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Wang Y, Xu G, Chen X, Shang Y, Lu G. Changes in combined toxicity of benzophenone-3 and humic acid on Daphnia magna and zebrafish during chlorination disinfection process. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 477:135280. [PMID: 39059296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Conventional wastewater treatment methods cannot completely remove the ultraviolet (UV) filters or dissolved organic matter. The transformation characteristics of these substances during chlorination disinfection and the varying species-specific toxicities of their combinations remain unclear. Here, Daphnia magna and zebrafish were exposed to benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and humic acid (HA) before and after chlorination disinfection. The results from chemical indicators showed that chlorination treatment decreased UV254 values and changed the intensity of parallel factors in three-dimensional fluorescence. Based on chemical analysis, the chlorine concentration and chlorination time for the toxicity experiments were set at 5 mg/L and 6 h, respectively. Exposure to HA and BP-3 before and after chlorination decreased the heart rate (by 1.37-28.12 %) in both species. However, species-specific responses, including survival rate, swimming distance, and expression of genes related to neurodevelopment, growth, and oxidative stress, were induced by chlorination. Chlorination reduced the impact of HA exposure but worsened the effects of HA and BP-3 co-exposure on D. magna. However, in zebrafish, the toxic effects intensified in most of the exposure groups after chlorination. Correlation analysis showed that the parallel factors of three-dimensional fluorescence were correlated with toxic effects on zebrafish, whereas UV254 was more significantly correlated with toxic effects on D. magna. This study provides insights into the combined toxicity of UV filters and dissolved organic matter in different aquatic organisms during chlorination, which is useful for risk control and optimization of the chlorination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Guanhua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Yujia Shang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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Sun X, Wei D, Wang F, Yang F, Du Y, Xiao H, Wei X, Xiao A. Formation of nitrogen-containing disinfection by-products during the chloramination treatment of an emerging pollutant. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 353:141536. [PMID: 38423150 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Chloramination was commonly used as disinfectant for killing pathogens in water. However, in this process, nitrogen-containing disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) would accidently form and subsequently rise toxicity. Here, we investigated acute toxicity variation and by-products formation during chloramination treatment on UV filter 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-sulfonic acid benzophenone (BP-4). Under alkaline conditions, the acute toxicity of this system had significant increase. A total of 17 transformation products were tentatively identified, and for them, plausible transformation pathways were proposed. Noticeably, numerous aniline and nitrosobenzene analogs were detected, and the dramatic increase of acute toxicity in this system might be primarily attributed to the formation of benzoquinone and aniline analogs. Besides, bromophenol, iodophenol and iodobenzoquinone analogs exhibiting high toxicity were generated in the presence of bromine and iodide ions. This study indicates that chloramination treatment may significantly increase potential health risk, further management on disinfection system is reasonable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China.
| | - Dongbin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feipeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuguo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Han Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Xinming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Anshan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
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Jou-Claus S, Rodríguez-Escales P, Martínez-Landa L, Diaz-Cruz MS, Carrera J, Sunyer-Caldú A, Quintana G, Valhondo C. Assessing the Fate of Benzophenone-Type UV Filters and Transformation Products during Soil Aquifer Treatment: The Biofilm Compartment as Bioaccumulator and Biodegrader in Porous Media. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5472-5482. [PMID: 38466321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The fate of selected UV filters (UVFs) was investigated in two soil aquifer treatment (SAT) systems, one supplemented with a reactive barrier containing clay and vegetable compost and the other as a traditional SAT reference system. We monitored benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and its transformation products (TPs), including benzophenone-1 (BP-1), 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone (4DHB), 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4HB), and 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (DHMB), along with benzophenone-4 (BP-4) and avobenzone (AVO) in all involved compartments (water, aquifer sediments, and biofilm). The reactive barrier, which enhances biochemical activity and biofilm development, improved the removal of all detected UVFs in water samples. Among monitored UVFs, only 4HB, BP-4, and AVO were detected in sediment and biofilm samples. But the overall retained amounts were several orders of magnitude larger than those dissolved. These amounts were quantitatively reproduced with a specifically developed simple analytical model that consists of a mobile compartment and an immobile compartment. Retention and degradation are restricted to the immobile water compartment, where biofilm absorption was simulated with well-known compound-specific Kow values. The fact that the model reproduced observations, including metabolites detected in the biofilm but not in the (mobile) water samples, supports its validity. The results imply that accumulation ensures significant biodegradation even if the degradation rates are very low and suggest that our experimental findings for UVFs and TPs can be extended to other hydrophobic compounds. Biofilms act as accumulators and biodegraders of hydrophobic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sònia Jou-Claus
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Associated Unit: Hydrogeology Group (UPC-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Paula Rodríguez-Escales
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Associated Unit: Hydrogeology Group (UPC-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lurdes Martínez-Landa
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Associated Unit: Hydrogeology Group (UPC-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Silvia Diaz-Cruz
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Jesús Carrera
- Associated Unit: Hydrogeology Group (UPC-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Adrià Sunyer-Caldú
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Department of Environmental Science (ACES, Exposure & Effects), Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Gerard Quintana
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Cristina Valhondo
- Associated Unit: Hydrogeology Group (UPC-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
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Sun J, Rene ER, Tao D, Lu Y, Jin Q, Lam JCH, Leung KMY, He Y. Degradation of organic UV filters in the water environment: A concise review on the mechanism, toxicity, and technologies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 463:132822. [PMID: 37898090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet filters (OUVFs) have been used globally for the past 20 years. Given that OUVFs can be quickly released from sunscreens applied on human skins, they have been frequently detected in aquatic environments and organisms. Some byproducts of OUVFs might be more recalcitrant and toxic than their parent compounds. To further assess the toxicity and potential risk of OUVFs' byproducts, it is necessary to determine the fate of OUVFs and identify their transformation products. This review summarizes and analyzes pertinent literature and reports in the field of OUVFs research. These published research works majorly focus on the degradation mechanisms of OUVFs in aquatic environments, their intermediates/byproducts, and chlorination reaction. Photodegradation (direct photolysis, self-sensitive photolysis and indirect photolysis) and biodegradation are the main transformation pathways of OUVFs through natural degradation. To remove residual OUVFs' pollutants from aqueous environments, novel physicochemical and biological approaches have been developed in recent years. Advanced oxidation, ultrasound, and bio-based technologies have been proven to eliminate OUVFs from wastewaters. In addition, the disinfection mechanism and the byproducts (DBPs) of various OUVFs in swimming pools are discussed in this review. Besides, knowledge gaps and future research directions in this field of study are also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaji Sun
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458 Guangzhou, China
| | - Eldon R Rene
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, P. O. Box 3015, 2611AX Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Danyang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yichun Lu
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458 Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Jin
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jason Chun-Ho Lam
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458 Guangzhou, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuhe He
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458 Guangzhou, China.
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Yang X, Wang A, Hua Z, Wei W, Cao Y, Fu B, Chen S, Dong Z, Fang J. Overlooked roles of Cl 2O and Cl 2 in micropollutant abatement and DBP formation by chlorination. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119449. [PMID: 36495855 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the roles of diverse free available chlorine (FAC) species including HOCl/OCl-, H2OCl+, Cl2O, and Cl2 in the degradation of micropollutants. The degradation of 5 micropollutants was significantly affected by pH, FAC dosage, and chloride (Cl-) concentration. The reaction orders in FAC (n) of 5 micropollutants (acetaminophen, carbamazepine, naproxen, gemfibrozil, and mecoprop) ranged from 1.4 ± 0.2 to 2.1 ± 0.3 at pH 3 - 5, evidencing the importance of Cl2O and Cl2 for micropollutant abatement. A simplified method for the determination of second-order rate constants (k) of specific FAC species with micropollutants was developed. Herein, the k for neutral/dissociated forms of 5 micropollutants with Cl2 and Cl2O were determined in the ranges of 9.3 (± 0.2) × 102 ∼ 2.9 (± 0.2) × 109 M-1 s-1 and 1.8 (± 0.1) × 104 ∼ 3.7 (± 0.6) × 109 M-1 s-1, respectively. They were 4 - 7 orders of magnitude higher than those of HOCl, whereas those of OCl- and H2OCl+ were negligible. By using kinetic modeling, Cl2 was more important under acidic conditions and higher Cl- levels with contributions of 37.9 - 99.2% at pH 5 in pure water. Cl2O played a dominant role in micropollutant degradation in pure water (56.4 - 87.3%) under neutral conditions. Furthermore, both Cl2 and Cl2O played vital roles in the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during chlorination of carbamazepine and natural organic matter. This study highlights the overlooked roles of Cl2O and Cl2 in micropollutant abatement and DBP formation during chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Anna Wang
- Guangdong Environmental Protection Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Zhechao Hua
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wenrui Wei
- Guangzhou Environmental Protection Investment Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou Guangdong 510170, China
| | - Yilong Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Bingyue Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shuping Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zijun Dong
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, the Underground Polis Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518048, China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Zhang YQ, Li YY, Maseras F, Liao RZ. Mechanism and selectivity of photocatalyzed CO 2 reduction by a function-integrated Ru catalyst. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:3747-3759. [PMID: 35168249 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03825g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The phosphine-substituted Ru(II) polypyridyl complex, [RuII-(tpy)(pqn)(MeCN)]2+ (RuP), was disclosed to be an efficient photocatalyst for the reduction of CO2 to CO with excellent selectivity. In this work, density functional calculations were performed to elucidate the reaction mechanism and understand the origin of selectivity. The calculations showed that RuP was first excited to the singlet excited state, followed by intersystem crossing to produce a triplet species (3RuIII(L˙-)-S), which was then reduced by the sacrificial electron donor BIH to generate a RuII(L˙-) intermediate. The ligand of RuII(L˙-) was further reduced to produce a RuII(L2-) intermediate. The redox non-innocent nature of the tpy and pqn ligands endows the Ru center with an oxidation state of +2 after two one-electron reductions. RuII(L2-) nucleophilically attacks CO2, in which two electrons are delivered from the ligands to CO2, affording a RuII-COOH species after protonation. This is followed by the protonation of the hydroxyl moiety of RuII-COOH, coupled with the C-O bond cleavage, resulting in the formation of RuII-CO. Ultimately, CO is dissociated after two one-electron reductions. Protonation of RuII(L2-) to generate a RuII-hydride, a critical intermediate for the production of formate and H2, turns out to be kinetically less favorable, even though it is thermodynamically more favorable. This fact is due to the presence of a Ru2+ ion in the reduced catalyst, which disfavors its protonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Ying-Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rong-Zhen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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7
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Abdallah P, Dossier-Berne F, Karpel Vel Leitner N, Deborde M. Methylparaben chlorination in the presence of bromide ions and ammonia: kinetic study and modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:31256-31267. [PMID: 33599931 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11503-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of chlorination on methylparaben (MP) removal, as well as of bromide and ammonia on the MP elimination kinetics, were studied. Bromide and ammonia react with chlorine and are promptly transformed into bromine and chloramines, respectively. Rate constants of chlorine, bromine, and monochloramine with MP were determined under different pH conditions. At pH 8.5, the apparent second-order rate constants of MP reactions with chlorine and bromine were found to be 3.37(±0.50) × 101 and 2.37 (±0.11) × 106 M-1.s-1 for kChlorine/MP and kBromine/MP, respectively, yet there was low reactivity with monochloramine ([Formula: see text] = 0.045 M-1.s-1). Regarding chlorination and bromination, in order to gain further insight into the observed pH-dependence of the reaction, the elementary reactions were considered and the corresponding second-order rate constants were calculated. The experimental and modeled values were quite consistent under these conditions. Then, chlorination experiments with different bromide and/or ammonia concentrations were performed to assess the impact of inorganic water content on MP elimination and a kinetic model was designed to assess MP degradation. Under these conditions, MP degradation was found to be enhanced in the presence of bromide whereas it was inhibited in the presence of ammonia, and the overall impact was pH dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Abdallah
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP UMR 7285), Equipe Eau Biomarqueurs Contaminants Organiques Milieux (E.BICOM), Université de Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré, Bâtiment B1, TSA, 41105 86073, Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Florence Dossier-Berne
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP UMR 7285), Equipe Eau Biomarqueurs Contaminants Organiques Milieux (E.BICOM), Université de Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré, Bâtiment B1, TSA, 41105 86073, Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Karpel Vel Leitner
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP UMR 7285), Equipe Eau Biomarqueurs Contaminants Organiques Milieux (E.BICOM), Université de Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré, Bâtiment B1, TSA, 41105 86073, Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Marie Deborde
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP UMR 7285), Equipe Eau Biomarqueurs Contaminants Organiques Milieux (E.BICOM), Université de Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré, Bâtiment B1, TSA, 41105 86073, Poitiers Cedex, France.
- UFR Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, 6 rue de la Milétrie, Bâtiment D1, TSA 51115, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France.
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8
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Xiang W, Chang J, Qu R, Albasher G, Wang Z, Zhou D, Sun C. Transformation of bromophenols by aqueous chlorination and exploration of main reaction mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:129112. [PMID: 33288278 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bromophenols (BPs) are ubiquitous phenolic contaminants and typical halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) that are commonly detected in aquatic environments. The transformation of 2,4-dibromophenol (2,4-DBP) during chlorination process was fully explored in this research. It was found that active chlorine can react with 2,4-DBP effectively in a wide pH range of 5.0-11.0, with an apparent second-order rate constant (kapp) varying from 0.8 M-1 s-1 to 110.3 M-1 s-1. The addition of 5 mM ammonium ions almost completely suppressed the reaction via competitive consumption of free chlorine. With the concentration of HA increasing from 1.0 to 10.0 mg L-1, the inhibition on the degradation of 2,4-DBP increased from 8.7% to 63.4%. By contrast, bromide ions at a concentration of 5 mM accelerated the process by about 4 times, due to the formation of hypobromous acid. On the basis of the eleven products (with eight nominal masses) identified by LC-TOF-MS, electrophilic substitution reactions and single-electron transfer reactions were mainly involved in the chlorination process. The concentration of primary chlorine-substituted products was about 4 times that of the dimer products, demonstrating that electrophilic substitution reaction was predominant during chlorination of 2,4-DBP. Density functional theory (DFT) based calculations revealed that HOCl is the dominant active oxidizing species for elimination of 2,4-DBP and coupling reaction occurs more easily at para and ortho position of hydroxyl group in the phenolic moiety. These findings could provide some new insights into the environmental fate of bromophenols during chlorine disinfection of water and wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jingyi Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ruijuan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Gadah Albasher
- King Saud University, College of Science, Zoology Department, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zunyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Cheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
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9
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Wang J, Gong T, Xian Q. Formation of haloacetic acids from different organic precursors in swimming pool water during chlorination. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 247:125793. [PMID: 31931310 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Haloacetic acids (HAAs) were reported to be the most abundant category of DBPs in swimming pool water. In this study, the formation of HAAs from different organic precursors in swimming pool water, including UV filters, human body fluids, and natural organic matter (NOM), during chlorination was examined, and the effects of chlorine dose and halide concentrations on the formation of HAAs were evaluated. The results show that the total HAA yields from benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA) were the highest among the nine organic precursors, and the yields of dichloroacetic acid and bromochloroacetic acid were higher than that of the other HAA species. In all the chlorinated samples of different organic precursors, longer chlorination time enhanced HAA formation. Both chlorine dose and bromide concentration significantly affected the formation of HAAs from BP-3 and SRHA during chlorination. With the increasing chlorine dose, the total HAA yields from SRHA and BP-3 significantly increased. Besides, the proportion of trihaloacetic acids (THAAs) rose while that of dihaloacetic acids (DHAAs) and monohaloacetic acids (MHAAs) declined with the increasing chlorine dose. With the increasing bromide concentration, HAA formation from SRHA increased while that of BP-3 decreased. The bromine incorporation factor (BIF) of the formed MHAAs, DHAAs and THAAs from SRHA and BP-3 both increased with the increasing bromide concentration in the following order: BIFDHAAs > BIFTHAAs > BIFMHAAs, indicating that bromine was easier to be incorporated into DHAAs rather than MHAAs or THAAs. Moreover, bromide promoted the formation of Br-HAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Tingting Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Luo J, Liu T, Zhang D, Yin K, Wang D, Zhang W, Liu C, Yang C, Wei Y, Wang L, Luo S, Crittenden JC. The individual and Co-exposure degradation of benzophenone derivatives by UV/H 2O 2 and UV/PDS in different water matrices. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 159:102-110. [PMID: 31082641 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone derivatives, including benzophenone-1 (C13H10O3, BP1), benzophenone-3 (C14H12O3, BP3) and benzophenone-8 (C14H12O4, BP8), that used as UV filters are currently viewed as emerging contaminants. Degradation behaviors on co-exposure benzophenone derivatives using UV-driven advanced oxidation processes under different aqueous environments are still unknown. In this study, the degradation behavior of mixed benzophenone derivatives via UV/H2O2 and UV/peroxydisulfate (PDS), in different water matrices (surface water, hydrolyzed urine and seawater) were systematically examined. In surface water, the attack of BP3 by hydroxyl radicals (HO∙) or carbonate radicals (CO3∙-) in UV/H2O2 can generate BP8, which was responsible for the relatively high degradation rate of BP3. Intermediates from BP3 and BP8 in UV/PDS were susceptible to CO3∙-, bringing inhibition of BP1 degradation. In hydrolyzed urine, Cl- was shown the negligible effect for benzophenone derivatives degradation due to low concentration of reactive chlorine species (RCS). Meanwhile, BP3 abatement was excessively inhibited during co-exposure pattern. In seawater, non-first-order kinetic behavior for BP3 and BP8 was found during UV/PDS treatment. Based on modeling, Br- was the sink for HO∙, and the co-existence of Br- and Cl- was the sink for SO4∙-. The cost-effective treatment toward target compounds removal in different water matrices was further evaluated using EE/O. In most cases, UV/H2O2 process is more economically competitive than UV/PDS process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Luo
- Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems and School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 828 West Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Tongcai Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Danyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Kai Yin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
| | - Dong Wang
- Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems and School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 828 West Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Weiqiu Zhang
- Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems and School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 828 West Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Chengbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Chunping Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Yuanfeng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Longlu Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Shenglian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - John C Crittenden
- Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems and School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 828 West Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
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11
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Yang P, Kong D, Ji Y, Lu J, Yin X, Zhou Q. Chlorination and chloramination of benzophenone-3 and benzophenone-4 UV filters. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 163:528-535. [PMID: 30077149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to explore the fundamental reactions between chlorine/chloramine and 2-hydroxyl-4-methoxyl benzophenone (BP3)/2-hydroxyl-4-methoxyl benzophenone-sulfonic acid (BP4), which were the most common reactions in benzophenone-type UV filters during drinking water treatment processes. Both BP3 and BP4 could react with free chlorine and chloramine, with reactions following pseudo-first-order kinetics in excess of chlorine (HClO) and chloramine (NH2Cl). Generally, chlorination was more rapid than chloramination. BP4 was less reactive than BP3 toward both chlorine and chloramine, due to the presence of an electron-accepting sulfonate group. Therefore, BP3 had a significantly higher disinfection by-products (DBP) formation potential than BP4. Chlorination of BP3 and BP4 generated remarkably higher levels of DBPs than chloramination, with high pH conditions facilitating the formation of chloroform but inhibiting the formation of haloacetic acid (HAAs). Comparison of the reaction behavior of two different BP-type UV filters, i.e., BP3 and BP4, revealed that certain functional groups significantly affected the reactivity of BP-type UV filters in chlorination and chloramination processes. This contribution may provide new insights into the reaction behavior of UV filters during drinking water disinfection process using chlorine and/or chloramine as disinfectant, and provide guidelines for drinking water safety management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizeng Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Deyang Kong
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection of PRC, Nanjing 210042, China.
| | - Yuefei Ji
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Junhe Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Xiaoming Yin
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Quansuo Zhou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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12
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Yoom H, Shin J, Ra J, Son H, Ryu D, Kim C, Lee Y. Transformation of methylparaben during water chlorination: Effects of bromide and dissolved organic matter on reaction kinetics and transformation pathways. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 634:677-686. [PMID: 29642049 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The reaction kinetics, products, and pathways of methylparaben (MeP) during water chlorination with and without bromide (Br-) were investigated to better understand the fate of parabens in chlorinated waters. During the chlorination of MeP-spiked waters without Br-, MeP was transformed into mono-Cl-MeP and di-Cl-MeP with apparent second-order rate constants (kapp) of 64M-1s-1 and 243M-1s-1 at pH7, respectively, while further chlorination of di-Cl-MeP was relatively slower (kapp=1.3M-1s-1 at pH7). With increasing Br- concentration, brominated MePs, such as mono-Br-MeP, Br-Cl-MeP, and di-Br-MeP, became major transformation products. The di-halogenated MePs (di-Cl-MeP, Br,Cl-MeP, and di-Br-MeP) showed relatively low reactivity to chlorine at pH7 (kapp=1.3-4.6M-1s-1) and bromine (kapp=32-71M-1s-1), which explains the observed high stability of di-halogenated MePs in chlorinated waters. With increasing pH from 7 to 8.5, the transformation of di-halogenated MePs was further slowed due to the decreasing reactivity of di-MePs to chlorine. The formation of the di-halogenated MePs and their further transformation become considerably faster at Br- concentrations higher than 0.5μM (40μg/L). Nonetheless, the accelerating effect of Br- diminishes in the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) extract (Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA)) due to a more rapid consumption of bromine by DOM than chlorine. The effect of Br- on the fate of MeP was less in the tested real water matrices, possibly due to a more rapid bromine consumption by the real water DOM compared to SRHA. A kinetic model was developed based on the determined species-specific second-order rate constants for chlorination/bromination of MeP and its chlorinated and brominated MePs and the transformation pathway information, which could reasonably simulate the transformation of MePs during the chlorination of water in the presence of Br- and selected DOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoonsik Yoom
- Busan Water Quality Institute, Busan, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaedon Shin
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoon Ra
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejong Son
- Busan Water Quality Institute, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongchoon Ryu
- Busan Water Quality Institute, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Changwon Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunho Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Dong H, Qiang Z, Yuan X, Luo A. Effects of bromide and iodide on the chlorination of diclofenac: Accelerated chlorination and enhanced formation of disinfection by-products. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Cheng S, Zhang X, Yang X, Shang C, Song W, Fang J, Pan Y. The Multiple Role of Bromide Ion in PPCPs Degradation under UV/Chlorine Treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:1806-1816. [PMID: 29338220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the role of bromide ions in the degradation of nine pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) during the UV/chlorine treatment of simulated drinking water containing 2.5 mgC L-1 natural organic matter (NOM). The kinetics of contributions from UV irradiation and from oxidation by free chlorine, free bromine, hydroxyl radical and reactive halogen species were evaluated. The observed loss rate constants of PPCPs in the presence of 10 μM bromide were 1.6-23 times of those observed in the absence of bromide (except for iopromide and ibuprofen). Bromide was shown to play multiple roles in PPCP degradation. It reacts rapidly with free chlorine to produce a trace amount of free bromine, which then contributes to up to 55% of the degradation of some PPCPs during 15 min of UV/chlorine treatment. Bromide was also shown to reduce the level of HO• and to change the reactive chlorine species to bromine-containing species, which resulted in decreases in ibuprofen degradation and enhancement in carbamazepine and caffeine degradation, respectively. Reactive halogen species contributed to between 37 and 96% of the degradation of the studied PPCPs except ibuprofen in the presence of 10 μM bromide ion. The effect of bromide is non-negligible during the UV/chlorine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xinran Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Weihua Song
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanheng Pan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
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15
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Wang WL, Wu QY, Du Y, Huang N, Hu HY. Elimination of chlorine-refractory carbamazepine by breakpoint chlorination: Reactive species and oxidation byproducts. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 129:115-122. [PMID: 29145081 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Breakpoint chlorination can be commonly observed in the chlorination of water treatments when ammonia is present. In this study, it was found that breakpoint chlorination can remarkably eliminate a ubiquitous and chlorine-refractory micropollutant, carbamazepine (CBZ), with the removal of 72% at neutral condition. At neutral pH, low CBZ elimination was observed at a chlorine/ammonia molar ratio (Cl/N) of 1.0 and higher CBZ elimination was observed as Cl/N ratio increased from 1.0 to 1.6 (breakpoint), indicating that CBZ elimination was closely related to the generation and decomposition of chloramines. The chloramines generation and decomposition rates were affected by the pH, so that the CBZ elimination rate was highest at pH 7.0 and lower in acidic and basic solutions (pH 5.5 and pH 9.5, respectively). The CBZ elimination at pH 7.0 was 72.4% after 10 min of breakpoint chlorination, while reaction times about 30 min and 60 min were required to achieve the same elimination at pH 5.5 and pH 9.5, respectively. Breakpoint chlorination of CBZ was strongly suppressed by radical scavenger tBuOH and moderately suppressed by N2 purging, the inhibiting ratios being 87.7% and 27.8% at breakpoint, respectively. Electron spin resonance experiments suggested that unidentified radicals were generated by breakpoint chlorination. The OH and unidentified radical species contributions to CBZ elimination were <23.7% and >76.3%, respectively, when a pseudo steady state breakpoint chlorination was performed in a microinjection system with nitrobenzene as OH probe. Although CBZ were efficiently eliminated, breakpoint chlorination of CBZ generated adsorbable organic chlorine. The cytotoxicity of the CBZ solution was therefore increased by breakpoint chlorination, suggesting that biological risk caused by the breakpoint chlorination of micropollutants should be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Ye Du
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Nan Huang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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16
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Manasfi T, Coulomb B, Ravier S, Boudenne JL. Degradation of Organic UV filters in Chlorinated Seawater Swimming Pools: Transformation Pathways and Bromoform Formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13580-13591. [PMID: 29110466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet (UV) filters are used in sunscreens and other personal-care products to protect against harmful effects of exposure to UV solar radiation. Little is known about the fate of UV filters in seawater swimming pools disinfected with chlorine. The present study investigated the occurrence and fate of five commonly used organic UV filters, namely dioxybenzone, oxybenzone, avobenzone, 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate, and octocrylene, in chlorinated seawater swimming pools. Pool samples were collected to monitor the variation of UV filter concentrations during pool opening hours. Furthermore, laboratory-controlled chlorination experiments were conducted in seawater spiked with UV filters to investigate the reactivity of UV filters. Extracts of chlorination reaction samples were analyzed using high-resolution mass spectrometry and electron-capture detection to identify the potentially formed byproducts. In the collected pool samples, all the UV filters except dioxybenzone were detected. Chlorination reactions showed that only octocrylene was stable in chlorinated seawater. The four reactive UV filters generated brominated transformation products and disinfection byproducts. This formation of brominated products resulted from reactions between the reactive UV filters and bromine, which is formed rapidly when chlorine is added to seawater. Based on the identified byproducts, the transformation pathways of the reactive UV filters were proposed for the first time. Bromoform was generated by all the reactive UV filters at different yields. Bromal hydrate was also detected as one of the byproducts generated by oxybenzone and dioxybenzone.
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17
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Li AJ, Wu P, Law JCF, Chow CH, Postigo C, Guo Y, Leung KSY. Transformation of acesulfame in chlorination: Kinetics study, identification of byproducts, and toxicity assessment. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 117:157-166. [PMID: 28391120 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Acesulfame (ACE) is one of the most commonly used artificial sweeteners. Because it is not metabolized in the human gut, it reaches the aquatic environment unchanged. In the present study, the reactivity of ACE in free chlorine-containing water was investigated for the first time. The degradation of ACE was found to follow pseudo-first-order kinetics. The first-order rate increased with decreasing pH from 9.4 to 4.8 with estimated half-lives from 693 min to 2 min. Structural elucidation of the detected transformation products (TPs) was performed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Integration of MS/MS fragments, isotopic pattern and exact mass allowed the characterization of up to 5 different TPs in the ultrapure water extracts analyzed, including two proposed new chlorinated compounds reported for the first time. Unexpectedly, several known and regulated disinfection by-products (DBPs) were present in the ACE chlorinated solution. In addition, two of the six DBPs are proposed as N-DBPs. Time-course profiles of ACE and the identified by-products in tap water and wastewater samples were followed in order to simulate the actual disinfection process. Tap water did not significantly affect degradation, but wastewater did; it reacted with the ACE to produce several brominated-DBPs. A preliminary assessment of chlorinated mixtures by luminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri showed that these by-products were up to 1.8-fold more toxic than the parent compound. The generation of these DBPs, both regulated and not, representing enhanced toxicity, make chlorine disinfection a controversial treatment for ACE. Further efforts are urgently needed to both assess the consequences of current water treatment processes on ACE and to develop new processes that will safely treat ACE. Human health and the health of our aquatic ecosystems are at stake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Key Laboratory of Tropical Agro-environment, Ministry of Agriculture of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pengran Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Japhet Cheuk-Fung Law
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Chi-Hang Chow
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Kelvin Sze-Yin Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, China; School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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18
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Theoretical insights on flavanones as antioxidants and UV filters: A TDDFT and NLMO study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 170:286-294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Lau SS, Abraham SM, Roberts AL. Chlorination Revisited: Does Cl - Serve as a Catalyst in the Chlorination of Phenols? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:13291-13298. [PMID: 27993072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aqueous chlorination of (chloro)phenols is one of the best-studied reactions in the environmental literature. Previous researchers have attributed these reactions to two chlorine species: HOCl (at circum-neutral and high pH) and H2OCl+ (at low pH). In this study, we seek to examine the roles that two largely overlooked chlorine species, Cl2 and Cl2O, may play in the chlorination of (chloro)phenols. Solution pH, chloride concentration, and chlorine dose were systematically varied in order to assess the importance of different chlorine species as chlorinating agents. Our findings indicate that chlorination rates at pH < 6 increase substantially when chloride is present, attributed to the formation of Cl2. At pH 6.0 and a chlorine dose representative of drinking water treatment, Cl2O is predicted to have at best a minor impact on chlorination reactions, whereas Cl2 may contribute more than 80% to the overall chlorination rate depending on the (chloro)phenol identity and chloride concentration. While it is not possible to preclude H2OCl+ as a chlorinating agent, we were able to model our low-pH data by considering Cl2 only. Even traces of chloride can generate sufficient Cl2 to influence chlorination kinetics, highlighting the role of chloride as a catalyst in chlorination reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S Lau
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , 313 Ames Hall, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Sonali M Abraham
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , 313 Ames Hall, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles , La Kretz Hall, 619 Charles E. Young Drive East #300, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States
| | - A Lynn Roberts
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , 313 Ames Hall, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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