1
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Vandaele E, Mališ M, Luber S. The Role of Aqueous Solvation on the Intersystem Crossing of Nitrophenols. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:3258-3272. [PMID: 38606908 PMCID: PMC11044273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The photochemistry of nitrophenols is a source of smog as nitrous acid is formed from their photolysis. Nevertheless, computational studies of the photochemistry of these widespread toxic molecules are scarce. In this work, the initial photodeactivation of ortho-nitrophenol and para-nitrophenol is modeled, both in gas phase and in aqueous solution to simulate atmospheric and aerosol environments. A large number of excited states, six for ortho-nitrophenol and 11 for para-nitrophenol, have been included and were all populated during the decay. Moreover, periodic time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) is used for both the explicitly included solvent and the solute. A comparison to periodic QM/MM (TDDFT/MM), with electrostatic embedding, is made, showing notable differences between the decays of solvated nitrophenols simulated with QM/MM and full (TD)DFT. A reduced intersystem crossing in aqueous solution could be observed thanks to the surface hopping approach using explicit, periodic TDDFT solvation including spin-orbit couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vandaele
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Momir Mališ
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Luber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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2
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Guo Z, Hu X, Sun W, Peng X, Fu Y, Liu K, Liu F, Meng H, Zhu Y, Zhang G, Wang X, Xue L, Wang J, Wang X, Peng P, Bi X. Mixing state and influence factors controlling diurnal variation of particulate nitrophenol compounds at a suburban area in northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 344:123368. [PMID: 38246217 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Nitrophenols have received extensive attention due to their strong light-absorbing ability in the near-ultraviolet-visible region, which could be influenced by the atmospheric processes of nitrophenols. However, our knowledge and understanding of the formation and evolution of nitrophenols are still in the nascent stages. In the present study, the mixing states of four mononitrophenol particles (i.e., nitrophenol, methynitrophenol, nitrocatechol, and methoxynitrophenol), and one nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon particles (i.e., nitronaphthol (NN)) were investigated using a single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) in November 2019 in Qingdao, China. The results showed, for the first time, that mononitrophenols and NN exhibit different mixing states and diurnal variations. Four mononitrophenols were internally mixed well with each other, and with organic acids, nitrates, potassium, and naphthalene. The diurnal variation in the number fraction of mononitrophenols presented two peaks at 07:00 to 09:00 and 18:00 to 20:00, and a valley at noon. Atmospheric environmental conditions, including NO2, O3, relative humidity, and temperature, can significantly influence the diurnal variation of mononitrophenols. Multiple linear regression and random forest regression models revealed that the main factors controlling the diurnal variation of mononitrophenols were photochemical reactions during the day and aqueous-phase reactions during the night. Unlike mononitrophenols, about 62-83% of NN were internally mixed with [NH4]+ and [H(NO3)2]-, but not with organic acids and potassium. The diurnal variation of NN was also different from that of mononitrophenols, generally increased from 17:00 to 10:00 and then rapidly decreaed from 11:00 to 16:00. These results imply that NN may have sources and atmospheric processes that are different from mononitrophenols. We speculate that this is mostly controlled by photochemical reactions and mixing with [NH4]+, which may influence the diurnal variation of NN in the ambient particles; however, this requires further confirmation. These findings extend our current understanding of the atmospheric formation and evolution of nitrophenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Wei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Xiaocong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Yuzhen Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Fengxian Liu
- School of Economics and Management, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China
| | - He Meng
- Qingdao Eco-environment Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Yujiao Zhu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Jiancheng Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Xinhui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China.
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3
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Xu W, Kuang Y, Liu C, Ma Z, Zhang X, Zhai M, Zhang G, Xu W, Cheng H, Liu Y, Xue B, Luo B, Zhao H, Ren S, Liu J, Tao J, Zhou G, Sun Y, Xu X. Severe photochemical pollution formation associated with strong HONO emissions from dew and guttation evaporation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169309. [PMID: 38103604 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The unknown daytime source of HONO has been extensively investigated due to unexplained atmospheric oxidation capacity and current modelling bias, especially during cold seasons. In this study, abrupt morning increases in atmospheric HONO at a rural site in the North China Plain (NCP) were observed almost on daily basis, which were closely linked to simultaneous rises in atmospheric water vapor content and NH3 concentrations. Dew and guttation water formation was frequently observed on wheat leaves, from which water samples were taken and chemically analyzed for the first time. Results confirmed that such natural processes likely governed the daily nighttime deposition and daytime release of HONO and NH3, which have not been considered in the numerous HONO budget studies investigating its large missing daytime source in the NCP. The dissolved HONO and NH3 in leaf surface water droplets reached 1.4 and 23 mg L-1 during the morning on average, resulting in averaged atmospheric HONO and NH3 increases of 0.89 ± 0.61 and 43.7 ± 29.3 ppb during morning hours, with relative increases of 186 ± 212 % and 233 ± 252 %, respectively. The high atmospheric oxidation capacity contained within HONO was stored in near surface liquid water (such as dew, guttation and soil surface water) during nighttime, which prevented its atmospheric dispersion after sunset and protected it from photodissociation during early morning hours. HONO was released in a blast during later hours with stronger solar radiation, which triggered and then accelerated daytime photochemistry through the rapid photolysis of HONO and subsequent OH production, especially under high RH conditions, forming severe secondary gaseous and particulate pollution. Results of this study demonstrate that global ecosystems might play significant roles in atmospheric photochemistry through nighttime dew formation and guttation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ye Kuang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhai
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Gen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Weiqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongbing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yusi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Biao Xue
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Biao Luo
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Huarong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Institute of Agricultural Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Sanxue Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Institute of Agricultural Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Junwen Liu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jiangchuan Tao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Guangsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Institute of Agricultural Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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4
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Yang W, Shang J, Nan X, Du T, Han C. Unveiling the effect of O 2 on the photochemical reaction of NO 2 with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:119838-119846. [PMID: 37930566 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30289-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical reaction of NO2 with organics may be a source of atmospheric HONO during the daytime. Here, the conversion of NO2 to HONO on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) under solar irradiation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions was investigated using a flow tube reactor coupled to a NOx analyzer. O2 played an inhibition role in NO2 uptake and HONO formation on PAHs, as shown by 7%-45% and 15%-52% decrease in NO2 uptake coefficient (γ) and HONO yield (YHONO), respectively. The negative effect of O2 on the reaction between NO2 and PAHs should be attributed to three reasons. First, O2 could compete with NO2 for the available sites on PAHs. Second, the quenching of the triple excited state of PAHs (3PAHs*) by O2 inhibited the NO2 uptake. Third, NO3- formed under aerobic conditions reduced the conversion efficiency of NO2 to HONO. The environmental implications suggested that the NO2 uptake on PAHs could contribute to a HONO source strength of 10-120 ppt h-1 in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangjin Yang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Jiaqi Shang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Xiangli Nan
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Tao Du
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Chong Han
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
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5
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Delić A, Skube U, Šala M, Kroflič A. Kinetics and product identification of water-dissolved nitroguaiacol photolysis under artificial sunlight. Front Chem 2023; 11:1211061. [PMID: 37521016 PMCID: PMC10375238 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1211061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitroguaiacols are typical constituents of biomass-burning emissions, including absorbing aerosols which contribute to climate change. Although they are also harmful to humans and plants, their atmospheric fate and lifetimes are still very speculative. Therefore, in this work, the photolysis kinetics of aqueous-phase 4-nitroguaiacol (4NG) and 5-nitroguaiacol (5NG), and the resulting photo-formed products were investigated under artificial sunlight, observing also the effect of sunlight on the absorption properties of the solutions. We found the photolysis of 5NG slower than that of 4NG, whereas the absorbance in the visible range prevailed in the 5NG solutions at the end of experiments. Although we identified dinitroguaiacol as one of the 4NG photolysis products, which increased light absorption of 4NG-containing solutions, considerably more chromophores formed in the 5NG photolyzed solutions, implying its stronger potential for secondary BrC formation in the atmosphere. In general, denitration, carbon loss, hydroxylation, nitration, and carbon gain were characteristic of 4NG phototransformation, while carbon loss, hydroxylation, and carbon gain were observed in the case of 5NG. The photolysis kinetics was found of the first order at low precursor concentrations (<0.45 mM), resulting in their lifetimes in the order of days (125 and 167 h illumination for 4NG and 5NG, respectively), which suggests long-range transport of the investigated compounds in the atmosphere and proposes their use as biomass-burning aerosol tracer compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajda Delić
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urša Skube
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Šala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Kroflič
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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6
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Carena L, Zoppi B, Sordello F, Fabbri D, Minella M, Minero C. Phototransformation of Vanillin in Artificial Snow by Direct Photolysis and Mediated by Nitrite. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37269319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The photodegradation of vanillin, as a proxy of methoxyphenols emitted by biomass burning, was investigated in artificial snow at 243 K and in liquid water at room temperature. Nitrite (NO2-) was used as a photosensitizer of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species under UVA light, because of its key photochemical role in snowpacks and atmospheric ice/waters. In snow and in the absence of NO2-, slow direct photolysis of vanillin was observed due to back-reactions taking place in the quasi-liquid layer at the ice-grain surface. The addition of NO2- made the photodegradation of vanillin faster, because of the important contribution of photoproduced reactive nitrogen species in vanillin phototransformation. These species triggered both nitration and oligomerization of vanillin in irradiated snow, as the identified vanillin by-products showed. Conversely, in liquid water, direct photolysis was the main photodegradation pathway of vanillin, even in the presence of NO2-, which had negligible effects on vanillin photodegradation. The results outline the different role of iced and liquid water in the photochemical fate of vanillin in different environmental compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Carena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Beatrice Zoppi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Sordello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Debora Fabbri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Minella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Minero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
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7
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Ding X, Huang C, Liu W, Ma D, Lou S, Li Q, Chen J, Yang H, Xue C, Cheng Y, Su H. Direct Observation of HONO Emissions from Real-World Residential Natural Gas Heating in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4751-4762. [PMID: 36919886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO) is an important precursor of atmospheric hydroxyl radicals. Vehicle emissions and heterogeneous reactions have been identified as major sources of urban HONO. Here, we report on HONO emissions from residential natural gas (RNG) for water and space heating in urban areas based on in situ measurements. The observed HONO emission factors (EFs) of RNG heating vary between 6.03 and 608 mg·m-3 NG, which are highly dependent on the thermal load. The highest HONO EFs are observed at a high thermal load via the thermal NO homogeneous reaction. The average HONO EFs of RNG water heating in winter are 1.8 times higher than that in summer due to the increased thermal load caused by the lower inlet water temperatures in winter. The power-based HONO EFs of the traditional RNG heaters are 1085 times and 1.7 times higher than those of gasoline and diesel vehicles that meet the latest emission standards, respectively. It is estimated that the HONO emissions from RNG heaters in a typical Chinese city are gradually close to emissions from on-road vehicles when temperatures decline. These findings highlight that RNG heating is a non-negligible source of urban HONO emissions in China. With the continuous acceleration of coal-to-gas projects and the continuous tightening of NOx emission standards for vehicle exhaust, HONO emissions from RNG heaters will become more prominent in urban areas. Hence, it is urgently needed to upgrade traditional RNG heaters with efficient emission reduction technologies such as frequency-converted blowers, secondary condensers, and low-NOx combustors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ding
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Wenyang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in Power Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Dongxiang Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in Power Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Shengrong Lou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in Power Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Huinan Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in Power Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie del'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), CNRS-Université Orléans-CNES, Orléans, Cedex 245071, France
| | - Yafang Cheng
- Minerva Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Hang Su
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
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8
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Yang J, Au WC, Law H, Leung CH, Lam CH, Nah T. pH affects the aqueous-phase nitrate-mediated photooxidation of phenolic compounds: implications for brown carbon formation and evolution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:176-189. [PMID: 35293417 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00004k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC) is known to have important impacts on atmospheric chemistry and climate. Phenolic compounds are a prominent class of BrC precursors that are emitted in large quantities from biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion. Inorganic nitrate is a ubiquitous component of atmospheric aqueous phases such as cloudwater, fog, and aqueous aerosols. The photolysis of inorganic nitrate can lead to BrC formation via the photonitration of phenolic compounds in the aqueous phase. However, the acidity of the atmospheric aqueous phase adds complexity to these photonitration processes and needs to be considered when investigating BrC formation from the nitrate-mediated photooxidation of phenolic compounds. In this study, we investigated the influence of pH on the formation and evolution of BrC from the aqueous-phase photooxidation of guaiacol, catechol, 5-nitroguaiacol, and 4-nitrocatechol initiated by inorganic nitrate photolysis. The reaction rates, BrC composition and quantities were found to depend on the aqueous phase pH. Guaiacol, catechol, and 5-nitroguaiacol reacted substantially faster at lower pH. In contrast, 4-nitrocatechol reacted at slower rates at lower pH. For all four phenolic compounds, the initial stages of photooxidation resulted in an increase in light absorption (i.e., photo-enhancement) in the near-UV and visible range due to the formation of light absorbing products formed via the addition of nitro and/or hydroxyl groups to the phenolic compound. Greater photo-enhancement was observed at lower pH during the nitrate-mediated photooxidation of guaiacol and catechol. In contrast, greater photo-enhancement was observed at higher pH during the nitrate-mediated photooxidation of 5-nitroguaiacol and 4-nitrocatechol. This indicated that the effect that the aqueous phase pH has on the composition and yields of BrC formed is not universal, and will depend on the initial phenolic compound. These results provide new insights into how the atmospheric aqueous phase acidity influences the reactivities of different phenolic compounds and BrC formation/evolution during photooxidation initiated by inorganic nitrate photolysis, which will have significant implications for how the atmospheric fates of phenolic compounds and BrC formation/evolution are modeled for areas with high levels of inorganic nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Yang
- School of Energy and Environment, Yeung Kin Man Academic Building, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wing Chi Au
- School of Energy and Environment, Yeung Kin Man Academic Building, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Haymann Law
- School of Energy and Environment, Yeung Kin Man Academic Building, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chun Hei Leung
- School of Energy and Environment, Yeung Kin Man Academic Building, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chun Ho Lam
- School of Energy and Environment, Yeung Kin Man Academic Building, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Theodora Nah
- School of Energy and Environment, Yeung Kin Man Academic Building, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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9
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Wong C, Liu S, Nizkorodov SA. Highly Acidic Conditions Drastically Alter the Chemical Composition and Absorption Coefficient of α-Pinene Secondary Organic Aerosol. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2022; 6:2983-2994. [PMID: 36561193 PMCID: PMC9762236 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosols (SOA), formed through the gas-phase oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), can reside in the atmosphere for many days. The formation of SOA takes place rapidly within hours after VOC emissions, but SOA can undergo much slower physical and chemical processes throughout their lifetime in the atmosphere. The acidity of atmospheric aerosols spans a wide range, with the most acidic particles having negative pH values, which can promote acid-catalyzed reactions. The goal of this work is to elucidate poorly understood mechanisms and rates of acid-catalyzed aging of mixtures of representative SOA compounds. SOA were generated by the ozonolysis of α-pinene in a continuous flow reactor and then collected using a foil substrate. SOA samples were extracted and aged by exposure to varying concentrations of aqueous H2SO4 for 1-2 days. Chemical analysis of fresh and aged samples was conducted using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array spectrophotomety and high-resolution mass spectrometry. In addition, UV-vis spectrophotometry and fluorescence spectrophotometry were used to examine the changes in optical properties before and after aging. We observed that SOA that aged in moderately acidic conditions (pH from 0 to 4) experienced small changes in composition, while SOA that aged in a highly acidic environment (pH from -1 to 0) experienced more dramatic changes in composition, including the formation of compounds containing sulfur. Additionally, at highly acidic conditions, light-absorbing and fluorescent compounds appeared, but their identities could not be ascertained due to their small relative abundance. This study shows that acidity is a major driver of SOA aging, resulting in a large change in the chemical composition and optical properties of aerosols in regions where high concentrations of H2SO4 persist, such as upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.
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10
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Scholes RC. Emerging investigator series: contributions of reactive nitrogen species to transformations of organic compounds in water: a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:851-869. [PMID: 35546580 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00102k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) pose a potential risk to drinking water quality because they react with organic compounds to form toxic byproducts. Since the discovery of RNS formation in sunlit surface waters, these reactive intermediates have been detected in numerous sunlit natural waters and engineered water treatment systems. This critical review summarizes what is known regarding RNS, including their formation, contributions to contaminant transformation, and products resulting from RNS reactions. Reaction mechanisms and rate constants have been described for nitrogen dioxide (˙NO2) reacting with phenolic compounds. However, significant knowledge gaps remain regarding reactions of RNS with other types of organic compounds. Promising methods to quantify RNS concentrations and reaction rates include the use of selective quenchers and probe compounds as well as electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Additionally, high resolution mass spectrometry methods have enabled the identification of nitr(os)ated byproducts that form via RNS reactions in sunlit surface waters, UV-based treatment systems, treatment systems that employ chemical oxidants such as chlorine and ozone, and certain types of biological treatment processes. Recommendations are provided for future research to increase understanding of RNS reactions and products, and the implications for drinking water toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Scholes
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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11
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Zhou Y, West CP, Hettiyadura APS, Pu W, Shi T, Niu X, Wen H, Cui J, Wang X, Laskin A. Molecular Characterization of Water-Soluble Brown Carbon Chromophores in Snowpack from Northern Xinjiang, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:4173-4186. [PMID: 35287433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study reports molecular-level characterization of brown carbon (BrC) attributed to water-soluble organic carbon in six snowpack samples collected from northern Xinjiang, China. The molecular composition and light-absorbing properties of BrC chromophores were unraveled by application of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to a photodiode array (PDA) detector and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The chromophores were classified into five major types, that is, (1) phenolic/lignin-derivedcompounds, (2) flavonoids, (3) nitroaromatics, (4) oxygenated aromatics, and (5) other chromophores. Identified chromophores account for ∼23-64% of the total light absorption measured by the PDA detector in the wavelength range of 300-370 nm. In the representative samples from urban and remote areas, oxygenated aromatics and nitroaromatics dominate the absorption in the wavelengths below and above 320 nm, respectively. The highly polluted urban sample shows the most complex HPLC-PDA chromatogram, and more other chromophores contribute to the bulk absorption. Phenolic/lignin-derived compounds are the most light-absorbing species in the soil-influenced sample. Chromophores in two remote samples exhibit ultraviolet-visible features distinct from other samples, which are attributed to flavonoids. Identification of individual chromophores and quantitative analysis of their optical properties are helpful for elucidating the roles of BrC in snow radiative balance and photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christopher P West
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Anusha P S Hettiyadura
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Wei Pu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tenglong Shi
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoying Niu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hui Wen
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiecan Cui
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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12
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Lian C, Wang W, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Liu Y, Fan X, Li C, Zhan J, Lin Z, Hua C, Zhang W, Liu M, Li J, Wang X, An J, Ge M. Long-term winter observation of nitrous acid in the urban area of Beijing. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 114:334-342. [PMID: 35459496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The particulate matter (PM) pollution has been significantly improved by carrying out various valid emission control strategies since 2013 in China. Meanwhile the variation trend of nitrous acid (HONO) is worthy to investigate due to its vital role in the atmospheric oxidation process. In this study, field observation in the winter is conducted to investigate the concentration of HONO in an urban area of Beijing. In the winter of 2019, the mean HONO concentration is 1.38 ppbV during the whole winter. Photo-enhanced NO2 heterogeneous reactions on the ground and aerosol surfaces were found as the possible daytime sources of HONO. Compared to O3, photolysis of HONO dominates the primary OH sources during the winter time. To understand the HONO pollution patterns by years variation, multi-year data is summarized and finds that primary pollutants including CO and NO decreased, but secondary pollutants i.e., HONO (mostly generated via secondary process) increased. Our study highlights the requirement to mitigate secondary pollution by control HONO concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Lian
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yusheng Zhang
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xiaolong Fan
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chang Li
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Junlei Zhan
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhuohui Lin
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chenjie Hua
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wenyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junling An
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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13
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Gu R, Shen H, Xue L, Wang T, Gao J, Li H, Liang Y, Xia M, Yu C, Liu Y, Wang W. Investigating the sources of atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO) in the megacity of Beijing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:152270. [PMID: 34902418 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous acid (HONO) can powerfully influence atmospheric photochemistry by producing hydroxyl radical (OH), which is a crucial oxidant that controls the fate of atmospheric trace species. To deduce HONO formation mechanisms in polluted regions, two field observations were conducted in urban Beijing during the early summer of 2017 and the winter of 2018. These two seasons bore distinguishing pollution characteristics with a higher degree of ageing and heavier aerosol loading in the early summer and more abundant NOx (NOx = NO + NO2) in the winter. Elevated concentrations of HONO were observed during these two seasons, with the mean ± standard deviation (maximum) concentrations of 1.25 ± 0.94 (6.69) ppbv and 1.04 ± 1.27 (9.55) ppbv in early summer and winter, respectively. The observed daytime (08:00-17:00 h, local time) HONO production rate was several times higher in early summer than in winter (4.44 ± 1.93 ppbv h-1 vs. 0.88 ± 0.49 ppbv h-1). Budget analysis revealed distinct daytime HONO formation mechanisms during these two seasons. Photo-induced heterogeneous conversion of NO2 on the ground surface dominated in early summer, and homogeneous reaction of NO + OH was dominant in winter. Photolysis of HONO was the major source of primary OH in both seasons, and thus, played a key role in the regulation of atmospheric oxidising capacity. This study demonstrates the significant seasonal variations in HONO budget and underlines the predominant role of HONO in primary OH production in Beijing. Our findings will be helpful to gain an understanding of the chemical mechanisms underlying the formation of secondary pollution in metropolitan areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Gu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 99907, China
| | - Hengqing Shen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 99907, China; Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yutong Liang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 99907, China
| | - Men Xia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 99907, China
| | - Chuan Yu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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14
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Dalton AB, Nizkorodov SA. Photochemical Degradation of 4-Nitrocatechol and 2,4-Dinitrophenol in a Sugar-Glass Secondary Organic Aerosol Surrogate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:14586-14594. [PMID: 34669384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The roles that chemical environment and viscosity play in the photochemical fate of molecules trapped in atmospheric particles are poorly understood. The goal of this work was to characterize the photolysis of 4-nitrocatechol (4NC) and 2,4-dinitrophenol (24DNP) in semisolid isomalt as a new type of surrogate for glassy organic aerosols and compare it to photolysis in liquid water, isopropanol, and octanol. UV/vis spectroscopy was used to monitor the absorbance decay to determine the rates of photochemical loss of 4NC and 24DNP. The quantum yield of 4NC photolysis was found to be smaller in an isomalt glass (2.6 × 10-6) than in liquid isopropanol (1.1 × 10-5). Both 4NC and 24NDP had much lower photolysis rates in water than in organic matrices, suggesting that they would photolyze more efficiently in organic aerosol particles than in cloud or fog droplets. Liquid chromatography in tandem with mass spectrometry was used to examine the photolysis products of 4NC. In isopropanol solution, most products appeared to result from the oxidation of 4NC, in stark contrast to photoreduction and dimerization products that were observed in solid isomalt. Therefore, the photochemical fate of 4NC, and presumably of other nitrophenols, should depend on whether they undergo photodegradation in a liquid or semisolid organic particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery B Dalton
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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15
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Peng H, Jie J, Mortimer IP, Ma Z, Su H, Greenberg MM. Reactivity and DNA Damage by Independently Generated 2'-Deoxycytidin- N4-yl Radical. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14738-14747. [PMID: 34467764 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress produces a variety of radicals in DNA, including pyrimidine nucleobase radicals. The nitrogen-centered DNA radical 2'-deoxycytidin-N4-yl radical (dC·) plays a role in DNA damage mediated by one electron oxidants, such as HOCl and ionizing radiation. However, the reactivity of dC· is not well understood. To reduce this knowledge gap, we photochemically generated dC· from a nitrophenyl oxime nucleoside and within chemically synthesized oligonucleotides from the same precursor. dC· formation is confirmed by transient UV-absorption spectroscopy in laser flash photolysis (LFP) experiments. LFP and duplex DNA cleavage experiments indicate that dC· oxidizes dG. Transient formation of the dG radical cation (dG+•) is observed in LFP experiments. Oxidation of the opposing dG in DNA results in hole transfer when the opposing dG is part of a dGGG sequence. The sequence dependence is attributed to a competition between rapid proton transfer from dG+• to the opposing dC anion formed and hole transfer. Enhanced hole transfer when less acidic O6-methyl-2'-deoxyguanosine is opposite dC· supports this proposal. dC· produces tandem lesions in sequences containing thymidine at the 5'-position by abstracting a hydrogen atom from the thymine methyl group. The corresponding thymidine peroxyl radical completes tandem lesion formation by reacting with the 5'-adjacent nucleotide. As dC· is reduced to dC, its role in the process is traceless and is only detectable because of the ability to independently generate it from a stable precursor. These experiments reveal that dC· oxidizes neighboring nucleotides, resulting in deleterious tandem lesions and hole transfer in appropriate sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Jialong Jie
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Ifor P Mortimer
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Zehan Ma
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Su
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Marc M Greenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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16
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Wang C, Fuller ME, Heraty LJ, Hatzinger PB, Sturchio NC. Photocatalytic mechanisms of 2,4-dinitroanisole degradation in water deciphered by C and N dual-element isotope fractionation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 411:125109. [PMID: 33858090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In surface water environments, photodegradation may be an important process for the natural attenuation of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN). Understanding the photolysis and photocatalysis mechanisms of DNAN is difficult because the photosensitivity of nitro groups and the behavior of DNAN as a potential photosensitizer are unclear in aqueous solutions. Here, we investigate the degradation mechanisms of DNAN under UV-A (λ ~ 350 nm) and UV-C (λ ~ 254 nm) irradiation in a photolysis reactor where aqueous solution was continuously recycled through a UV-irradiated volume from a non-irradiated external reservoir. By tracking C and N isotopic fractionation in DNAN and its reaction products, we observed normal 13C fractionation (εC = -3.34‰) and inverse 15N fractionation (εN = +12.30‰) under UV-A (λ ~ 350 nm) irradiation, in contrast to inverse 13C fractionation (εC = +1.45‰) and normal 15N fractionation (εN = -3.79‰) under UV-C (λ ~ 254 nm) irradiation. These results indicate that DNAN can act as a photosensitizer and may follow a product-to-parent reversion mechanism in surface water environments. The data also indicate that photocatalytic degradation of DNAN in aqueous systems can be monitored via C and N stable isotope analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Wang
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Mark E Fuller
- Aptim Federal Services, LLC, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Linnea J Heraty
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | | | - Neil C Sturchio
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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17
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Kroflič A, Anders J, Drventić I, Mettke P, Böge O, Mutzel A, Kleffmann J, Herrmann H. Guaiacol Nitration in a Simulated Atmospheric Aerosol with an Emphasis on Atmospheric Nitrophenol Formation Mechanisms. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2021; 5:1083-1093. [PMID: 34084985 PMCID: PMC8161671 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric nitrophenols are pollutants of concern due to their toxicity and light-absorption characteristics and their low reactivity resulting in relatively long residence times in the environment. We investigate multiphase nitrophenol formation from guaiacol in a simulated atmospheric aerosol and support observations with the corresponding chemical mechanisms. The maximal secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yield (42%) is obtained under illumination at 80% relative humidity. Among the identified nitrophenols, 4-nitrocatechol (3.6% yield) is the prevailing species in the particulate phase. The results point to the role of water in catechol and further 4-nitrocatechol formation from guaiacol. In addition, a new pathway of dark nitrophenol formation is suggested, which prevailed in dry air and roughly yielded 1% nitroguaiacols. Furthermore, the proposed mechanism possibly leads to oligomer formation via a phenoxy radical formation by oxidation with HONO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Kroflič
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute
for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Janine Anders
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute
for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ivana Drventić
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Mettke
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute
for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Olaf Böge
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute
for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anke Mutzel
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute
for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Kleffmann
- Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry, University of
Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute
for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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18
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Marussi G, Vione D. Secondary Formation of Aromatic Nitroderivatives of Environmental Concern: Photonitration Processes Triggered by the Photolysis of Nitrate and Nitrite Ions in Aqueous Solution. Molecules 2021; 26:2550. [PMID: 33925664 PMCID: PMC8124604 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic nitroderivatives are compounds of considerable environmental concern, because some of them are phytotoxic (especially the nitrophenols, and particularly 2,4-dinitrophenol), others are mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic (e.g., the nitroderivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as 1-nitropyrene), and all of them absorb sunlight as components of the brown carbon. The latter has the potential to affect the climatic feedback of atmospheric aerosols. Most nitroderivatives are secondarily formed in the environment and, among their possible formation processes, photonitration upon irradiation of nitrate or nitrite is an important pathway that has periodically gained considerable attention. However, photonitration triggered by nitrate and nitrite is a very complex process, because the two ionic species under irradiation produce a wide range of nitrating agents (such as •NO2, HNO2, HOONO, and H2OONO+), which are affected by pH and the presence of organic compounds and, in turn, deeply affect the nitration of aromatic precursors. Moreover, aromatic substrates can highly differ in their reactivity towards the various photogenerated species, thereby providing different behaviours towards photonitration. Despite the high complexity, it is possible to rationalise the different photonitration pathways in a coherent framework. In this context, this review paper has the goal of providing the reader with a guide on what to expect from the photonitration process under different conditions, how to study it, and how to determine which pathway(s) are prevailing in the formation of the observed nitroderivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Marussi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Davide Vione
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
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19
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UV/H2O2 oxidation of chloronitrobenzenes in waters revisited: Hydroxyl radical induced self-nitration. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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20
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Yang Y, Li X, Zu K, Lian C, Chen S, Dong H, Feng M, Liu H, Liu J, Lu K, Lu S, Ma X, Song D, Wang W, Yang S, Yang X, Yu X, Zhu Y, Zeng L, Tan Q, Zhang Y. Elucidating the effect of HONO on O 3 pollution by a case study in southwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 756:144127. [PMID: 33288267 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photolysis of nitrous acid (HONO) is one of the major sources for atmospheric hydroxyl radicals (OH), playing significant role in initiating tropospheric photochemical reactions for ozone (O3) production. However, scarce field investigations were conducted to elucidate this effect. In this study, a field campaign was conducted at a suburban site in southwest China. The whole observation was classified into three periods based on O3 levels and data coverage: the serious O3 pollution period (Aug 13-18 as P1), the O3 pollution period (Aug 22-28 as P2) and the clean period (Sep 3-12 as P3), with average O3 peak values of 96 ppb, 82 ppb and 44 ppb, respectively. There was no significant difference of the levels of O3 precursors (VOCs and NOx) between P1 and P2, and thus the evident elevation of OH peak values in P1 was suspected to be the most possible explanation for the higher O3 peak values. Considering the larger contribution of HONO photolysis to HOX primary production than photolysis of HCHO, O3 and ozonolysis of Alkenes, sensitivity tests of HONO reduction on O3 production rate in P1 are conducted by a 0-dimension model. Reduced HONO concentration effectively slows the O3 production in the morning, and such effect correlates with the calculated production rate of OH radicals from HONO photolysis. Higher HONO level supplying for OH radical initiation in the early morning might be the main reason for the higher O3 peak values in P1, which explained the correlation (R2 = 0.51) between average O3 value during daytime (10:00-19:00 LT) and average HONO value during early morning (00:00-05:00 LT). For nighttime accumulation, a suitable range of relative humidity that favored NO2 conversion within P1 was assumed to be the reason for the higher HONO concentration in the following early morning which promoted O3 peak values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Kexin Zu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chaofan Lian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Centre for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
| | - Huabin Dong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
| | - Miao Feng
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Hefan Liu
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Jingwei Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Sihua Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
| | - Xuefei Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Danlin Song
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Weigang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Centre for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Suding Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinping Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuena Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Qinwen Tan
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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21
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Nitta Y, Schalk O, Igarashi H, Wada S, Tsutsumi T, Saita K, Taketsugu T, Sekikawa T. Real-Time Probing of an Atmospheric Photochemical Reaction by Ultrashort Extreme Ultraviolet Pulses: Nitrous Acid Release from o-Nitrophenol. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:674-679. [PMID: 33393788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photolysis of o-nitrophenol, contained in brown carbon, is considered to be a major process for the generation of nitrous acid (HONO) in the atmosphere. In this Letter, we used time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy with 29.5 eV probe pulses and ab initio calculations to disentangle all reaction steps from the excitation to the dissociation of HONO. After excitation, intersystem crossing to the triplet manifold follows ultrafast excited-state intramolecular hydrogen transfer, where the molecules deplanarizes and finally splits off HONO after 0.5-1 ps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nitta
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Oliver Schalk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hironori Igarashi
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Satoi Wada
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takuro Tsutsumi
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Saita
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Taketsugu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Taro Sekikawa
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
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22
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Liu Y, Mekic M, Carena L, Vione D, Gligorovski S, Zhang G, Jin B. Tracking photodegradation products and bond-cleavage reaction pathways of triclosan using ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry and stable carbon isotope analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114673. [PMID: 32388298 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial compound ubiquitously found in surface waters throughout the world. Although several studies have focused on the photochemical degradation of TCS, there is still limited knowledge about its environmental fate. In this study, we got molecular-level insights into the photochemical degradation of TCS. Significant stable carbon isotope fractionation was observed during photodegradation; different bond-cleavage reaction pathways under different photolytic conditions were characterized, using compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA). Photochemical modeling of TCS photodegradation showed that direct photolysis would be the main transformation pathway if pH > 7, even in presence of dissolved organic matter. Moreover, by use of ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry, FT-ICR-MS, a broad and complex spectrum of organic by-products (some of which potentially toxic, as assessed by a quantitative structure-activity relationship approach) were identified. A detailed reaction mechanism was developed on the basis of the detected compounds. A possible sequence of steps leading to some of the detected product compounds in aqueous solution is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10069, China
| | - Majda Mekic
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10069, China
| | - Luca Carena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Vione
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Sasho Gligorovski
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Biao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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23
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Yang Y, Li X, Shen R, Liu Z, Ji D, Wang Y. Seasonal variation and sources of derivatized phenols in atmospheric fine particulate matter in North China Plain. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 89:136-144. [PMID: 31892386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Qualitative and quantitative analyses of derivatized phenols in Beijing and in Xinglong were performed from 2016 to 2017 using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed substantially more severe pollution in Beijing. Of the 14 compounds detected, the total average concentration was 100 ng/m3 in Beijing, compared with 11.6 ng/m3 in Xinglong. More specifically, concentration of nitro-aromatic compounds (NACs) (81.9 ng/m3 in Beijing and 8.49 ng/m3 in Xinglong) was the highest, followed by aromatic acids (14.6 ng/m3 in Beijing and 2.42 ng/m3 in Xinglong) and aromatic aldehydes (3.62 ng/m3 in Beijing and 0.681 ng/m3 in Xinglong). In terms of seasonal variation, the highest concentrations were found for 4-nitrocatechol in winter in Beijing (79.1 ± 63.9 ng/m3) and 4-nitrophenol in winter in Xinglong (9.72 ± 8.94 ng/m3). The analysis also revealed diurnal variations across different seasons. Most compounds presented higher concentrations at night in winter because of the decreased boundary layer height and increased heating intensity. While some presented higher levels during the day, which attributed to the photo-oxidation process for summer and more biomass burning activities for autumn. Higher concentrations appeared in winter and autumn than in spring and summer, which resulted from more coal combustions and adverse meteorological conditions. The significant correlations among NACs indicated similar sources of pollution. Higher correlations presented within each subgroup than those between the subgroups. Good correlations between levoglucosan and nitrophenols, nitrocatechols, nitrosalicylic acids, with correlation coefficients (r) of 0.66, 0.69 and 0.69, respectively, indicating an important role of biomass burning among primary sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Testing Center, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xingru Li
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Testing Center, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Rongrong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.
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24
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Aqueous Reactions of Sulfate Radical-Anions with Nitrophenols in Atmospheric Context. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10120795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Nitrophenols, hazardous environmental pollutants, react promptly with atmospheric oxidants such as hydroxyl or nitrate radicals. This work aimed to estimate how fast nitrophenols are removed from the atmosphere by the aqueous-phase reactions with sulfate radical-anions. The reversed-rates method was applied to determine the relative rate constants for reactions of 2-nitrophenol, 3-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol with sulfate radical-anions generated by the autoxidation of sodium sulfite catalyzed by iron(III) cations at ~298 K. The constants determined were: 9.08 × 108, 1.72 × 109, 6.60 × 108, 2.86 × 108, and 7.10 × 107 M−1 s−1, respectively. These values correlated linearly with the sums of Brown substituent coefficients and with the relative strength of the O–H bond of the respective nitrophenols. Rough estimation showed that the gas-phase reactions of 2-nitrophenol with hydroxyl or nitrate radicals dominated over the aqueous-phase reaction with sulfate radical-anions in deliquescent aerosol and haze water. In clouds, rains, and haze water, the aqueous-phase reaction of 2-nitrophenol with sulfate radical-anions dominated, provided the concentration of the radical-anions was not smaller than that of the hydroxyl or nitrate radicals. The results presented may be also interesting for designers of advanced oxidation processes for the removal of nitrophenol.
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25
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Lu J, Lei Y, Ma J, Liu X, Zhu M, Zhu C. Photochemical reaction kinetics and mechanistic investigations of nitrous acid with sulfamethazine in tropospheric water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:26134-26145. [PMID: 31280443 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05875-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous acid (HONO) is an important atmospheric pollutant that can strongly absorb ultraviolet irradiation in the region of 300-400 nm, as previously reported. Since the solar irradiance that reaches the surface of the earth has wavelengths greater than 290 nm, the photodissociation of HONO is considered the major method of hydroxyl radical formation in the troposphere. Thus, the photoinduced chemical reactivity of HONO is important. The present work investigated the reaction mechanism and kinetic parameters of HONO and sulfamethazine by using a laser flash photolysis technique and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results indicated that the sulfamethazine degradation rate was influenced by the HONO concentration and the initial concentration of sulfamethazine. Hydroxyl radicals derived from the photolysis of HONO attacked the aromatic ring of sulfamethazine to form sulfamethazine-OH adducts with a second-order rate constant of (3.8 ± 0.3) × 109 L mol-1 s-1. This intermediate would then react with HO· and oxygen molecules. The reaction rate constants of sulfamethazine-OH adducts with oxygen are (1.3 ± 0.1) × 107 L mol-1 s-1. The generation of sulfanilic acid and pyrimidine implies that the breaking down of S-N bonds of sulfamethazine and its HO adducts probably occur at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- Center of Analysis & Measurement, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Lei
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment & Pollution Control, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Ma
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment & Pollution Control, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Nanominerals and Pollution Control of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyu Zhu
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment & Pollution Control, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengzhu Zhu
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment & Pollution Control, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Nanominerals and Pollution Control of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Zhang J, Chen J, Xue C, Chen H, Zhang Q, Liu X, Mu Y, Guo Y, Wang D, Chen Y, Li J, Qu Y, An J. Impacts of six potential HONO sources on HO x budgets and SOA formation during a wintertime heavy haze period in the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 681:110-123. [PMID: 31102812 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model updated with six potential HONO sources (i.e., traffic, soil, biomass burning and indoor emissions, and heterogeneous reactions on aerosol and ground surfaces) was used to quantify the impact of the six potential HONO sources on the production and loss rates of OH and HO2 radicals and the concentrations of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the Beijing-Tianjin-Heibei (BTH) region of China during a winter heavy haze period of Nov. 29-Dec. 3, 2017. The updated WRF-Chem model well simulated the observed HONO concentrations at the Wangdu site, especially in the daytime, and well reproduced the observed diurnal variations of regional-mean O3 in the BTH region. The traffic emission source was an important HONO source during nighttime but not significant during daytime, heterogeneous reactions on ground/aerosol surfaces were important during nighttime and daytime. We found that the six potential HONO sources led to a significant enhancement in the dominant production and loss rates of HOx on the wintertime heavy haze and nonhaze days (particularly on the heavy haze day), an enhancement of 5-25 μg m-3 (75-200%) in the ground SOA in the studied heavy haze event, and an enhancement of 2-15 μg m-3 in the meridional-mean SOA on the heavy haze day, demonstrating that the six potential HONO sources accelerate the HOx cycles and aggravate haze events. HONO was the key precursor of primary OH in the BTH region in the studied wintertime period, and the photolysis of HONO produced a daytime mean OH production rate of 2.59 ppb h-1 on the heavy haze day, much higher than that of 0.58 ppb h-1 on the nonhaze day. Anthropogenic SOA dominated in the BTH region in the studied wintertime period, and its main precursors were xylenes (42%), BIGENE (31%) and toluene (21%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Beijing, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 36102, China
| | - Yitian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Danyun Wang
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jialin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Junling An
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 36102, China.
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27
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Kowacz M, Warszyński P. Beyond esterase-like activity of serum albumin. Histidine-(nitro)phenol radical formation in conversion cascade of p
-nitrophenyl acetate and the role of infrared light. J Mol Recognit 2019; 32:e2780. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kowacz
- Department of Bioengineering; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences; Krakow Poland
| | - Piotr Warszyński
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences; Krakow Poland
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28
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Ji Y, Shi Y, Yang Y, Yang P, Wang L, Lu J, Li J, Zhou L, Ferronato C, Chovelon JM. Rethinking sulfate radical-based oxidation of nitrophenols: Formation of toxic polynitrophenols, nitrated biphenyls and diphenyl ethers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 361:152-161. [PMID: 30179786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate radical (SO4-)-based oxidation of nitrophenols (NPs) have been widely studied; however, formation of potentially more toxic polynitroaromatic intermediates has been overlooked. In this contribution, we systematically investigated the degradation of four NPs by a SO4--based oxidation process. Degradation efficiency of NPs followed the order: 2-nitrophenol (2-NP) > 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) > 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) > 2,6-dinitrophenol (2,6-DNP). HPLC and LC-MS/MS analysis confirmed the formation of 2,4-DNP, 2,6-DNP and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (2,4,6-TNP) during NPs transformation by SO4-, suggesting that both denitration and renitration processes occurred. Nitrogen dioxide radicals (NO2) and phenoxy radicals are responsible for the formation of polynitrophenols. Coupling products including nitrated biphenyls and diphenyl ethers were also detected, which were proposed to be formed by combinations of resonance-stabilized radicals. Electron spin density and charge density calculation showed that ortho C-ortho C and ortho C-phenolic O were the most likely combination ways responsible for coupling products formation. ECOSAR program predicted that polynitrated diphenyl ethers and biphenyls had higher ecotoxicological effects on aquatic species such as fish and daphnia. Therefore, the formation of toxic polynitroaromatic intermediates in SO4--based advanced oxidation processes should be scrutinized before this technology can be safely utilized for water and wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefei Ji
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- SHU-UTS SILC Business School, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Yan Yang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Peizeng Yang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Junhe Lu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Jianhua Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Corinne Ferronato
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean-Marc Chovelon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
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In-Situ Deposition of Plasmonic Gold Nanotriangles and Nanoprisms onto Layered Hydroxides for Full-Range Photocatalytic Response towards the Selective Reduction of p-Nitrophenol. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8090354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we present photocatalysis as a greener alternative to conventional catalysis where harsh reaction conditions, temperature and/or pressure are needed. Photodegradation of organic pollutants is a cost-effective, eco-friendly solution for the decontamination of water and air, and is a field that has been continuously growing over the last decade. Plasmonic metal nanoparticles absorb light irradiation that is transferred to the chemical reaction in a different fashion. Furthermore, plasmonic nanostructures can be combined with other materials, such as semiconductors or a basic support, to create hybrid systems capable of overcoming certain challenges that photocatalysis is facing nowadays and to expand the photocatalytic response towards the whole visible-near infrared (Vis-NIR) ranges. The main objective of this work has been to in-situ synthesize plasmonic anisotropic gold nanoparticles onto hydrotalcite (HT) and calcined hydrotalcite (CHT) supports by way of a sequential deposition-reduction (DR) process and to evaluate their efficiency as heterogeneous catalysts towards the selective oxidation of p-nitrophenol (hereafter 4-NP), a well-known model contaminant, either in the absence or the presence of full-range light irradiation sources (LEDs) spanning the whole UV-Vis-NIR range. Special attention has been paid to the optimization of the catalyst preparation parameters, including the pH and the concentration of reducing and stabilizing agents. Interestingly, the use of thermally modified hydrotalcites has enabled a strong metal-support interaction to induce the preferential formation of triangular-shaped Au nanoparticles with ca. 0.8 wt.% loading while increasing the colloidal stability and surface area of the catalyst with respect to the commercial untreated HT supports.
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