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Ducrocq T, Merel S, Miège C. Review on analytical methods and occurrence of organic contaminants in continental water sediments. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 365:143275. [PMID: 39277038 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Various industries produce a myriad of synthetic molecules used to satisfy our needs, but all these molecules are likely to reach aquatic environments. The number of organic contaminants found in rivers and lakes continues to rise, and part of this contamination gets transferred into sediments. Analytical methods to detect problematic substances in the environment often use mass spectrometry coupled with chromatography. Here we reviewed a set of 163 articles and compiled the relevant information into a comprehensive database for analysing organic contaminants in continental sediments including suspended particulate matter and surface and bottom sediments in lakes, rivers and estuaries. We found 1204 compounds detected at least once in sediments, and classified them into 11 categories, i.e. hydrocarbons, flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), plasticizers, per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), organochlorines (OCP) and other pesticides, pharmaceuticals, hormones, personal care products (PCP), and other contaminants. Concentrations of these compounds varied from a few ng to several mg/kg of dry sediment. Even hydrophilic compounds were detected in high concentrations. Well-known hydrophobic and persistent contaminants tend to be analysed with mass spectrometry coupled to gas chromatography (GC-MS) whereas contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) are usually analysed with liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Suspect screening and non-target analysis (NTA), which use high-resolution mass spectrometry, are still scarcely used on sediment but hold promise for gaining deeper knowledge of organic contamination in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Ducrocq
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69625, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sylvain Merel
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69625, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Cécile Miège
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69625, Villeurbanne, France.
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Arriola A, Al Saify I, Warner NA, Herzke D, Harju M, Amundsen PA, Evenset A, Möckel C, Krogseth IS. Dechloranes and chlorinated paraffins in sediments and biota of two subarctic lakes. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2024; 6:1298231. [PMID: 38817305 PMCID: PMC11137240 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2024.1298231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the environmental behavior, bioaccumulation and concentrations of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) and Dechloranes (Dec) in the Arctic environment is still limited, particularly in freshwater ecosystems. In this descriptive study, short chain (SCCPs) and medium chain (MCCPs) CPs, Dechlorane Plus (DP) and analogues, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in sediments, benthic organisms, three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) in two Sub-Arctic lakes in Northern Norway. Takvannet (TA) is a remote lake, with no known local sources for organic contaminants, while Storvannet (ST) is situated in a populated area. SCCPs and MCCPs were detected in all sediment samples from ST with concentration of 42.26-115.29 ng/g dw and 66.18-136.69 ng/g dw for SCCPs and MCCPs, respectively. Only SCCPs were detected in TA sediments (0.4-5.28 ng/g dw). In biota samples, sticklebacks and benthic organisms showed the highest concentrations of CPs, while concentrations were low or below detection limits in both char and trout. The congener group patterns observed in both lakes showed SCCP profiles dominated by higher chlorinated congener groups while the MCCPs showed consistency in their profiles, with C14 being the most prevalent carbon chain length. Anti- and syn-DP isomers were detected in all sediment, benthic and stickleback samples with higher concentrations in ST than in TA. However, they were only present in a few char and trout samples from ST. Dec 601 and 604 were below detection limits in all samples in both lakes. Dec 603 was detected only in ST sediments, sticklebacks and 2 trout samples, while Dec 602 was the only DP analogue found in all samples from both lakes. While there were clear differences in sediment concentrations of DP and Dec 602 between ST and TA, differences between lakes decreased with increasing δ15N. This pattern was similar to the PCB behavior, suggesting the lake characteristics in ST are playing an important role in the lack of biomagnification of pollutants in this lake. Our results suggest that ST receives pollutants from local sources in addition to atmospheric transport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Insam Al Saify
- Waternet Institute for the Urban Water Cycle, Department of Technology, Research and Engineering, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nicholas A. Warner
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany
- NILU (Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning), Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Dorte Herzke
- NILU (Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning), Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mikael Harju
- NILU (Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning), Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Per-Arne Amundsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Claudia Möckel
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingjerd S. Krogseth
- NILU (Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning), Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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3
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Sánchez-Soberón F, Pantuzza GF, Fernandes M, Homem V, Alves A, Fontes M, André M, Cunha J, Ratola N. Helping WWTP managers to address the volatile methylsiloxanes issue-Behaviour and complete mass balance in a conventional plant. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 234:116564. [PMID: 37422117 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Volatile methylsiloxanes (VMSs) are a group of additives employed in different consumer products that can affect the quality of the biogas produced in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The main objective of this study is to understand the fate of different VMSs along the treatment process of a WWTP located in Aveiro (Portugal). Thus, wastewater, sludge, biogas, and air were sampled in different units for two weeks. Subsequently, these samples were extracted and analyzed by different environment-friendly protocols to obtain their VMS (L3-L5, D3-D6) concentrations and profiles. Finally, considering the different matrix flows at every sampling moment, the mass distribution of VMSs within the plant was estimated. The levels of ∑VMSs were similar to those showed in the literature (0.1-50 μg/L in entry wastewater and 1-100 μg/g dw in primary sludge). However, the entry wastewater profile showed higher variability in D3 concentrations (from non detected to 49 μg/L) than found in previous studies (0.10-1.00 μg/L), likely caused by isolated releases of this compound that could be related to industrial sources. Outdoor air samples showed a prevalence of D5, while indoor air locations were characterized by a predominance of D3 and D4. Differences in sources and the presence of an indoor air filtration system may explain this divergence. Biogas was characterized by ∑VMSs concentrations (8.00 ± 0.22 mg/m3) above the limits recommended by some engine manufacturers and mainly composed of D5 (89%). Overall, 81% of the total incoming mass of VMSs is reduced along the WWTP, being the primary decanter and the secondary treatment responsible for the highest decrease (30.6% and 29.4% of the initial mass, respectively). This reduction, however, is congener dependant. The present study demonstrates the importance of extending sampling periods and matrices (i.e., sludge and air) to improve sample representativity, time-sensitivity, and the accuracy of mass balance exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Sánchez-Soberón
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Center for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda - Pozuelo, Km. 2., 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriel F Pantuzza
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena Fernandes
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera Homem
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Arminda Alves
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Milton Fontes
- AdRA - Águas da Região de Aveiro, S.A., Travessa Rua da Paz 4, 3800-587 Cacia, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Magda André
- AdCL - Águas Do Centro Litoral, S.A., ETA da Boavista, Av. Dr. Luís Albuquerque, 3030-410, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Cunha
- AdCL - Águas Do Centro Litoral, S.A., ETA da Boavista, Av. Dr. Luís Albuquerque, 3030-410, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Ratola
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
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Wang Y, Tang W, Xiao Z, Yang W, Peng Y, Chen J, Li J. Novel quantitative structure activity relationship models for predicting hexadecane/air partition coefficients of organic compounds. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:98-104. [PMID: 36182199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the logarithm of hexadecane/air partition coefficient (L) for organic compounds is crucial for understanding the environmental behavior and fate of organic compounds and developing prediction models with polyparameter linear free energy relationships. Herein, two quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) models were developed with 1272 L values for the organic compounds by using multiple linear regression (MLR) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms. On the basis of the OECD principles, the goodness of fit, robustness and predictive ability for the developed models were evaluated. The SVM model was first developed, and the predictive capability for the SVM model is slightly better than that for the MLR model. The applicability domain (AD) of these two models has been extended to include more kinds of emerging pollutants, i.e., oraganosilicon compounds. The developed QSAR models can be used for predicting L values of various organic compounds. The van der Waals interactions between the organic compound and the hexadecane have a significant effect on the L value of the compound. These in silico models developed in current study can provide an alternative to experimental method for high-throughput obtaining L values of organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weihao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zijun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wenhao Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yue Peng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Junhua Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Keilen EK, Borgå K, Thorstensen HS, Hylland K, Helberg M, Warner N, Bæk K, Reiertsen TK, Ruus A. Differences in Trophic Level, Contaminant Load, and DNA Damage in an Urban and a Remote Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) Breeding Colony in Coastal Norway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:2466-2478. [PMID: 35860956 PMCID: PMC9826413 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Herring gulls (Larus argentatus) are opportunistic feeders, resulting in contaminant exposure depending on area and habitat. We compared contaminant concentrations and dietary markers between two herring gull breeding colonies with different distances to extensive human activity and presumed contaminant exposure from the local marine diet. Furthermore, we investigated the integrity of DNA in white blood cells and sensitivity to oxidative stress. We analyzed blood from 15 herring gulls from each colony-the urban Oslofjord near the Norwegian capital Oslo in the temperate region and the remote Hornøya island in northern Norway, on the Barents Sea coast. Based on d13 C and d34 S, the dietary sources of urban gulls differed, with some individuals having a marine and others a more terrestrial dietary signal. All remote gulls had a marine dietary signal and higher relative trophic level than the urban marine feeding gulls. Concentrations (mean ± standard deviation [SD]) of most persistent organic pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyl ethers (PCBs) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), were higher in urban marine (PCB153 17 ± 17 ng/g wet weight, PFOS 25 ± 21 ng/g wet wt) than urban terrestrial feeders (PCB153 3.7 ± 2.4 ng/g wet wt, PFOS 6.7 ± 10 ng/g wet wt). Despite feeding at a higher trophic level (d15 N), the remote gulls (PCB153 17 ± 1221 ng/g wet wt, PFOS 19 ± 1421 ng/g wet wt) were similar to the urban marine feeders. Cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes were detected in only a few gulls, except for decamethylcyclopentasiloxane in the urban colony, which was found in 12 of 13 gulls. Only hexachlorobenzene was present in higher concentrations in the remote (2.6 ± 0.42 ng/g wet wt) compared with the urban colony (0.34 ± 0.33 ng/g wet wt). Baseline and induced DNA damage (doublestreak breaks) was higher in urban than in remote gulls for both terrestrial and marine feeders. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2466-2478. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katrine Borgå
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | | | - Ketil Hylland
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | | | | | - Kine Bæk
- The Norwegian Institute for Water ResearchOsloNorway
| | | | - Anders Ruus
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- The Norwegian Institute for Water ResearchOsloNorway
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Whelan MJ, Kim J. Application of multimedia models for understanding the environmental behavior of volatile methylsiloxanes: Fate, transport, and bioaccumulation. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2022; 18:599-621. [PMID: 34375022 PMCID: PMC9293016 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Multimedia fate and transport models (MFTMs) describe how chemicals behave in the environment based on their inherent properties and the characteristics of receiving systems. We critically review the use of MFTMs for understanding the behavior of volatile methylsiloxanes (VMS). MFTMs have been used to predict the fate of VMS in wastewater treatment, rivers, lakes, marine systems, and the atmosphere, and to assess bioaccumulation and trophic transfers. More widely, they have been used to assess the overall persistence, long-range transport potential (LRTP), and the propensity for atmosphere-surface exchange. The application of MFTMs for VMS requires particularly careful selection of model inputs because the properties of VMS differ from those of most organic compounds. For example, although n-octanol/water partition coefficient (KOW ) values are high, air:water partition coefficient (KAW ) values are also high and n-octanol/air partition coefficient (KOA ) values are relatively low. In addition, organic carbon/water partition coefficient (KOC ) values are substantially lower than expectations based on KOW . This means that most empirical relationships between KOC and KOW are not appropriate. Good agreement between modeled and measured concentrations in air, sediment, and biota indicates that our understanding of environmental fate is reasonable. VMS compounds are "fliers" that principally partition to the atmosphere, implying high LRTP, although they have low redeposition potential. They are degraded in air (half-lives 3-10 days) and, thus, have low overall persistence. In water, exposure can be limited by hydrolysis, volatilization, and partitioning to sediments (where degradation half-lives are likely to be high). In food webs, they are influenced by metabolism in biota, which tends to drive trophic dilution (i.e., trophic magnification factors are often but not always <1). Key remaining uncertainties include the following: (i) the strength and direction of the temperature dependence for KOC ; (ii) the fate of atmospheric reaction products; and (iii) the magnitude of emissions to wastewater. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:599-621. © 2021 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Whelan
- Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, School of Geography, Geology and the EnvironmentUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - Jaeshin Kim
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and ConsultingThe Dow Chemical CompanyMidlandMichiganUSA
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Liu N, Zhao X, Xu L, Cai Y. Temporal and spatial variation, input fluxes and risk assessment of cyclic methylsiloxanes in Rivers-Bohai Sea System. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 231:113169. [PMID: 35032727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the total concentrations of three cyclic methylsiloxanes (ΣCMSs), including octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6), in surface water and sediment samples of five main rivers draining into the Bohai Sea were in the range of 1.62-1.39 × 103 ng/L and 1.92-1.69 × 103 ng/g dw, respectively. Riverine input had great influence on the coastal distribution of siloxanes in the Bohai Sea. The concentrations of ΣCMSs in coastal sediments farthest away (40-50 Km) from the estuaries were only 4-33% of those close to the estuaries. But surprisingly, compared with those in coastal sediments (1.03-1.44 × 103 ng/g dw), the concentrations of CMSs (1.56-2.67 × 103 ng/g dw) in some deep-sea sediments were higher, and certain positive correlation existed between sediment ΣCMSs in this area with the total petroleum hydrocarbons concentration (R2 = 0.92, p < 0.05) suggested offshore oil exploitation as one important emission source of siloxanes. Overall, calculated based on their sediment concentrations, D4-D6 had negligible ecological risks to the benthic organisms in river-Bohai Sea system, i.e. HQs < 1. However, sediment-accumulation of siloxanes should be paid attention, especially for some deep-sea sediments nearby drilling platforms, where it will take only less than 1 year for D4 to reach its threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xuesheng Zhao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 330106, China.
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 330106, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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He Y, Su S, Lyu Y, Tang Z. Occurrence of methylsiloxanes in sediments from a subtropical river-lake system in eastern China and its implication for ecological risks. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 223:112627. [PMID: 34390983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Distribution of methylsiloxanes in environment is still far from being well studied. Little is known about the concentrations and associated risks of these chemicals in river-lake systems. This study investigated the occurrence of twelve methylsiloxanes (D4-D6, L5-L13) in the sediments from Lake Chaohu and its inflowing rivers, China, and found the total concentrations (ng/g dry weight) were in the range of 47.1-496 and 239-3593, respectively. Linear congeners were dominant, representing a median of 62.8% and 58.7% of the total concentrations found in the lake and its inflowing rivers, respectively. In general, the concentrations of sediment methylsiloxanes in the investigated river-lake system were low to moderate, compared with the results reported previously in other waters. Source assessment indicated that the emissions from industrial activities and the use of silicone-containing products were the main contributors of sediment methylsiloxanes in the investigated waters. D4 and D5 in 18.5% and 11.1% of river sediment samples might pose ecological risks to fish. The risks from the linear congeners in sediments in the area were not estimated due to no related benchmarks available. More studies are needed to investigate the occurrence of these chemicals and associated risks in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying He
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Shuai Su
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Yang Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Zhenwu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
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Nu Nguyen HM, Khieu HT, Ta NA, Le HQ, Nguyen TQ, Do TQ, Hoang AQ, Kannan K, Tran TM. Distribution of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in drinking water, tap water, surface water, and wastewater in Hanoi, Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117260. [PMID: 33964558 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, four cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMSs) were determined in drinking water, tap water, surface water, and wastewater samples collected from Hanoi metropolitan area, Vietnam, during August to December 2020 (dry season) by using solid phase extraction combined with gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Highest concentrations of cVMSs in the range of 63-7400 ng/L (mean/median: 1840/1310 ng/L) were found in wastewater samples. A significant difference existed in the concentrations of cVMSs between influent and effluent of a wastewater treatment plant. The sum concentrations of four cVMSs in lake water, tap water, and bottled water samples were in the ranges of 67.0-1100 ng/L (mean/median: 350/282 ng/L), 19.8-350 ng/L (12.6/12.3 ng/L), and 2.31-28.1 ng/L (10.3/8.23 ng/L), respectively. Among the four cVMSs, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) was found at the highest concentrations in all water samples analyzed. The mean exposure doses of cVMSs calculated for adults and children through the consumption of drinking were 0.409 and 0.412 ng/kg-bw/day, respectively. Human exposure to cVMSs calculated through drinking water consumption was significantly lower than that reported for inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha My Nu Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam; Ha Tinh University, Cam Vinh Commune, Cam Xuyen District, Ha Tinh, 45000, Viet Nam
| | - Hanh Thi Khieu
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Ngoc Anh Ta
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Huong Quang Le
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Trung Quang Nguyen
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Trung Quang Do
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Anh Quoc Hoang
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam; Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Tri Manh Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam.
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Zhi L, Sun H, Xu L, Cai Y. Distribution and Elimination of Trifluoropropylmethylsiloxane Oligomers in Both Biosolid-Amended Soils and Earthworms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:985-993. [PMID: 33356203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During a primary screening in 2015 and 2016, tris(trifluoropropyl)trimethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3F) and cis-/trans-tetrakis(trifluoropropyl)tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane isomers (cis-D4F, trans-D4Fa,b,c) were detected in 12 biosolid-amended soils from Laixi and Shijiazhuang Cities of China, with mean concentrations being 10.3 ng/g dry weight (dw) and 2.7 ng/g dw for D3F and D4F, respectively. Subsequently, one further systematical survey found that although repeatedly amended by biosolids containing trifluoropropylmethylsiloxanes (4.2-724 ng/g dw), these compounds had no increasing trend in biosolid-amended soils (n = 100) collected from Laixi City at five sampling events from February 2017 to June 2019. Simulated experiments indicated that hydrolysis half-lives (1.8-28.0 days) of trifluoropropylmethylsiloxanes in soils were 3.0-18.3 times shorter than volatilization half-lives (7.4-362 days). Compared with those of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), the hydrolysis rates of D4F isomers were faster in soils with total organic carbon (TOC) ≤80 mg/g but lower in soils with TOC ≥ 150 mg/g. In earthworm bodies, trifluoropropylmethylsiloxanes had 1.03-1.5 times lower biota-soil accumulation factors (1.3-3.2) but 1.4-3.0 times longer half-lives (2.6-5.7 days) than D4. The stronger persistence of fluorinated-siloxane than the corresponding dimethylsiloxane in both soils (at high TOC levels) and earthworms indicated that environmental risks of these compounds deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Environmental Protection Research Institute of Light Industry, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Hongyu Sun
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Lin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistence Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 330106, China
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11
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Du W, Liu M, Li Y, Zhu J, Wei X, Yang J, Huang Y, Zhao D, Gao D, Qadeer A. Cross-interface transfer of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a shallow urban lake in Shanghai, China based on the fugacity model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 736:139369. [PMID: 32497886 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Shallow urban lakes are important urban ecosystems; however, these systems are subject to severe polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination. An understanding of the distribution and dynamics of PAHs in lakes is required to restore the functions of lake ecosystems and to ensure the ecological security of urban water sources. The Quantitative Water Air Sediment Interaction (QWASI) model and partition coefficient and fugacity fraction methods were applied to estimate the multimedia transfers of PAHs in Dianshan Lake, a typical shallow lake in Shanghai, China. In addition, some new concepts and methods related to PAH transfers were introduced. The results showed that while the gas-solid partition in the area remained in non-equilibrium, the influence of pollution sources tended to weaken. Atmospheric advection was the main source of PAHs to the lake, and a portion of the net loss of advection was transformed into total flux of cross-interface transfers, in which transport fluxes from air to water and from water to sediment were dominant, with a significant correlation between the two types of transfer. The large resuspension of high molecular weight (HMW)-PAHs occurred, possibly related to frequent hydrodynamic disturbances. Furthermore, this study explored the distribution of PAHs among different compartments and the seasonal variation of multimedia transfers. Sensitivity analysis showed that the model is remarkably sensitive to four parameters including temperature and advection. Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis verified that the simulation results were stable and reliable. The results can provide a theoretical basis for the monitoring and control of shallow lake pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weining Du
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd., 200062 Shanghai, China.
| | - Ye Li
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Junmin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Yanping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Dengzhou Gao
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Abdul Qadeer
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
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12
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Krenczkowska D, Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska K, Wielgomas B, Bazar D, Jankowski Z. Ex Vivo Human Skin is not a Barrier for Cyclic Siloxanes (Cyclic Silicones): Evidence of Diffusion, Bioaccumulation, and Risk of Dermal Absorption Using a New Validated GC-FID Procedure. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E586. [PMID: 32599732 PMCID: PMC7355424 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic methylsiloxanes D4, D5, D6 (also called cyclic silicones) are widely used in various dermatological products and cosmetics, both for children and adults. As a result of their unique physicochemical properties, the production of cyclic methylsiloxanes has greatly increased over the last few years, which has resulted in increased exposure to mankind. The validated quantitative for gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analysis with using the transdermal diffusion system with vertical Franz cells demonstrated that ex vivo human skin is not a barrier to cyclic siloxanes. D4, D5, and D6 have a specific affinity to stratum corneum (SC) (especially D6), and can even diffuse into the deeper layers of the skin (epidermis (E) and dermis (D)), or into the receptor fluid as well. An important achievement of this work was the observation of the characteristic ratio partitioning D4, D5, and D6 in skin layers and receptor fluid (RF). The studies have shown that, in order to thoroughly understand the mechanism, it is important to determine not only the differences in the amounts of cumulated doses in total in all skin layers and receptor fluid, but also the mutual ratios of analyte concentrations existing between matrices. For example, in the case of the stratum corneum, the cumulative doses of D4, D5, and D6 were 27.5, 63.9, and 67.2 µg/cm2/24 h, respectively, and in the epidermis, they were 6.9, 29.9, and 10.7 µg/cm2/24 h, respectively, which confirmed the highest affinity of D6 to stratum corneum as the amount diffused into the epidermis was 2.8 times smaller compared to D5. The calculated epidermis-to-stratum corneum ratios of analyte concentrations also confirm this. The largest ratio was identified for D5 (E/SC = 47), followed by D4 (E/SC = 25), and finally by D6 (E/SC = 16). The analysis of the next stage of diffusion from epidermis to dermis revealed that in dermis the highest cumulative dose was observed for D5 (13.9 µg/cm2/24 h), while the doses of D4 and D6 were similar (5.1 and 5.3 µg/cm2/24 h). Considering the concentration gradient, it can be concluded that the diffusion of D5 and D6 occurs at a similar level, while D4 diffuses at a much higher level. These observations were also confirmed by the dermis-to-epidermis concentration ratios. The final stage of diffusion from dermis to the receptor fluid indicated that D4 was able to permeate easily, while D5 exhibited a difficult diffusion and the diffusion of D6 was limited. The receptor fluid-to-dermis concentration ratios (RF/D) were calculated for D4, D5, and D6: 80, 53, and 17, respectively. Our results also revealed the increased risk of D4 and D5 absorption into the blood and lymphatic systems, whereas D6 demonstrated the lowest risk. Therefore, we can argue that, among the three tested compounds, D6 is the safest one that can be used in dermatological, cosmetic, and personal care products. This study demonstrates that the stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis can be also considered reservoirs of cyclic methylsiloxanes. Therefore, these compounds can demonstrate potential long-term bioaccumulation, and can be absorbed to the bloodstream in a long-term and uncontrolled process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Krenczkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (D.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Krystyna Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (D.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Bartosz Wielgomas
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Dagmara Bazar
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (D.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Zbigniew Jankowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębowa 23, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland;
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Wang Y, Khan SJ, Fan L, Roddick F. Application of a QWASI model to produce validated insights into the fate and transport of six emerging contaminants in a wastewater lagoon system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137676. [PMID: 32172107 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and fate of emerging contaminants (ECs) in surface water bodies is of increasing interest to water quality managers and environmental regulators throughout the world. Wastewater treatment plants are a major source of ECs in many aquatic environments. A modified Quantitative Water Air Sediment Interaction (QWASI) fugacity model was developed for a municipal wastewater lagoon system to study the behaviour of six representative ECs. As the wastewater lagoons were exposed to extensive periods of sunlight, the original model was modified by the addition of photolytic degradation as a removal mechanism. Laboratory studies were conducted over different seasons of a year to obtain the rate constants for the key processes of sunlight photodegradation, water and sediment transformation, as well as sediment sorption coefficients for the target ECs in the system to serve as model inputs. The model predicted the pathways for the different ECs and that at least 65% of the concentration of the ECs remained in the outflow of the first lagoon of the lagoon system after treatment. The greatest removal was predicted for sulfamethoxazole (35%) and the least for carbamazepine (5%). Multi-segment theory was applied to the single lagoon model and the predictions for the sequential six lagoon system were validated through field sampling. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the mass transfer coefficient between the water and sediment phases was the most influential parameter, with the four key process rate constants having various impacts depending on the EC. These results suggest that the modified QWASI model could be used to more accurately represent the fate and transport of ECs in this unique wastewater lagoon/stabilisation pond treatment system. Furthermore, it can be adapted to model a wide range of ECs in other wastewater treatment lagoon systems and thus assist with process optimisation and risk assessment of the treated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart J Khan
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Linhua Fan
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Felicity Roddick
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Panagopoulos Abrahamsson D, Warner NA, Jantunen L, Jahnke A, Wong F, MacLeod M. Investigating the presence and persistence of volatile methylsiloxanes in Arctic sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:908-917. [PMID: 32048673 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00455f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Volatile methylsiloxanes (VMS) have been identified as contaminants of emerging concern in aquatic systems. Here, we report on the presence of VMS in sediment and wastewater from Arctic regions in 2014 to 2016 and model their persistence in Adventfjorden in Longyearbyen, Svalbard. Total concentrations of VMS in sediment were dominated by D4 and D5 and ranged from 0.0024 to 1.7 ng g-1 at Svalbard (Longyearbyen), from 4.0 to 43 ng g-1 in Greenland (Nuuk) and from 0.19 to 21 ng g-1 in the Canadian Archipelago. Concentrations in wastewater samples from Svalbard ranged from 12 to 156 ng L-1. Large variability in reported values of the partition ratio between organic carbon and water (KOC) and enthalpy of sorption (ΔHOC; often estimated from enthalpy of phase change between octanol and water, ΔHOW) of VMS has resulted in high uncertainty in evaluating persistence in aquatic systems. We evaluated previously reported KOC and ΔHOC values from the literature in predicting measured VMS concentrations in sediment and wastewater in scenarios using a fugacity-based multimedia model for VMS concentrations in Svalbard. We tested two different model scenarios: (1) KOC and ΔHOW measurements for three cyclic VMS previously reported by Kozerski et al. (Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 2014, 33, 1937-1945) and Xu and Kropscott (Environ. Chem., 2014, 33, 2702-2710) and (2) the KOC and ΔHOC measurements from Panagopoulos et al. (Environ. Sci. Technol., 2015, 49, 12161-12168 and Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 2017, 4(6), 240-245). Concentrations of VMS in sediment predicted from concentrations in wastewater in scenario 2 were in good agreement with measured concentrations, whereas in scenario 1, predicted concentrations were 2 to 4 orders of magnitude lower. Such large discrepancies indicate that the differences in the predicted concentrations are more likely to be attributed to KOC and ΔHOC than to uncertainty in environmental parameters or emission rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Panagopoulos Abrahamsson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, ACES, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE-114 18 Stockholm, Sweden.
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15
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Sakurai T, Imaizumi Y, Kuroda K, Hayashi TI, Suzuki N. Georeferenced multimedia environmental fate of volatile methylsiloxanes modeled in the populous Tokyo Bay catchment basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:843-853. [PMID: 31280166 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the multimedia fate of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) in the densely populated catchment basin of Tokyo Bay, Japan, by using a georeferenced multimedia model. We estimated the daily per person consumption rate of these compounds in Japan according to literature. Emissions to the atmosphere accounted for almost all of the emissions of these compounds to the environment. The majority of these compounds was predicted to be distributed in the atmosphere (about 60%) and sediment (about 40%). The advective flows in and out of the atmosphere over the Tokyo Bay catchment basin dominated the flows of these compounds. The sewerage systems contributed considerably to the transport and fate of D5 and D6 in water. They transported these compounds from households to discharge outlets of sewage treatment plants (STPs), which in turn accounted for approximately one quarter of the emission of these compounds to rivers and to Tokyo Bay. The wastewater treatment plants also effectively removed these compounds from the wastewater. The overall persistence of D5 and D6 in the catchment basin was estimated to be 3.8-9.5 days. The horizontal distributions of these compounds were similar among environmental compartments; high concentrations were generally observed in populated areas. A sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the D5 discharge rate to Tokyo Bay excluding the direct discharge from STPs and the D5 mass in the river compartment were sensitive to changes of the organic-carbon-water partition coefficient. Comparison with the concentrations in rivers measured recently in the target area showed that the model captured overall trends of low to high concentrations in rivers. However, there was some variability and a bias toward underprediction. The model provided a better fit to measurements for D5 than for D6. One potential factor contributing to the bias toward underprediction was underestimation of the consumption rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Sakurai
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Yoshitaka Imaizumi
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kuroda
- Fukushima Branch, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 10-2 Fukasaku, Miharu, Tamura, Fukushima 963-7700, Japan; Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Takehiko I Hayashi
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Suzuki
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
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16
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Lee S, Kim K, Jeon J, Moon HB. Optimization of suspect and non-target analytical methods using GC/TOF for prioritization of emerging contaminants in the Arctic environment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 181:11-17. [PMID: 31154115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerous chemicals have been manufactured through industrial activities and used as consumer products since the late 18th century. Non-target analysis is a new analytical tool to detect many chemicals in environmental samples and to prioritize emerging contaminants. In this study, suspect and non-target analytical methods were optimized using gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight (GC/TOF) to propose contaminants of emerging concern for the Arctic environment. A suspect analytical method was developed with qualification and qualifier ions, isotopic ratios, and retention times of 215 contaminants including persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to establish an in-house library. Non-target analytical method was also optimized with a deconvoluted ion chromatogram, which is a form that can possibly match the mass spectrum of the NIST library. Multiple environmental samples, such as seawater, air, soil, sediment, sludge, and iceberg, collected from the Arctic region were analyzed with suspect and non-target analysis of GC/TOF after the clean-up procedure with a solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. The commonly detected contaminants in the Arctic environmental samples were siloxanes, organophosphate flame retardants, phthalates, synthetic musk compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Among them, siloxanes and organophosphate flame retardants were proposed to be contaminants of emerging concerns for the Arctic environment. This is the first report to prioritize emerging contaminants in the Arctic environment with suspect and non-target analysis of GC/TOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Jeon
- Graduate School of FEED of Eco-Friendly Offshore Structure, Changwon National University, Changwon, 51140, Republic of Korea; School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Whelan MJ, Kim J, Suganuma N, Mackay D. Uncertainty and equifinality in environmental modelling of organic pollutants with specific focus on cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1085-1098. [PMID: 31165835 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00099b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Multi-media fate and transport models (MFTMs) are invaluable tools in understanding and predicting the likely behaviour of organic pollutants in the environment. However, some parameters describing the properties of both the environmental system and the chemical pollutant under consideration are uncertain and or variable in space and time. Furthermore, model performance is often evaluated using sparse data sets on chemical concentrations in different media. This can result in equifinality - the phenomenon in which several different combinations of model parameters can result in similar predictions of environmental concentrations. We explore this idea for MFTMs for the first time using, as examples, three cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMS: D4, D5 and D6) and the QWASI lake model applied to Tokyo Bay. Monte Carlo simulation was employed with parameters selected from probability distributions representing estimated uncertainty in a large number of iterations. This generated distributions of predicted chemical concentrations in water (CW) and sediment (CS) which represent the aleatory uncertainty envelope but which also demonstrate significant equifinality. For all three compounds, the uncertainty implied in the CW was lower (coefficient of variation, CV, of the order of 20%) than for CS (CV ca. 45%), reflecting the propensity of cVMS compounds to sorb to sediment and the sensitivity of the model to KOC. Confidence intervals were particularly high for the persistence of D5 and D6 in sediment which both ranged between approximately 1.7 years and approximately 26 years for Tokyo Bay. Predicted concentration distributions matched observations well for D5 and D6 not for D4. Equifinality could be reduced by better constraining acceptable parameter sets using additional measured data from different environmental compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Whelan
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
| | - J Kim
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, USA
| | | | - D Mackay
- Centre for Environmental Modelling and Chemistry, Trent University, Canada
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Sun C, Dong D, He S, Zhang L, Zhang X, Wang C, Hua X, Guo Z. Multimedia fate modeling of antibiotic sulfamethoxazole, lincomycin, and florfenicol in a seasonally ice-covered river receiving WWTP effluents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:17351-17361. [PMID: 31016586 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As a result of the widespread use of antibiotics, a large amount of excretions from human and animals, containing antibiotic residues, is discharged into aquatic environments, leading to potential adverse effects on the ecosystems' health. These residues' impact on seasonally ice-covered rivers remains under investigated. To understand the environmental fate of antibiotics with high-detection frequencies and concentration levels, sulfamethoxazole, lincomycin, and florfenicol were used as models in the present study. A Level IV fugacity model was established and applied to a seasonally ice-covered river receiving municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents, the Songhua River in Northeast China. Model validation and sensitivity analysis suggested that the fugacity model could successfully simulate the monitoring concentration within an average difference of one logarithmic unit. The advection process played a major role in the transport and attenuation of the antibiotics in the ice-covered river receiving WWTP effluents. The scenario simulation indicated that increasing the targeted antibiotic concentrations in WWTP effluents to μg L-1 could keep the targeted antibiotic concentrations higher than 10 ng L-1 in the receiving river from the WWTP discharge source to 25 km downstream. This finding also demonstrates that the depth of water and ice, as well as flow velocity, play key roles in the fate of antibiotics in the ice-covered river receiving WWTP effluents. To our best knowledge, this is the first major study to combine experimental investigation with modeling to explore the environmental behaviors and fate of antibiotics in such a river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Deming Dong
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Sinan He
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Jilin Entry - Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Changchun Customs District, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoqian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xiuyi Hua
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Zhiyong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
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19
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Guo J, Zhou Y, Zhang B, Zhang J. Distribution and evaluation of the fate of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes in the largest lake of southwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:87-95. [PMID: 30530222 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMS) used in personal care products are released to aquatic environments through wastewater effluent. cVMS are persistent, toxic, bioaccumulative, and have potential to cause ecological harm. In this study, the environmental behavior of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) were evaluated in the largest lake of southwest China, Dian Lake. Air, water and sediment samples were measured for three cVMS compounds in the winter (January) and summer (July) of 2017. In air, D5 exhibited the highest measured mean concentration among the three cVMS, which were 18.4 ± 8.0 ng·m-3 in winter and 5.78 ± 3.61 ng·m-3 in summer. In water and sediment, D6 was the cVMS with the highest measured mean concentration. The mean concentrations in water of D6 were 20.8 ± 5.8 ng·L-1 in winter and 20.4 ± 5.8 ng·L-1 in summer. The mean concentrations in sediment of D6 were 281 ± 45.8 ng·g-1 dw in winter and 270 ± 31.3 ng·g-1 dw in summer. A fugacity-based mass balance chemical fate model for lakes (QWASI) was used for Dian Lake to compare measurements and explore the behavior of cVMS. D6 was predicted to have the highest water column and sediment concentrations. Modeling results showed that most of the D5 and D6 partitioned into sediment and could persist for several years. Persistence was significantly influenced by the high rate of sediment burial. In an analysis of the impact of physicochemical properties and environmental parameters, KOC was identified as a key parameter for predicting cVMS behavior. This study illustrates the importance of cVMS in sediments and the potential aquatic risk that they may pose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Boya Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Zhi L, Xu L, He X, Zhang C, Cai Y. Distribution of methylsiloxanes in benthic mollusks from the Chinese Bohai Sea. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 76:199-207. [PMID: 30528010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Methylsiloxanes are a class of silicone compounds that have been widely used in various industrial processes and personal care products for several decades. This study investigated the spatial distribution of three cyclic methylsiloxanes (D4-D6) and twelve linear methylsiloxanes (L5-L16) in mollusks collected from seven cities along the Bohai Sea. D4-D6 (df = 71%-81%) and L8-L16 (df = 32%-40%) were frequently detectable in the mollusk samples, while L5-L7 were not found in any mollusk samples. Cyclic methylsiloxanes (D4-D6) were found in mollusks with the mean concentrations of 15.7 ± 12.3 ng/g ww for D4, 24.6 ± 15.8 ng/g ww for D5 and 34.0 ± 23.0 ng/g ww for D6. Among the seven sampling cities, the cyclic methylsiloxanes were predominant in mollusks, with the total cyclic methylsiloxanes (sum of D4-D6, ∑CMS) accounting for 74.2%-80.7% of the total methylsiloxanes. ∑CMS along the coastline demonstrated a clear gradient, with the highest concentrations in mollusks at the sampling sites located in the western part of the Bohai Sea and the lowest concentrations in mollusks from cities located in the eastern part of the Bohai Sea. The biota-sediment accumulation factors for cyclic methylsiloxanes (D4-D6) and linear methylsiloxanes (L8-L16) were estimated as 0.42 ± 0.06-0.53 ± 0.06 and 0.13 ± 0.03-0.19 ± 0.05, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xudan He
- Environmental Protection Research Institute of Light Industry, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
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Zhi L, Xu L, Qu Y, Zhang C, Cao D, Cai Y. Identification and Elimination of Fluorinated Methylsiloxanes in Environmental Matrices near a Manufacturing Plant in Eastern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:12235-12243. [PMID: 30339022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated methylsiloxanes are modified methylsiloxanes and include tris(trifluoropropyl)trimethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3F) and tetrakis(trifluoropropyl)tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4F). Here, we report fluorinated methylsiloxanes (D3F and D4F) in surface water and sediment samples collected near a fluorinated methylsiloxane manufacturing plant in Weihai, China. The concentrations of D3F and D4F in surface water ranged from 3.29-291 ng/L and from 7.02-168 ng/L, respectively. The concentrations of D3F and D4F in sediment ranged from 11.8-5478 ng/g and from 17.2-6277 ng/g, respectively. In simulation experiment, the half-lives of D3F and D4F at different pH values (5.2, 6.4, 7.2, 8.3, and 9.2) varied from 80.6-154 h and from 267-533 h, respectively. CF3(CH2)2MeSi(OH)2 was identified as one of the main hydrolysis products of fluorinated methylsiloxanes. It was also detected in the river samples at concentrations of 72.1-182.9 ng/L. In addition, the slow rearrangement of D3F (spiked concentration = 500 ng/L) to D4F (concentration = 11.0-22.7 ng/L) was also found during 336h hydrolysis experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Environmental Protection Research Institute of Light industry, Beijing 100089 , China
| | - Lin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yao Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering , China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing) , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering , China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing) , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Dong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health , Jianghan University , Wuhan 430056 , China
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Lee SY, Lee S, Choi M, Kannan K, Moon HB. An optimized method for the analysis of cyclic and linear siloxanes and their distribution in surface and core sediments from industrialized bays in Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:111-118. [PMID: 29414330 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contamination by siloxanes is a matter of concern due to their widespread consumption in personal care as well as industrial products and potential toxicity. Nevertheless, methods for simultaneous determination of cyclic and linear siloxanes in sediment are lacking. In this study, we developed an optimized analytical method to determine cyclic and linear siloxanes based on gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). This method was applied to determine concentrations of 19 siloxane compounds in surface and core sediments from industrialized bays in Korea to assess contamination status, spatial distribution, and historical trends. Total concentrations of siloxanes ranged from 15.0 to 11730 (mean: 712) ng/g dry weight, which were similar to or higher than those reported in other countries. The highest concentrations of siloxanes were found in rivers/streams that discharge into coastal waters and bays close to industrial complexes, indicating that industrial activities are major sources of siloxane contamination. Cyclic siloxanes such as D5 and D6 were predominant in surface and core sediments. A significant correlation existed between the concentrations of cyclic and linear siloxanes, suggesting similar sources in the marine coastal environment. The historical record of cyclic siloxanes in core sediments revealed a clear increasing trend since the 1970s. This finding is consistent with the history of local industrialization and global production of siloxanes. This is the first study of historical trends in siloxanes in the coastal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yoon Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyu Choi
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, PO Box 509, Albany, NY 122010509, USA
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea.
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Kim J, Mackay D, Whelan MJ. Predicted persistence and response times of linear and cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in global and local environments. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 195:325-335. [PMID: 29272801 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the response times of eight volatile methylsiloxanes (VMSs) in environmental systems at different scales from local to global, with a particular focus on overall loss rates after cessation of emissions. In part, this is driven by proposals to restrict the use of some of these compounds in certain products in Europe. The GloboPOP model estimated low absolute Arctic Contamination Potentials for all VMSs and rapid response times in all media except sediment. VMSs are predicted to be distributed predominantly in air where they react with OH radicals, leading to short response times. After cessation of emissions VMSs concentrations in the environment are expected to decrease rapidly from current levels. Response times in specific water and sediment systems were evaluated using a dynamic QWASI model. Response times were sensitive to both physico-chemical properties and environmental characteristics. Degradation was predicted to play the most important role in determining response times in water and sediment. In the case of the lowest molecular weight VMSs such as L2 and D3, response times were essentially independent of environmental characteristics due to fast hydrolysis in water and sediment. However, response times for the other VMSs are system-specific. They are relatively short in shallow water bodies but increase with depth due to the diminishing role of volatilization on concentration change as volume to surface area ratio increases. In sediment, degradation and resuspension rates also contribute most to the response times. The estimated response times for local environments are useful for planning future monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeshin Kim
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA.
| | - Donald Mackay
- Department of Chemistry, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Michael John Whelan
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
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Panagopoulos D, MacLeod M. A critical assessment of the environmental fate of linear and cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes using multimedia fugacity models. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:183-194. [PMID: 29300410 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00524e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We apply multimedia models to systematically evaluate the fate profile of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (VMS) D4, D5 and D6, and the linear VMS L4 and L5 using recently reported measurements of their partition ratios between organic carbon and water (KOC), their salting out constants (Ks), and their enthalpy of sorption to organic carbon (ΔHOC). Our assessment follows a multi-stage strategy where the environmental fate of the chemicals is explored in generic regional models with increasing fidelity to the real system and in a region-specific model. Modeled emissions of VMS to air remained in air and were degraded or advected out of the system with overall residence times ranging from 2.4 to 2.5 days, while emissions to water resulted in accumulation in sediment and longer residence times ranging from 29.5 to 1120 days. When emitted to water the modeled residence times of VMS in the sediment exceeded the REACH criterion for persistence in freshwater sediments. Reported KOC measurements for D5 differ by 1 log unit, which results in a 500-day difference in the overall residence times calculated in the generic regional modeling. In the specific-region modeling assessment for Adventfjorden, Svalbard in Norway, the different KOC measurements of D5 resulted in a 200-day difference in overall residence times. Model scenarios that examined combinations of previously published ΔHOC or enthalpy of phase change between octanol and water (ΔHOW) for D5 in combination with the range of the KOC measurements resulted in 1100-days difference in overall residence times. Our results demonstrate that residence times of VMS in aquatic systems are highly sensitive to their degree of sorption to organic carbon, and that residence times of VMS likely exceed several persistence criteria and therefore they cannot be considered as non-persistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Panagopoulos
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, ACES, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE-114 18 Stockholm, Sweden. and Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, LBNL, 1 Cyclotron Road, 94720 Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Matthew MacLeod
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, ACES, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE-114 18 Stockholm, Sweden.
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