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Chen X, Zhu T, Wang Q, Wang T, Chen W, Yao Y, Xu Y, Qiu X. Higher temperature and humidity exacerbate pollutant-associated lung dysfunction in the elderly. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 245:118039. [PMID: 38147919 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.118039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Air pollution and extreme temperature and humidity are risk factors for lung dysfunction, but their interactions are not clearly understood. OBJECTIVES To assess the impact of exposure to air pollutants and meteorological factors on lung function, and the contribution of their interaction to the overall effect. METHODS The peak expiratory flow rates of 135 participants were repeatedly measured during up to four visits. Two weeks before each visit, the concentrations of gaseous pollutants and 19 fine particle components, and the temperature and relative humidity, were continuously monitored in the community where they lived. A Bayesian Kernel machine regression model was used to explore the non-linear exposure-response relationships of the peak expiratory flow rate with pollutant exposure and meteorological factors, and their interactions. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Increased temperature and relative humidity could exacerbate pollutant-associated decline in the peak expiratory flow rate, although their associations with lung dysfunction disappeared after adjustment for pollutant exposure. For example, declines of peak expiratory flow rate associated with interquartile range increase of 3-day cadmium exposure were -0.03 and -0.07 units, when temperature was at 0.1 and 19.5 °C, respectively. Decreased temperature were associated with declines of peak expiratory flow rate after adjustment for pollutant exposure, and had interaction with pollutant exposure on lung dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS High temperature, low temperature, and high humidity were all high-risk factors for lung dysfunction, and their interactions with pollutant levels contributed greatly to the overall effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Human Settlement in Green Building, Shenzhen Institute of Building Research Co., Ltd., Xiongan, 071700, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Teng Wang
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wu Chen
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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2
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Yang Y, Ma Z, Zhuang Y, Long X, Yu Y. Development of multi-generation lower respiratory tract model and insights into the transport and deposition characteristics of inhalable particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166725. [PMID: 37657539 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particles can spread quickly and enter human respiratory system via inhalation, causing chronic diseases, even cancer. Although recent studies have informed of toxicity of various pollutants, understanding the transport and deposition characteristics of particles in lower respiratory tract is still challenging. The current study proposes a novel model to simulate flow field change from the entrance of lower respiratory tract to pulmonary acinus, while studying particle transport and deposition characteristics. This model for lower respiratory tract with several bronchial extensions containing virtual pulmonary acinus is calculated using computational fluid dynamics and dynamics mesh. The results showed that in the first 10 generations of the lower respiratory tract, vortices and gravity interfered with particles' trajectory, affecting particle deposition distribution. For the first to the tenth-generation respiratory tract, coarse particles were deposited throughout almost the whole respiratory tract model. In contrast, ultrafine particles did not deposit in the higher-generation respiratory tract. The particle enrichment ability of various lobes was uneven with three particle deposition fraction variation patterns. Virtual pulmonary acinus influenced particle deposition and distribution because of vortex ring's trapped ability during expansion and contraction. This new attempt to build a virtual pulmonary acinus model to simulate particle deposition effects in human respiratory system may provide a reference for studying the toxicities of inhalable particles in the exposed human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Zijian Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yijie Zhuang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoao Long
- Neurosurgery Department, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China.
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3
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Kamanzi C, Becker M, Jacobs M, Konečný P, Von Holdt J, Broadhurst J. The impact of coal mine dust characteristics on pathways to respiratory harm: investigating the pneumoconiotic potency of coals. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:7363-7388. [PMID: 37131112 PMCID: PMC10517901 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01583-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to dust from the mining environment has historically resulted in epidemic levels of mortality and morbidity from pneumoconiotic diseases such as silicosis, coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP), and asbestosis. Studies have shown that CWP remains a critical issue at collieries across the globe, with some countries facing resurgent patterns of the disease and additional pathologies from long-term exposure. Compliance measures to reduce dust exposure rely primarily on the assumption that all "fine" particles are equally toxic irrespective of source or chemical composition. For several ore types, but more specifically coal, such an assumption is not practical due to the complex and highly variable nature of the material. Additionally, several studies have identified possible mechanisms of pathogenesis from the minerals and deleterious metals in coal. The purpose of this review was to provide a reassessment of the perspectives and strategies used to evaluate the pneumoconiotic potency of coal mine dust. Emphasis is on the physicochemical characteristics of coal mine dust such as mineralogy/mineral chemistry, particle shape, size, specific surface area, and free surface area-all of which have been highlighted as contributing factors to the expression of pro-inflammatory responses in the lung. The review also highlights the potential opportunity for more holistic risk characterisation strategies for coal mine dust, which consider the mineralogical and physicochemical aspects of the dust as variables relevant to the current proposed mechanisms for CWP pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conchita Kamanzi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Minerals to Metals Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Minerals Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Megan Becker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Minerals to Metals Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Minerals Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Muazzam Jacobs
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Petr Konečný
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Johanna Von Holdt
- Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Broadhurst
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Minerals to Metals Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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4
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Chalvatzaki E, Chatoutsidou SE, Almeida SM, Morawska L, Lazaridis M. The Representativeness of Outdoor Particulate Matter Concentrations for Estimating Personal Dose and Health Risk Assessment of School Children in Lisbon. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20085564. [PMID: 37107846 PMCID: PMC10138915 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20085564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the suitability of outdoor particulate matter data obtained from a fixed monitoring station in estimating the personal deposited dose. Outdoor data were retrieved from a station located within the urban area of Lisbon and simulations were performed involving school children. Two scenarios were applied: one where only outdoor data were used assuming an outdoor exposure scenario, and a second one where an actual exposure scenario was adopted using the actual microenvironment during typical school days. Personal PM10 and PM2.5 dose (actual exposure scenario) was 23.4% and 20.2% higher than the ambient (outdoor exposure scenario) PM10 and PM2.5 doses, respectively. The incorporation of the hygroscopic growth in the calculations increased the ambient dose of PM10 and PM2.5 by 8.8% and 21.7%, respectively. Regression analysis between the ambient and personal dose showed no linearity with R2 at 0.07 for PM10 and 0.22 for PM2.5. On the other hand, linear regression between the ambient and school indoor dose showed no linearity (R2 = 0.01) for PM10 but moderate (R2 = 0.48) for PM2.5. These results demonstrate that ambient data must be used with caution for the representativeness of a realistic personal dose of PM2.5 while for PM10 the ambient data cannot be used as a surrogate of a realistic personal dose of school children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Chalvatzaki
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania 73100, Greece; (E.C.); (S.E.C.)
| | - Sofia Eirini Chatoutsidou
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania 73100, Greece; (E.C.); (S.E.C.)
| | - Susana Marta Almeida
- Centro de Ciências Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Lidia Morawska
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Mihalis Lazaridis
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania 73100, Greece; (E.C.); (S.E.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Lin H, Lao JY, Wang Q, Ruan Y, He Y, Lee PKH, Leung KMY, Lam PKS. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the atmosphere of waste management infrastructures: Uncovering secondary fluorotelomer alcohols, particle size distribution, and human inhalation exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 167:107434. [PMID: 35914336 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been applied in numerous industrial and consumer products, the majority of which flow into waste management infrastructures (WMIs) at the end of their life cycles, but little is known about atmospheric releases of PFAS from these facilities. In this study, we addressed this key issue by investigating 49 PFAS, including 23 ionic and 26 neutral and precursor PFAS, in the potential sources (n = 4; within or adjacent to WMIs) and reference sites (n = 2; coastal and natural reserve sites) in urban and rural areas of Hong Kong, China. Duplicate samples of air and size-segregated particulate matter were collected for 48 h continuously using a 11-stage Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI). In general, fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) and perfluoroalkane sulfonamides were the predominant PFAS classes found across sampling sites. We also demonstrated the release of several less frequently observed semivolatile intermediate products (e.g., secondary FTOHs) during waste treatment. Except for perfluorooctane sulfonate, the size-segregated distributions of particulate PFAS exhibited heterogeneity across sampling sites, particularly in the WMIs, implying combined effects of sorption affinity and emission sources. A preliminary daily air emission estimation revealed that landfill was a relatively important source of PFAS relative to the wastewater treatment plant. A simplified International Commission on Radiological Protection model was used to estimate lung depositional fluxes, and the results showed that inhaled particulate PFAS were mainly deposited in the head airway while fine and ultrafine particles carried PFAS deeper into the lung alveoli. The cumulative daily inhalation dose of gaseous and particulate PFAS ranged from 81.9 to 265 pg/kg/d. In-depth research is required to understand the health effect of airborne PFAS on workers at WMIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiju Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jia-Yong Lao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Yuhe He
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Patrick K H Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Office of the President, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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6
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Wei W, Qi J, Yin Y, Gong J, Yao X. Characteristics of inhalable bioaerosols on foggy and hazy days and their deposition in the human respiratory tract. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119593. [PMID: 35680068 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric bioaerosols contain live and dead biological components that can enter the human respiratory tract (HRT) and affect human health. Here, the total microorganisms in a coastal megacity, Qingdao, were characterized on the basis of long-term observations from October 2013 to January 2021. Particular attention was given to the size dependence of inhalable bioaerosols in concentration and respiratory deposition in different populations on foggy and hazy days. Bioaerosol samples stained with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) were selected to measure the total airborne microbe (TAM) concentrations with an epifluorescence microscope, while a multiple-path particle dosimetry model was employed to calculate respiratory deposition. The mean TAM concentrations in the particle size range of 0.65-1.1 μm (TAM0.65-1.1) were 1.23, 2.02, 1.60 and 2.33 times those on sunny reference days relative to the corresponding values on days with slight, mild, moderate and severe levels of haze, respectively. The mean concentration of TAMs in the particle size range of 0.65-2.1 μm (TAM0.65-2.1) on severely hazy days was (2.02 ± 3.28) × 105 cells/m3, with a reduction of 4.16% relative to that on the reference days. The mean TAM0.65-2.1 concentration changed from (1.50 ± 1.37) × 105 cells/m3 to (1.76 ± 1.36) × 105 cells/m3, with TAM0.65-1.1 increasing from (7.91 ± 7.97) × 104 cells/m3 to (1.76 ± 1.33) × 105 cells/m3 on days with light fog days and medium fog, respectively. The modeling results showed that the majority of TAM0.65-2.1 deposition occurred in the extrathoracic (ET) region, followed by the alveolar (AL) region. When different populations were examined separately, the deposition doses (DDs) in adult females and in children ranked at the minimum value (6.19 × 103 cells/h) and maximum value (1.08 × 104 cells/h), respectively. However, the inhalation risks on polluted days, such as hazy, foggy and mixed hazy-foggy (HF) days, were still below the threshold for adverse impacts on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Jianhua Qi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Yidan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Jing Gong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266100, China
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Legh-Land V, Haddrell AE, Lewis D, Murnane D, Reid JP. Water Uptake by Evaporating pMDI Aerosol Prior to Inhalation Affects Both Regional and Total Deposition in the Respiratory System. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13070941. [PMID: 34202458 PMCID: PMC8309010 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As pulmonary drug deposition is a function of aerosol particle size distribution, it is critical that the dynamics of particle formation and maturation in pMDI sprays in the interim between generation and inhalation are fully understood. This paper presents an approach to measure the evaporative and condensational fluxes of volatile components and water from and to solution pMDI droplets following generation using a novel technique referred to as the Single Particle Electrodynamic Lung (SPEL). In doing so, evaporating aerosol droplets are shown capable of acting as condensation nuclei for water. Indeed, we show that the rapid vaporisation of volatile components from a volatile droplet is directly correlated to the volume of water taken up by condensation. Furthermore, a significant volume of water is shown to condense on droplets of a model pMDI formulation (hydrofluoroalkane (HFA), ethanol and glycerol) during evaporative droplet ageing, displaying a dramatic shift from a core composition of a volatile species to that of predominantly water (non-volatile glycerol remained in this case). This yields a droplet with a water activity of 0.98 at the instance of inhalation. The implications of these results on regional and total pulmonary drug deposition are explored using the International Commission of Radiological Protection (ICRP) deposition model, with an integrated semi-analytical treatment of hygroscopic growth. Through this, droplets with water activity of 0.98 upon inhalation are shown to produce markedly different dose deposition profiles to those with lower water activities at the point of inspiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Legh-Land
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK; (V.L.-L.); (D.M.)
| | | | - David Lewis
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Chippenham SN14 0AB, UK;
| | - Darragh Murnane
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK; (V.L.-L.); (D.M.)
| | - Jonathan P. Reid
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-117-331-7388
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Hao W, Wu J, Zhao X, Liang D, Yu X, Cao H, Wang Y. Quantitative Evaluation of Aerosol Generation from Non-contact Tonometry and its Correlation with Tear Film Characteristics. Adv Ther 2021; 38:3066-3076. [PMID: 33909233 PMCID: PMC8080094 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-01740-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ophthalmologists are inevitably exposed to tears and ocular discharge during ophthalmologic examinations and are at high risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection. To understand the role of aerosols in disease transmission, we adopted a prospective cross-sectional study design and investigated the count and size distribution of aerosols generated by a non-contact tonometer and its correlation with individual tear film characteristics. METHODS This study constituted two parts. The study population included outpatients who underwent an intraocular pressure examination in an intraocular pressure examination room (Part I) and 20 participants who underwent an intraocular pressure examination in a laboratory (Part II). The following main outcomes were measured: aerosol counts at 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 cm from the non-contact tonometer (Part I); aerosol counts after each participant underwent non-contact tonometry, and lipid layer thickness score and tear film break-up time (Part II). RESULTS The aerosol count decreased with increasing distance from the tonometer. The aerosol count at 0 cm had the highest value compared to that at other distances. For aerosols of diameters 0.25-0.5 μm and 0.5-1.0 μm, the count decreased at 50 cm and remained stable at further distances. For aerosols of diameters 1.0-2.5 μm and ≥ 2.5 μm, the count dropped progressively at all five distances. The aerosol count from each tonometer correlated positively with the lipid layer thickness score (r = 0.490, P = 0.028), whereas the aerosol count correlated negatively with the tear film break-up time (r = - 0.675, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Aerosols tended to coagulate during diffusion. A 50-cm distance from the tonometer could confer safety from aerosols with < 1.0-μm diameter. Aerosols generated during non-contact tonometry could contain a lipid layer component. Moreover, tear film stability could affect aerosol generation. Protective eyewear is recommended for reducing infection risk from aerosols. Individual tear film characteristics should be considered during non-contact tonometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiting Hao
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinheng Zhao
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Danni Liang
- Tianjin Shuangyun Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China
| | - Xingchen Yu
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huazheng Cao
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, No 4. Gansu Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300020, China.
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9
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Haas CN. Action Levels for SARS-CoV-2 in Air: Preliminary Approach. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2021; 41:705-709. [PMID: 33818802 PMCID: PMC8251121 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative microbial risk assessment has been used to develop criteria for exposure to many microorganisms. In this article, the dose-response curve for Coronavirus 229E is used to develop preliminary risk-based exposure criteria for SARS-CoV-2 via the respiratory portals of entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N. Haas
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental EngineeringDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
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10
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Davies JF, Price CL, Choczynski J, Kohli RK. Hygroscopic growth of simulated lung fluid aerosol particles under ambient environmental conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3243-3246. [PMID: 33646231 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00066g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The hygroscopicity of respiratory aerosol determines their particle size distribution and regulates solute concentrations to which entrained microorganisms are exposed. Here, we report the hygroscopicity of simulated lung fluid (SLF) particles. While the response of aqueous particles follow simple mixing rules based on composition, we observe phase hysteresis with increasing and decreasing relative humidity (RH) and clear uptake of water prior to deliquescence. These results indicate that RH history may control the state of respiratory aerosol in the environment and influence the viability of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Geng N, Song X, Cao R, Luo Y, A M, Cai Z, Yu K, Gao Y, Ni Y, Zhang H, Chen J. The effect of toxic components on metabolomic response of male SD rats exposed to fine particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:115922. [PMID: 33139092 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 pollution was associated with numerous adverse health effects. However, PM2.5 induced toxic effects and the relationships with toxic components remain largely unknown. To evaluate the metabolic toxicity of PM2.5 at environmentally relevant doses, investigate the seasonal variation of PM2.5 induced toxicity and the relationship with toxic components, a combination of general pathophysiological tests and metabolomics analysis was conducted in this study to explore the response of SD rats to PM2.5 exposure. The result of general toxicology analysis revealed unconspicuous toxicity of PM2.5 under environmental dose, but winter PM2.5 at high dose caused severe histopathological damage to lung. Metabolomic analysis highlighted significant metabolic disorder induced by PM2.5 even at environmentally relevant doses. Lipid metabolism and GSH metabolism were primarily influenced by PM2.5 exposure due to the high levels of heavy metals. In addition, high levels of organic compounds such as PAHs, PCBs and PCDD/Fs in winter PM2.5 bring multiple overlaps on the toxic pathways, resulting in larger pulmonary toxicity and metabolic toxicity in rats than summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningbo Geng
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Xiaoyao Song
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Rong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mila A
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116028, China
| | - Zhengang Cai
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116011, Liaoning, China
| | - Kejie Yu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116011, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Yuwen Ni
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China.
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12
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Sou T, Bergström CAS. Contemporary Formulation Development for Inhaled Pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:66-86. [PMID: 32916138 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary delivery has gained increased interests over the past few decades. For respiratory conditions, targeted drug delivery directly to the site of action can achieve a high local concentration for efficacy with reduced systemic exposure and adverse effects. For systemic conditions, the unique physiology of the lung evolutionarily designed for rapid gaseous exchange presents an entry route for systemic drug delivery. Although the development of inhaled formulations has come a long way over the last few decades, many aspects of it remain to be elucidated. In particular, a reliable and well-understood method for in vitro-in vivo correlations remains to be established. With the rapid and ongoing advancement of technology, there is much potential to better utilise computational methods including different types of modelling and simulation approaches to support inhaled formulation development. This review intends to provide an introduction on some fundamental concepts in pulmonary drug delivery and inhaled formulation development followed by discussions on some challenges and opportunities in the translation of inhaled pharmaceuticals from preclinical studies to clinical development. The review concludes with some recent advancements in modelling and simulation approaches that could play an increasingly important role in modern formulation development of inhaled pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Sou
- Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Pharmacometrics, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Luo N, Weng W, Xu X, Hong T, Fu M, Sun K. Assessment of occupant-behavior-based indoor air quality and its impacts on human exposure risk: A case study based on the wildfires in Northern California. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:1251-1261. [PMID: 31412521 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The recent wildfires in California, U.S., have caused not only significant losses to human life and property, but also serious environmental and health issues. Ambient air pollution from combustion during the fires could increase indoor exposure risks to toxic gases and particles, further exacerbating respiratory conditions. This work aims at addressing existing knowledge gaps in understanding how indoor air quality is affected by outdoor air pollutants during wildfires-by taking into account occupant behaviors (e.g., movement, operation of windows and air-conditioning) which strongly influence building performance and occupant comfort. A novel modeling framework was developed to simulate the indoor exposure risks considering the impact of occupant behaviors by integrating building energy and occupant behaviour modeling with computational fluid dynamics simulation. Occupant behaviors were found to exert significant impacts on indoor air flow patterns and pollutant concentrations, based on which, certain behaviors are recommended during wildfires. Further, the actual respiratory injury level under such outdoor conditions was predicted. The modeling framework and the findings enable a deeper understanding of the actual health impacts of wildfires, as well as informing strategies for mitigating occupant health risk during wildfires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Luo
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of City Integrated Emergency Response Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Building Technology and Urban Systems Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA
| | - Wenguo Weng
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of City Integrated Emergency Response Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of City Integrated Emergency Response Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Tianzhen Hong
- Building Technology and Urban Systems Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA
| | - Ming Fu
- Hefei Institute for Public Safety Research, Tsinghua University, Hefei, Anhui Province 320601, PR China
| | - Kaiyu Sun
- Building Technology and Urban Systems Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA
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14
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Sigfridsson K, Rydberg H, Strimfors M. Nano- and microcrystals of griseofulvin subcutaneously administered to rats resulted in improved bioavailability and sustained release. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2019; 45:1477-1486. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2019.1628769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalle Sigfridsson
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Science, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hanna Rydberg
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Science, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie Strimfors
- Bioscience, CVRM, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Marsh A, Rovelli G, Miles REH, Reid JP. Complexity of Measuring and Representing the Hygroscopicity of Mixed Component Aerosol. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:1648-1660. [PMID: 30707027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b11623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The validation of approaches to predict the hygroscopicity of complex mixtures of organic components in aerosol is important for understanding the hygroscopic response of organic aerosol in the atmosphere. We report new measurements of the hygroscopicity of mixtures of dicarboxylic acids and amino acids using a comparative kinetic electrodynamic balance (CK-EDB) approach, inferring the equilibrium water content of the aerosol from close to a saturation relative humidity (100%) down to 80%. We show that the solution densities and refractive indices of the mixtures can be estimated with an accuracy of better than ±2% using the molar refractive index mixing rule and densities and refractive indices for the individual binary organic-aqueous solutions. Further, we show that the often-used mass-, volume-, and mole-weighted mixing rules to estimate the hygroscopicity parameter κ can overestimate the hygroscopic parameter by a factor of as much as 3, highlighting the need to understand the specific nonideal interactions that may arise synergistically in mixtures and cannot be represented by simple models. Indeed, in some extreme cases the hygroscopicity of a multicomponent mixture can be very close to that for the least hygroscopic component. For mixtures of similar components for which no additional synergistic interactions need be considered, the hygroscopicity of the mixed component aerosol can be estimated with high accuracy from the hygroscopic response of the binary aqueous-organic aerosol. In conclusion, we suggest that the hygroscopicity of multicomponent organic aerosol can be highly nonadditive and that simple correlations of hygroscopicity with composition may often misrepresent the level of complexity essential to interpreting aerosol hygroscopicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Marsh
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , U.K
| | - Grazia Rovelli
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , U.K
| | - Rachael E H Miles
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , U.K
| | - Jonathan P Reid
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , U.K
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16
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Gregson FKA, Ordoubadi M, Miles REH, Haddrell AE, Barona D, Lewis D, Church T, Vehring R, Reid JP. Studies of competing evaporation rates of multiple volatile components from a single binary-component aerosol droplet. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:9709-9719. [PMID: 31025989 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01158g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The simultaneous evaporation and condensation of multiple volatile components from multicomponent aerosol droplets leads to changes in droplet size, composition and temperature. Measurements and models that capture and predict these dynamic aerosol processes are key to understanding aerosol microphysics in a broad range of contexts. We report measurements of the evaporation kinetics of droplets (initially ∼25 μm radius) formed from mixtures of ethanol and water levitated within a electrodynamic balance over timescales spanning 500 ms to 6 s. Measurements of evaporation into a gas phase of varied relative humidity and temperature are shown to compare well with predictions from a numerical model. We show that water condensation from the gas phase can occur concurrently with ethanol evaporation from aqueous-ethanol droplets. Indeed, water can condense so rapidly during the evaporation of a pure ethanol droplet in a humid environment, driven by the evaporative cooling the droplet experiences, that the droplet becomes pure water within 0.4 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- F K A Gregson
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
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17
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Youn JS, Seo JW, Han S, Jeon KJ. Characteristics of nanoparticle formation and hazardous air pollutants emitted by 3D printer operations: from emission to inhalation. RSC Adv 2019; 9:19606-19612. [PMID: 35519372 PMCID: PMC9065366 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03248g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle and HAP emissions from 3D printers and their deposition behavior in the human respiratory system were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Sang Youn
- Department of Environmental Engineering
- Inha University
- Incheon 22212
- Korea
| | - Jeong-Won Seo
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Hallym University
- Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital 7
- Gyeonggi-do
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyun Han
- Department of Environmental Engineering
- Inha University
- Incheon 22212
- Korea
| | - Ki-Joon Jeon
- Department of Environmental Engineering
- Inha University
- Incheon 22212
- Korea
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18
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Rothfuss NE, Marsh A, Rovelli G, Petters MD, Reid JP. Condensation Kinetics of Water on Amorphous Aerosol Particles. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3708-3713. [PMID: 29924626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Responding to changes in the surrounding environment, aerosol particles can grow by water condensation changing rapidly in composition and changing dramatically in viscosity. The timescale for growth is important to establish for particles undergoing hydration processes in the atmosphere or during inhalation. Using an electrodynamic balance, we report direct measurements at -7.5, 0, and 20 °C of timescales for hygroscopic condensational growth on a range of model hygroscopic aerosol systems. These extend from viscous aerosol particles containing a single saccharide solute (sucrose, glucose, raffinose, or trehalose) and a starting viscosity equivalent to a glass of ∼1012 Pa·s, to nonviscous (∼10-2 Pa·s) tetraethylene glycol particles. The condensation timescales observed in this work indicate that water condensation occurs rapidly at all temperatures examined (<10 s) and for particles of all initial viscosities spanning 10-2 to 1012 Pa·s. Only a marginal delay (<1 order of magnitude) is observed for particles starting as a glass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Rothfuss
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Aleksandra Marsh
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TS , United Kingdom
| | - Grazia Rovelli
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TS , United Kingdom
| | - Markus D Petters
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Jonathan P Reid
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TS , United Kingdom
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19
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Bzdek BR, Reid JP. Perspective: Aerosol microphysics: From molecules to the chemical physics of aerosols. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:220901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5002641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R. Bzdek
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS,
United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P. Reid
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS,
United Kingdom
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20
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Jin R, Zheng M, Yang H, Yang L, Wu X, Xu Y, Liu G. Gas-particle phase partitioning and particle size distribution of chlorinated and brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in haze. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:1601-1608. [PMID: 28964608 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated and brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Cl/Br-PAHs) are emerging semi-volatile organic pollutants in haze-associated particulate matter (PM). Their gas-particle phase partitioning and distribution among PM fractions have not been clarified. Clarification would increase understanding of atmospheric behavior and health risks of Cl/Br-PAHs. In this study, samples of the gas phase and 4 PM phases (aerodynamic diameters (dae) > 10 μm, 2.5-10 μm, 1.0-2.5 μm, and <1.0 μm) were collected simultaneously during haze events in Beijing and analyzed. Normalized histogram distribution indicated that the Cl/Br-PAHs tended to adhere to fine particles. Over 80% of the Cl-PAHs and 70% of the Br-PAHs were associated with fine PM (dae < 2.5 μm). The gas-particle phase partitioning and PM distribution of Cl/Br-PAHs when heating of buildings was required, which was associated with haze events, were obviously different from those when heating was not required. The relationship between the logarithmic geometric mean diameters of the Cl/Br-PAH congeners and reciprocal of the temperature (1/T) suggested that low air temperatures during the heating period could lead to high proportions of Cl/Br-PAHs in the fine particles. Increased coal burning during the heating period also contributed to high Cl/Br-PAH loads in the fine particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongbo Yang
- Guizhou Academy of Testing and Analysis, Guiyang 550008, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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21
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Youn JS, Csavina J, Rine KP, Shingler T, Taylor MP, Sáez AE, Betterton EA, Sorooshian A. Hygroscopic Properties and Respiratory System Deposition Behavior of Particulate Matter Emitted By Mining and Smelting Operations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11706-11713. [PMID: 27700056 PMCID: PMC5089925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study examines size-resolved physicochemical data for particles sampled near mining and smelting operations and a background urban site in Arizona with a focus on how hygroscopic growth impacts particle deposition behavior. Particles with aerodynamic diameters between 0.056-18 μm were collected at three sites: (i) an active smelter operation in Hayden, AZ, (ii) a legacy mining site with extensive mine tailings in Iron King, AZ, and (iii) an urban site, inner-city Tucson, AZ. Mass size distributions of As and Pb exhibit bimodal profiles with a dominant peak between 0.32 and 0.56 μm and a smaller mode in the coarse range (>3 μm). The hygroscopicity profile did not exhibit the same peaks owing to dependence on other chemical constituents. Submicrometer particles were generally more hygroscopic than supermicrometer ones at all three sites with finite water-uptake ability at all sites and particle sizes examined. Model calculations at a relative humidity of 99.5% reveal significant respiratory system particle deposition enhancements at sizes with the largest concentrations of toxic contaminants. Between dry diameters of 0.32 and 0.56 μm, for instance, ICRP and MPPD models predict deposition fraction enhancements of 171%-261% and 33%-63%, respectively, at the three sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-sang Youn
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Janae Csavina
- National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), 1685 38 Street, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Kyle P. Rine
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Taylor Shingler
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mark Patrick Taylor
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - A. Eduardo Sáez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Eric A. Betterton
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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22
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Rovelli G, Miles REH, Reid JP, Clegg SL. Accurate Measurements of Aerosol Hygroscopic Growth over a Wide Range in Relative Humidity. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:4376-88. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b04194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Rovelli
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20124 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Jonathan P. Reid
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Simon L. Clegg
- School
of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
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