water quality, we conducted longitudinal stream synoptic (LSS) monitoring in nine watersheds in five major metropolitan areas of the U.S. During each LSS monitoring survey, 10-53 sites were sampled along the flowpath of streams as they flowed along rural to urban gradients. Results demonstrated that major ions derived from salts (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+) and correlated elements (e.g. Sr2+, N, Cu) formed 'salty chemical cocktails' that increased along rural to urban flowpaths. Salty chemical cocktails explained 46.1% of the overall variability in geochemistry among streams and showed distinct typologies, trends, and transitions along flowpaths through metropolitan regions. Multiple linear regression predicted 62.9% of the variance in the salty chemical cocktails using the six following significant drivers (p < 0.05): percent urban land, wastewater treatment plant discharge, mean annual precipitation, percent silicic residual material, percent volcanic material, and percent carbonate residual material. Mean annual precipitation and percent urban area were the most important in the regression, explaining 29.6% and 13.0% of the variance. Different pollution sources (wastewater, road salt, urban runoff) in streams were tracked downstream based on salty chemical cocktails. Streams flowing through stream-floodplain restoration projects and conservation areas with extensive riparian forest buffers did not show longitudinal increases in salty chemical cocktails, suggesting that there could be attenuation via conservation and restoration. Salinization represents a common urban water quality signature and longitudinal patterns of distinct chemical cocktails and ionic mixtures have the potential to track the sources, fate, and transport of different point and nonpoint pollution sources along streams across different regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sydney A Shelton
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, Geology Building 237, College Park, MD 20742, USA; ORISE Fellow at Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA.
| | - Sujay S Kaushal
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, Geology Building 237, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Paul M Mayer
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA.
| | - Ruth R Shatkay
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, Geology Building 237, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Megan A Rippy
- Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, The Charles E. Via Jr Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 9408 Prince William St, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; Center for Coastal Studies, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Stanley B Grant
- Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, The Charles E. Via Jr Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 9408 Prince William St, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; Center for Coastal Studies, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Tammy A Newcomer-Johnson
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Watershed and Ecosystem Characterization Division, 26 Martin Luther King Dr W, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Behrouz MS, Sample DJ, Kisila OB, Harrison M, Nayeb Yazdi M, Garna RK. Parameterization of nutrients and sediment build-up/wash-off processes for simulating stormwater quality from specific land uses. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 358:120768. [PMID: 38599081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Urbanization changes land cover through the expansion of impermeable surfaces, leading to a significant rise in runoff, sediment, and nutrient loading. The quality of stormwater is related to land use and is highly variable. Currently, stormwater is predominantly described through watershed models that rely minimally, if at all, on field monitoring data. The simple event mean concentration (EMC) wash-off approach by land use is a common method for estimating urban runoff loads. However, a major drawback of the EMC approach is it assumes concentration remains constant across events for a specific land use. Build-up/wash-off equations have been formulated to consider variations in concentration between events. However, several equation parameters are challenging to estimate, making them difficult to use. We conducted a monitoring and modeling study and investigated the impact of land use on stormwater quantity and quality and optimized and investigated the build-up/wash-off parameters for three homogenous urban land uses to estimate nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and sediment loads. Stormwater from commercial, medium-density residential, and transportation land uses was sampled using automatic samplers during storm events, and water quality was characterized for a variety of them for 14 months. Analysis of stormwater samples included assessments for total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total suspended solids. Results showed that medium-density residential land use had the highest median total nitrogen and total phosphorus event mean concentrations and commercial had the highest median total suspended solids EMCs. Water quality parameters (or build-up/wash-off parameters) exhibited significant variation between land uses, confirming that land use is a key determinant of stormwater quality. The median particle size for each land use was less than 150 μm, indicating that the most common particle size in stormwater was a very fine sand or smaller. This small size should be considered by stakeholders in the design of stormwater treatment systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Shahed Behrouz
- Department of Biological System Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, United States; Hampton Roads Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Virginia Beach, VA, 23455, United States; Stantec Consulting Services Inc, Sacramento, CA, 95816, United States.
| | - David J Sample
- Department of Biological System Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, United States; Hampton Roads Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Virginia Beach, VA, 23455, United States.
| | - Odhiambo B Kisila
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, VA, 22401, United States.
| | - Michael Harrison
- Hampton Roads Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Virginia Beach, VA, 23455, United States; College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States.
| | - Mohammad Nayeb Yazdi
- Department of Biological System Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, United States; Department of Environmental Services, Arlington County, Arlington, VA, 22201, United States.
| | - Roja Kaveh Garna
- Department of Biological System Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, United States; Stantec Consulting Services Inc, Lexington, KY, 40513, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Malin JT, Kaushal SS, Mayer PM, Maas CM, Hohman SP, Rippy MA. Longitudinal stream synoptic (LSS) monitoring to evaluate water quality in restored streams. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:437. [PMID: 38592553 PMCID: PMC11069387 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12570-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Impervious surface cover increases peak flows and degrades stream health, contributing to a variety of hydrologic, water quality, and ecological symptoms, collectively known as the urban stream syndrome. Strategies to combat the urban stream syndrome often employ engineering approaches to enhance stream-floodplain reconnection, dissipate erosive forces from urban runoff, and enhance contaminant retention, but it is not always clear how effective such practices are or how to monitor for their effectiveness. In this study, we explore applications of longitudinal stream synoptic (LSS) monitoring (an approach where multiple samples are collected along stream flowpaths across both space and time) to narrow this knowledge gap. Specifically, we investigate (1) whether LSS monitoring can be used to detect changes in water chemistry along longitudinal flowpaths in response to stream-floodplain reconnection and (2) what is the scale over which restoration efforts improve stream quality. We present results for four different classes of water quality constituents (carbon, nutrients, salt ions, and metals) across five watersheds with varying degrees of stream-floodplain reconnection. Our work suggests that LSS monitoring can be used to evaluate stream restoration strategies when implemented at meter to kilometer scales. As streams flow through restoration features, concentrations of nutrients, salts, and metals significantly decline (p < 0.05) or remain unchanged. This same pattern is not evident in unrestored streams, where salt ion concentrations (e.g., Na+, Ca2+, K+) significantly increase with increasing impervious cover. When used in concert with statistical approaches like principal component analysis, we find that LSS monitoring reveals changes in entire chemical mixtures (e.g., salts, metals, and nutrients), not just individual water quality constituents. These chemical mixtures are locally responsive to restoration projects, but can be obscured at the watershed scale and overwhelmed during storm events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Malin
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
- Environmental Quality Resources, L.L.C., 2391 Brandermill Blvd., Suite 301, Gambrills, MD, 21054, USA.
| | - Sujay S Kaushal
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Paul M Mayer
- Environmental Protection Agency, 805 SW Broadway #500, Portland, OR, 97205, USA
| | - Carly M Maas
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- United States Geological Survey, 1730 E Parham Road, Richmond, VA, 23228, USA
| | - Steven P Hohman
- Environmental Protection Agency, 1650 Arch St, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA
| | - Megan A Rippy
- Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 9408 Prince William Street, Manassas, VA, USA
- Center for Coastal Studies, Virginia Tech, 1068A Derring Hall (0420), Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Disaster Resilience and Risk Management (DRRM), 1068A Derring Hall, 405 Perry Street, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lam D, Zhang K, Parolari AJ. Soil, climate, and landscape drivers of base cation concentrations in green stormwater infrastructure soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169907. [PMID: 38185164 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Deicing practices and infrastructure weathering can impact plants, soil, and water quality through the input and transport of base cations. Base cation accumulation in green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) soils has the potential to decrease soil infiltration rates and plant water uptake or to promote leaching of metals and nutrients. To understand base cation retention in GSI soils and its drivers, we sampled 14 GSI soils of different age, contributing areas, and infiltration areas, across 3 years. We hypothesized that soil, climate, and landscape drivers explain the spatial and temporal variability of GSI soil base cation concentrations. Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca), and Magnesium (Mg) concentrations in GSI soils were higher than in reference soils, while Ca and Mg were similar to an urban floodplain soil. Neither the contributing area, contributing impervious area, nor their ratios to infiltration area predicted base cation concentrations. Age predicted the spatial variability of Potassium (K) concentrations. Ca and Mg were moderately predicted by sand and silt, while clay predicted Mg, and sand predicted K. However, no soil characteristics predicted Na concentrations. A subset of sites had elevated Na in Fall 2019, which followed a winter with many freezing events and higher-than-average deicer salt application. K in sites with elevated Na was lower than in non-elevated sites, suggesting that transient spikes of Na driven by deicer salt decreased the ability of GSI soils to accumulate K. These findings demonstrate the large variability of GSI soil base cation concentrations and the relative importance of soil, climate, and landscape drivers of base cation dynamics. High variability in GSI soil data is commonly observed and further research is needed to reduce uncertainties for modeling studies and design. Improved understanding of how GSI soil properties evolve over time, and their relation to GSI performance, will benefit GSI design and maintenance practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duyen Lam
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, United States of America
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, United States of America
| | - Anthony J Parolari
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pozzi ACM, Petit S, Marjolet L, Youenou B, Lagouy M, Namour P, Schmitt L, Navratil O, Breil P, Branger F, Cournoyer B. Ecological assessment of combined sewer overflow management practices through the analysis of benthic and hyporheic sediment bacterial assemblages from an intermittent stream. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167854. [PMID: 37848137 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Combined sewer overflows (CSO) are used to avoid overloading unitary sewers and wastewater treatment plants. Following the European Council Directive on Urban Wastewater Treatment (UWT), CSO discharges are regulated using guidelines that aim to reduce their ecological impact on aquatic systems. A model CSO, which is part of a long-term experimental field observatory, was modified according to these guidelines and used to evaluate the benefits of compliance through analyses of the bacteriological and chemical states of the receiving intermittent stream. The benthic and hyporheic sediments of similar geomorphic units located upstream and downstream of a monitored CSO outlet were compared before and after changes in CSO regimes. Hydrological, pollutants (Metal Trace Elements, MTE; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAH; fecal indicator bacteria, FIB), and tpm-based DNA meta-barcoding datasets resolving the occurrences of >700 bacterial species of nearly 200 genera were studied. The frequency of overflow was confirmed to have significantly decreased following the application of the UWT guidelines. Overflows became almost limited to periods of heavy summer thunderstorm events. These changes were not associated with a significant decrease in most of the surveyed MTE, PAH, and FIB among stream sediments, except for chromium. Ecological benefits were highlighted by significant changes in tpm-based meta-barcoding community patterns between the UWT compliant sampling period and the previous one. Bacterial community change point analyses confirmed this segregation in the meta-barcoding dataset according to hydrological indices such as the number of CSO events and discharged volumes. A significant decline in CSO bacterial taxa in the benthic and hyporheic sediments was observed. Thirty-four CSO indicator species were identified, including Aeromonas caviae, Aeromonas media, and Pseudomonas oleovorans. These indicators, often documented as opportunistic pathogens (to humans, animals or plants) and/or pollutant degraders, were proposed as ecological sentinels for the assessment of CSO impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien C M Pozzi
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, UMR INRAE 1418, VetAgro Sup, Research Team "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment" (BPOE), 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France.
| | - Stéphanie Petit
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, UMR INRAE 1418, VetAgro Sup, Research Team "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment" (BPOE), 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Laurence Marjolet
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, UMR INRAE 1418, VetAgro Sup, Research Team "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment" (BPOE), 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Benjamin Youenou
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, UMR INRAE 1418, VetAgro Sup, Research Team "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment" (BPOE), 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Mickaël Lagouy
- UR RiverLy, INRAE Centre Lyon-Grenoble, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, 69625 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Namour
- UR RiverLy, INRAE Centre Lyon-Grenoble, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, 69625 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Schmitt
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7362 Unistra-CNRS-ENGEES, Faculté de Géographie et d'Aménagement, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Oldrich Navratil
- UMR 5600 Environnement Ville Société, Université Lyon 2, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Pascal Breil
- UR RiverLy, INRAE Centre Lyon-Grenoble, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, 69625 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Flora Branger
- UR RiverLy, INRAE Centre Lyon-Grenoble, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, 69625 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Benoit Cournoyer
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, UMR INRAE 1418, VetAgro Sup, Research Team "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment" (BPOE), 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Custódio DA, Ghisi E. Impact of residential rainwater harvesting on stormwater runoff. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 326:116814. [PMID: 36403463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Population increase, climate change and soil impermeability are factors causing floods in large urban centres. Such places also always have water shortage problems. This research aims to evaluate the influence of rainwater harvesting in residential buildings on stormwater in a basin located in southern Brazil (Rio Cachoeira Basin). Urbanised and non-urbanised areas, soil types, curve numbers and time of concentration of each sub-basin were taken into account. Through the HEC-HMS programme, it was possible to calculate hydrographs for the base scenario (when there is no rainwater harvesting). Then, rainwater tanks for the residential buildings were sized using the computer programme Netuno. In the second scenario, there is rainwater harvesting in all residential buildings. Thus, the hydrographs for the second scenario were also calculated. The peak flow reduction potentials for the sub-basins ranged from 2.7% to 14.3%. The highest percentage (14.3%) did not occur in the sub-basin with the most extensive roof area; such highest peak flow reduction occurred in Bom Retiro sub-basin. In Bom Retiro sub-basin, there are more houses than multi-storey residential buildings. Even when considering the full potential of rainwater harvesting for roof areas of all existing buildings in the Rio Cachoeira Basin, the average potential reduction in peak flow was 7.2%. The conclusion is that rainwater tanks in residential buildings have little influence on stormwater runoff, and the stormwater runoff will be less affected when the area of the hydrographic basin is larger. Thus, the reduction in peak flows is insignificant when considering the flooding in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Antônio Custódio
- Laboratory of Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Enedir Ghisi
- Laboratory of Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Krauss L, Rippy MA. Adaptive strategy biases in engineered ecosystems: Implications for plant community dynamics and the provisioning of ecosystem services to people. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Krauss
- Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Manassas Virginia USA
| | - Megan A. Rippy
- Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Manassas Virginia USA
- Center for Coastal Studies Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
- Disaster Resilience and Risk Management (DRRM) Blacksburg Virginia USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Alja'fari J, Sharvelle S, Brinkman NE, Jahne M, Keely S, Wheaton EA, Garland J, Welty C, Sukop MC, Meixner T. Characterization of roof runoff microbial quality in four U.S. cities with varying climate and land use characteristics. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 225:119123. [PMID: 36166998 PMCID: PMC10236986 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Roof runoff has the potential to serve as an important local water source in regions with growing populations and limited water supply. Given the scarcity of guidance regulating the use of roof runoff, a need exists to characterize the microbial quality of roof runoff. The objective of this 2-year research effort was to examine roof runoff microbial quality in four U.S. cities: Fort Collins, CO; Tucson, AZ; Baltimore, MD; and Miami, FL. Seven participants, i.e., homeowners and schools, were recruited in each city to collect roof runoff samples across 13 precipitation events. Sample collection was done as part of a citizen science approach. The presence and concentrations of indicator organisms and potentially human-infectious pathogens in roof runoff were determined using culture methods and digital droplet polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR), respectively. The analyzed pathogens included Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Cryptosporidium parvum. Several factors were evaluated to study their influence on the presence of potentially human-infectious pathogens including the physicochemical characteristics (total suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, total dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand, and turbidity) of roof runoff, concentrations of indicator organisms, presence/absence of trees, storm properties (rainfall depth and antecedent dry period), percent of impervious cover surrounding each sampling location, seasonality, and geographical location. E. coli and enterococci were detected in 73.4% and 96.2% of the analyzed samples, respectively. Concentrations of both E. coli and enterococci ranged from <0 log10 to >3.38 log10 MPN/100 mL. Salmonella spp. invA, Campylobacter spp. ceuE, and G. duodenalis β - giardin gene targets were detected in 8.9%, 2.5%, and 5.1% of the analyzed samples, respectively. Campylobacter spp. mapA and C. parvum 18S rRNA gene targets were not detected in any of the analyzed samples. The detection of Salmonella spp. invA was influenced by the geographical location of the sampling site (Chi-square p-value < 0.001) as well as the number of antecedent dry days prior to a rain event (p-value = 0.002, negative correlation). The antecedent dry period was negatively correlated with the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. ceuE as well (p-value = 0.07). On the other hand, the presence of G. duodenalis β-giardin in roof runoff was positively correlated with rainfall depth (p-value = 0.05). While physicochemical parameters and impervious area were not found to be correlated with the presence/absence of potentially human-infectious pathogens, significant correlations were found between meteorological parameters and the presence/absence of potentially human-infectious pathogens. Additionally, a weak, yet significant positive correlation, was found only between the concentrations of E. coli and those of Giardia duodenalis β-giardin. This dataset represents the largest-scale study to date of enteric pathogens in U.S. roof runoff collections and will inform treatment targets for different non-potable end uses for roof runoff. However, the dataset is limited by the low percent detection of bacterial and protozoan pathogens, an issue that is likely to persist challenging the characterization of roof runoff microbial quality given sampling limitations related to the volume and number of samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jumana Alja'fari
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, 700 Meridian Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Sybil Sharvelle
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, 700 Meridian Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Nichole E Brinkman
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Michael Jahne
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Scott Keely
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Emily A Wheaton
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Jay Garland
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Claire Welty
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering and Center for Urban Environmental Research and Education, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Michael C Sukop
- Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Thomas Meixner
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Behrouz MS, Yazdi MN, Sample DJ, Scott D, Owen JS. What are the relevant sources and factors affecting event mean concentrations (EMCs) of nutrients and sediment in stormwater? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 828:154368. [PMID: 35259378 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization increases runoff, sediment, and nutrient loadings downstream, causing flooding, eutrophication, and harmful algal blooms. Stormwater control measures (SCMs) are used to address these concerns and are designed based on inflow loads. Thus, estimating nutrient and sediment loads is important for meeting restoration objectives. Pollutants accumulate on surfaces during dry periods, making Event Mean Concentration (EMC) a function of antecedent dry period (ADP). An EMC results from wash-off of accumulated pollutants from catchment surface during runoff events. However, several studies found little to no correlation between constituent concentrations in stormwater and ADP. The objective of this study is to verify this finding and discover which climatological or catchment characteristics most significantly affect stormwater quality. Stormwater quality data were obtained from the National Stormwater Quality Database (NSQD), which is the largest data repository of stormwater quality data in the U.S. Bayesian Network Structure Learner (BNSL) was used to assess the relationships between catchment characteristics, climatological information, and stormwater quality for selected land uses. Given the optimal BN structure, it was determined which parameters most affect stormwater quality EMCs. The results demonstrate that both catchment and rain characteristics affected stormwater quality EMCs. Among catchment characteristics, land use (LU) was the most important factor and catchment size was the least. Precipitation depth (P) and duration (D) affected Total Phosphorus (TP), Total Nitrogen (TN), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS). This indicated that it is likely that P and D had a greater influence on stormwater quality more than ADP. P, D, and ADP affected the dissolved constituents of TN (i.e. NO2-N/NO3-N) and TP (i.e. Ortho-P). Compared to other factors (i.e. P and D), the effect of ADP on TSS was negligible. Stormwater quality EMCs related to nitrogen were not affected by catchment slope (S). However, TSS and Ortho-P were influenced by S.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Shahed Behrouz
- Department of Biological System Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Seitz Hall, 155 Ag-Quad Ln, Blacksburg, VA 24060, United States.
| | - Mohammad Nayeb Yazdi
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio State University, Williams Hall, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691, United States.
| | - David J Sample
- Department of Biological System Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Seitz Hall, 155 Ag-Quad Ln, Blacksburg, VA 24060, United States.
| | - Durelle Scott
- Department of Biological System Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Seitz Hall, 155 Ag-Quad Ln, Blacksburg, VA 24060, United States.
| | - James S Owen
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rugh MB, Grant SB, Hung WC, Jay JA, Parker EA, Feraud M, Li D, Avasarala S, Holden PA, Liu H, Rippy MA, Werfhorst LCVD, Kefela T, Peng J, Shao S, Graham KE, Boehm AB, Choi S, Mohanty SK, Cao Y. Highly variable removal of pathogens, antibiotic resistance genes, conventional fecal indicators and human-associated fecal source markers in a pilot-scale stormwater biofilter operated under realistic stormflow conditions. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 219:118525. [PMID: 35533621 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Green stormwater infrastructure systems, such as biofilters, provide many water quality and other environmental benefits, but their ability to remove human pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from stormwater runoff is not well documented. In this study, a field scale biofilter in Southern California (USA) was simultaneously evaluated for the breakthrough of a conservative tracer (bromide), conventional fecal indicators, bacterial and viral human-associated fecal source markers (HF183, crAssphage, and PMMoV), ARGs, and bacterial and viral pathogens. When challenged with a 50:50 mixture of untreated sewage and stormwater (to mimic highly contaminated storm flow) the biofilter significantly removed (p < 0.05) 14 of 17 microbial markers and ARGsin descending order of concentration reduction: ermB (2.5 log(base 10) reduction) > Salmonella (2.3) > adenovirus (1.9) > coliphage (1.5) > crAssphage (1.2) > E. coli (1.0) ∼ 16S rRNA genes (1.0) ∼ fecal coliform (1.0) ∼ intl1 (1.0) > Enterococcus (0.9) ∼ MRSA (0.9) ∼ sul1 (0.9) > PMMoV (0.7) > Entero1A (0.5). No significant removal was observed for GenBac3, Campylobacter, and HF183. From the bromide data, we infer that 0.5 log-units of attenuation can be attributed to the dilution of incoming stormwater with water stored in the biofilter; removal above this threshold is presumably associated with non-conservative processes, such as physicochemical filtration, die-off, and predation. Our study documents high variability (>100-fold) in the removal of different microbial contaminants and ARGs by a field-scale stormwater biofilter operated under transient flow and raises further questions about the utility of human-associated fecal source markers as surrogates for pathogen removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megyn B Rugh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stanley B Grant
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, Virginia Tech, 9408 Prince William Street, Manassas VA 20110, USA; Center for Coastal Studies, Virginia Tech, 1068A Derring Hall (0420), Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Wei-Cheng Hung
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jennifer A Jay
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Emily A Parker
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, Virginia Tech, 9408 Prince William Street, Manassas VA 20110, USA
| | - Marina Feraud
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, 2400 Bren Hall, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106, USA
| | - Dong Li
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, 2400 Bren Hall, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106, USA
| | - Sumant Avasarala
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns Hall A239, UC Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Patricia A Holden
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, 2400 Bren Hall, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106, USA
| | - Haizhou Liu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns Hall A239, UC Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Megan A Rippy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Coastal Studies, Virginia Tech, 1068A Derring Hall (0420), Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Laurie C Van De Werfhorst
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, 2400 Bren Hall, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106, USA
| | - Timnit Kefela
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, 2400 Bren Hall, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106, USA
| | - Jian Peng
- Orange County Environmental Resources, 2301 North Glassell Street, Orange, CA 92865, USA
| | - Stella Shao
- GSI Environmental Inc., 19200 Von Karman Ave, St 800, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | - Katherine E Graham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexandria B Boehm
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Samuel Choi
- Orange County Sanitation District, 10844 Ellis Avenue, Fountain Valley, CA 92708, USA
| | - Sanjay K Mohanty
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yiping Cao
- Orange County Sanitation District, 10844 Ellis Avenue, Fountain Valley, CA 92708, USA; Source Molecular Corporation, 15280 NW 79th 10 Court, St 107, Miami Lakes, FL 33016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
A Multiobjective Spatial Optimization Model of LID Based on Catchment Landuse Type. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14121944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Aiming to solve the problem of the low efficiency and single objective of low impact development (LID) layout, the objectives of stormwater control, water quality purification, and economic cost are selected to present the performance of LID practices. A novel method of evaluating urban runoff and pollutant concentration is put forward based on the land-use type of each catchment. Shenzhen City is selected as the study area, and three LID scenarios are designed and contrasted for an ideal solution according to their land-use type. The results show that the multiobjective optimization model based on runoff evaluation, pollutant simulation, and investment calculation can be more efficient and can be applied in other areas.
Collapse
|
14
|
Edwards EC, Nelson C, Harter T, Bowles C, Li X, Lock B, Fogg GE, Washburn BS. Potential effects on groundwater quality associated with infiltrating stormwater through dry wells for aquifer recharge. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2022; 246:103964. [PMID: 35180606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2022.103964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dry wells (gravity-fed infiltration wells) have frequently been used to recharge aquifers with stormwater, especially in urban areas, as well as manage flood risk and reduce surface water body contamination from stormwater pollutants. However, only limited assessment of their potential adverse impacts on groundwater quality exists. Dry well recharge can bypass significant portions of the filtering-capacity of the vadose zone. Stormwater and groundwater monitoring data and analysis of transport of a wide range of historic and current-use stormwater chemicals of concern is lacking. To address these gaps, two dry wells were constructed with vegetated and structural pretreatment features to assess the likelihood of stormwater contaminants reaching the aquifer. We monitored, assessed, and compared the presence of contaminants in stormwater to water quality in the vadose zone and shallow groundwater after it passed through the dry well. The dry wells were installed at a suburban residential and at a suburban commercial site. The selected sites were overlying a regional, unconsolidated, and highly heterogeneous alluvial aquifer system. Stormwater, vadose zone, and groundwater samples were collected during five storms and analyzed for over 200 contaminants of concern. Relatively few contaminants were detected in stormwater, generally at low concentrations. Prior to stormwater entering the dry well, 50-65% of contaminants were removed by vegetated pretreatment. In groundwater, metals such as aluminum and iron were detected at similar concentrations in both upgradient and downgradient wells, suggesting the source of these metals was not dry well effluent. Naturally occurring metals such as chromium and arsenic were not detected in stormwater but were found at elevated concentrations in groundwater. A modeling assessment suggests that the travel time of metals and hydrophobic organic contaminants to the water table at these sites ranges from years to centuries, whereas water soluble pesticides would likely reach the water table within days to months. The modeling assessment also showed that more vulnerable sites with higher fraction of alluvial sands would have much shorter contaminant travel times. However, none of the contaminants assessed reached concentrations that pose a risk to human health across the scenarios considered. No evidence was found, either through direct measurements or vadose zone modeling, that contaminants present in suburban stormwater degraded or would degrade groundwater quality at the studied sites and site conditions. Future work is needed to address emerging contaminants of concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Edwards
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, UC Davis, United States of America.
| | - Connie Nelson
- City of Elk Grove, Elk Grove, CA, United States of America
| | - Thomas Harter
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, UC Davis, United States of America
| | - Chris Bowles
- cbec ecoengineering, West Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Xue Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Bennett Lock
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Cal EPA, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Graham E Fogg
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, UC Davis, United States of America; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, UC Davis, United States of America
| | - Barbara S Washburn
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Cal EPA, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hung WC, Rugh M, Feraud M, Avasarala S, Kurylo J, Gutierrez M, Jimenez K, Truong N, Holden PA, Grant SB, Liu H, Ambrose RF, Jay JA. Influence of soil characteristics and metal(loid)s on antibiotic resistance genes in green stormwater infrastructure in Southern California. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127469. [PMID: 34655877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The synergetic effects of metal(loid)s and soil characteristics on bacterial antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) has been relatively understudied. Surface soil samples from six GSIs in Southern California over three time periods were assessed for selected ARGs, class 1 integron-integrase genes (intI1), 16S rRNA genes, and bioavailable and total concentrations of nine metal(loid)s, to investigate the relationships among ARGs, soil characteristics, and co-occurring metal(loid)s. Significant correlations existed among relative gene abundances (sul1, sul2, tetW, and intI1), total metal(loid)s (arsenic, copper, lead, vanadium, and zinc), and bioavailable metal(loid) (arsenic) (r = 0.29-0.61, padj < 0.05). Additionally, soil texture, organic matter, and nutrients within GSI appeared to be significantly correlated with relative gene abundances of sul1, sul2, and tetW (r = -0.57 to 0.59, padj < 0.05). Multiple regression models significantly improved the estimation of ARGs in GSI when considering multiple effects of soil characteristics and metal(loid)s (r = 0.74, padj < 0.001) compared to correlation results. Total arsenic was a significant (positive) correlate in all the regression models of relative gene abundances. This work provides new insights into co-dependencies between GSI ARGs and co-occurring metal(loid)s, indicating the need for risk assessment of metal(loid)-influenced ARG proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Cheng Hung
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Megyn Rugh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Marina Feraud
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Sumant Avasarala
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37916, USA
| | - Jessica Kurylo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mathew Gutierrez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Karina Jimenez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Nhi Truong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Patricia A Holden
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Stanley B Grant
- Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, The Charles E. Via Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 9408 Prince William Street, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; Center for Coastal Studies, Virginia Tech, 1068A Derring Hall (0420), Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Haizhou Liu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns Hall A239, UC Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Richard F Ambrose
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jennifer A Jay
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Water Dynamics in an Infiltration Trench in an Urban Centre in Brazil: Monitoring and Modelling. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14040513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infiltration trenches are compensatory techniques that consist of a reservoir filled with granular material. Their function is to store and infiltrate runoff water generated by rainfall. The objective of this work was to evaluate the hydraulic performance and model the water dynamics of an infiltration trench installed in the city of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. For each event, the response time of the infiltration system, the percentage of the infiltrated volume and the dynamics of water storage processes were analyzed as a function of rainfall events. The Puls method was used to model the events. The monitoring data demonstrated that the infiltration trench had a positive performance, infiltrating a large part of the drained volume, even with system overflows. The analyzed events presented an average emptying time of 6 days. The infiltration trench achieved its objective of decreasing the volume drained on the surface. The application of the Puls method in simulations of the monitored events showed satisfactory results in the statistical criteria coefficient of determination, deviation ratio and coefficient of residual mass, obtaining efficient adjustments, apart from a few exceptions. This study allowed us to prove the positive contribution of the trench to the water budget.
Collapse
|
17
|
Rippy MA, Pierce G, Feldman D, Winfrey B, Mehring AS, Holden PA, Ambrose R, Levin LA. Perceived services and disservices of natural treatment systems for urban stormwater: Insight from the next generation of designers. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Megan A. Rippy
- Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Manassas VA USA
- Center for Coastal Studies Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA USA
| | - Gregory Pierce
- UCLA Luskin Center for Innovation Luskin School of Public Affairs Los Angeles CA USA
| | - David Feldman
- Department of Urban Planning and Public Policy, School of Social Ecology University of California Irvine CA USA
| | - Brandon Winfrey
- Water Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering Monash University Clayton Vic Australia
| | | | - Patricia A. Holden
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management University of California Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Richard. Ambrose
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karen Fielding School of Public Health University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Lisa A. Levin
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation and Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Buzzard V, Gil-Loaiza J, Graf Grachet N, Talkington H, Youngerman C, Tfaily MM, Meredith LK. Green infrastructure influences soil health: Biological divergence one year after installation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149644. [PMID: 34428660 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Global threats to soils remain one of the greatest concerns and challenges of the 21st century. Built landscapes have profound local and global effects because they create urban heat islands, increase habitat fragmentation, and reduce biological diversity. Additionally, impervious surfaces alter natural watersheds and reduce infiltration increasing runoff that leads to erosion and soil degradation. To combat these effects, green infrastructure (GI) practices, like water harvesting rain gardens, are implemented in the Southwest United States to restore natural ecological function, yet little is known about how GI impacts soil health. Soil health can be measured using indicators that include physical, chemical, and biological characteristics that support ecosystem processes. This study aimed to evaluate changes in water holding capacity, bulk density, pH, electrical conductivity, Gibbs free energy, species richness and Shannon diversity in response to rain gardens that received different inputs (frequency and amount) and sources of harvested water (rain, municipal, greywater) one year after installation. We hypothesized that soil health indicators in GI diverge from the unaltered control treatment one year following installation. Although physical and chemical indicators were comparatively less sensitive to GI treatments than biological indicators, they varied within treatments after one year of GI management (pH increased: H = 36.37; p-value = 0.00; electrical conductivity decreased: H = 33.94; p-value = 0.00). Overall, we observed significantly higher soil microbial diversity (F = 4.29; p-value = 0.015) and richness (F = 4.02; p-value = 0.019) in surface soils in GI treatments after one year of management. Our findings suggest GI practices enhanced soil biological health which may lead to positive feedbacks that assist gradual changes in the abiotic environment thus enhancing soil health over time. These findings have broad implications for effectively assessing the success of GI management practices over short time periods using soil biological health indicators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Buzzard
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, United States of America.
| | - Juliana Gil-Loaiza
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, United States of America
| | - Nathalia Graf Grachet
- The Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, United States of America
| | - Hannah Talkington
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, United States of America
| | - Connor Youngerman
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, United States of America
| | - Malak M Tfaily
- The Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, United States of America
| | - Laura K Meredith
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, United States of America; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ponte S, Sonti NF, Phillips TH, Pavao-Zuckerman MA. Transpiration rates of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) differ between management contexts in urban forests of Maryland, USA. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22538. [PMID: 34795348 PMCID: PMC8602653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01804-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydrological functioning of urban trees can reduce stormwater runoff, mitigate the risk of flood, and improve water quality in developed areas. Tree canopies intercept rainfall and return water to the atmosphere through transpiration, while roots increase infiltration and storage in the soil. Despite this, the amount of stormwater that trees remove through these functions in urban settings is not well characterized, limiting the use of urban forests as practical stormwater management strategies. To address this gap, we use ecohydrological approaches to assess the transpiration rates of urban trees in different management settings. Our research questions are: Do transpiration rates of trees of the same species vary among different management contexts? Do relationships between environmental drivers and transpiration change among management contexts? These management settings included single trees over turfgrass and a cluster of trees over turfgrass in Montgomery County, MD, and closed canopy forest with a leaf litter layer in Baltimore, MD. We used sap flux sensors installed in 18 mature red maple (Acer rubrum L.) trees to characterize transpiration rates during the growing season. We also measured soil volumetric water content, air temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation at each site. In agreement with our initial hypothesis, we found that single trees had nearly three times the daily sum of sap flux density (JS) of closed canopy trees. When averaged over the entire measurement period, JS was approximately 260, 195, and 91 g H2O cm−2 day−1 for single trees, cluster trees and closed canopy trees, respectively. Additionally, single trees were more responsive to VPD than closed canopy and cluster trees. These results provide a better understanding of the influence of management context on urban tree transpiration and can help to identify targets to better manage urban forest settings to reduce urban stormwater runoff.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ponte
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, 1428 Anim. Sci/Agr. Eng Bldg., College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Nancy F Sonti
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tuana H Phillips
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, 1428 Anim. Sci/Agr. Eng Bldg., College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Mitchell A Pavao-Zuckerman
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, 1428 Anim. Sci/Agr. Eng Bldg., College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rieck L, Carson C, Hawley RJ, Heller M, Paul M, Scoggins M, Zimmerman M, Smith RF. Phase II MS4 challenges: moving toward effective stormwater management for small municipalities. Urban Ecosyst 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-021-01179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFederal regulations for municipal separate storm sewer systems (MS4s) in the United States have been in place since 1990 as part of the Nation Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), aiming to reduce sediment and pollutant loads originating from urban areas. However, small-municipality (Phase II) MS4s frequently grapple with several challenges, resulting in a lack of stakeholder buy-in and actionable stormwater management plans. We identify five common challenges concerning MS4 requirements based on literature review, professional experience, and feedback solicited from stakeholders, municipal managers, and fellow professionals and offer real-world examples of efficient, effective MS4 frameworks and/or solutions. The five challenges are summarized as beliefs that: (1) agricultural land use is the largest pollutant contributor and the root cause of pollution problems; (2) stormwater management only benefits downstream communities; (3) large, expensive projects are required to comply with regulations; (4) maintenance, monitoring, and inspection of best management practices (BMPs) is overwhelmingly complex and expensive; and (5) a lack of direct funding makes complying with regulations an impossible task. These challenges are universal in nature for Phase II MS4 permittees and can create real barriers for effective stormwater management. However, we found many examples of methods or techniques to effectively address these five specific challenges, making them well-suited and important for discussion. BMPs can create tangible improvements for surrounding communities (e.g., reduced streambank erosion and flooding), and improved understanding of the structure and options within the MS4 program will help small municipalities make informed choices about management plans.
Collapse
|
21
|
Development and Application of a SWMM-Based Simulation Model for Municipal Scale Hydrologic Assessments. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13121644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest for the installation of green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) to improve stormwater control, increase infiltration of stormwater, and improve receiving water body quality. Planning level tools are needed to inform municipal scale decisions on the type and extent of GSI to apply. Here, a modified methodology is developed for the EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) to create SWMM for Low Impact Technology Evaluation (SWWM-LITE) that enables municipal scale assessment of stormwater control measure (SCM) performance with minimal input data requirements and low processing time. Hydrologic outputs of SWMM-LITE are compared to those for SWMM and the National Stormwater Calculator (SWC) to assess the performance of SWMM-LITE. Three scenarios including the baseline without SCMs and the installation of varying SCMs were investigated. Across the three scenarios, SWMM-LITE estimates of annual average hydrologic performance (runoff, infiltration, and evaporation) were within +/−0.1% of estimates from a rigorously developed SWMM model in the City of Fort Collins, CO, for an evaluation of 30 years of continuous simulation. Analysis conducted for 2 year (y), 10 y, and 100 y storm events showed less than +/−2.5% difference between SWMM and SWMM-LITE hydrologic outputs. SWC provided reasonable estimates of hydrologic parameters for the case study area, but was designed for site level analyses of performance of SCMs rather than on the municipal scale. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the most sensitive parameters were primarily consistent for the SWMM-LITE and the complete SWMM. SWMM-LITE has low input data requirements and processing time and can be applied for assessing the hydrologic performance of SCMs to inform planning level decisions.
Collapse
|
22
|
Browne S, Lintern A, Jamali B, Leitão JP, Bach PM. Stormwater management impacts of small urbanising towns: The necessity of investigating the 'devil in the detail'. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143835. [PMID: 33316523 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In many parts of the world, small towns are experiencing high levels of population growth and development. However, there is little understanding of how urban growth in these regional towns will impact urban runoff. We used the case study of Wangaratta, located in South-East Australia, between 2006 and 2016, to investigate land cover changes and their impacts on urban runoff discharge. Detailed spatio-temporal analysis (including neighbourhood composition analysis and supervised classification of aerial imagery) identified that population, land use and land cover changes in Wangaratta, although subtle, were mostly driven by residential growth in the outskirts of the town, where there were large increases in impervious surface area. Overall, the urban growth was minimal. However, in spite of these small changes, a sub-catchment only SWMM model showed that the increase in impervious surface area nevertheless resulted in a statistically significant increase in total runoff across the town. Particularly, this increase was most pronounced for frequent and shorter storms. The analysis of urban development pattern changes coupled with urban hydrological modelling indicated that land cover changes in regional towns, especially when analysed in detail, may result in hydrological changes in the urban region (likely to be exacerbated in coming years by changing climate) and that adaptation efforts will need to adopt a variety of approaches in both existing and growth zones. Our findings highlight the necessity of detailed fine-scale analyses in small towns as even subtle changes will have substantial future implications and robust planning and adaptation decisions are even more important when compared to larger cities due to the greater economic constraints that small towns face and their important relationship with the surrounding hinterlands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Browne
- Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna Lintern
- Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Behzad Jamali
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - João P Leitão
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Peter M Bach
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland; Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lammers RW, Dell TA, Bledsoe BP. Integrating stormwater management and stream restoration strategies for greater water quality benefits. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2020; 49:569-581. [PMID: 33016400 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization alters the delivery of water and sediment to receiving streams, often leading to channel erosion and enlargement, which increases loading of sediment and nutrients, degrades habitat, and harms sensitive biota. Stormwater control measures (SCMs) are constructed in an attempt to mitigate some of these effects. In addition, stream restoration practices such as bank stabilization are increasingly promoted as a means of improving water quality by reducing downstream sediment and pollutant loading. Each unique combination of SCMs and stream restoration practices results in a novel hydrologic regime and set of geomorphic characteristics that interact to determine stream condition, but in practice, implementation is rarely coordinated due to funding and other constraints. In this study, we examine links between watershed-scale implementation of SCMs and stream restoration in Big Dry Creek, a suburban watershed in the Front Range of northern Colorado. We combine continuous hydrologic model simulations of watershed-scale response to SCM design scenarios with channel evolution modeling to examine interactions between stormwater management and stream restoration strategies for reducing loading of sediment and adsorbed phosphorus from channel erosion. Modeling results indicate that integrated design of SCMs and stream restoration interventions can result in synergistic reductions in pollutant loading. Not only do piecemeal and disunited approaches to stormwater management and stream restoration miss these synergistic benefits, they make restoration projects more prone to failure, wasting valuable resources for pollutant reduction. We conclude with a set of recommendations for integrated planning of SCMs and stream restoration to simultaneously achieve water quality and channel protection goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roderick W Lammers
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Boyd Graduate Studies Building, 200 D.W. Brooks Dr., Athens, GA, 30602
| | - Tyler A Dell
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523
| | - Brian P Bledsoe
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Boyd Graduate Studies Building, 200 D.W. Brooks Dr., Athens, GA, 30602
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Water management and governance continues to rely on the scientific and engineering principles of the hydrologic cycle for decision-making on policies and infrastructure choices. This over-reliance on hydrologic-based, technocratic, command-and-control management and governance tends to discount and overlook the political, social, cultural, and economic factors that shape water-society relationships. This paper utilizes an alternative framework, the hydrosocial cycle, to analyze how water and society shape each other over time. In this paper, the hydrosocial framework is applied to stormwater management in the United States. Two hydrosocial case studies centered on rain and stormwater are investigated to highlight how stormwater management can benefit from a hydrosocial approach. The insights and implications from these case studies are then applied to stormwater management by formulating key questions that arise under the hydrosocial framework. These key questions are significant to progressing stormwater management to more sustainable, resilient, and equitable outcomes for environmental and public safety and health. This paper frames a conversation for incorporating the hydrosocial framework into stormwater management and demonstrates the need for an interdisciplinary approach to water management and governance issues.
Collapse
|
25
|
Hobbie SE, Grimm NB. Nature-based approaches to managing climate change impacts in cities. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190124. [PMID: 31983341 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Managing and adapting to climate change in urban areas will become increasingly important as urban populations grow, especially because unique features of cities amplify climate change impacts. High impervious cover exacerbates impacts of climate warming through urban heat island effects and of heavy rainfall by magnifying runoff and flooding. Concentration of human settlements along rivers and coastal zones increases exposure of people and infrastructure to climate change hazards, often disproportionately affecting those who are least prepared. Nature-based strategies (NBS), which use living organisms, soils and sediments, and/or landscape features to reduce climate change hazards, hold promise as being more flexible, multi-functional and adaptable to an uncertain and non-stationary climate future than traditional approaches. Nevertheless, future research should address the effectiveness of NBS for reducing climate change impacts and whether they can be implemented at scales appropriate to climate change hazards and impacts. Further, there is a need for accurate and comprehensive cost-benefit analyses that consider disservices and co-benefits, relative to grey alternatives, and how costs and benefits are distributed across different communities. NBS are most likely to be effective and fair when they match the scale of the challenge, are implemented with input from diverse voices and are appropriate to specific social, cultural, ecological and technological contexts. This article is part of the theme issue 'Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Nancy B Grimm
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85282, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
A season-specific, multi-site calibration strategy to study the hydrological cycle and the impact of extreme-flow events along an urban-to-agricultural gradient. ECOL INFORM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2019.100993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
27
|
Phillips TH, Baker ME, Lautar K, Yesilonis I, Pavao-Zuckerman MA. The capacity of urban forest patches to infiltrate stormwater is influenced by soil physical properties and soil moisture. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 246:11-18. [PMID: 31170619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Forest patches in developed landscapes perform ecohydrological functions that can reduce urban stormwater flows. However, urban forest patch contributions to runoff mitigation are not well understood due to a lack of performance data. In this study, we focus on the potential of urban forest patch soils to infiltrate rainfall by characterizing rates of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (K) in 21 forest patches in Baltimore, Maryland. Soil bulk density, organic matter, soil moisture, percent of coarse fragments (≥2 mm), and texture were evaluated at the same locations to assess drivers of K. The K was significantly higher in soils with high sand content and related positively with the percent of coarse fragment material in the soil. Forest patch size did not impact K. We estimate that 68 percent of historic rainfall could be infiltrated by urban forest patch soils at the measured K rates. Continuous monitoring at one forest patch also showed that K is dynamic in time and influenced by antecedent soil moisture conditions. We conservatively estimate that unsaturated urban forest patch soils alone are capable of infiltrating most rain events of low to moderate intensities that fell within these forest patches in the Baltimore region. Considering this ecohydrologic function, the protection and expansion of forest patches can make substantial contributions to stormwater mitigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuana H Phillips
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, 1443 Animal Sciences Bldg., University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Matthew E Baker
- Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Katie Lautar
- Baltimore Green Space, 1212 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore, MD, 21213, USA
| | - Ian Yesilonis
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Suite 350, 5523 Research Park Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA
| | - Mitchell A Pavao-Zuckerman
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, 1443 Animal Sciences Bldg., University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Deitch MJ, Feirer ST. Cumulative impacts of residential rainwater harvesting on stormwater discharge through a peri-urban drainage network. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 243:127-136. [PMID: 31096167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Green infrastructure and techniques such as rainwater harvesting have been proposed as a means to reduce stormwater discharge in developed areas prone to floods. We examined the effects of rainwater harvesting on discharge cumulatively through the Perdido River drainage network in the US state of Florida, an area prone to routine rainfall-driven nuisance flooding. We considered scenarios where rainwater is stored in parcels with structures that use septic tanks (where tanks are retired and used as cisterns, volume approximately 5.7 cubic meters); and where a similar volume of water is stored at all developed parcels. To evaluate flow reduction through the drainage network, we modeled effects relative to a flow event with a 1.5-year recurrence interval using a spatial GIS-based cumulative-effects model. Our model predicted that retired septic tanks would reduce discharge by more than 10 percent in only a few areas in the study region, almost exclusively in headwater regions and where density of houses using septic tanks is high. Analysis of all developed parcels storing rainwater indicated that discharge in several areas would be reduced by more than 20 percent. Results indicate a spatially variable potential for rainwater harvesting to reduce routine storm discharge. Spatially continuous hydrologic tools such as the one we use here may be especially useful for managers seeking to prioritize limited resources at locations for maximum benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Deitch
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida IFAS West Florida Research and Education Center, Milton, United States.
| | - Shane T Feirer
- Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Davis, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Shetty NH, Hu R, Mailloux BJ, Hsueh DY, McGillis WR, Wang M, Chandran K, Culligan PJ. Studying the effect of bioswales on nutrient pollution in urban combined sewer systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 665:944-958. [PMID: 30790764 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of bioswales on nutrient pollution in an urban combined sewershed. This evaluation was based on two criteria: the ability of bioswales to (1) remove nutrient pollution from stormwater runoff directly and (2) decrease sewer overflow volumes, which indirectly reduces total sewershed nutrient pollution during a storm event. Bioswales' direct nutrient removal was determined by analyzing nitrogen and phosphorus levels in water samples at seven bioswales located in the Bronx, New York City (NYC) over 42 storm events, while a bioswale's indirect nutrient removal through combined sewer overflow reduction was estimated by quantifying water retention at one of the bioswales. The study results indicated that: 1) the bioswale retained about 40% of stormwater conveyed to it from a drainage area 231 times its size, 2) bioswales leach nutrients into the subsurface, and 3) nitrogen leaching from bioswales varied seasonally, while phosphorus leaching decreased steadily over the study period. Although the studied bioswales leached a median 1.3 kg nitrogen per year into the subsurface, they provided an aggregate decrease in watershed nutrient pollution, from 7.7 to 6 kg nitrogen per year, due to their reduction of combined sewer overflow via stormwater retention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nandan H Shetty
- Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia University, 500 West 120(th) Street, 610 Mudd, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Ranran Hu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120(th) Street, 918 Mudd, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Brian J Mailloux
- Department of Environmental Science, Barnard College, 3009 Broadway, 404 Altschul Hall, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Diana Y Hsueh
- Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Wade R McGillis
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120(th) Street, 918 Mudd, New York, NY 10027, USA; Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.
| | - Mark Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia University, 500 West 120(th) Street, 610 Mudd, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120(th) Street, 918 Mudd, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Patricia J Culligan
- Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia University, 500 West 120(th) Street, 610 Mudd, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Porous Asphalt (PA) pavements are an increasingly adopted tool in the green stormwater infrastructure toolbox to manage stormwater in urbanized watersheds across the United States. This technology has seen particular interest in western Washington State, where permeable pavements are recognized as an approved best management practice per the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) municipal stormwater permit. Stormwater effluent concentrations from six PA cells were compared with runoff concentrations from three standard impervious asphalt cells to quantify pollutant removal efficiencies by porous asphalt systems. Additionally, the effects of maintenance and pavement age on pollutant removal efficiencies were examined. Twelve natural and artificial storms were examined over a five-year period. Street dirt and pollutant spikes were added to the pavements prior to some storm events to simulate high loading conditions. Results from this work show that porous asphalt pavements are highly efficient at removing particulate pollutants, specifically coarse sediments (98.7%), total Pb ( 98.4%), total Zn (97.8%), and total suspended solids (93.4%). Dissolved metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) were not significantly removed. Removal efficiencies for total Pb, total Zn, motor oil, and diesel H. improved with the age of the system. Annual maintenance of the pavements with a regenerative air street sweeper did not yield significant pollutant removal efficiency differences between maintained and unmaintained PA cells.
Collapse
|
31
|
Xu T, Engel BA, Shi X, Leng L, Jia H, Yu SL, Liu Y. Marginal-cost-based greedy strategy (MCGS): Fast and reliable optimization of low impact development (LID) layout. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:570-580. [PMID: 29870934 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cost effectiveness is a major concern when implementing low impact development (LID) practices for urban stormwater management (USWM). To optimize LID layout, an efficient and more reliable method, namely, the Marginal-Cost-based Greedy Strategy (MCGS) was developed based on the economic law of increasing marginal costs (MCs) and the stepwise minimization of MCs. To verify its broad applicability, MCGS was applied in three case studies in China with different system settings and environmental goals. Both Cases I and II were watershed-scale studies in Suzhou City urban districts, but in Case II, the impact of future uncertainties (i.e., climate change, urban expansion, and LID performance degradation) on USWM system performance was considered. Case III was a block-scale study of the Xixian New District (a pilot "Sponge City" in China), which involved a rainwater pipe network and a complicated environmental goal. Compared with the extensively used but complicated NSGA-II, the MCGS performed better in terms of yielding more converged performance trade-offs, providing more choices for city planners, and requiring much less computational resources in all three cases. Meanwhile, MCGS established an optimal pathway for multi-stage LID layout planning. The success of MCGS indicated that the MC of a LID practice determined its favorability in an USWM system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Te Xu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bernard A Engel
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Xinmei Shi
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Linyuan Leng
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Haifeng Jia
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Shaw L Yu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Yaoze Liu
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang S, Wang H. Extending the Rational Method for assessing and developing sustainable urban drainage systems. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 144:112-125. [PMID: 30025263 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Onsite runoff control is considered an important part of sustainable urban drainage schemes, but estimating the maximum runoff flow rate from a catchment with onsite runoff controls remains controversial. Runoff controls complicate the issue by dividing the catchment into several subcatchments that feed into individual runoff controls, which dynamically regulate the catchment imperviousness. Rational Method (RM) is the most-employed technique to determine maximum flow rates for designing urban drainage infrastructures, but it cannot handle such conditions. Nonetheless, it has advantages over alternative methods in terms of principle from the urban drainage design perspective. This work develops Rational Method Prime (RMP) that follows the basic principle of RM but instead recalculates catchment variables by taking into account runoff control effects and evaluates runoff control efficiencies by using two indices. RMP has three merits: (1) providing an integrated response of the whole catchment with runoff controls; (2) interpreting runoff control effects by plotting runoff flow rate-rainfall duration curves; (3) connecting the design of runoff controls and storm sewers that are based on different design principles and rainfall statistics. Case study results showed that runoff controls reduced peak flow rates by 5.83-91.6%, corresponding to reduction factors for return period of maximum flow rate from 0.04 to 0.76. Indeed, the original RM is based on four assumptions, which also cause its weakness, and there have been current methods to address 3 of them. RMP contributes to addressing the last assumption (i.e. constant catchment imperviousness), which finally allowing the evolution from RM 1.0 to 2.0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment (Ministry of Education), Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Heng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment (Ministry of Education), Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Observation and Estimation of Evapotranspiration from an Irrigated Green Roof in a Rain-Scarce Environment. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10030262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
34
|
Zodrow KR, Li Q, Buono RM, Chen W, Daigger G, Dueñas-Osorio L, Elimelech M, Huang X, Jiang G, Kim JH, Logan BE, Sedlak DL, Westerhoff P, Alvarez PJJ. Advanced Materials, Technologies, and Complex Systems Analyses: Emerging Opportunities to Enhance Urban Water Security. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:10274-10281. [PMID: 28742338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Innovation in urban water systems is required to address the increasing demand for clean water due to population growth and aggravated water stress caused by water pollution, aging infrastructure, and climate change. Advances in materials science, modular water treatment technologies, and complex systems analyses, coupled with the drive to minimize the energy and environmental footprints of cities, provide new opportunities to ensure a resilient and safe water supply. We present a vision for enhancing efficiency and resiliency of urban water systems and discuss approaches and research needs for overcoming associated implementation challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Zodrow
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Baker Institute for Public Policy, Center for Energy Studies, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Qilin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Regina M Buono
- Baker Institute for Public Policy, Center for Energy Studies, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin, China 300071
| | - Glen Daigger
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Leonardo Dueñas-Osorio
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Menachem Elimelech
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Xia Huang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China 100084
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China 100085
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Bruce E Logan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Penn State University , State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - David L Sedlak
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UC Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- School of Sustainable Engineering and The Built Environment, Arizona State University , Box 3005, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Pedro J J Alvarez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Baker Institute for Public Policy, Center for Energy Studies, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gabor RS, Hall SJ, Eiriksson DP, Jameel Y, Millington M, Stout T, Barnes ML, Gelderloos A, Tennant H, Bowen GJ, Neilson BT, Brooks PD. Persistent Urban Influence on Surface Water Quality via Impacted Groundwater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9477-9487. [PMID: 28730814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Growing urban environments stress hydrologic systems and impact downstream water quality. We examined a third-order catchment that transitions from an undisturbed mountain environment into urban Salt Lake City, Utah. We performed synoptic surveys during a range of seasonal baseflow conditions and utilized multiple lines of evidence to identify mechanisms by which urbanization impacts water quality. Surface water chemistry did not change appreciably until several kilometers into the urban environment, where concentrations of solutes such as chloride and nitrate increase quickly in a gaining reach. Groundwater springs discharging in this gaining system demonstrate the role of contaminated baseflow from an aquifer in driving stream chemistry. Hydrometric and hydrochemical observations were used to estimate that the aquifer contains approximately 18% water sourced from the urban area. The carbon and nitrogen dynamics indicated the urban aquifer also serves as a biogeochemical reactor. The evidence of surface water-groundwater exchange on a spatial scale of kilometers and time scale of months to years suggests a need to evolve the hydrologic model of anthropogenic impacts to urban water quality to include exchange with the subsurface. This has implications on the space and time scales of water quality mitigation efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Gabor
- Global Change and Sustainability Center, University of Utah , 115 South 1460 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah , 115 South 1460 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Steven J Hall
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University , 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - David P Eiriksson
- Global Change and Sustainability Center, University of Utah , 115 South 1460 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Yusuf Jameel
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah , 115 South 1460 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Mallory Millington
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah , 115 South 1460 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Trinity Stout
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University , 8200 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322-8200, United States
| | - Michelle L Barnes
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University , 8200 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322-8200, United States
| | - Andrew Gelderloos
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah , 115 South 1460 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Hyrum Tennant
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University , 8200 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322-8200, United States
| | - Gabriel J Bowen
- Global Change and Sustainability Center, University of Utah , 115 South 1460 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah , 115 South 1460 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Bethany T Neilson
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University , 8200 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322-8200, United States
| | - Paul D Brooks
- Global Change and Sustainability Center, University of Utah , 115 South 1460 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah , 115 South 1460 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Parker EA, Rippy MA, Mehring AS, Winfrey BK, Ambrose RF, Levin LA, Grant SB. Predictive Power of Clean Bed Filtration Theory for Fecal Indicator Bacteria Removal in Stormwater Biofilters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5703-5712. [PMID: 28445642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Green infrastructure (also referred to as low impact development, or LID) has the potential to transform urban stormwater runoff from an environmental threat to a valuable water resource. In this paper we focus on the removal of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB, a pollutant responsible for runoff-associated inland and coastal beach closures) in stormwater biofilters (a common type of green infrastructure). Drawing on a combination of previously published and new laboratory studies of FIB removal in biofilters, we find that 66% of the variance in FIB removal rates can be explained by clean bed filtration theory (CBFT, 31%), antecedent dry period (14%), study effect (8%), biofilter age (7%), and the presence or absence of shrubs (6%). Our analysis suggests that, with the exception of shrubs, plants affect FIB removal indirectly by changing the infiltration rate, not directly by changing the FIB removal mechanisms or altering filtration rates in ways not already accounted for by CBFT. The analysis presented here represents a significant step forward in our understanding of how physicochemical theories (such as CBFT) can be melded with hydrology, engineering design, and ecology to improve the water quality benefits of green infrastructure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Parker
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Megan A Rippy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Andrew S Mehring
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California , San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Brandon K Winfrey
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karen Fielding School of Public Health, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Richard F Ambrose
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karen Fielding School of Public Health, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Lisa A Levin
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California , San Diego, California 92093-0218, United States
| | - Stanley B Grant
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rippy MA, Deletic A, Black J, Aryal R, Lampard JL, Tang JYM, McCarthy D, Kolotelo P, Sidhu J, Gernjak W. Pesticide occurrence and spatio-temporal variability in urban run-off across Australia. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 115:245-255. [PMID: 28284091 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater is a major driving factor of aquatic ecosystem degradation as well as one of the largest untapped urban freshwater resources. We present results from a long-term, multi-catchment study of urban stormwater pesticides across Australia that addresses this dichotomous identity (threat and resource), as well as dominant spatial and temporal patterns in stormwater pesticide composition. Of the 27 pesticides monitored, only 19 were detected in Australian stormwater, five of which (diuron, MCPA, 2,4-D, simazine, and triclopyr) were found in >50% of samples. Overall, stormwater pesticide concentrations were lower than reported in other countries (including the United States, Canada and Europe), and exceedances of public health and aquatic ecosystem standards were rare (<10% of samples). Spatio-temporal patterns were investigated with principal component analysis. Although stormwater pesticide composition was relatively stable across seasons and years, it varied significantly by catchment. Common pesticide associations appear to reflect 1) user application of common registered formulations containing characteristic suites of active ingredients, and 2) pesticide fate properties (e.g., environmental mobility and persistence). Importantly, catchment-specific occurrence patterns provide opportunities for focusing treatment approaches or stormwater harvesting strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Rippy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Henry Samulei School of Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States
| | - Ana Deletic
- Monash Infrastructure, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jeff Black
- Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia; The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Rupak Aryal
- The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; University of South Australia, Centre for Water Management and Reuse, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Jane-Louise Lampard
- Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia; School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, 4558, Australia; School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Janet Yat-Man Tang
- Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia; The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Brisbane, QLD, 4108, Australia
| | - David McCarthy
- Monash Infrastructure, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Peter Kolotelo
- Monash Infrastructure, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jatinder Sidhu
- CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Gernjak
- Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia; The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), 17003, Girona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pavao-Zuckerman MA, Sookhdeo C. Nematode Community Response to Green Infrastructure Design in a Semiarid City. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2017; 46:687-694. [PMID: 28724103 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2016.11.0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization affects ecosystem function and environmental quality through shifts in ecosystem fluxes that are brought on by features of the built environment. Green infrastructure (GI) has been suggested as a best management practice (BMP) to address urban hydrologic and ecological impacts of the built environment, but GI practice has only been studied from a limited set of climatic conditions and disciplinary approaches. Here, we evaluate GI features in a semiarid city from the perspective of soil ecology through the application of soil nematode community analysis. This study was conducted to investigate soil ecological interactions in small-scale GI as a means of assessing curb-cut rain garden basin design in a semiarid city. We looked at the choice of mulching approaches (organic vs. rock) and how this design choice affects the soil ecology of rain basins in Tucson, AZ. We sampled soils during the monsoon rain season and assessed the soil nematode community as a bioindicator of soil quality and biogeochemical processes. We found that the use of organic mulch in GI basins promotes enhanced soil organic matter contents and larger nematode populations. Nematode community indices point to enhanced food web structure in streetscape rain garden basins that are mulched with organic material. Results from this study suggest that soil management practices for GI can help promote ecological interactions and ecosystem services in urban ecosystems.
Collapse
|
39
|
Neira C, Cossaboon J, Mendoza G, Hoh E, Levin LA. Occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of San Diego Bay marinas. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 114:466-479. [PMID: 27751573 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have garnered much attention due to their bioaccumulation, carcinogenic properties, and persistence in the environment. Investigation of the spatial distribution, composition, and sources of PAHs in sediments of three recreational marinas in San Diego Bay, California revealed significant differences among marinas, with concentrations in one site exceeding 16,000ngg-1. 'Hotspots' of PAH concentration suggest an association with stormwater outfalls draining into the basins. High-molecular weight PAHs (4-6 rings) were dominant (>86%); the average percentage of potentially carcinogenic PAHs was high in all sites (61.4-70%) but ecotoxicological risks varied among marinas. Highly toxic benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) was the main contributor (>90%) to the total toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) in marinas. PAHs in San Diego Bay marina sediments appear to be derived largely from pyrogenic sources, potentially from combustion products that reach the basins by aerial deposition and stormwater drainage from nearby streets and parking lots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Neira
- Integrative Oceanography Division and Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Jennifer Cossaboon
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Guillermo Mendoza
- Integrative Oceanography Division and Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eunha Hoh
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lisa A Levin
- Integrative Oceanography Division and Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Indicator and Pathogen Removal by Low Impact Development Best Management Practices. WATER 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/w8120600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
41
|
Hemati A, Rippy MA, Grant SB, Davis K, Feldman D. Deconstructing Demand: The Anthropogenic and Climatic Drivers of Urban Water Consumption. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:12557-12566. [PMID: 27802028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cities in drought prone regions of the world such as South East Australia are faced with escalating water scarcity and security challenges. Here we use 72 years of urban water consumption data from Melbourne, Australia, a city that recently overcame a 12 year "Millennium Drought", to evaluate (1) the relative importance of climatic and anthropogenic drivers of urban water demand (using wavelet-based approaches) and (2) the relative contribution of various water saving strategies to demand reduction during the Millennium Drought. Our analysis points to conservation as a dominant driver of urban water savings (69%), followed by nonrevenue water reduction (e.g., reduced meter error and leaks in the potable distribution system; 29%), and potable substitution with alternative sources like rain or recycled water (3%). Per-capita consumption exhibited both climatic and anthropogenic signatures, with rainfall and temperature explaining approximately 55% of the variance. Anthropogenic controls were also strong (up to 45% variance explained). These controls were nonstationary and frequency-specific, with conservation measures like outdoor water restrictions impacting seasonal water use and technological innovation/changing social norms impacting lower frequency (baseline) use. The above-noted nonstationarity implies that wavelets, which do not assume stationarity, show promise for use in future predictive models of demand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - David Feldman
- Department of Planning Policy and Design, School of Social Ecology, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kerkez B, Gruden C, Lewis M, Montestruque L, Quigley M, Wong B, Bedig A, Kertesz R, Braun T, Cadwalader O, Poresky A, Pak C. Smarter Stormwater Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7267-7273. [PMID: 27227574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Existing stormwater systems require significant investments to meet challenges imposed by climate change, rapid urbanization, and evolving regulations. There is an unprecedented opportunity to improve urban water quality by equipping stormwater systems with low-cost sensors and controllers. This will transform their operation from static to adaptive, permitting them to be instantly "redesigned" to respond to individual storms and evolving land uses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Branko Kerkez
- University of Michigan , Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Cyndee Gruden
- University of Toledo , Department of Civil Engineering, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Matthew Lewis
- Michigan Aerospace Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108, United States
| | | | - Marcus Quigley
- OptiRTC, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02116, United States
| | - Brandon Wong
- University of Michigan , Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Alex Bedig
- OptiRTC, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02116, United States
| | | | - Tim Braun
- Emnet LLC, South Bend, Indiana 46617, United States
| | | | - Aaron Poresky
- Geosyntec Consultants, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Carrie Pak
- Clean Water Services, Hillsboro, Oregon 97123, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Mehring AS, Levin LA. REVIEW: Potential roles of soil fauna in improving the efficiency of rain gardens used as natural stormwater treatment systems. J Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Mehring
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of California; San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0218 USA
| | - Lisa A. Levin
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of California; San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0218 USA
| |
Collapse
|