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Zeydalinejad N, Javadi AA, Webber JL. Global perspectives on groundwater infiltration to sewer networks: A threat to urban sustainability. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 262:122098. [PMID: 39032334 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
While existing studies on sewer networks have explored topics such as surface water inflow, limited research has delved into groundwater infiltration (GWI). This study aims to fill this void by providing a comprehensive overview of quantitative analyses of GWI in sewer networks plus current status, limitations and future perspectives, considering the most relevant peer-reviewed research, including 83 studies. We propose dividing the existing research into two main groups: (1) phreatic zone, and (2) vadose zone. Most research has focused on the latter, mainly considering Rainfall-Derived Inflow and Infiltration (RDII), including surface water inflow and GWI. The ratio of each is not frequently separated; otherwise, there may be some assumptions, e.g. in dry weather and assuming zero surface water inflow. We also divided the employed approaches in different categories from physically-based numerical models, to simpler ones, e.g. water budget analysis. In fact, a combination of approaches may be applied to find the intricate characteristics of 'urban groundwater' or 'urban karst.' The findings revealed a heightened vulnerability of sewer networks to GWI, due to climate change (CC) and its associated repercussions, e.g. sea level rise (SLR), making the coastal cities the most vulnerable regions. In future research, the criticality of pre-emptive measures and monitoring of networks, especially near the coastline, is emphasised to ensure the resilience and adaptability of sewer networks in the context of GWI amid the potential impacts of CC. However, current monitoring practices lack widespread evidence for spatiotemporal analysis of GWI quantity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejat Zeydalinejad
- Centre for Water Systems, Department of Engineering, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QF, United Kingdom.
| | - Akbar A Javadi
- Centre for Water Systems, Department of Engineering, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
| | - James L Webber
- Centre for Water Systems, Department of Engineering, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
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2
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Walsh JF, Hunt RJ, Anderson AC, Owens DW, Rice N. Temporally dense monitoring of pathogen occurrence at four drinking-water well sites - Insights and Implications. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 259:121809. [PMID: 38815338 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Yearlong, event based, microbiological and chemical sampling was conducted at four public water supply well sites spanning a range of geologic settings and well depths to look for correlation between precipitation events and microbial occurrence. Near-continuous monitoring using autosamplers occurred just before, during, and after 5-7 sampling events triggered by rainfall and/or snowmelt. Microbial genetic material was noted at all four locations during all but one sampling event, but was exceedingly variable in time, where one sample would have no detections and the next sample could be a relatively high concentration. The highest microbial sums (microbial concentrations summed over an event) were observed during months in which precipitation exceeded historical averages. Extended wet conditions through the spring thaw resulted in the highest percentage of microbial positive samples, though at relatively low concentrations. Sampling events that followed drier than normal periods showed longer lag times between the onset of precipitation and microbial occurrence, as well as lower microbial detection rates. Although a general lag time pattern was observed at each site, the largest offset in time was observed at the site with the greatest depth to water. The study's temporally dense representation of drinking water pathogen characterization suggests that single event or infrequent periodic sampling of a drinking water supply cannot provide a representative characterization of the probability that pathogens are present, which likely has ramifications for calculating health risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Walsh
- Minnesota Department of Health, 625 Robert St. N, St. Paul, MN 55164, United States.
| | - Randall J Hunt
- USGS Upper Midwest Water Science Center, 1 Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53726, United States
| | - Anita C Anderson
- Minnesota Department of Health, 625 Robert St. N, St. Paul, MN 55164, United States
| | - David W Owens
- USGS Upper Midwest Water Science Center, 1 Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53726, United States
| | - Nancy Rice
- Minnesota Department of Health, 625 Robert St. N, St. Paul, MN 55164, United States
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3
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Panizzolo M, Gea M, Carraro E, Gilli G, Bonetta S, Pignata C. Occurrence of human pathogenic viruses in drinking water and in its sources: A review. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 132:145-161. [PMID: 37336605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Since many waterborne diseases are caused by human pathogenic viruses, virus monitoring of drinking water (DW) and DW sources is crucial for public health. Therefore, the aim of this review was to describe the occurrence of human pathogenic viruses in DW and DW sources; the occurrence of two viruses proposed as novel indicators of human faecal contamination (Pepper mild mottle virus and Tobacco mosaic virus) was also reported. This research was focused on articles that assessed viral occurrence using molecular methods in the surface water used for DW production (SW-D), groundwater used for DW production (GW-D), DW and bottled-DW (BW). A total of 1544 studies published in the last 10 years were analysed, and 79 were ultimately included. In considering the detection methods, filtration is the most common concentration technique, while quantitative polymerase chain reaction is the most common quantification technique. Regarding virus occurrence in SW-D, GW-D, and DW, high percentages of positive samples were reported for adenovirus, polyomavirus and Pepper mild mottle virus. Viral genomes were frequently detected in SW-D and rarely in GW-D, suggesting that GW-D may be a safe DW source. Viral genomes were also detected in DW, posing a possible threat to human health. The lowest percentages of positive samples were found in Europe, while the highest were found in Asia and South America. Only three articles assessed viral occurrence in BW. This review highlights the lack of method standardization and the need for legislation updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Panizzolo
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Gea
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Torino, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Carraro
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gilli
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Bonetta
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Cristina Pignata
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Torino, Italy
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Wang X, Qu R, Mao S, Li L, Ren N. Exploration of the nitrogen contamination from sewers exfiltration to the unsaturated zone by modeling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162465. [PMID: 36868283 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Numerous elements, such as the degree of sewer degeneration, hydraulics, and geological conditions, influence the extent to which sewage pollutes the unsaturated zones of urban. The present study discussed the influence of sewer exfiltration on the urban unsaturated zone, using nitrogen from domestic sewage as a representative contaminant in combination with experiments, literature studies, modeling and sensitivity analysis. The study shows that soils with high sand content exhibit high permeability and strong nitrification capacity, and groundwater is more susceptible to contamination with nitrate. In contrast, the nitrogen in the clay texture or wet soils has short migration distances and a weak nitrification capacity. However, under such conditions, the accumulation of nitrogen can last for more than 10 years, and there is a possible threat of groundwater contamination due to the detection difficulty. The presence of sewer exfiltration and the damage degree of a sewer can be determined by the ammonium concentration at 1-2 m near the pipe or nitrate above the water table. The sensitivity analysis revealed that all parameters impact the nitrogen concentration in the unsaturated zone to varying degrees, four of which are the primary parameters: defect area, exfiltration flux, saturated water content and first-order response constant. In addition, changes in environmental conditions significantly influence the boundaries of the pollution plume, especially the horizontal. The research data collected in this paper will not only allow for a rigorous assessment of the study scenarios but will also provide data support for other researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
| | - Ruizhuo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Shuoyu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Lanqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Nanqi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
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Li J, Liu J, Yu H, Zhao W, Xia X, You S, Zhang J, Tong H, Wei L. Sources, fates and treatment strategies of typical viruses in urban sewage collection/treatment systems: A review. DESALINATION 2022; 534:115798. [PMID: 35498908 PMCID: PMC9033450 DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2022.115798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) throughout the world has severely threatened the global economy and public health. Due to receiving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a wide variety of sources (e.g., households, hospitals, slaughterhouses), urban sewage treatment systems are regarded as an important path for the transmission of waterborne viruses. This review presents a quantitative profile of the concentration distribution of typical viruses within wastewater collection systems and evaluates the influence of different characteristics of sewer systems on virus species and concentration. Then, the efficiencies and mechanisms of virus removal in the units of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are summarized and compared, among which the inactivation efficiencies of typical viruses by typical disinfection approaches under varied operational conditions are elucidated. Subsequently, the occurrence and removal of viruses in treated effluent reuse and desalination, as well as that in sewage sludge treatment, are discussed. Potential dissemination of viruses is emphasized by occurrence via aerosolization from toilets, the collection system and WWTP aeration, which might have a vital role in the transmission and spread of viruses. Finally, the frequency and concentration of viruses in reclaimed water, the probability of infection are also reviewed for discussing the potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Weixin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xinhui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shijie You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hailong Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Liangliang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Li R, Zhu L, Cui L, Zhu YG. Viral diversity and potential environmental risk in microplastic at watershed scale: Evidence from metagenomic analysis of plastisphere. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 161:107146. [PMID: 35183943 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) have been considered as a new vector for the long-distance transport of pathogens in aquatic ecosystems. However, the composition of viral communities attached on MPs and their environmental risk are largely unknown. Here, we profiled the viral diversity and potential risk in five different MPs collected from the Beilun River based on metagenomic analysis. Nearly 2863 million raw reads were produced and assembled, and annotation resulted in the identification of 1719 different species of viruses in MPs. Viruses in polypropylene (PP) displayed the highest diversity, with about 250 specific viruses detected. Source tracking of viruses in MPs by the fast expectation-maximization microbial source tracking method (FEAST) demonstrated that viruses in upstream and downstream MPs are two major sources of viruses in estuary. Furthermore, the MP-type-dependent potential environmental risk of viruses was significant based on both antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence factors (VFs) detected in viral metagenomes, and PP was confirmed with the highest potential environmental risk. This study reveals the high diversity and potential environmental risk of viruses in different MPs, and provides an important guidance for future environmental monitoring and understanding the potential risks associated with both viral transmission and MPs pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilong Li
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; College of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Longji Zhu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Li Cui
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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7
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Sorensen JPR, Aldous P, Bunting SY, McNally S, Townsend BR, Barnett MJ, Harding T, La Ragione RM, Stuart ME, Tipper HJ, Pedley S. Seasonality of enteric viruses in groundwater-derived public water sources. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 207:117813. [PMID: 34785409 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the seasonal prevalence of seven enteric viruses in groundwater-derived public water sources distributed across the dominant aquifers of England. Sampling targeted four periods in the hydrological cycle with typically varying microbial risks, as indicated using a decade of Escherichia coli prevalence data. Viruses were concentrated onsite by filtration of raw groundwater, and extracted nucleic acid (NA) was amplified by qPCR or RT-qPCR. Seven out of eight sources, all aquifers, and 31% of samples were positive for viral NA. The most frequently detected viral NA targets were Hepatitis A virus (17% samples, 63% sites), norovirus GI (14% samples, 38% sites), and Hepatitis E virus (7% samples, 25% sites). Viral NA presence was episodic, being most prevalent and at its highest concentration during November and January, the main groundwater recharge season, with 89% of all positive detects occurring during a rising water table. Seasonal norovirus NA detections matched its seasonal incidence within the population. Viral NA is arriving with groundwater recharge, as opposed to persisting for long-periods within the saturated zone. Neither total coliforms nor E. coli were significant predictors of viral NA presence-absence, and there was limited co-occurrence between viruses. Nevertheless, a source with an absence of E. coli in regularly collected historical data is unlikely to be at risk of viral contamination. To manage potential groundwater viral contamination via risk assessment, larger scale studies are required to understand key risk factors, with the evidence here suggesting viral NA is widespread across a range of typical microbial risk settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phil Aldous
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK; AECOM, Alencon Link, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 7PP, UK
| | - Sarah Y Bunting
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Susan McNally
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Barry R Townsend
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Megan J Barnett
- British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Tessa Harding
- Thomson Environmental Consultants, Compass House, Surrey Research Park, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AG, UK
| | - Roberto M La Ragione
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Marianne E Stuart
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Holly J Tipper
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (UKCEH), Maclean Building, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Steve Pedley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
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Marsoof A. The Disposal of COVID-19 Dead Bodies: Impact of Sri Lanka's Response on Fundamental Rights. JOURNAL OF HUMAN RIGHTS PRACTICE 2021; 13:669-689. [PMID: 35432600 PMCID: PMC8992289 DOI: 10.1093/jhuman/huab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In early 2020, the Government of Sri Lanka decided that all bodies of individuals who had (or were suspected to have) died of COVID-19 should be disposed of by cremation alone. Although this decision appears to be neutral and does not give rise to de jure discrimination, as a matter of fact, it has significantly impacted the religious rights of the Muslim community in Sri Lanka. This is because they firmly believe in the need to bury the dead in a dignified and decent manner-cremation being regarded as a repugnant practice amounting to a desecration of the human body. As such, the Sri Lankan Government's decision to adopt a cremation-only policy interfered with the right of all Sri Lankan Muslims to manifest their religion or belief as guaranteed by the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka. Despite there being no scientific evidence to suggest that the burial of COVID-19 victims could give rise to contamination of the surroundings and thereby cause the spread of the virus, the Government of Sri Lanka continued with the policy for almost a whole year. Thereafter, due to international pressure, the Sri Lankan Government decided to allow burials but in a very restrictive manner. The objective of this article is to consider the extent to which the aforementioned decisions of the Sri Lankan Government are consistent with the fundamental rights framework of the country's Constitution.
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9
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Amiri N, Nakhaei M. An investigation of qualitative variations of groundwater resources under municipal wastewater recharge using numerical and laboratory models, Nazarabad plain, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:55771-55785. [PMID: 34145542 PMCID: PMC8494712 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12638-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Municipal wastewater irrigation induces elevated concentrations of heavy metals in the soil which their further leaching leads to groundwater contamination in the long run. In this study, both column experiment and 5-year prediction modeling using HYDRUS-1D were conducted to investigate the probable adsorption and transport of 10 different metals including As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, and Zn in an alkaline soil from Nazarabad plain in Iran which has been irrigated with treated urban wastewater for several years. The obtained results revealed that reaching the equilibrium rate for the mentioned elements during 1825 days (= 5 years) was as follows: Mo > Cr > Rb > Zn > Ni > Ba> Sr > Pb > As> Cu. The finding implies that molybdenum (Mo) and copper (Cu) are the most mobile and the most adsorbent heavy metals in the soil, respectively. Higher mobility poses the greater potential risk of leaching into groundwater resources. Overall, experimental and numerical modelings had good accordance and were capable of describing the actual condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nezhla Amiri
- Department of Applied Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Kharazmi University, Mofateh Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nakhaei
- Department of Applied Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Kharazmi University, Mofateh Ave, Tehran, Iran
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Pang X, Gao T, Qiu Y, Caffrey N, Popadynetz J, Younger J, Lee BE, Neumann N, Checkley S. The prevalence and levels of enteric viruses in groundwater of private wells in rural Alberta, Canada. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 202:117425. [PMID: 34284123 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence and levels of enteric viruses in untreated groundwater of private wells used for drinking and/or agricultural practices in rural Alberta were studied using the qPCR panel assay, integrated cell culture with qPCR and cell culture in the volume of 500 liters per sample through serial sampling. Seven viruses were assessed including adenovirus, rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus, sapovirus, reovirus and JC virus. Five viruses were detected with an overall positive detection rate of 6.33 % (45 of 711 samples). The most frequently detected virus was adenovirus (48.9%, 22/45) followed by rotavirus (44.4%, 20/45), reovirus (20%, 9/45), JC virus (6.7%, 3/45) and norovirus (6.7%, 3/45). There was no significant difference in the positive detection rates, ranging from 1.1% to 3.4% by various well settings used for broiler farms, cow/calf farms, feedlots and rural acreages. Effects of well characteristics (aquifer type, well depth, static level of water, well seal) and well completion lithology on potential viral contamination of groundwater of private wells were also analyzed upon available data. The findings demonstrate that occurrence of enteric viruses is low and viral contamination is sporadic in groundwater of private wells in rural Alberta. Conventional fecal bacterial indicators (coliform and/or E. coli) were not a representative marker for viral contamination in groundwater wells in rural Alberta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Pang
- The Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 4B1.19 Walter Mackenzie Centre, 8440 - 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada; Alberta Precision Laboratories, 2B4.58 Walter Mackenzie Centre, 8440 - 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J2, Canada.
| | - Tiejun Gao
- The Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 4B1.19 Walter Mackenzie Centre, 8440 - 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Yuanyuan Qiu
- The Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 4B1.19 Walter Mackenzie Centre, 8440 - 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Niamh Caffrey
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, TRW 2D01 Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Jessica Popadynetz
- Alberta Health Services, 10055 - 106 Street NW, Edmonton, AB, T5J 2Y2, Canada
| | - John Younger
- Alberta Health Services, 10055 - 106 Street NW, Edmonton, AB, T5J 2Y2, Canada
| | - Bonita E Lee
- The Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405-87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Norman Neumann
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-300 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 - 87 AveEdmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Sylvia Checkley
- Alberta Precision Laboratories, 2B4.58 Walter Mackenzie Centre, 8440 - 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J2, Canada; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, TRW 2D01 Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Approximately 12% of the population in the US and Canada rely on federally unregulated private wells, which are common in rural areas and may be susceptible to microbiological and chemical contamination. This review identifies and summarizes recent findings on contaminants of emerging concern in well water across the US and Canada. RECENT FINDINGS Private well water quality modeling is complicated by the substantial variability in contamination sources, well construction, well depth, and the hydrogeology of the environment surrounding the well. Temporal variation in contaminant levels in wells suggests the need for monitoring efforts with greater spatial and temporal coverage. More extensive private well monitoring will help identify wells at greater risk of contamination, and in turn, public health efforts can focus on education and outreach to improve monitoring, maintaining, and treating private wells in these communities. Community interventions need to be coupled with stricter regulations and financing mechanisms that can support and protect private well owners.
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12
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13
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Jurado A, Bofill-Mas S, Vázquez-Suñé E, Pujades E, Girones R, Rusiñol M. Occurrence of pathogens in the river-groundwater interface in a losing river stretch (Besòs River Delta, Spain). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 696:134028. [PMID: 31470320 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the occurrence of faecal indicator and microbial pathogens (bacteria and virus) in the shallow urban aquifer of the Besòs River Delta (NE Spain). To this end, human adenovirus (HAdV) and Norovirus of genogroups I and II (NoV GI and NoV GII) as well as the faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) Escherichia coli (EC) and faecal enterococci (FE) were monitored in groundwater and in the River Besòs in December 2013 and in July 2104. None of the targeted pathogens were detected in groundwater in December 2013 but contamination of human origin was observed in approximately 50% of the points sampled in July 2014 reaching concentrations up to 99 GC/100 mL for HAdV. Generally, microbial concentrations in river water were higher than those detected in groundwater. This observation indicates that pathogens are naturally attenuated when river water infiltrates and flows through the aquifer, however HAdV were detected at a sampling point located at 380 m from the river in the absence of FIB. The presence of human viral contamination may represent a risk for the use of groundwater as a drinking water source. Further research is needed to understand the dynamics of pathogens in river-groundwater interface over long time periods and a wide range of flow conditions (wet and dry periods) since the urban groundwater of this aquifer might be a valuable drinking water resource in Barcelona especially during drought periods. The methodology followed in this research can be applied to other urban aquifers with similar purposes since the scarcity and contamination of freshwater resources are worldwide issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jurado
- GHS, Institute of Environmental Assessment & Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sílvia Bofill-Mas
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Vázquez-Suñé
- GHS, Institute of Environmental Assessment & Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estanislao Pujades
- GHS, Institute of Environmental Assessment & Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosina Girones
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Rusiñol
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Tesson V, Belliot G, Estienney M, Wurtzer S, Renault P. Vomiting symptom of acute gastroenteritis estimated from epidemiological data can help predict river contamination by human pathogenic enteric viruses. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 123:114-123. [PMID: 30508731 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of fresh water bodies by human enteric viruses from wastewater discharge is a well-established phenomenon. Here we propose a model of viral contamination of rivers based on acute gastroenteritis epidemiology and assess how well it can simulate in situ experimental monitoring. Noroviruses, rotaviruses, enteroviruses, adenoviruses and hepatitis A viruses were quantified by molecular methods after water concentration. Water flows were obtained from the Hydro databank and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) data. Acute gastroenteritis cases based on medical prescriptions were recorded by the French public health agency. We estimated the total number of daily viral acute gastroenteritis cases and modeled virus shedding and fate in WWTPs and rivers. Simulated virus concentrations were compared to the weighted sum of measured concentrations. Seasonal variations in viral acute gastroenteritis were predicted from vomiting occurrence. All viruses except hepatitis A virus were widely detected in wastewaters and river, in concentrations reaching 10+6 genome copies·L-1 for adenoviruses in the Artière River. We were able to predict virus load in raw wastewater and in the Artière River. Estimated weighting coefficients showed the high impact of noroviruses GII. This model can thus serve to compare water treatment, discharge and reuse scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Tesson
- INRA, UMR 1114 EMMAH, 228 route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40 509, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Gaël Belliot
- CNR des Virus des Gastro-Entérites, CHU François Mitterrand, 2 rue Angélique Ducoudray, BP37013, 21070 Dijon Cedex, France; Université de Bourgogne/AgroSup Dijon, UMR PAM A 02.102, 7 boulevard Jeanne-d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Marie Estienney
- CNR des Virus des Gastro-Entérites, CHU François Mitterrand, 2 rue Angélique Ducoudray, BP37013, 21070 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Wurtzer
- Eau de Paris, DRDQE, R&D Biologie, 33 avenue Jean Jaurès, 94200 Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Pierre Renault
- INRA, UMR 1114 EMMAH, 228 route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40 509, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France.
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15
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McLellan SL, Roguet A. The unexpected habitat in sewer pipes for the propagation of microbial communities and their imprint on urban waters. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 57:34-41. [PMID: 30682717 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Modern urban sewer pipe infrastructure is a unique niche where microbes can thrive. Arcobacter, Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, and Trichococcus are among the organisms that dominate the microbial community of sewage influent, but are not major members of human fecal microbiome, drinking water, or groundwater. Pipe resident communities in untreated sewage are distinct from sewer biofilm communities. Because of their high biomass, these organisms likely have a role in biotransformation of waste during conveyance and could represent an important inoculum for treatment plants. Studies demonstrate stormwater systems act as direct conduits for sewage to surface waters, releasing organisms propagated in sewer pipes. Frequent occurrence of these pipe residents, in particular Arcobacter, demonstrates the extent that urban infrastructure impacts rivers, lakes, and urban coasts worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L McLellan
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA.
| | - Adélaïde Roguet
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA
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16
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Buckerfield SJ, Waldron S, Quilliam RS, Naylor LA, Li S, Oliver DM. How can we improve understanding of faecal indicator dynamics in karst systems under changing climatic, population, and land use stressors? - Research opportunities in SW China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:438-447. [PMID: 30056232 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to water contaminated with faeces is a leading cause of worldwide ill-health. Contaminated water can be transmitted rapidly in karst terrain as a result of the connectivity of surface and groundwater systems, high transmissivity of aquifers over large areas, and well-developed underground conduit systems. Faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) are the most widely-used indicator of faecal contamination and microbial water quality; however, the conceptualisation of FIO risk and associated sources, pathways, and survival dynamics of FIOs in karst landscapes requires a degree of modification from traditional conceptual models of FIO fate and transfer in non-karst systems. While a number of reviews have provided detailed accounts of the state-of-the-science concerning FIO dynamics in catchments, specific reference to the uniqueness of karst and its influence on FIO fate and transfer is a common omission. In response, we use a mixed methods approach of critical review combined with a quantitative survey of 372 residents of a typical karst catchment in the southwest China karst region (SWCKR) to identify emerging research needs in an area where much of the population lives in poverty and is groundwater dependent. We found that the key research needs are to understand: 1) overland and subsurface FIO export pathways in karst hydrology under varying flow conditions; 2) urban and agricultural sources and loading in mixed land-use paddy farming catchments; 3) FIO survival in paddy farming systems and environmental matrices in karst terrain; 4) sediment-FIO interactions and legacy risk in karst terrain; and 5) key needs for improved hydrological modelling and risk assessment in karst landscapes. Improved knowledge of these research themes will enable the development of evidence-based faecal contamination mitigation strategies for managing land and water resources in the SWCKR, which is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts on water supply and quality of water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Buckerfield
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Susan Waldron
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Richard S Quilliam
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Larissa A Naylor
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Siliang Li
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - David M Oliver
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
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17
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Devane ML, Weaver L, Singh SK, Gilpin BJ. Fecal source tracking methods to elucidate critical sources of pathogens and contaminant microbial transport through New Zealand agricultural watersheds - A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 222:293-303. [PMID: 29860123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In New Zealand, there is substantial potential for microbial contaminants from agricultural fecal sources to be transported into waterways. The flow and transport pathways for fecal contaminants vary at a range of scales and is dependent on chemical, physical and biological attributes of pathways, soils, microorganisms and landscape characteristics. Understanding contaminant transport pathways from catchment to stream can aid water management strategies. It is not practical, however to conduct direct field measurement for all catchments on the fate and transport of fecal pathogens due to constraints on time, personnel, and material resources. To overcome this problem, fecal source tracking can be utilised to link catchment characteristics to fecal signatures identifying critical sources. In this article, we have reviewed approaches to identifying critical sources and pathways for fecal microorganisms from agricultural sources, and make recommendations for the appropriate use of these fecal source tracking (FST) tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Devane
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd. (ESR), P.O. Box 29181, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Louise Weaver
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd. (ESR), P.O. Box 29181, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Shailesh K Singh
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, 10 Kyle St, Riccarton Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand
| | - Brent J Gilpin
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd. (ESR), P.O. Box 29181, Christchurch, New Zealand
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18
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Olds HT, Corsi SR, Dila DK, Halmo KM, Bootsma MJ, McLellan SL. High levels of sewage contamination released from urban areas after storm events: A quantitative survey with sewage specific bacterial indicators. PLoS Med 2018; 15:e1002614. [PMID: 30040843 PMCID: PMC6057621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Past studies have demonstrated an association between waterborne disease and heavy precipitation, and climate change is predicted to increase the frequency of these types of intense storm events in some parts of the United States. In this study, we examined the linkage between rainfall and sewage contamination of urban waterways and quantified the amount of sewage released from a major urban area under different hydrologic conditions to identify conditions that increase human risk of exposure to sewage. METHODS AND FINDINGS Rain events and low-flow periods were intensively sampled to quantify loads of sewage based on two genetic markers for human-associated indicator bacteria (human Bacteroides and Lachnospiraceae). Samples were collected at a Lake Michigan estuary and at three river locations immediately upstream. Concentrations of indicators were analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and loads were calculated from streamflow data collected at each location. Human-associated indicators were found during periods of low flow, and loads increased one to two orders of magnitude during rain events from stormwater discharges contaminated with sewage. Combined sewer overflow (CSO) events increased concentrations and loads of human-associated indicators an order of magnitude greater than heavy rainfall events without CSO influence. Human-associated indicator yields (load per km2 of land per day) were related to the degree of urbanization in each watershed. Contamination in surface waters were at levels above the acceptable risk for recreational use. Further, evidence of sewage exfiltration from pipes threatens drinking water distribution systems and source water. While this study clearly demonstrates widespread sewage contamination released from urban areas, a limitation of this study is understanding human exposure and illness rates, which are dependent on multiple factors, and gaps in our knowledge of the ultimate health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS With the prediction of more intense rain events in certain regions due to climate change, sewer overflows and contamination from failing sewer infrastructure may increase, resulting in increases in waterborne pathogen burdens in waterways. These findings quantify hazards in exposure pathways from rain events and illustrate the additional stress that climate change may have on urban water systems. This information could be used to prioritize efforts to invest in failing sewer infrastructure and create appropriate goals to address the health concerns posed by sewage contamination from urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley T. Olds
- School of Freshwater Sciences, UW-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- United States Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, Middleton, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Steven R. Corsi
- United States Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, Middleton, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Deborah K. Dila
- School of Freshwater Sciences, UW-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Katherine M. Halmo
- School of Freshwater Sciences, UW-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Melinda J. Bootsma
- School of Freshwater Sciences, UW-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sandra L. McLellan
- School of Freshwater Sciences, UW-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
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19
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Kauppinen A, Pitkänen T, Miettinen IT. Persistent Norovirus Contamination of Groundwater Supplies in Two Waterborne Outbreaks. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2018; 10:39-50. [PMID: 29022247 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microbiological contamination of groundwater supplies causes waterborne outbreaks worldwide. In this study, two waterborne outbreaks related to microbiological contamination of groundwater supplies are described. Analyses of pathogenic human enteric viruses (noroviruses and adenoviruses), fecal bacteria (Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp.), and indicator microbes (E. coli, coliform bacteria, intestinal enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, heterotrophic plate count, somatic and F-specific coliphages) were conducted in order to reveal the cause of the outbreaks and to examine the effectiveness of the implemented management measures. Moreover, the long-term persistence of noro- and adenovirus genomes was investigated. Noroviruses were detected in water samples from both outbreaks after the intrusion of wastewater into the drinking water sources. In the outbreak I, the removal efficiency of norovirus genome (3.0 log10 removal) in the sand filter of onsite wastewater treatment system (OWTS) and during the transport through the soil into the groundwater well was lower than the removal efficiencies of E. coli, coliform bacteria, intestinal enterococci, and spores of C. perfringens (6.2, 6.0, > 5.9, and > 4.8 log10 removals, respectively). In the outbreak II, cleaning of massively contaminated groundwater well and drinking water distribution network proved challenging, and noro- and adenovirus genomes were detected up to 3 months (108 days). The long-term persistence study showed that noro- and adenovirus genomes can remain detectable in the contaminated water samples up to 1277 and 1343 days, respectively. This study highlights the transport and survival properties of enteric viruses in the environment explaining their potency to cause waterborne outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Kauppinen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ilkka T Miettinen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
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20
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Hubbard LE, Kolpin DW, Fields CL, Hladik ML, Iwanowicz LR. Highlighting the complexities of a groundwater pilot study during an avian influenza outbreak: Methods, lessons learned, and select contaminant results. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 158:212-224. [PMID: 28654877 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N2) outbreak in the Midwestern United States (US) in 2015 was historic due to the number of birds and poultry operations impacted and the corresponding economic loss to the poultry industry and was the largest animal health emergency in US history. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), with the assistance of several state and federal agencies, aided the response to the outbreak by developing a study to determine the extent of virus transport in the environment. The study goals were to: develop the appropriate sampling methods and protocols for measuring avian influenza virus (AIV) in groundwater, provide the first baseline data on AIV and outbreak- and poultry-related contaminant occurrence and movement into groundwater, and document climatological factors that may have affected both survival and transport of AIV to groundwater during the months of the 2015 outbreak. While site selection was expedient, there were often delays in sample response times due to both relationship building between agencies, groups, and producers and logistical time constraints. This study's design and sampling process highlights the unpredictable nature of disease outbreaks and the corresponding difficulty in environmental sampling of such events. The lessons learned, including field protocols and approaches, can be used to improve future research on AIV in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Hubbard
- US Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, WI 53562, USA.
| | - Dana W Kolpin
- US Geological Survey, Iowa Water Science Center, 400 S Clinton St Suite 269, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
| | - Chad L Fields
- Iowa Department of Natural Resources, 502 E. 9th Street, Des Moines, IA 50319, USA
| | - Michelle L Hladik
- US Geological Survey, Sacramento Water Science Center, 6000 J Street Placer Hall, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA
| | - Luke R Iwanowicz
- US Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA
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21
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Bhattarai R, Davidson PC, Kalita PK, Kuhlenschmidt MS. Modeling effect of cover condition and soil type on rotavirus transport in surface flow. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2017; 15:545-554. [PMID: 28771152 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2017.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Runoff from animal production facilities contains various microbial pathogens which pose a health hazard to both humans and animals. Rotavirus is a frequently detected pathogen in agricultural runoff and the leading cause of death among children around the world. Diarrheal infection caused by rotavirus causes more than two million hospitalizations and death of more than 500,000 children every year. Very little information is available on the environmental factors governing rotavirus transport in surface runoff. The objective of this study is to model rotavirus transport in overland flow and to compare the model results with experimental observations. A physically based model, which incorporates the transport of infective rotavirus particles in both liquid (suspension or free-floating) and solid phase (adsorbed to soil particles), has been used in this study. Comparison of the model results with experimental results showed that the model could reproduce the recovery kinetics satisfactorily but under-predicted the virus recovery in a few cases when multiple peaks were observed during experiments. Similarly, the calibrated model had a good agreement between observed and modeled total virus recovery. The model may prove to be a promising tool for developing effective management practices for controlling microbial pathogens in surface runoff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabin Bhattarai
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois, 1304 W. Pennsylvania Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA E-mail:
| | - Paul C Davidson
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois, 1304 W. Pennsylvania Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA E-mail:
| | - Prasanta K Kalita
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois, 1304 W. Pennsylvania Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA E-mail:
| | - Mark S Kuhlenschmidt
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, 2001 S. Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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22
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Fout GS, Borchardt MA, Kieke BA, Karim MR. Human virus and microbial indicator occurrence in public-supply groundwater systems: meta-analysis of 12 international studies. HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 25:903-919. [PMID: 30245581 PMCID: PMC6145489 DOI: 10.1007/s10040-017-1581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater quality is often evaluated using microbial indicators. This study examines data from 12 international groundwater studies (conducted 1992-2013) of 718 public drinking-water systems located in a range of hydrogeological settings. Focus was on testing the value of indicator organisms for identifying virus-contaminated wells. One or more indicators and viruses were present in 37 and 15% of 2,273 samples and 44 and 27% of 746 wells, respectively. Escherichia coli (E. coli) and somatic coliphage are 7-9 times more likely to be associated with culturable virus-positive samples when the indicator is present versus when it is absent, while F-specific and somatic coliphages are 8-9 times more likely to be associated with culturable virus-positive wells. However, single indicators are only marginally associated with viruses detected by molecular methods, and all microbial indicators have low sensitivity and positive predictive values for virus occurrence, whether by culturable or molecular assays, i.e., indicators are often absent when viruses are present and the indicators have a high false-positive rate. Wells were divided into three susceptibility subsets based on presence of (1) total coliform bacteria or (2) multiple indicators, or (3) location of wells in karst, fractured bedrock, or gravel/cobble settings. Better associations of some indicators with viruses were observed for (1) and (3). Findings indicate the best indicators are E. coli or somatic coliphage, although both indicators may underestimate virus occurrence. Repeat sampling for indicators improves evaluation of the potential for viral contamination in a well.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Shay Fout
- US Environmental Protection Agency, 26 Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Mark A Borchardt
- US Department of Agriculture, 2611 Yellowstone Dr, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA
| | - Burney A Kieke
- Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, 1000 Oak Ave, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA
| | - Mohammad R Karim
- City of Santa Cruz, Public Works Department, 110 California St, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
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23
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Roehrdanz PR, Feraud M, Lee DG, Means JC, Snyder SA, Holden PA. Spatial Models of Sewer Pipe Leakage Predict the Occurrence of Wastewater Indicators in Shallow Urban Groundwater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1213-1223. [PMID: 27998057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Twentieth century municipal wastewater infrastructure greatly improved U.S. urban public health and water quality. However, sewer pipes deteriorate, and their accumulated structural defects may release untreated wastewater to the environment via acute breaks or insidious exfiltration. Exfiltrated wastewater constitutes a loss of potentially reusable water and delivers a complex and variable mix of contaminants to urban shallow groundwater. Yet, predicting where deteriorated sewers impinge on shallow groundwater has been challenging. Here we develop and test a spatially explicit model of exfiltration probability based on pipe attributes and groundwater elevation without prior knowledge of exfiltrating defect locations. We find that models of exfiltration probability can predict the probable occurrence in underlying shallow groundwater of established wastewater indicators including the artificial sweetener acesulfame, tryptophan-like fluorescent dissolved organic matter, nitrate, and a stable isotope of water (δ18O). The strength of the association between exfiltration probability and indicators of wastewater increased when multiple pipe attributes, distance weighting, and groundwater flow direction were considered in the model. The results prove that available sanitary sewer databases and groundwater digital elevation data can be analyzed to predict where pipes are likely leaking and contaminating groundwater. Such understanding could direct sewer infrastructure reinvestment toward water resource protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Roehrdanz
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Earth Research Institute, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Marina Feraud
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Earth Research Institute, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Do Gyun Lee
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Earth Research Institute, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Incheon National University , Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Jay C Means
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Earth Research Institute, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85719, United States
| | - Patricia A Holden
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Earth Research Institute, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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