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Edwards T, Bouyoucos IA, Hasler CT, Fry M, Anderson WG. Understanding olfactory and behavioural responses to dietary cues in age-1 lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 288:111560. [PMID: 38056556 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Detection of environmental cues is essential for all vertebrates and is typically established by the olfactory epithelium and olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). In fishes, microvillous and ciliated OSNs are the principal types, typically detecting amino acids and bile salts, respectively. Activation of OSN receptors by specific ligands initiate downstream signal processing often leading to behavioural responses. In this study we used electrophysiological and behavioural techniques to evaluate olfactory detection and behaviour in juvenile lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens in response to hatchery- and natural dietary cues. We hypothesized that electro-olfactogram (EOG) and behavioural responses would be dependent on diet type. We predicted that inhibition of the phospholipase C/inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (PLC/IP3) secondary transduction pathway would reduce EOG responses to dietary cues and, inhibition of the adenylyl cyclase/adenosine 3,5-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) pathway, would have no effect. Furthermore, we predicted a strong EOG response would be manifested in a change in behaviour. We observed that both the PLC/IP3 and cAMP pathways were significantly involved in the detection of dietary cues. However, EOG responses did not manifest to behavioural responses, although the foraging activity to the hatchery cue was significantly greater compared to the control. Our results support the notion that lake sturgeon raised in a hatchery and fed a commercial pelleted diet may become accustomed to it prior to release into the wild. Further, this study suggests that, in conservation aquaculture settings, lake sturgeon should be exposed to natural dietary cues prior to release as one strategy to promote food recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Edwards
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Ian A Bouyoucos
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Caleb T Hasler
- The University of Winnipeg, Department of Biology, 515 Portage Ave Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Mark Fry
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - W Gary Anderson
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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2
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Wassink L, Huerta B, Larson D, Li W, Scribner K. Hatchery and wild larval lake sturgeon experience effects of captivity on stress reactivity, behavior and predation risk. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 10:coac062. [PMID: 36225539 PMCID: PMC9547518 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Reintroduction programs are important tools for wildlife conservation. However, captive rearing environments may lead to maladaptive behavior and physiological alterations that reduce survival probability after release. For captive rearing programs that raise individuals captured from the wild during early ontogeny for later release, there is a lack of information about when during ontogeny the detrimental effects of captive rearing may become evident. In this study we compared cortisol levels, predation rates and swimming behavior between hatchery-produced and wild-caught larval lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), a threatened fish species, at three times over 9 days. Cortisol levels did not indicate that hatchery-produced individuals were more stressed, but cortisol reactivity to an acute stressor disappeared for both hatchery-produced and wild-caught larvae after 9 days in the hatchery. Swimming activity levels decreased over time for hatchery-produced larvae but increased over time for wild-caught larvae, suggesting that behavioral trajectories may be programmed prior to the larval stage. Neither increasing nor decreasing activity levels was advantageous for survival, as predation rates increased over time in captivity for larvae from both treatments. Results suggest that physiological and behavioral phenotypes may not accurately predict survival for individuals released from reintroduction programs and that the captive environment may inhibit transition to the wild even if cortisol levels do not indicate high stress. Findings emphasize that even a short amount of time in captivity during early ontogeny can affect phenotypes of individuals captured from wild populations, which may impact the success of reintroduction programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Wassink
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane, East Lansing MI 48824, USA
| | - Belinda Huerta
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing MI 48824, USA
| | - Doug Larson
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing MI 48824, USA
| | - Weiming Li
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing MI 48824, USA
| | - Kim Scribner
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane, East Lansing MI 48824, USA
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing MI 48824, USA
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3
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Ionescu RA, Mitrovic D, Wilkie MP. Disturbances to energy metabolism in juvenile lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) following exposure to niclosamide. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 229:112969. [PMID: 34922166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1960s, invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) populations in the Laurentian Great Lakes have been controlled by applying two chemicals, 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and 2',5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide (niclosamide, aka. Bayluscide®), to streams infested with larval sea lamprey. These "lampricide" applications primarily rely on TFM, and are often combined with 1-2% niclosamide, which increases treatment effectiveness. Niclosamide is also used alone to treat lentic habitats and in rivers with high discharge. However, little is known about niclosamide's possible adverse physiological effects on non-target organisms. Of particular concern is the lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), which is threatened throughout the Great Lakes basin where its habitat often overlaps with larval lamprey. Because niclosamide is believed to impair ATP production by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation, we determined how it altered metabolic processes and acid-base balance in young-of-the-year (YOY) lake sturgeon exposed to their 9-h LC50 of niclosamide (0.11 mg L-1) for 9 h. Exposure to niclosamide led to decreased brain ATP and glucose reserves, and increased lactate, with no effect on brain glycogen. In contrast, substantial (60%) reductions in glycogen were observed in liver, suggesting that hepatic glycogen reserves were mobilized to meet the brain's glucose requirements when ATP supply was impaired during niclosamide exposure. Disturbances in carcass included reduced phosphocreatine (65-70%), 2- and 4-fold increases in pyruvate and lactate, and a slight metabolic acidosis, characterized by a 0.1 unit decrease in intracellular pH (pHi). Each of these disturbances were corrected within 24 h following depuration in clean (niclosamide-free) water. We conclude that if lake sturgeon survive exposure to niclosamide, they are able to rapidly replenish their energy stores (glycogen, ATP, phosphocreatine) and correct any corresponding metabolic disturbances within 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Adrian Ionescu
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University and the Laurier Institute for Water Science, 75 Universtiy Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Dejana Mitrovic
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University and the Laurier Institute for Water Science, 75 Universtiy Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Michael P Wilkie
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University and the Laurier Institute for Water Science, 75 Universtiy Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada.
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4
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Wassink L, Huerta B, Li W, Scribner K. Interaction of egg cortisol and offspring experience influences stress-related behaviour and physiology in lake sturgeon. Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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5
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Wassink L, Bussy U, Li W, Scribner K. High-stress rearing temperature in Acipenser fulvescens affects physiology, behaviour and predation rates. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wilkie MP, Hubert TD, Boogaard MA, Birceanu O. Control of invasive sea lampreys using the piscicides TFM and niclosamide: Toxicology, successes & future prospects. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 211:235-252. [PMID: 30770146 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The invasion of the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America by sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) in the early 20th century contributed to the depletion of commercial, recreational and culturally important fish populations, devastating the economies of communities that relied on the fishery. Sea lamprey populations were subsequently controlled using an aggressive integrated pest-management program which employed barriers and traps to prevent sea lamprey from migrating to their spawning grounds and the use of the piscicides (lampricides) 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and niclosamide to eliminate larval sea lampreys from their nursery streams. Although sea lampreys have not been eradicated from the Great Lakes, populations have been suppressed to less than 10% of their peak numbers in the mid-1900s. The ongoing use of lampricides provides the foundation for sea lamprey control in the Great Lakes, one of the most successful invasive species control programs in the world. Yet, significant gaps remain in our understanding of how lampricides are taken-up and handled by sea lampreys, how lampricides exert their toxic effects, and how they adversely affect non-target invertebrate and vertebrates species. In this review we examine what has been learned about the uptake, handling and elimination, and the mode of TFM and niclosamide toxicity in lampreys and in non-target animals, particularly in the last 10 years. It is now clear that the mode of TFM toxicity is the same in non-target fishes and lampreys, in which TFM interferes with oxidative phosphorylation by the mitochondria leading to decreased ATP production. Vulnerability to TFM is related to abiotic factors such as water pH and alkalinity, which we propose changes the relative amounts of the bioavailable un-ionized form of TFM in the gill microenvironment. Niclosamide, which is also a molluscicide used to control snails in areas prone to schistosomiasis infections of humans, also likely works by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation, but less is known about other aspects of its toxicology. The effects of TFM include reductions in energy stores, particularly glycogen and high energy phosphagens. However, non-target fishes readily recover from sub-lethal TFM exposure as demonstrated by the rapid restoration of energy stores and clearance of TFM. Although both TFM and niclosamide are non-persistent in the environment and critical for sea lamprey control, increasing public and institutional concerns about pesticides in the environment makes it imperative to explore other means of sea lamprey control. Accordingly, we also address possible "next-generation" strategies of sea lamprey control including genetic tools such as RNA interference and CRISPR-Cas9 to impair critical physiological processes (e.g. reproduction, digestion, metamorphosis) in lamprey, and the use of green chemistry to develop more environmentally benign chemical methods of sea lamprey control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Wilkie
- Department of Biology & Laurier Institute for Water Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3C5, Canada.
| | - Terrance D Hubert
- Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, United States Geological Survey, La Crosse, WI, 54603, USA
| | - Michael A Boogaard
- Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, United States Geological Survey, La Crosse, WI, 54603, USA
| | - Oana Birceanu
- Department of Biology & Laurier Institute for Water Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3C5, Canada
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7
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Vo NTK, Moore LC, Spiteri KW, Hanner R, Wilkie MP, DeWitte-Orr SJ. Assessing off-target cytotoxicity of the field lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol using novel lake sturgeon cell lines. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 162:536-545. [PMID: 30016760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lampricides are currently being applied to streams and rivers to control the population of sea lamprey, an invasive species, in the Great Lakes. The most commonly used lampricide agent used in the field is 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), which targets larval sea lamprey in lamprey-infested rivers and streams. The specificity of TFM is due to the relative inability of sea lamprey to detoxify the agent relative to non-target fishes. There is increasing concern, however, about non-target effects on fishes, particularly threatened populations of juvenile lake sturgeon (LS; Acipenser fulvescens). There is therefore a need to develop models to better define lake sturgeon's response to TFM. Here we report the establishment of five LS cell lines derived from the liver, gill, skin and intestinal tract of juvenile LS and some of their cellular characteristics. All LS cell lines grew well at 25 °C in Leibovitz's (L)- 15 medium supplemented with 10% FBS. All cell lines demonstrated high senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity and varying levels of Periodic acid Schiff-positive polysaccharides, indicating substantial production of glycoproteins and mucosubstances by the cells. Comparative toxicity of TFM in the five LS cell lines was assessed by two fluorescent cell viability dyes, Alamar Blue and CFDA-AM, in conditions with and without serum and at 24 or 72 h exposure. Deduced EC50 values were compared between the cell lines and to the reported in vivo LC50s. Tissues sensitive to the effects of TFM in vivo correlated with cell lines from the same tissues being most sensitive to TFM in vitro. EC50 values for the LSliver-e cells was significantly lower than the EC50 for the rainbow trout (RBT) liver cells RTL-W1, reaffirming the in vivo observation that LS was generally more TFM-sensitive than rainbow trout. Our data suggests that whole-fish sensitivity of LS to TFM is likely attributable to sensitivity at the cellular level. Thus, LS cell lines, as well as those of RBT, can be used to screen and evaluate the toxicity of the next generation of lampricides on non-target fish such as lake sturgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen T K Vo
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Levi C Moore
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Katelin W Spiteri
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Hanner
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Michael P Wilkie
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie J DeWitte-Orr
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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8
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Birceanu O, Wilkie MP. Post-exposure effects of the piscicide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) on the stress response and liver metabolic capacity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200782. [PMID: 30036372 PMCID: PMC6056040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The piscicide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) has been used to control invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) populations in the Great Lakes for almost 60 years. Applied to rivers and streams containing larval lampreys, TFM seldom harms non-target fishes, but the effects of sub-lethal treatments on fish physiology are not well understood. We examined the effects of 9 h exposure to TFM on the stress axis and liver metabolic capacity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using in vivo and in vitro approaches. The fish that had been acutely exposed to TFM in vivo had increased plasma cortisol levels at 12 h post-treatment, but TFM exposure did not interfere with in vitro cortisol production in head kidney preparations. Subjecting trout to an acute handling stressor 12 h post-TFM exposure resulted in a relative attenuation of the plasma cortisol and glucose response compared to pre-stress levels. We conclude that routine TFM treatments can lead to elevations of plasma cortisol following exposure, plus a relative dampening of the stress response in rainbow trout, with high cortisol levels lasting at least 12 h post-treatment. Since the ability of the fish to produce cortisol and the liver metabolic capacity were not compromised following TFM exposure, it is likely that their ability to cope with other stressors is not altered in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Birceanu
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Luo C, Huang Y, Huang D, Liu M, Xiong W, Guo Q, Yang T. Migration and Transformation Characteristics of Niclosamide in a Soil-Plant System. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:2312-2321. [PMID: 30023830 PMCID: PMC6044986 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The molluscicide niclosamide is found in most of the wetlands of China. The migration and transformation pathways, and degradation kinetics of niclosamide in the plant-soil system was analyzed by with the use of potting experiment. Experimental results showed that degradation of niclosamide in rhizosphere soil fit the first-order kinetics, and microorganisms played an important role in the degradation of niclosamide. It was found that niclosamide degrades to form a series of aromatic intermediate products both in soil and plants. Niclosamide could be absorbed from soil to plant by the root and then migrate to the stem. At an initial concentration of niclosamide of 2.11 mg·kg-1 in soil, the maximum residue of niclosamide in Artemisia somai aerial was 2.47 mg·kg-1 after 10 days of cultivation. This value is close to the pollution maximum residue limit (3 mg·kg-1) in rice, and niclosamide and its intermediates can remain about 43 days in plants. The experimental results demonstrate that the use of niclosamide in wetlands would have some risk in edible plants and was harmful for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Luo
- School
of Resources Environment and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Yiyang Huang
- College
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Donggen Huang
- School
of Resources Environment and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Miao Liu
- School
of Resources Environment and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- School
of Resources Environment and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Qin Guo
- School
of Resources Environment and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Tianzi Yang
- School
of Resources Environment and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
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10
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Lari E, Pyle GG. Gyrodactylus salmonis infection impairs the olfactory system of rainbow trout. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1279-1284. [PMID: 28105714 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Monogenean worms are ectoparasites that are known to be infectious to a wide variety of fish. Few species of monogenean parasites have been reported in the olfactory chamber of fish in current peer-reviewed literature. However, the impacts of these parasites on the olfactory system are not well understood. In this study, the effects of Gyrodactylus salmonis on the olfactory system structure and performance were investigated in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The olfactory performance of the infected fish was examined using an electro-olfactography (EOG) technique, while the ultrastructure of the olfactory rosette was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM). The infected rainbow trout displayed reduced responses to two standard olfactory cues (L-alanine and TCA). The SEM micrographs revealed that many regions of the olfactory epithelium in the infected fish were heavily pitted and the LM examination of the olfactory epithelium showed local proliferation of mucous cells in the sensory regions as compared to the control group. The results of this study demonstrated that G. salmonis causes physical damage to the olfactory system of fish that lead to olfactory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - G G Pyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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11
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McConville MB, Mezyk SP, Remucal CK. Indirect photodegradation of the lampricides TFM and niclosamide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:1028-1039. [PMID: 28675238 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00208d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
3-Trifluromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and 2',5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide (niclosamide) are lampricides used in tributaries of the Great Lakes to kill the invasive parasitic sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Although the lampricides have been applied since the late 1950s, their photochemical behavior in natural environments is still not well understood. This study examines the indirect photodegradation of these two compounds and the resulting yields of organic and inorganic photoproducts in water samples collected from five tributaries of Lake Michigan. The tributaries were selected to span the length of Lake Michigan and its natural carbonate geologic gradient. In the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM), the niclosamide photodegradation rate triples, while the rate of TFM photodegradation is unchanged. Additionally, the yield of lampricide organic products is influenced by DOM because many of the organic photoproducts themselves are prone to DOM-mediated indirect photodegradation. The indirect photodegradation of niclosamide is primarily mediated by reaction with singlet oxygen, which accounts for more than 50% of the increased photodegradation rate. Additionally, hydroxyl radicals and carbonate radicals (CO3-˙) influence niclosamide indirect photolysis, and their contribution is dependent on the specific river water chemistry. For example, CO3-˙ contribution to niclosamide photodegradation, while small, is greater in southern tributaries where there is higher carbonate alkalinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan B McConville
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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McConville MB, Cohen NM, Nowicki SM, Lantz SR, Hixson JL, Ward AS, Remucal CK. A field analysis of lampricide photodegradation in Great Lakes tributaries. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:891-900. [PMID: 28561092 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00173h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The lampricides 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and 2',5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide (niclosamide) are added to Great Lakes tributaries to target the sea lamprey, an invasive parasitic fish. This study examines the photochemical behavior of the lampricides in Carpenter Creek, Sullivan Creek, and the Manistique River. The observed loss of TFM in Carpenter and Sullivan Creeks (i.e., 34 and 19%) was similar to the loss of bromide in parallel time of passage studies (i.e., 30 and 29%), demonstrating that TFM photodegradation was minimal in both tributaries during the lampricide application. Furthermore, the absence of inorganic and organic photoproducts in the Manistique River demonstrates that TFM and niclosamide photodegradation was minimal in this large tributary, despite its long residence time (i.e., 3.3 days). Kinetic modeling was used to identify environmental variables primarily responsible for the limited photodegradation of TFM in the field compared to estimates from laboratory data. This analysis demonstrates that the lack of TFM photodegradation was attributable to the short residence times in Carpenter and Sullivan Creeks, while depth, time of year, time of day, and cloud cover influenced photochemical fate in the Manistique River. The modeling approach was extended to assess how many of the 140 United States tributaries treated with lampricides in 2015 and 2016 were amenable to TFM photolysis. While >50% removal of TFM due to photolysis could occur in 13 long and shallow tributaries, in most systems lampricides will reach the Great Lakes untransformed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan B McConville
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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13
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McConville MB, Hubert TD, Remucal CK. Direct Photolysis Rates and Transformation Pathways of the Lampricides TFM and Niclosamide in Simulated Sunlight. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:9998-10006. [PMID: 27508405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The lampricides 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and 2',5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide (niclosamide) are directly added to many tributaries of the Great Lakes that harbor the invasive parasitic sea lamprey. Despite their long history of use, the fate of lampricides is not well understood. This study evaluates the rate and pathway of direct photodegradation of both lampricides under simulated sunlight. The estimated half-lives of TFM range from 16.6 ± 0.2 h (pH 9) to 32.9 ± 1.0 h (pH 6), while the half-lives of niclosamide range from 8.88 ± 0.52 days (pH 6) to 382 ± 83 days (pH 9) assuming continuous irradiation over a water depth of 55 cm. Both compounds degrade to form a series of aromatic intermediates, simple organic acids, ring cleavage products, and inorganic ions. Experimental data were used to construct a kinetic model which demonstrates that the aromatic products of TFM undergo rapid photolysis and emphasizes that niclosamide degradation is the rate-limiting step to dehalogenation and mineralization of the lampricide. This study demonstrates that TFM photodegradation is likely to occur on the time scale of lampricide applications (2-5 days), while niclosamide, the less selective lampricide, will undergo minimal direct photodegradation during its passage to the Great Lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan B McConville
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin - Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Terrance D Hubert
- Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, United States Geological Survey , La Crosse, Wisconsin 54603, United States
| | - Christina K Remucal
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin - Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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