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Ao J, Bu L, Wu Y, Zhu S, Zhou S. Insights into the fate and properties of organic halamines during ultraviolet irradiation: Implications for drinking water safety. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:165994. [PMID: 37536590 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic halamines compounds present a significant threat to the safety of drinking water due to their potential toxicity and stability. While Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection is commonly used for water treatment, its specific effects on organic halamines and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated eight amino acid-derived organic chlor- and bromamines as representative compounds. Our findings revealed that organic halamines have a slow hydrolysis rate (<10-3 M-1 s-1) and can persist in water for extended periods (30-2000 min). However, their disinfection efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus and their ability to degrade micropollutants like carbamazepine were found to be limited. Interestingly, under UV irradiation, the N-X bonds in organic halamines were observed to break, leading to accelerated decomposition and the generation of abundant free radicals. These free radicals synergistically facilitated the removal of micropollutants and the inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms. It is worth noting that this transformation of organic halamines during UV disinfection resulted in a slight increase in the concentrations of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts. These findings shed light on the behavior and characteristics of organic halamines during UV disinfection processes, providing crucial insights for effectively managing drinking water quality impacted by these compounds. By understanding the implications of organic halamines, we can refine water treatment strategies and ensure the safety of drinking water supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ao
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Lingjun Bu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yangtao Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shumin Zhu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Shiqing Zhou
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
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2
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Yang S, He Y, Hua Z, Xie Z, He CS, Xiong Z, Du Y, Liu Y, Xing G, Fang J, Mu Y, Lai B. pH-dependent bisphenol A transformation and iodine disinfection byproduct generation by peracetic acid: Kinetic and mechanistic explorations. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 246:120695. [PMID: 37812978 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Peracetic acid (PAA) is regarded as an environmentally friendly oxidant because of its low formation of toxic byproducts. However, this study revealed the potential risk of generating disinfection byproducts (DBPs) when treating iodine-containing wastewater with PAA. The transformation efficiency of bisphenol A (BPA), a commonly detected phenolic contaminant and a surrogate for phenolic moieties in dissolved organic matter, by PAA increased rapidly in the presence of I-, which was primarily attributed to the formation of active iodine (HOI/I2) in the system. Kinetic model simulations demonstrated that the second-order rate constant between PAA and HOI was 54.0 M-1 s-1 at pH 7.0, which was lower than the generation rate of HOI via the reaction between PAA and I-. Therefore, HOI can combine with BPA to produce iodine disinfection byproducts (I-DBPs). The transformation of BPA and the generation of I-DBPs in the I-/PAA system were highly pH-dependent. Specifically, acidic conditions were more favorable for BPA degradation because of the higher reaction rates of BPA and HOI. More iodinated aromatic products were detected after 5 min of the reaction under acidic and neutral conditions, resulting in higher toxicity towards E. coli. After 12 h of the reaction, more adsorbable organic iodine (AOI) was generated at alkaline conditions because HOI was not able to efficiency transform to IO3-. The presence of H2O2 in the PAA solution played a role in the reaction with HOI, particularly under alkaline conditions. This study significantly advances the understanding of the role of I- in BPA oxidation by PAA and provides a warning to further evaluate the potential environmental risk during the treatment of iodine-bearing wastewater with PAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shurun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yongli He
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhechao Hua
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhihui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chuan-Shu He
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Zhaokun Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ye Du
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Guowei Xing
- College of Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yang Mu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Bo Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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3
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Pan R, Zhang TY, Zheng ZX, Ai J, Ye T, Zhao HX, Hu CY, Tang YL, Fan JJ, Geng B, Xu B. Insight into mixed chlorine/chloramines conversion and associated water quality variability in drinking water distribution systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 880:163297. [PMID: 37028653 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mixed chlorine/chloramines are common in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs); however, their transformation and impact on chemical and microbial characteristics are not well understood. We systematically investigated water quality parameters associated with mixed chlorine/chloramine species conversion in 192 samples (including raw, finished, and tap water) collected throughout the year in a city in East China. Various chlorine/chloramine species (free chlorine, monochloramine [NH2Cl], dichloramine [NHCl2], and organic chloramines [OC]) were detected in both chlorinated and chloraminated DWDSs. NHCl2 + OC increased with transport distance along the pipeline network. The maximum proportion of NHCl2 + OC in over total chlorine in tap water reached 66 % and 38 % from chlorinated and chloraminated DWDSs, respectively. Both free chlorine and NH2Cl showed a rapid decay in the water pipe systems, but NHCl2 and OC were more persistent. Correlations between chlorine/chloramine species and physicochemical parameters were established. Models for predicting the sum of chloroform/TCM, bromodichloromethane/BDCM, chlorodibromomethane/CBDM, and bromoform/TBM (THM4) (R2 = 0.56) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) (R2 = 0.65) exhibited greater accuracy based on machine learning tuned with chlorine/chloramine species, particularly NHCl2 + OC. The predominant bacterial communities in mixed chlorine/chloramine systems were those resistant to chlorine or chloramine such as proteobacteria. NH2Cl was the most significant explanatory factor (28.1 %) for the variation in microbial community assemblage in chloraminated DWDSs. Although residual free chlorine and NHCl2 + OC, accounted for a smaller proportion of chlorine species in chloraminated DWDSs, they played an essential role (12.4 % and 9.1 %, respectively) in the microbial community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Zheng-Xiong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Jian Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Tao Ye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
| | - Heng-Xuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Yu-Lin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Jing-Jing Fan
- Shanghai Chengtou Water (Group) Co. LTD, Shanghai 200002, PR China
| | - Bing Geng
- Shanghai Chengtou Water (Group) Co. LTD, Shanghai 200002, PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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4
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Wu Y, Qu D, Bu L, Zhu S, Zhou S. Enhanced trichloronitromethane formation during chlorine-UV treatment of nitrite-containing water by organic amines. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158304. [PMID: 36030871 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the risk of trichloronitromethane (TCNM) formation during chlorination of the nitrite-containing water after pre-chlorination and subsequent UV irradiation (i.e., the chlorine-UV process). The competitive reaction between amino acid (AA) and NO2- for chlorine produced organic chloramine and reduced the oxidation from NO2- to NO3-, resulting in a significant enhancement of TCNM in the presence of AA (>5.52 μg L-1) as compared to the absence of AA (0.42 μg L-1). The generation of HO• during UV photolysis of organic chloramines was confirmed. Among the process parameters, pre-chlorination time (from 5 min to 30 min) had no significant effect on TCNM formation; the highest TCNM formation occurred at pH 7 (from pH 6 to pH 8); prolonged UV irradiation time (from 5 min to 30 min) and increased chlorine to AA ratio (Cl2:AA) (from 1 to 3) decreased the TCNM formation. The hydroxylated, chlorinated and nitrosated products were detected. The quantum chemical calculation results indicated the attack of NO2• was more likely to occur at the meta and para positions of benzoic acid (BZA), because of the steric hindrance of the carboxylic group in BZA to the ortho position. Based on the results of the toxicity assessment, pre-chlorination with a higher chlorine dosage could be an effective method of controlling both TCNM formation and acute toxicity. Overall, the results of this study contributed to the understanding of the TCNM formation mechanism as well as optimizing the parameters of the chlorine-UV process to reduce the risk of TCNM formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangtao Wu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Dongxu Qu
- China Northeast Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd, PR China
| | - Lingjun Bu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Shumin Zhu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Shiqing Zhou
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
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Zhu J, Yang L, Wang M, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Li Y. The influence of bromide and iodide ions on the sulfamethoxazole (SMX) halogenation during chlorination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157687. [PMID: 35908709 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) were produced during the chlorination process, posing a threat to drinking water safety and human health. In the presence of bromide and iodide ions, brominated and iodinated DBPs will be generated, which might be more toxic than the parent compound. However, there are few studies on brominated and iodinated DBPs of antibiotics. Therefore, in this study, the fates of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) during chlorination in different systems (Blank; SMX + NaClO; SMX+ NaClO+ Br-; SMX+ NaClO+I-; SMX+ NaClO+ Br- + I-) were investigated. In different systems, all the reaction followed a pseudo-first-order kinetics, while the reaction rates of NaClO with SMX were different, the reaction rates were in order of SMX + NaClO + Br- + I- > SMX + NaClO + Br- > SMX + NaClO + I- > SMX + NaClO. When Br- and I- existed simultaneously, the reaction rate was the fastest. Iodide played an important role in oxidation and promoted the chlorination of SMX. SMX mainly underwent S-C cleavage, S-N hydrolysis, desulfonation, and substitution reactions. Nine disinfection by-products, including three reported for the first time, were identified using a non-targeted approach, and degradation pathways were proposed. Furthermore, EPI Suite software was applied to predict the environmental accumulation potential and environmental persistence of the degradation products. The results indicated that SMX and degradation products had little environmental accumulative potential and environmental persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lumin Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Mengyuan Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yuna Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Xu MY, Lin YL, Zhang TY, Liu Z, Li MY, Hu CY, Xu B. Organic chloramines attenuation and disinfection by-product formation during UV, chlorination and UV/chlorine processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135025. [PMID: 35598788 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic chloramines (OCs) have become one of the research focuses in the field of drinking water treatment due to its limited oxidation and sterilization ability as well as potential cytotoxicity and genetic toxicity to the public. Among widespread OCs, produced by chlorinating cytosine are a typical one exists during chlorine disinfection. OCs degradation during UV, chlorination and UV/chlorine processes were systematically investigated. UV irradiation at 254 nm could effectively degrade OCs by 96.6% after 60 min, mainly because N-Cl bond had significant UV absorption at 250-280 nm leading to the generation of Cl• and HO•. Direct chlorination had poor removal of OCs with the OCs concentration increased first and then decreased as time went by. On the other hand, the removal of OCs during UV/chlorination was much higher than that during chlorination, but was worse than that during UV alone. pH had a minor effect on OCs decomposition via UV irradiation, whereas the effect was pronounced in the chlorination and UV chlorine processes. UV wavelength can affect the degradation of OCs with efficiency decreased in the order of UV 254 > UV 265 > UV 275. The total yields of disinfection by-products (DBPs) during the degradation of OCs followed UV/chlorine > UV > chlorination. CH and DCAA were the two dominant types of DBPs among detected 7 DBPs. DBPs yield followed the order of UV254 > UV265 > UV275 at pH 6.0 and 7.0. After UV 265 irradiation, DBPs yield slightly decreased by 2.4%, 3.0% and 6.6% with the pH increased from 6.0 to 9.0. The results can provide theoretical basis for effective control of OCs in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Meng-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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Zhang S, Lin YL, Zhang TY, Hu CY, Liu Z, Dong ZY, Xu MY, Xu B. Insight into the formation of iodinated trihalomethanes during chlorination, monochloramination, and dichloramination of iodide-containing water. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 117:285-294. [PMID: 35725081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the formation of iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs) was systematically evaluated and compared for three treatment processes - (i) chlorination, (ii) monochloramine, and (iii) dichloramination - under different pH conditions. The results demonstrated that I-THM formation decreased in the order of monochloramination > dichloramination > chlorination in acidic and neutral pH. However, the generation of I-THMs increased in the dichloramination < chlorination < monochloramination order in alkaline condition. Specifically, the formation of I-THMs increased as pH increased from 5 to 9 during chlorination and monochloramination processes, while the maximum I-THM formation occurred at pH 7 during dichloramination. The discrepancy could be mainly related to the stability of the three chlor (am) ine disinfectants at different pH conditions. Moreover, in order to gain a thorough insight into the mechanisms of I-THM formation during dichloramination, further investigation was conducted on the influencing factors of DOC concentration and Br-/I- molar ratio. I-THM formation exhibited an increasing and then decreasing trend as the concentration of DOC increased from 1 to 7 mg-C/L, while the yield of I-THMs increased with increasing Br-/I- molar ratio from 5:0 to 5:10. During the three processes mentioned above, similar I-THM formation results were also obtained in real water, which indicates that the excessive generation of I-THMs should be paid special attention during the disinfection of iodide-containing water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, "National" Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 824, Chinese Taipei
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
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8
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Liu Z, Lin YL, Zhang TY, Hu CY, Zheng ZX, Tang YL, Cao TC, Xu B, Gao NY. Enhanced formation of iodinated trihalomethanes in a mixed chlorine/chloramine system and attenuation by UV-activated process. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 429:128370. [PMID: 35121291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs) have drawn increasing concerns due to their higher toxicity than those of their chlorinated and brominated analogues. In this study, I-THM formation was firstly evaluated for three treatment scenarios - (i) chlorine alone, (ii) chloramine alone, and (iii) mixed chlorine/chloramine - in the presence and absence of UV irradiation for the iodide-containing humic acid solution or natural water. The results indicated that I-THM formation decreased in the order of mixed chlorination/chloramination > chloramination > > chlorination, which fitted the trend of toxicity evaluation results using Chinese hamster ovary cells. Conversely, total organic halide concentration decreased in the order of chlorination > > chloramination ≈ mixed chlorination/chloramination. Besides, I-THM formation can be efficiently controlled in a UV-activated mixed chlorine/chloramine system. Influencing factors including pH values and Br-/I- molar ratios were also systematically investigated in a mixed chlorine/chloramine system. Enhanced I-THM formation was observed with increasing pH values (6.0-8.0) and Br-/I- molar ratios (1: 1-10: 1). The results obtained in this study can provide new insights into the increasing risk of I-THM formation in a mixed chlorine/chloramine system and the effective control of I-THMs in the iodide-containing water using UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Zheng-Xiong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yu-Lin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Tong-Cheng Cao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Nai-Yun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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Liu C, Shin YH, Wei X, Ersan MS, Wagner E, Plewa MJ, Amy G, Karanfil T. Preferential Halogenation of Algal Organic Matter by Iodine over Chlorine and Bromine: Formation of Disinfection Byproducts and Correlation with Toxicity of Disinfected Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1244-1256. [PMID: 34962797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in surface waters may increase the input of algal organic matter (AOM) in drinking water. The formation of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during combined chlorination and chloramination of AOM and natural organic matter (NOM) in the presence of bromide and iodide and haloform formation during halogenation of model compounds were studied. Results indicated that haloform/halogen consumption ratios of halogens reacting with amino acids (representing proteins present in AOM) follow the order iodine > bromine > chlorine, with ratios for iodine generally 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than those for chlorine (0.19-2.83 vs 0.01-0.16%). This indicates that iodine is a better halogenating agent than chlorine and bromine. In contrast, chlorine or bromine shows higher ratios for phenols (representing the phenolic structure of humic substances present in NOM). Consistent with these observations, chloramination of AOM extracted from Microcystis aeruginosa in the presence of iodide produced 3 times greater iodinated trihalomethanes than those from Suwannee River NOM isolate. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of disinfected algal-impacted waters evaluated by Chinese hamster ovary cell bioassays both follow the order chloramination > prechlorination-chloramination > chlorination. This trend is in contrast to additive toxicity calculations based on the concentrations of measured DBPs since some toxic iodinated DBPs were not identified and quantified, suggesting the necessity of experimentally analyzing the toxicity of disinfected waters. During seasonal HAB events, disinfection practices warrant optimization for iodide-enriched waters to reduce the toxicity of finished waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
| | - Young-Hwan Shin
- Department of Crop Sciences, and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Bioenvironmental Engineering, Daewoo Institute of Construction Technology, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16297, South Korea
| | - Xiao Wei
- Department of Crop Sciences, and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Mahmut S Ersan
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Elizabeth Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences, and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Gary Amy
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
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10
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Dong H, Zhang H, Wang Y, Qiang Z, Yang M. Disinfection by-product (DBP) research in China: Are we on the track? J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 110:99-110. [PMID: 34593199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) formed during water disinfection has drawn significant public concern due to its toxicity. Since the first discovery of the trihalomethanes in 1974, continued effort has been devoted on DBPs worldwide to investigate the formation mechanism, levels, toxicity and control measures in drinking water. This review summarizes the main achievements on DBP research in China, which included: (1) the investigation of known DBP occurrence in drinking water of China; (2) the enhanced removal of DBP precursor by water treatment process; (3) the disinfection optimization to minimize DBP formation; and (4) the identification of unknown DBPs in drinking water. Although the research of DBPs in China cover the whole formation process of DBPs, there is still a challenge in effectively controlling the drinking water quality risk induced by DBPs, an integrated research framework including chemistry, toxicology, engineering, and epidemiology is especially crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhimin Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29205, United States
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Koblenz 56068, Germany
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12
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Guo Y, Yang Q, Xu J, Bai X, Han Q, Nie J, Zhang L, Li H, Gao H, Zhou W, Li J. Formation of organic chloramines during chlorination of 18 compounds. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 204:117570. [PMID: 34464745 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic chloramines have attracted considerable attention because of their potential toxicity and reactivity. However, the lack of suitable and effective analytical methods has limited the study of organic chloramines due to their volatile and unstable properties. In this study, membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) combined with DPD/FAS titration was used to monitor the formation of organic chloramines. N-chlorodimethylamine [(CH3)2NCl] and N-chlorodiethylamine [(C2H5)2NCl] were detected and identified as the dominant volatile DBPs during chlorination of 18 organic compounds with dimethylamine or diethylamine functional groups, with yields ranging from 0.3% to 51.1% at a chlorine to precursor (Cl/P) molar ratio of 8.0. (CH3)2NBr was formed in the presence of bromide, while the formation of (CH3)2NCl was decreased. The reaction of phenol with (CH3)2NCl combined with theoretical calculations confirmed that the reactivity of (CH3)2NCl was similar to that of monochloramine. Moreover, (CH3)2NCl and (C2H5)2NCl were observed at the ppb level during chlorination of actual water samples collected from different areas. The results suggest that (CH3)2NCl and (C2H5)2NCl are important organic chloramines during chlorination, which may lead to the occurrence of further oxidation reactions and promote the formation of other disinfection byproducts simultaneously and should be of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xueling Bai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Qihuan Han
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jie Nie
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Luo Zhang
- Institute of Geographical Sciences, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zheng Zhou 450052, China
| | - Hongtao Li
- Institute of Geographical Sciences, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zheng Zhou 450052, China
| | - Haixiang Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - WenFeng Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Wang J, Zhang J, Huang SQ, Hu Y, Mu Y. Treatment of iodine-containing water by the UV/NH 2Cl process: Dissolved organic matters transformation, iodinated trihalomethane formation and toxicity variation. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 200:117256. [PMID: 34062404 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
UV/NH2Cl process is becoming increasingly important for water treatment, while its impact on iodine-containing water remains unknown. In this study, the structure transformation of dissolved organic matters (DOMs), generation of iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs), and variation of acute toxicity were evaulated during the UV/NH2Cl treatment of iodine-containing water. The combination of exciation emission matrix-parallel factor analysis and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy integrated with synchronous fluorescence and infrared absorption spectroscopy showed that fulvic-like fraction of DOM was more susceptible to UV/NH2Cl process and particularly iodo and polysaccharide groups gave the fastest resopnses. Consequently, UV fluence lower than 60 mJ/cm2 promoted the production of I-THMs, while excessive UV exhausted NH2Cl and reactive iodine species and subsequently reduced I-THM generation. Moreover, DOM concentration and source, NH2Cl dosage, and I- concentration had significant impacts on I-THM formation in the UV/NH2Cl process. Additionally, a positive correlation was found between acute toxicity variation and I-THM formation when treating iodine-containing waters with UV/NH2Cl. These results together provide a comprehensive understanding on UV/NH2Cl treatment of iodine-containing water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Instrumental Analysis Center of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Qi Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Mu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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