1
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Chen Q, Wang X, Fu X, Li X, Alexander B, Peng X, Wang W, Xia M, Tan Y, Gao J, Chen J, Mu Y, Liu P, Wang T. Impact of Molecular Chlorine Production from Aerosol Iron Photochemistry on Atmospheric Oxidative Capacity in North China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:12585-12597. [PMID: 38956968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Elevated levels of atmospheric molecular chlorine (Cl2) have been observed during the daytime in recent field studies in China but could not be explained by the current chlorine chemistry mechanisms in models. Here, we propose a Cl2 formation mechanism initiated by aerosol iron photochemistry to explain daytime Cl2 formation. We implement this mechanism into the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model and investigate its impacts on the atmospheric composition in wintertime North China where high levels of Cl2 as well as aerosol chloride and iron were observed. The new mechanism accounts for more than 90% of surface air Cl2 production in North China and consequently increases the surface air Cl2 abundances by an order of magnitude, improving the model's agreement with observed Cl2. The presence of high Cl2 significantly alters the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere, with a factor of 20-40 increase in the chlorine radical concentration and a 20-40% increase in the hydroxyl radical concentration in regions with high aerosol chloride and iron loadings. This results in an increase in surface air ozone by about 10%. This new Cl2 formation mechanism will improve the model simulation capability for reactive chlorine abundances in the regions with high emissions of chlorine and iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjie Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xiao Fu
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Becky Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Xiang Peng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Weihao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Men Xia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yue Tan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering and Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
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2
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Chen G, Liu T, Chen J, Xu L, Hu B, Yang C, Fan X, Li M, Hong Y, Ji X, Chen J, Zhang F. Atmospheric oxidation capacity and O 3 formation in a coastal city of southeast China: Results from simulation based on four-season observation. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 136:68-80. [PMID: 37923476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The pollution of atmospheric ozone in China shows an obvious upward trend in the past decade. However, the studies on the atmospheric oxidation capacity and O3 formation in four seasons in the southeastern coastal region of China with the rapid urbanization remain limited. Here, a four-season field observation was carried out in a coastal city of southeast China, using an observation-based model combining with the Master Chemical Mechanism, to explore the atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC), radical chemistry, O3 formation pathways and sensitivity. The results showed that the average net O3 production rate (14.55 ppbv/hr) in summer was the strongest, but the average O3 concentrations in autumn was higher. The AOC and ROx levels presented an obvious seasonal pattern with the maximum value in summer, while the OH reactivity in winter was the highest with an average value of 22.75 sec-1. The OH reactivity was dominated by oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) (30.6%-42.8%), CO (23.2%-26.8%), NO2 (13.6%-22.0%), and alkenes (8.4%-12.5%) in different seasons. HONO photolysis dominated OH primary source on daytime in winter, while in other seasons, HONO photolysis in the morning and ozone photolysis in the afternoon contributed mostly. Sensitivity analysis indicated that O3 production was controlled by VOCs in spring, autumn and winter, but a VOC-limited and NOx-limited regime in summer, and alkene and aromatic species were the major controlling factors to O3 formation. Overall, the study characterized the atmospheric oxidation capacity and elucidated the controlling factors for O3 production in the coastal area with the rapid urbanization in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojie Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Taotao Liu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinsheng Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Lingling Xu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Baoye Hu
- Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaolong Fan
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Mengren Li
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Youwei Hong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiaoting Ji
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinfang Chen
- College of Harbour and Coastal Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Fuwang Zhang
- Environmental Monitoring Center of Fujian, Fuzhou 350013, China
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3
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Chen Y, Wang W, Li J, Zhou L, Shi B, Fan C, Wang K, Zhang H, Li H, Ge M. Kinetic and mechanism of the reaction between Cl and several mono-methyl branched alkanes. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 135:474-482. [PMID: 37778819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Branched alkanes are ubiquitous in the troposphere and play an important role in the chemical processes. In this work, the rate constants and products for the reaction of Cl atoms with 3-methylhexane and 2-methylheptane were measured at room temperature (298 ± 0.2 K) and atmospheric pressure using a conventional relative rate method. The rate constants of 3-methylhexane and 2-methylheptane in units of cm3/(mol·sec) are (3.09 ± 0.31) × 10-10 and (3.67 ± 0.40) × 10-10, respectively. Furthermore, the corresponding atmospheric lifetime of the studied branched alkanes with Cl was 6.92-89.90 hours and 5.82-75.69 hours, respectively. The estimated atmospheric lifetimes indicated that the reaction with Cl atoms could be the most important atmospheric degradation pathway for 3-methylhexane and 2-methylheptane. Primary gas-phase products of the reactions were identified and quantified, and particle-phase products were also obtained. The atmosphere oxidation mechanism of Cl atoms with 3-methylhexane and 2-methylheptane is proposed. The SOA yields of 3-methylhexane and 2-methylheptane from the reaction of Cl atoms were determined to be 7.96% ± 0.89% and 13.35% ± 1.50% respectively. Overall, the results reveal that the primary loss process of branched alkanes is the reaction with Cl atoms, which impacts its degradation on a regional scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Junling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Li Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Flue Gas Desulfurization, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Bo Shi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Cici Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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4
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Masoud C, Modi M, Bhattacharyya N, Jahn LG, McPherson KN, Abue P, Patel K, Allen DT, Hildebrandt Ruiz L. High Chlorine Concentrations in an Unconventional Oil and Gas Development Region and Impacts on Atmospheric Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15454-15464. [PMID: 37783466 PMCID: PMC10586373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Growth in unconventional oil and gas development (UOGD) in the United States has increased airborne emissions, raising environmental and human health concerns. To assess the potential impacts on air quality, we deployed instrumentation in Karnes City, Texas, a rural area in the middle of the Eagle Ford Shale. We measured several episodes of elevated Cl2 levels, reaching maximum hourly averages of 800 ppt, the highest inland Cl2 concentration reported to date. Concentrations peak during the day, suggesting a strong local source (given the short photolysis lifetime of Cl2) and/or a photoinitiated production mechanism. Well preproduction activity near the measurement site is a plausible source of these high Cl2 levels via direct emission and photoactive chemistry. ClNO2 is also observed, but it peaks overnight, consistent with well-known nocturnal formation processes. Observations of organochlorines in the gas and particle phases reflect the contribution of chlorine chemistry to the formation of secondary pollutants in the area. Box modeling results suggest that the formation of ozone at this location is influenced by chlorine chemistry. These results suggest that UOGD can be an important source of reactive chlorine in the atmosphere, impacting radical budgets and the formation of secondary pollutants in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine
G. Masoud
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Mrinali Modi
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Nirvan Bhattacharyya
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Leif G. Jahn
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kristi N. McPherson
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Pearl Abue
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kanan Patel
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - David T. Allen
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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5
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Ma W, Chen X, Xia M, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zheng F, Zhan J, Hua C, Wang Z, Wang W, Fu P, Kulmala M, Liu Y. Reactive Chlorine Species Advancing the Atmospheric Oxidation Capacities of Inland Urban Environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14638-14647. [PMID: 37738177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine (Cl) radicals from photolabile chlorine species are highly reactive and can affect the fate of air pollutants in the atmosphere. Although several campaigns have been conducted, typically in coastal environments, long-term observations of reactive chlorine species and their impacts on atmospheric oxidation capacities (AOCs) are lacking. Here, we report nearly full-year observations of Cl2 and ClNO2 levels in Beijing and evaluate their impacts on the AOC with a box model coupled with Cl chemistry. Cl radicals promote the circulation of OH-HO2-RO2 by accelerating the OH chain lengths by up to 12.6% on average, hence boosting the AOC, especially in the winter or spring. This promotion effect is nonlinearly dependent on the VOC and NOx concentrations, thus leading to a slight shift in ozone formation from a VOC-sensitive regime to a transition regime with seasonal differences. Given the ubiquitous reactive chlorines in polluted inland urban regions, the AOCs and the formation of secondary pollutants will be underestimated if the reactive chlorine species are neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ma
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Men Xia
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Yafei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuzheng Wang
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yusheng Zhang
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Feixue Zheng
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Junlei Zhan
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chenjie Hua
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zongcheng Wang
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Asicotech Company Limited, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Peng Fu
- Hebei Sailhero Environmental Protection Hi-tech, Ltd, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Wang C, Liggio J, Wentzell JJB, Jorga S, Folkerson A, Abbatt JPD. Chloramines as an important photochemical source of chlorine atoms in the urban atmosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220889120. [PMID: 37459517 PMCID: PMC10372683 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220889120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Monochloramine, dichloramine and trichloramine (NH2Cl, NHCl2, NCl3) are measured in the ambient atmosphere, in downtown Toronto in summer (median 39, 15 and 2.8 ppt) and winter (median 11, 7.3 and 0.7 ppt). NCl3 and NHCl2 were also measured in summer (median 1.3 and 14 ppt) from a suburban Toronto location. Measurements at two locations demonstrate prevalence of chloramines in an urban atmosphere. At both sites, NCl3 exhibits a strong diel pattern with maximum values during the night, and photolytic loss with sunrise. At the downtown site, a strong positive correlation between NH2Cl and NHCl2 in the summer night indicates a common source, with daily average peak mixing ratios approaching 500 and 250 ppt, respectively. As a previously unidentified source of chlorine (Cl) atoms, we demonstrate that NCl3 photolysis contributes 49 to 82% of the total local summertime Cl production rate at different times during the day with an average noontime peak of 3.8 × 105 atoms/cm3/s, with smaller contributions from ClNO2 and Cl2. Photolysis of NH2Cl and NHCl2 may augment this Cl production rate. Our measurements also demonstrate a daytime enhancement of chloroacetone in both the summer and winter, demonstrating the importance of Cl photochemistry. The results suggest that chloramines are an important source of Cl atoms in urban areas, with potential impacts on the abundance of organic compounds, ozone, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. Future studies should explore the vertical gradients of chloramines and their contribution to Cl production throughout the boundary layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 3H6, Canada
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - John Liggio
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ONM3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Jeremy J. B. Wentzell
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ONM3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Spiro Jorga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Andrew Folkerson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 3H6, Canada
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7
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Lin X, Hu R, Ma Z, Yue H, Wen Z, Zhang C, Fittschen C, Zhang W, Tang X. Cl-Initiated oxidation of methacrolein under NO x-free conditions studied by VUV photoionization mass spectrometry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:17471-17478. [PMID: 35822339 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02101c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Cl-initiated oxidation of methacrolein (MACR, C4H6O) under NOx-free conditions has been investigated in a fast flow tube by using a home-made vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization mass spectrometer complemented by high-level theoretical calculations. The key species such as intermediates and radicals together with products involved in the oxidation are observed online and confirmed in photoionization mass spectra. The reaction potential energy surfaces of the transient C4H5O and C4H6OCl radicals, formed from the hydrogen-abstraction reaction and the addition reaction of MACR with Cl atoms, with oxygen have been theoretically calculated to illuminate the formation of the peroxy radicals of C4H5OO2 and C4H6OClO2. The photoionization processes of these peroxy radicals, whose cations are not stable, and their individual self-reactions as well as bimolecular reactions with HO2 radical are studied and discussed. In addition, kinetic experiments are also performed to get the time evolution of specific products and compared with theoretical models, providing a detailed insight into the reaction mechanism of the Cl-initiated oxidation of MACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Lin
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031 Anhui, China.
| | - Rongrong Hu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031 Anhui, China.
| | - Ziji Ma
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031 Anhui, China.
| | - Hao Yue
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031 Anhui, China.
| | - Zuoying Wen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031 Anhui, China.
| | - Cuihong Zhang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031 Anhui, China. .,University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522, PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Christa Fittschen
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522, PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031 Anhui, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Tang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031 Anhui, China.
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8
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Wang DS, Masoud CG, Modi M, Hildebrandt Ruiz L. Isoprene-Chlorine Oxidation in the Presence of NO x and Implications for Urban Atmospheric Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9251-9264. [PMID: 35700480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a key indicator of urban air quality. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) contributes substantially to the PM2.5 concentration. Discrepancies between modeling and field measurements of SOA indicate missing sources and formation mechanisms. Recent studies report elevated concentrations of reactive chlorine species in inland and urban regions, which increase the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere and serve as sources for SOA and particulate chlorides. Chlorine-initiated oxidation of isoprene, the most abundant nonmethane hydrocarbon, is known to produce SOA under pristine conditions, but the effects of anthropogenic influences in the form of nitrogen oxides (NOx) remain unexplored. Here, we investigate chlorine-isoprene reactions under low- and high-NOx conditions inside an environmental chamber. Organic chlorides including C5H11ClO3, C5H9ClO3, and C5H9ClO4 are observed as major gas- and particle-phase products. Modeling and experimental results show that the secondary OH-isoprene chemistry is significantly enhanced under high-NOx conditions, accounting for up to 40% of all isoprene oxidized and leading to the suppression of organic chloride formation. Chlorine-initiated oxidation of isoprene could serve as a source for multifunctional (chlorinated) organic oxidation products and SOA in both pristine and anthropogenically influenced environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu S Wang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Catherine G Masoud
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Mrinali Modi
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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9
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Arathala P, Musah RA. Thermochemistry and Kinetics of the Atmospheric Oxidation Reactions of Propanesulfinyl Chloride Initiated by OH Radicals: A Computational Approach. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4264-4276. [PMID: 35758544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The thermochemistry and kinetics of the atmospheric oxidation mechanism for propanesulfinyl chloride (CH3-CH2-CH2-S(═O)Cl; PSICl) initiated by the hydroxyl (OH) radical were investigated with high level quantum chemistry calculations and the Master equation solver for multi-energy well reaction (Mesmer) kinetic code. The mechanism for the oxidation of PSICl in the presence of OH radical can proceed via H-abstraction and substitution pathways. The CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pV(T+d)Z//MP2/aug-cc-pV(T+d)Z level calculated energies revealed addition of the OH radical to the S-atom of the sulfinyl (-S(═O)) moiety, followed by cleavage of the Cl-S(═O) single bond, leading to formation of propanesulfinic acid (PSIA) and the Cl radical to be the major pathway when compared to all other possible channels. The transition state barrier height for this reaction was found to be -3.0 kcal mol-1 relative to the energy of the starting PSICl + OH radical reactants. The rate coefficients were calculated for all possible paths in the atmospherically relevant temperature range of 200-320 K and at 1 atm. The rate coefficient for the formation of the PSIA + Cl radical from the PSICl + OH radical reaction was found to be 8.2 × 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 298 K and a pressure of 1 atm. From branching ratio calculations, it was revealed that the reaction resulting in the formation of the PSIA + Cl radical contributed ∼52% to the total reaction. The overall rate coefficient for the PSICl + OH reaction was also calculated and found to be 1.6 × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 298 K and a pressure of 1 atm. In the aggregate, the results indicate the atmospheric lifetime of PSICl to be ∼12-20 h in the temperature range between 200 and 320 K, which suggests that its contribution to global warming is negligible. However, the degradation products revealed to be formed in its interactions with the OH radical, which include that SO2, Cl radical, HO2 radical, and propylene have significant effects on the formation of acid rain, secondary organic aerosols, the ozone layer, and global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parandaman Arathala
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany─State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Rabi A Musah
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany─State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
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10
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Zhang B, Shen H, Yun X, Zhong Q, Henderson BH, Wang X, Shi L, Gunthe SS, Huey LG, Tao S, Russell AG, Liu P. Global Emissions of Hydrogen Chloride and Particulate Chloride from Continental Sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3894-3904. [PMID: 35319880 PMCID: PMC10558010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous and particulate chlorine species play an important role in modulating tropospheric oxidation capacity, aerosol water uptake, visibility degradation, and human health. The lack of recent global continental chlorine emissions has hindered modeling studies of the role of chlorine in the atmosphere. Here, we develop a comprehensive global emission inventory of gaseous HCl and particulate Cl- (pCl), including 35 sources categorized in six source sectors based on published up-to-date activity data and emission factors. These emissions are gridded at a spatial resolution of 0.1° × 0.1° for the years 1960 to 2014. The estimated emissions of HCl and pCl in 2014 are 2354 (1661-3201) and 2321 (930-3264) Gg Cl a-1, respectively. Emissions of HCl are mostly from open waste burning (38%), open biomass burning (19%), energy (19%), and residential (13%) sectors, and the major sources classified by fuel type are combustion of waste (43%), biomass (32%), and coal (25%). Emissions of pCl are mostly from biofuel (29%) and open biomass burning processes (44%). The sectoral and spatial distributions of HCl and pCl emissions are very heterogeneous along the study period, and the temporal trends are mainly driven by the changes in emission factors, energy intensity, economy, and population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Zhang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Huizhong Shen
- School of Environmental science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xiao Yun
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qirui Zhong
- Department of Earth Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Barron H. Henderson
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Xuan Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Liuhua Shi
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Sachin S. Gunthe
- EWRE Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Lewis Gregory Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Shu Tao
- School of Environmental science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Armistead G. Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Pengfei Liu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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11
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Peng X, Wang T, Wang W, Ravishankara AR, George C, Xia M, Cai M, Li Q, Salvador CM, Lau C, Lyu X, Poon CN, Mellouki A, Mu Y, Hallquist M, Saiz-Lopez A, Guo H, Herrmann H, Yu C, Dai J, Wang Y, Wang X, Yu A, Leung K, Lee S, Chen J. Photodissociation of particulate nitrate as a source of daytime tropospheric Cl 2. Nat Commun 2022; 13:939. [PMID: 35177585 PMCID: PMC8854671 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorine atoms (Cl) are highly reactive and can strongly influence the abundances of climate and air quality-relevant trace gases. Despite extensive research on molecular chlorine (Cl2), a Cl precursor, in the polar atmosphere, its sources in other regions are still poorly understood. Here we report the daytime Cl2 concentrations of up to 1 ppbv observed in a coastal area of Hong Kong, revealing a large daytime source of Cl2 (2.7 pptv s−1 at noon). Field and laboratory experiments indicate that photodissociation of particulate nitrate by sunlight under acidic conditions (pH < 3.0) can activate chloride and account for the observed daytime Cl2 production. The high Cl2 concentrations significantly increased atmospheric oxidation. Given the ubiquitous existence of chloride, nitrate, and acidic aerosols, we propose that nitrate photolysis is a significant daytime chlorine source globally. This so far unaccounted for source of chlorine can have substantial impacts on atmospheric chemistry. This study unravels an important daytime Cl2 source in the extra-polar atmosphere and shows that photolysis of particle nitrate at high acidity produced unprecedented levels of Cl2, boosting the oxidative power and air pollutants like O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Peng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China.,Department of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring, China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
| | - Weihao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China.,Hangzhou PuYu Technology Development Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| | - A R Ravishankara
- Departments of Atmospheric Science and Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Christian George
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne, 69626, France
| | - Men Xia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Min Cai
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS/OSUC, 45071, Orléans, Cedex 2, France
| | - Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Christian Mark Salvador
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden.,Balik Scientist Program, Department of Science and Technology - Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development, Bicutan, Taguig, 1630, Philippines
| | - Chiho Lau
- Air Science Group Environmental Protection Department, HKSAR, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xiaopu Lyu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Chun Nan Poon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS/OSUC, 45071, Orléans, Cedex 2, France
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Mattias Hallquist
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Hai Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), 04318, Leipzig, Germany.,School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Chuan Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China.,Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Jianing Dai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China.,Environmental Modeling Group, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, 20146, Germany
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xinke Wang
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne, 69626, France
| | - Alfred Yu
- Air Science Group Environmental Protection Department, HKSAR, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Kenneth Leung
- Air Science Group Environmental Protection Department, HKSAR, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Shuncheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Shanghai, 200433, China
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12
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Ojha N, Soni M, Kumar M, Gunthe SS, Chen Y, Ansari TU. Mechanisms and Pathways for Coordinated Control of Fine Particulate Matter and Ozone. CURRENT POLLUTION REPORTS 2022; 8:594-604. [PMID: 35991936 PMCID: PMC9376561 DOI: 10.1007/s40726-022-00229-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ground-level ozone (O3) pose a significant risk to human health. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently revised healthy thresholds for both pollutants. The formation and evolution of PM2.5 and O3 are however governed by complex physical and multiphase chemical processes, and therefore, it is extremely challenging to mitigate both pollutants simultaneously. Here, we review mechanisms and discuss the science-informed pathways for effective and simultaneous mitigation of PM2.5 and O3. RECENT FINDINGS Global warming has led to a general increase in biogenic emissions, which can enhance the formation of O3 and secondary organic aerosols. Reductions in anthropogenic emissions during the COVID-19 lockdown reduced PM2.5; however, O3 was enhanced in several polluted regions. This was attributed to more intense sunlight due to low aerosol loading and non-linear response of O3 to NO x . Such contrasting physical and chemical interactions hinder the formulation of a clear roadmap for clean air over such regions. SUMMARY Atmospheric chemistry including the role of biogenic emissions, aerosol-radiation interactions, boundary layer, and regional-scale transport are the key aspects that need to be carefully considered in the formulation of mitigation pathways. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the chemical effects of the emission reductions, changes in photolytic rates and boundary layer due to perturbation of solar radiation, and the effect of meteorological/seasonal changes are needed on a regional basis. Statistical emulators and machine learning approaches can aid the cumbersome process of multi-sector multi-species source attribution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meghna Soni
- Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
- Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sachin S. Gunthe
- EWRE Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland
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13
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Ding Z, Tian S, Dang J, Zhang Q. New mechanistic understanding for atmospheric oxidation of isoprene initiated by atomic chlorine. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149768. [PMID: 34438153 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is the most abundant non-methane VOC and a significant SOA contributor. The atmospheric oxidation initiated by atomic chlorine is an important sink for isoprene, especially in certain regions with high Cl concentration, while its detailed oxidation mechanism remains unclear. In this work, we comprehensively investigated the reaction mechanism of isoprene with Cl using quantum chemistry calculation, and first elaborated the specific reaction mechanisms of chloroalkenyl peroxy radicals with HO2/NO and the formation of 2-methylbut-3-enal, highlighting their important roles in the SOA formation. For the initial reactions, Cl additions to terminal carbons and H abstraction from CH3 moiety of isoprene are the predominant reactions, which is consistent with previous research. Following the initial reactions, their subsequent reactions with O2 and HO2 (or NO) under different atmospheric conditions could lead to the formation of 17 highly oxidized molecules (HOMs), of which P10, P12, P16, P17, P19 and P33 generated by the subsequent reactions of the major first-generation products (MVK, CMBO, CMBA and MBO) have been detected in the reaction process of isoprene with Cl in the chamber experiment. In addition to auto-oxidation process, the reaction of chloroalkenyl peroxy radicals with HO2/NO and their subsequent reactions are all easy to occur under atmospheric conditions, which could be crucial contributors to the formation of HOMs and SOA arising from the Cl initiated oxidation of isoprene. This study would be conducive to clarifying the atmospheric oxidation process of isoprene initiated by Cl and providing a new understanding of its SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhezheng Ding
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shuai Tian
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Juan Dang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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14
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Guo C, Yang M, He J, Kan G, Yu K, Liu Z, Lin S, Jiang J, Zhang H. Hypochlorous acid initiated lipid chlorination at air-water interface. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149320. [PMID: 34340067 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There has been a surge of interest in interfacial hypochlorous acid (HOCl) chemistry for indoor air quality and public health. Here we combined nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry (nESI-MS) and acoustic levitation (AL) techniques to study the chlorination chemistry of three model lipids (DPPE, POPG, DOPG) mediated by HOCl at the air-water interface of levitated water droplet. For DPPE with no CC double bonds, HOCl was insensitive to the alkane chains, and showed considerable delay directing to head amino groups compared to that in aqueous environment. Chlorination chemistry, for POPG and DOPG with CC double bonds, preferentially reacted with double bonds of one chain. The mechanism was discussed in light of these observations, and it is concluded that the increased hydrophilicity of the chlorinated chain disturbed the lipid packing and attracted it toward the water phase. In addition, the reaction rate constant and reactive uptake coefficient suggested that the chlorination of lipids exposed to HOCl at the air-water interface is likely to occur rapidly. These results gain the knowledge of HOCl mediated lipid interface reaction at the molecule level, and would better understand the adverse health effects associated with elevated indoor pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlu Guo
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
| | - Miao Yang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
| | - Jing He
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
| | - Guangfeng Kan
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
| | - Kai Yu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
| | - Sifan Lin
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China.
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15
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Peng X, Wang W, Xia M, Chen H, Ravishankara AR, Li Q, Saiz-Lopez A, Liu P, Zhang F, Zhang C, Xue L, Wang X, George C, Wang J, Mu Y, Chen J, Wang T. An unexpected large continental source of reactive bromine and chlorine with significant impact on wintertime air quality. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 8:nwaa304. [PMID: 34691692 PMCID: PMC8310770 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Halogen atoms affect the budget of ozone and the fate of pollutants such as hydrocarbons and mercury. Yet their sources and significances in polluted continental regions are poorly understood. Here we report the observation of unprecedented levels (averaging at 60 parts per trillion) of bromine chloride (BrCl) at a mid-latitude site in North China during winter. Widespread coal burning in rural households and a photo-assisted process were the primary source of BrCl and other bromine gases. BrCl contributed about 55% of both bromine and chlorine atoms. The halogen atoms increased the abundance of 'conventional' tropospheric oxidants (OH, HO2 and RO2) by 26%-73%, and enhanced oxidation of hydrocarbon by nearly a factor of two and the net ozone production by 55%. Our study reveals the significant role of reactive halogen in winter atmospheric chemistry and the deterioration of air quality in continental regions where uncontrolled coal combustion is prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Peng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Weihao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Men Xia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering and Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - A R Ravishankara
- Departments of Atmospheric Science and Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering and Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Christian George
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne 69626, France
| | - Jinhe Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering and Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
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16
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Qu H, Wang Y, Zhang R, Liu X, Huey LG, Sjostedt S, Zeng L, Lu K, Wu Y, Shao M, Hu M, Tan Z, Fuchs H, Broch S, Wahner A, Zhu T, Zhang Y. Chemical Production of Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds Strongly Enhances Boundary-Layer Oxidation Chemistry and Ozone Production. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13718-13727. [PMID: 34623137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photolysis of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) produces a primary source of free radicals, including OH and inorganic and organic peroxy radicals (HO2 and RO2), consequently increasing photochemical ozone production. The amplification of radical cycling through OVOC photolysis provides an important positive feedback mechanism to accelerate ozone production. The large production of OVOCs near the surface helps promote photochemistry in the whole boundary layer. This amplifier effect is most significant in regions with high nitrogen oxides (NOx) and VOC concentrations such as Wangdu, China. Using a 1-D model with comprehensive observations at Wangdu and the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM), we find that OVOC photolysis is the largest free-radical source in the boundary layer (46%). The condensed chemistry mechanism we used severely underestimates the OVOC amplifier effect in the boundary layer, resulting in a lower ozone production rate sensitivity to NOx emissions. Due to this underestimation, the model-simulated threshold NOx emission value, below which ozone production decreases with NOx emission decrease, is biased low by 24%. The underestimated OVOC amplifier effect in a condensed mechanism implies a low bias in the current 3-D model-estimated efficacy of NOx emission reduction on controlling ozone in polluted urban and suburban regions of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Qu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ruixiong Zhang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Lewis Gregory Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Steven Sjostedt
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yusheng Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Shao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhaofeng Tan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Hendrik Fuchs
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Sebastian Broch
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Andreas Wahner
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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17
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Li Q, Fu X, Peng X, Wang W, Badia A, Fernandez RP, Cuevas CA, Mu Y, Chen J, Jimenez JL, Wang T, Saiz-Lopez A. Halogens Enhance Haze Pollution in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13625-13637. [PMID: 34591460 PMCID: PMC8529710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Severe and persistent haze events in northern China, characterized by high loading of fine aerosol especially of secondary origin, negatively impact human health and the welfare of ecosystems. However, current knowledge cannot fully explain the formation of this haze pollution. Despite field observations of elevated levels of reactive halogen species (e.g., BrCl, ClNO2, Cl2, HBr) at several sites in China, the influence of halogens (particularly bromine) on haze pollution is largely unknown. Here, for the first time, we compile an emission inventory of anthropogenic bromine and quantify the collective impact of halogens on haze pollution in northern China. We utilize a regional model (WRF-Chem), revised to incorporate updated halogen chemistry and anthropogenic chlorine and bromine emissions and validated by measurements of atmospheric pollutants and halogens, to show that halogens enhance the loading of fine aerosol in northern China (on average by 21%) and especially its secondary components (∼130% for secondary organic aerosol and ∼20% for sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium aerosols). Such a significant increase is attributed to the enhancement of atmospheric oxidants (OH, HO2, O3, NO3, Cl, and Br) by halogen chemistry, with a significant contribution from previously unconsidered bromine. These results show that higher recognition of the impact of anthropogenic halogens shall be given in haze pollution research and air quality regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyi Li
- Department
of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry
Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Xiao Fu
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Institute
of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate
School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiang Peng
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Weihao Wang
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Alba Badia
- Institute
of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Rafael P. Fernandez
- Department
of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry
Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
- Institute
for Interdisciplinary Science (ICB), National Research Council (CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza M5502JMA, Argentina
| | - Carlos A. Cuevas
- Department
of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry
Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jose L. Jimenez
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences and Department of
Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department
of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry
Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
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18
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Li J, Zhang N, Wang P, Choi M, Ying Q, Guo S, Lu K, Qiu X, Wang S, Hu M, Zhang Y, Hu J. Impacts of chlorine chemistry and anthropogenic emissions on secondary pollutants in the Yangtze river delta region. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117624. [PMID: 34192645 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Multiphase chemistry of chlorine is coupled into a 3D regional air quality model (CMAQv5.0.1) to investigate the impacts on the atmospheric oxidation capacity, ozone (O3), as well as fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its major components over the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region. The developed model has significantly improved the simulated hydrochloric acid (HCl), particulate chloride (PCl), and hydroxyl (OH) and hydroperoxyl (HO2) radicals. O3 is enhanced in the high chlorine emission regions by up to 4% and depleted in the rest of the region. PM2.5 is enhanced by 2-6%, mostly due to the increases in PCl, ammonium, organic aerosols, and sulfate. Nitrate exhibits inhomogeneous variations, by up to 8% increase in Shanghai and 2-5% decrease in most of the domain. Radicals show different responses to the inclusion of the multiphase chlorine chemistry during the daytime and nighttime. Both OH and HO2 are increased throughout the day, while nitrate radicals (NO3) and organic peroxy radicals (RO2) show an opposite pattern during the daytime and nighttime. Higher HCl and PCl emissions can further enhance the atmospheric oxidation capacity, O3, and PM2.5. Therefore, the anthropogenic chlorine emission inventory must be carefully evaluated and constrained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 99907, Hong Kong, China
| | - Minsu Choi
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xionghui Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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19
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Zhao X, Shi X, Ma X, Wang J, Xu F, Zhang Q, Li Y, Teng Z, Han Y, Wang Q, Wang W. Simulation Verification of Barrierless HONO Formation from the Oxidation Reaction System of NO, Cl, and Water in the Atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7850-7857. [PMID: 34019399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous acid (HONO) is a major source of hydroxyl (OH) radicals, and identifying its source is crucial to atmospheric chemistry. Here, a new formation route of HONO from the reaction of NO with Cl radicals with the aid of one or two water molecules [(Cl) (NO) (H2O)n (n = 1-2)] as well as on the droplet surface was found by Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamic simulation and metadynamic simulation. The (Cl) (NO) (H2O)1 (monohydrate) system exhibited a free-energy barrier of approximately 0.95 kcal mol-1, whereas the (Cl) (NO) (H2O)2 (dihydrate) system was barrierless. For the dihydrate system and the reaction of NO with Cl radicals on the droplet surface, only one water molecule participated in the reaction and the other acted as the "solvent" molecule. The production rates of HONO suggested that the monohydrate system ([NO] = 8.56 × 1012 molecule cm-3, [Cl] = 8.00 × 106 molecule cm-3, [H2O] = 5.18 × 1017 molecule cm-3) could account for 40.3% of the unknown HONO production rate (Punknown) at site 1 and 53.8% of Punknown at site 2 in the East China Sea. This study identified the importance of the reaction system of NO, Cl, and water molecules in the formation of HONO in the marine boundary layer region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwei Zhao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Xiangli Shi
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Fei Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Zhuochao Teng
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Han
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
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20
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Yi X, Yin S, Huang L, Li H, Wang Y, Wang Q, Chan A, Traoré D, Ooi MCG, Chen Y, Allen DT, Li L. Anthropogenic emissions of atomic chlorine precursors in the Yangtze River Delta region, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:144644. [PMID: 33736175 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine radical plays an important role in the formation of ozone and secondary aerosols in the troposphere. It is hence important to develop comprehensive emissions inventory of chlorine precursors in order to enhance our understanding of the role of chlorine chemistry in ozone and secondary pollution issues. Based on a bottom-up methodology, this study presents a comprehensive emission inventory for major atomic chlorine precursors in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region of China for the year 2017. Four primary chlorine precursors are considered in this study: hydrogen chloride (HCl), fine particulate chloride (Cl-) (Cl- in PM2.5), chlorine gas (Cl2), and hypochlorous acid (HClO) with emissions estimated for twelve source categories. The total emissions of these four species in the YRD region are estimated to be 20,424 t, 15,719 t, 1556 and 9331 t, respectively. The emissions of HCl are substantial, with major emissions from biomass burning and coal combustion, together accounting for 68% of the total HCl emissions. Fine particulate Cl- is mainly emitted from industrial processing, biomass burning and waste incineration. The emissions of Cl2 and HClO are mainly associated with usage of chlorine-containing disinfectants, for example, water treatment, wastewater treatment, and swimming pools. Emissions of each chlorine precursor are spatially allocated based on the characteristics of individual source category. This study provides important basic dataset for further studies with respect to the effects of chlorine chemistry on the formation of air pollution complex in the YRD region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Sijia Yin
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ling Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hongli Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yangjun Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Andy Chan
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih 43500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dramane Traoré
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Maggie Chel Gee Ooi
- Institute of Climate Change, National University of Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yonghang Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - David T Allen
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Resources, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78758, United States
| | - Li Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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21
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Liu T, Chan AWH, Abbatt JPD. Multiphase Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide in Aerosol Particles: Implications for Sulfate Formation in Polluted Environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4227-4242. [PMID: 33760581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) forms sulfate-containing aerosol particles that impact air quality, climate, and human and ecosystem health. It is well-known that in-cloud oxidation of SO2 frequently dominates over gas-phase oxidation on regional and global scales. Multiphase oxidation involving aerosol particles, fog, and cloud droplets has been generally thought to scale with liquid water content (LWC) so multiphase oxidation would be negligible for aerosol particles due to their low aerosol LWC. However, recent field evidence, particularly from East Asia, shows that fast sulfate formation prevails in cloud-free environments that are characterized by high aerosol loadings. By assuming that the kinetics of cloud water chemistry prevails for aerosol particles, most atmospheric models do not capture this phenomenon. Therefore, the field of aerosol SO2 multiphase chemistry has blossomed in the past decade, with many oxidation processes proposed to bridge the difference between modeled and observed sulfate mass loadings. This review summarizes recent advances in the fundamental understanding of the aerosol multiphase oxidation of SO2, with a focus on environmental conditions that affect the oxidation rate, experimental challenges, mechanisms and kinetics results for individual reaction pathways, and future research directions. Compared to dilute cloud water conditions, this paper highlights the differences that arise at the molecular level with the extremely high solute strengths present in aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyu Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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22
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Sommariva R, Crilley LR, Ball SM, Cordell RL, Hollis LDJ, Bloss WJ, Monks PS. Enhanced wintertime oxidation of VOCs via sustained radical sources in the urban atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 274:116563. [PMID: 33561599 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Daytime atmospheric oxidation chemistry is conventionally considered to be driven primarily by the OH radical, formed via photolytic sources. In this paper we examine how, during winter when photolytic processes are slow, chlorine chemistry can have a significant impact on oxidative processes in the urban boundary layer. Photolysis of nitryl chloride (ClNO2) provides a significant source of chlorine atoms, which enhances the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the production of atmospheric pollutants. We present a set of observations of ClNO2 and HONO made at urban locations in central England in December 2014 and February 2016. While direct emissions and in-situ chemical formation of HONO continue throughout the day, ClNO2 is only formed at night and is usually completely photolyzed by midday. Our data show that, during winter, ClNO2 often persists through the daylight hours at mixing ratios above 10-20 ppt (on average). In addition, relatively high mixing ratios of daytime HONO (>65 ppt) provide a strong source of OH radicals throughout the day. The combined effects of ClNO2 and HONO result in sustained sources of Cl and OH radicals from sunrise to sunset, which form additional ozone, PAN, oxygenated VOCs, and secondary organic aerosol. We show that radical sources such as ClNO2 and HONO can lead to a surprisingly photoactive urban atmosphere during winter and should therefore be included in atmospheric chemical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Sommariva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Leigh R Crilley
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stephen M Ball
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | | | - William J Bloss
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul S Monks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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23
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Wang X, Jacob DJ, Fu X, Wang T, Breton ML, Hallquist M, Liu Z, McDuffie EE, Liao H. Effects of Anthropogenic Chlorine on PM 2.5 and Ozone Air Quality in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9908-9916. [PMID: 32600027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
China has large anthropogenic chlorine emissions from agricultural fires, residential biofuel, waste incineration, coal combustion, and industrial processes. Here we quantify the effects of chlorine on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone air quality across China by using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model with comprehensive anthropogenic emissions and detailed representation of gas-phase and heterogeneous chlorine chemistry. Comparison of the model to observed ClNO2, HCl, and particulate Cl- concentrations shows that reactive chlorine in China is mainly anthropogenic, unlike in other continental regions where it is mostly of marine origin. The model is successful in reproducing observed concentrations and their distributions, lending confidence in the anthropogenic chlorine emission estimates and the resulting chemistry. We find that anthropogenic chlorine emissions increase total inorganic PM2.5 by as much as 3.2 μg m-3 on an annual mean basis through the formation of ammonium chloride, partly compensated by a decrease of nitrate because ClNO2 formation competes with N2O5 hydrolysis. Annual mean MDA8 surface ozone increases by up to 1.9 ppb, mainly from ClNO2 chemistry, while reactivities of volatile organic compounds increase (by up to 48% for ethane). We find that a sufficient representation of chlorine chemistry in air quality models can be obtained from consideration of HCl/Cl- thermodynamics and ClNO2 chemistry, because other more complicated aspects of chlorine chemistry have a relatively minor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Daniel J Jacob
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Xiao Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael Le Breton
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mattias Hallquist
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Erin E McDuffie
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Energy, Environment, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Hong Liao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
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24
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Hong Y, Liu Y, Chen X, Fan Q, Chen C, Chen X, Wang M. The role of anthropogenic chlorine emission in surface ozone formation during different seasons over eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 723:137697. [PMID: 32392687 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic chlorine emission is an important source of Cl radicals, which plays an important role in the oxidative chemistry of the troposphere. However, its seasonal impacts on surface ozone levels in China have yet been comprehensively explored. In this study, we conducted numerical simulations for January, April, July and October 2015 by using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system with updated heterogeneous reactions of nitrogen oxides with particulate chlorine and updated Anthropogenic Chlorine Emission Inventory for China (ACEIC). Two experiments with and without ACEIC in the model were established, and their results were compared with each other. The model can faithfully reproduce the magnitudes and variations of meteorological parameters and air pollutant concentrations. Cl radicals were generated by the photolysis of ClNO2, ClNO and Cl2, HCl oxidation by OH radicals, and the heterogeneous reactions of NO3 with particulate Cl-. ClNO2 and ClNO were mainly produced from the heterogeneous reactions of N2O5 and NO2 with particulate Cl-, respectively. The spatial and seasonal variations ofz these chlorinated species and their responses to the implementation of ACEIC were revealed in this study. Our results suggested that besides N2O5, the heterogeneous reactions of NO2 and NO3 with particulate Cl- could be important sources of Cl radicals. Anthropogenic chlorine emission increased the Cl radical concentration through enhancing the photolysis of ClNO, Cl2, and ClNO2. The implementation of ACEIC in the model increased the degradation of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) not only by Cl radicals but also by OH radicals. Although the seasonal variation of AECIE was insignificant, the larger formation of Cl radicals caused by higher levels of NOx in January was counteracted by the larger loss of them due to more VOCs degradations, resulting in a lower increase in Cl radicals due to the implementation of ACEIC compared with other months. The anthropogenic chlorine emissions increased the monthly mean maximum daily 8-hour average (MDA8) O3 mixing ratio by up to 4.9 ppbv, and increased the 1-hour O3 mixing ratio by up to 34.3 ppbv. The impact of ACEIC was the most significant in January and the least in July due to the high emissions of NOx and VOCs and adverse meteorological conditions in winter. It indicated that although the ozone concentration was low, the anthropogenic chlorine emission significantly contributed to the atmospheric oxidation capacity and increase ozone concentrations in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Hong
- Guangdong Ecological Meteorology Center, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston 02115, USA
| | - Qi Fan
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China.
| | - Chen Chen
- Foshan Meteorological Bureau, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Xunlai Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Severe Weather in South China, Shenzhen 518040, China
| | - Mingjie Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Severe Weather in South China, Shenzhen 518040, China
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25
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Tan Z, Hofzumahaus A, Lu K, Brown SS, Holland F, Huey LG, Kiendler-Scharr A, Li X, Liu X, Ma N, Min KE, Rohrer F, Shao M, Wahner A, Wang Y, Wiedensohler A, Wu Y, Wu Z, Zeng L, Zhang Y, Fuchs H. No Evidence for a Significant Impact of Heterogeneous Chemistry on Radical Concentrations in the North China Plain in Summer 2014. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5973-5979. [PMID: 32343120 PMCID: PMC7240937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide by hydroperoxy (HO2) and organic peroxy radicals (RO2) is responsible for the chemical net ozone production in the troposphere and for the regeneration of hydroxyl radicals, the most important oxidant in the atmosphere. In Summer 2014, a field campaign was conducted in the North China Plain, where increasingly severe ozone pollution has been experienced in the last years. Chemical conditions in the campaign were representative for this area. Radical and trace gas concentrations were measured, allowing for calculating the turnover rates of gas-phase radical reactions. Therefore, the importance of heterogeneous HO2 uptake on aerosol could be experimentally determined. HO2 uptake could have suppressed ozone formation at that time because of the competition with gas-phase reactions that produce ozone. The successful reduction of the aerosol load in the North China Plain in the last years could have led to a significant decrease of HO2 loss on particles, so that ozone-forming reactions could have gained importance in the last years. However, the analysis of the measured radical budget in this campaign shows that HO2 aerosol uptake did not impact radical chemistry for chemical conditions in 2014. Therefore, reduced HO2 uptake on aerosol since then is likely not the reason for the increasing number of ozone pollution events in the North China Plain, contradicting conclusions made from model calculations reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofeng Tan
- Institute
of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Andreas Hofzumahaus
- Institute
of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Keding Lu
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 100871 Beijing, China
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Steven S. Brown
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research
Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Frank Holland
- Institute
of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Lewis Gregory Huey
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Astrid Kiendler-Scharr
- Institute
of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 100871 Beijing, China
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Nan Ma
- Leibniz
Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kyung-Eun Min
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Franz Rohrer
- Institute
of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Min Shao
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 100871 Beijing, China
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Andreas Wahner
- Institute
of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | | | - Yusheng Wu
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 100871 Beijing, China
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 100871 Beijing, China
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 100871 Beijing, China
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
- Beijing
Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, 361000 Xiamen, China
| | - Hendrik Fuchs
- Institute
of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- International
Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, 100871 Beijing, China
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26
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Ding Z, Yi Y, Wang W, Zhang Q. Understanding the role of Cl and NO 3 radicals in initiating atmospheric oxidation of fluorene: A mechanistic and kinetic study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 716:136905. [PMID: 32044478 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The photooxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) initiated by Cl and NO3 radicals has been investigated for decades to assess the atmospheric fates of pollutants. Gas-phase fluorene is one of the most abundant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that can be oxidized by activated radicals. In this study, we used quantum chemical calculation to study the atmospheric degradation of fluorene initiated by Cl and NO3 radicals. The results showed that the Cl radical initiated reaction of fluorene mainly produces 9-fluorene radical that has significant potential to form secondary pollutants with more persistent toxic properties. The NO3 radical initiated reaction of fluorene leads to the formation of oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) including nitrooxyfluorene, nitrooxyfluorenone and 1,4-fluorenequinone. The rate constants and branch ratios of elementary reactions were determined based on Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) theory. The atmospheric lifetime of fluorene determined by NO3 radical is deduced to be 1.52 days according to the calculated overall rate constant, 1.52 × 10-14 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. The derivatives produced from the atmospheric degradation of fluorene initiated by Cl and NO3 radicals increase the environmental risks of fluroene. Combined with previous experimental and theoretical findings, this work can help to clarify the atmospheric fate and assess the environmental risks of fluorene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhezheng Ding
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Yayi Yi
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
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27
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Guo X, Ma F, Liu C, Niu J, He N, Chen J, Xie HB. Atmospheric oxidation mechanism and kinetics of isoprene initiated by chlorine radicals: A computational study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 712:136330. [PMID: 31931210 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The reaction with chlorine radicals (·Cl) has been considered to be one of indispensable sinks for isoprene. However, the mechanism of ·Cl initiated isoprene reaction was not fully understood. Herein, the reaction of isoprene with ·Cl, and ensuing reactions of the resulting isoprene relevant radicals were investigated by combined quantum chemistry calculations and kinetics modeling. The results indicate that ·Cl addition to two terminal C-atoms of two double bonds of isoprene, forming IM1-1 and IM1-4, are more favorable than H-abstractions from isoprene. Interestingly, the predicted reaction rate constant for the direct H-abstraction pathway is much lower than that of the indirect one, clarifying a direct H-abstraction mechanism for previously experimental observation. The IM1-1 and IM1-4 have distinct fate in their subsequent transformation. The reaction of IM1-1 ends after the one-time O2 addition. However, IM1-4 can follow auto-oxidation mechanism with two times O2 addition to finally form highly oxidized multi-functional molecules (HOMs), C5H7ClO3 and ·OH. More importantly, the estimated contribution of ·Cl on HOMs (monomer only) formation from isoprene is lower than that of ·OH in addition pathway, implying overall HOMs yield from atmospheric isoprene oxidation could be overestimated if the role of ·Cl in transforming isoprene is ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Fangfang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Junfeng Niu
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Ning He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals & School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hong-Bin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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28
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Qiu X, Ying Q, Wang S, Duan L, Wang Y, Lu K, Wang P, Xing J, Zheng M, Zhao M, Zheng H, Zhang Y, Hao J. Significant impact of heterogeneous reactions of reactive chlorine species on summertime atmospheric ozone and free-radical formation in north China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133580. [PMID: 31376754 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous reactions of N2O5, O3, OH, ClONO2, HOCl, ClNO2, and NO2, with chlorine-containing particles are incorporated in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to evaluate the impact of heterogeneous reactions of reactive chlorine species on ozone and free radicals. Changes of summertime ozone and free radical concentrations due to the additional heterogeneous reactions in north China were quantified. These heterogeneous reactions increased the O3, OH, HO2 and RO2 concentrations by up to 20%, 28%, 36% and 48% for some regions in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) area. These areas typically have a larger amount of NOx emissions and a lower VOC/NOx ratio. The zero-out method evaluates that the photolysis of ClNO2 and Cl2 are the major contributors (42.4% and 57.6%, respectively) to atmospheric Cl in the early morning hours but the photolysis of Cl2 is the only significant contributor after 10:00 am. The results highlight that heterogeneous reactions of reactive chlorine species are important to atmospheric ozone and free-radical formation. Our study also suggests that the on-going NOx emission controls in the NCP region with a goal to reduce both O3 and secondary nitrate can also have the co-benefit of reducing the formation Cl from ClNO2 and Cl2, which may also lead to lower secondary organic aerosol formation and thus the control of summertime PM2.5 in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xionghui Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Lei Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jia Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Minjiang Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haotian Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
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29
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Wang C, Collins DB, Abbatt JPD. Indoor Illumination of Terpenes and Bleach Emissions Leads to Particle Formation and Growth. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11792-11800. [PMID: 31576741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Application of chlorine bleach solution (major component sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl) in indoor environments leads to the emission of gaseous hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and chlorine (Cl2), both of which are strong oxidants. In contrast to the outdoor atmosphere, where mixing ratios of HOCl and Cl2 tend to be low (10s-100s of ppt), indoor HOCl and Cl2 can reach high levels during cleaning activities (100s of ppb or higher). HOCl and Cl2 may react with unsaturated organic compounds on indoor surfaces and in indoor air. In this study, we studied the reaction of limonene, one of the most common indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) arising from use of cleaning products, fragrance, and air fresheners, with HOCl and Cl2 in an environmental chamber. A dark reaction was observed between limonene and HOCl/Cl2 leading to gas-phase reaction products that were investigated using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). With subsequent exposure to indoor fluorescent lights or diffuse sunlight through a nearby window, a substantial mass loading of secondary particles were formed with an averaged mass yield of 40% relative to the amount of limonene consumed. Aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) measurements indicate a large contribution of particulate chlorine species. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analysis of filter-collected particles indicates the formation of high molecular weight products. This is the first study of the oxidation of limonene with HOCl and Cl2, and it illustrates the potential for particle formation to occur with indoor lighting during the use of common cleaning products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Douglas B Collins
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , M5S 3H6 , Canada
- Department of Chemistry , Bucknell University , Lewisburg , Pennsylvania 17837 , United States
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , M5S 3H6 , Canada
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30
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McNamara SM, W Raso AR, Wang S, Thanekar S, Boone EJ, Kolesar KR, Peterson PK, Simpson WR, Fuentes JD, Shepson PB, Pratt KA. Springtime Nitrogen Oxide-Influenced Chlorine Chemistry in the Coastal Arctic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8057-8067. [PMID: 31184868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Atomic chlorine (Cl) is a strong atmospheric oxidant that shortens the lifetimes of pollutants and methane in the springtime Arctic, where the molecular halogens Cl2 and BrCl are known Cl precursors. Here, we quantify the contributions of reactive chlorine trace gases and present the first observations, to our knowledge, of ClNO2 (another Cl precursor), N2O5, and HO2NO2 in the Arctic. During March - May 2016 near Utqiaġvik, Alaska, up to 21 ppt of ClNO2, 154 ppt of Cl2, 27 ppt of ClO, 71 ppt of N2O5, 21 ppt of BrCl, and 153 ppt of HO2NO2 were measured using chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The main Cl precursor was calculated to be Cl2 (up to 73%) in March, while BrCl was a greater contributor (63%) in May, when total Cl production was lower. Elevated levels of ClNO2, N2O5, Cl2, and HO2NO2 coincided with pollution influence from the nearby town of Utqiaġvik and the North Slope of Alaska (Prudhoe Bay) Oilfields. We propose a coupled mechanism linking NOx with Arctic chlorine chemistry. Enhanced Cl2 was likely the result of the multiphase reaction of Cl-(aq) with ClONO2, formed from the reaction of ClO and NO2. In addition to this NOx-enhanced chlorine chemistry, Cl2 and BrCl were observed under clean Arctic conditions from snowpack photochemical production. These connections between NOx and chlorine chemistry, and the role of snowpack recycling, are important given increasing shipping and fossil fuel extraction predicted to accompany Arctic sea ice loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M McNamara
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Angela R W Raso
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Sham Thanekar
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16801 , United States
| | - Eric J Boone
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Katheryn R Kolesar
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Peter K Peterson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - William R Simpson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Alaska Fairbanks , Fairbanks , Alaska 99775 , United States
| | - Jose D Fuentes
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16801 , United States
| | - Paul B Shepson
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences & Purdue Climate Change Research Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Kerri A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
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31
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Yan C, Sullivan AP, Cheng Y, Zheng M, Zhang Y, Zhu T, Collett JL. Characterization of saccharides and associated usage in determining biogenic and biomass burning aerosols in atmospheric fine particulate matter in the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:2939-2950. [PMID: 30373070 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although biogenic aerosols play important roles in atmospheric processes and climate change, their contributions to atmospheric particulate matter mass have not received much attention, partly due to the difficulty in identifying key aerosol components and due to the often dominant role of anthropogenic emissions. In order to estimate contributions of biogenic and biomass burning organic aerosols to atmospheric particles, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were collected simultaneously at an urban and a rural site in the North China Plain (NCP), a region with extensive anthropogenic emissions, during summer 2014. Saccharides, including anhydrosugars, monosaccharides, and sugar alcohols, were quantified. Profiles of saccharides in PM2.5 collected at urban and rural sites during the daytime and nighttime, nearby biomass burning, and without significant influence of biomass burning were investigated and compared. Contributions of biomass burning, biogenic aerosol associated with primary biological aerosol particles, and isoprene-derived secondary organic carbon (SOC) to total organic carbon were then estimated based on source-specific saccharide tracers. The results showed that concentrations of nearly all saccharides were higher at the rural site than at the urban site. Levoglucosan was the most abundant saccharide, followed by glycerol and glucose. Mass concentrations of source specific tracers and associated source contribution estimates indicated that the absolute and relative contributions of biomass burning were both much higher compared to fungal spore derived OC and isoprene SOC, with greater contributions observed at the rural site especially during nighttime. Our findings reveal that biogenic and biomass burning sources are non-negligible summertime contributors to atmospheric PM2.5 OC mass both at the rural site (up to 50%) and at the urban site (~20%) in the NCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqing Yan
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Amy P Sullivan
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Yuan Cheng
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jeffrey L Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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32
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Ma F, Ding Z, Elm J, Xie HB, Yu Q, Liu C, Li C, Fu Z, Zhang L, Chen J. Atmospheric Oxidation of Piperazine Initiated by ·Cl: Unexpected High Nitrosamine Yield. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9801-9809. [PMID: 30063348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine radicals (·Cl) initiated amine oxidation plays an important role for the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamine in the atmosphere. Piperazine (PZ) is considered as a potential atmospheric pollutant since it is an alternative solvent to monoethanolamine (MEA), a benchmark solvent in a leading CO2 capture technology. Here, we employed quantum chemical methods and kinetics modeling to investigate ·Cl-initiated atmospheric oxidation of PZ, particularly concerning the potential of PZ to form nitrosamine compared to MEA. Results showed that the ·Cl-initiated PZ reaction exclusively leads to N-center radicals (PZ-N) that mainly react with NO to produce nitrosamine in their further reaction with O2/NO. Together with the PZ + ·OH reaction, the PZ-N yield from PZ oxidation is still lower than that of the corresponding MEA reactions. However, the nitrosamine yield of PZ is higher than the reported value for MEA when [NO] is <5 ppb, a concentration commonly encountered in a polluted urban atmosphere. The unexpected high nitrosamine yield from PZ compared to MEA results from a more favorable reaction of N-center radicals with NO compared to O2. These findings show that the yield of N-center radicals cannot directly be used as a metric for the yield of the corresponding carcinogenic nitrosamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Zhezheng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry and Climate , Aarhus University , Aarhus 8000 , Denmark
| | - Hong-Bin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Cong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Chao Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment , Northeast Normal University , Changchun 130117 , China
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
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33
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Zhang Q, Lin X, Gai Y, Ma Q, Zhao W, Fang B, Long B, Zhang W. Kinetic and mechanistic study on gas phase reactions of ozone with a series ofcis-3-hexenyl esters. RSC Adv 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13369c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Reaction kinetics of O3with fourcis-3-hexenyl esters were studied using experimental methods in a flow tube reactor as well as using theoretical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilei Zhang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Xiaoxiao Lin
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Yanbo Gai
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Qiao Ma
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Weixiong Zhao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Bo Fang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Bo Long
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Guizhou Minzu University
- Guiyang 550025
- China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
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