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Huang S, Liu H, Wei K, Zhang L, Ma X, Li Q, Li X, Dietrich AM. Impact of ozonation on disinfection byproducts formation from phenylalanine during chlorination. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 144:199-211. [PMID: 38802231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
As a strong oxidizing agent, ozone is used in some water treatment facilities for disinfection, taste and odor control, and removal of organic micropollutants. Phenylalanine (Phe) was used as the target amino acid to comprehensively investigate variability of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formation during chlorine disinfection and residual chlorine conditions subsequent to ozonation. The results showed that subsequent to ozonation, the typical regulated and unregulated DBPs formation potential (DBPsFP), including trichloromethane (TCM), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), chloral hydrate (CH), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), and trichloroacetamide (TCAcAm) increased substantially, by 2.4, 3.3, 5.6, 1.2, 2.5, and 6.0 times, respectively, compared with only chlorination. Ozonation also significantly increased the DBPs yield under a 2 day simulated residual chlorine condition that mimicked the water distribution system. DBPs formations followed pseudo first order kinetics. The formation rates of DBPs in the first 6 hr were higher for TCM (0.214 hr-1), DCAN (0.244 hr-1), CH (0.105 hr-1), TCAcAm (0.234 hr-1), DCAA (0.375 hr-1) and TCAA (0.190 hr-1) than thereafter. The peak DBPsFP of TCM, DCAN, CH, TCAcAm, DCAA, and TCAA were obtained when that ozonation time was set at 5-15 min. Ozonation times > 30 min increased the mineralization of Phe and decreased the formation of DBPs upon chlorination. Increasing bromine ion (Br-) concentration increased production of bromine- DBPs and decreased chlorine-DBPs formation by 59.3%-92.2% . Higher ozone dosages and slight alkaline favored to reduce DBP formation and cytotoxicity. The ozonation conditions should be optimized for all application purposes including DBPs reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinong Huang
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Kunming Wei
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Qingsong Li
- Water Resources and Environmental Institute, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xueyan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Andrea M Dietrich
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blackburg, VA 24061, USA
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Chen C, Zhao X, Chen H, Wang J, Wang Y, Xian Q. The investigation of quenching conditions for the analysis of total organic halogen, aliphatic and aromatic halogenated disinfection byproducts formed from chlor(am)ination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 475:134918. [PMID: 38878428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Total organic halogen (TOX) is used to describe total amount of halogenated DBPs. Typically, once a chlor(am)inated water sample is collected, it is necessary to add a quenching agent to quench the residual disinfectant so that further reactions to form more DBPs during the holding time can be prevented. In this study, we evaluated the effects of four quenching agents: ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), ascorbic acid, sodium sulfite (Na2SO3), and sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) on the decomposition of TOX, aliphatic and aromatic halogenated DBPs under various quenching conditions (quenching time, pH, quenching ratio, temperature). The results showed that ascorbic acid had the least impact on TOX. Ascorbic acid appeared to be the most suitable quenching agent for aliphatic halogenated DBPs, especially since it could preserve more haloacetonitriles than other quenching agents. Both ascorbic acid and Na2SO3 could be used for the analysis of aromatic halogenated DBPs. The lower pH (pH 6.0), not excessive quenching agents and lower temperature (4 ºC) were all conducive to the preservation of TOX and halogenated DBPs. Importantly, unknown TOX (UTOX) also contained significantly toxic components. It was also found that addition of quenching agents might lead to underestimation of UTOX by researchers. SYNOPSIS: The quenching agents and quenching conditions for the analysis of total organic halogen, aliphatic and aromatic halogenated DBPs formed from chlor(am)ination were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuze Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiating Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haoran Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Chen H, Chen C, Zhao X, Wang J, Wang Y, Xian Q. Disinfection byproducts and their cytotoxicity contribution from dissolved black carbon in source water during chlor(am)ination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172834. [PMID: 38688374 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Dissolved black carbon (DBC), the soluble component of black carbon, which mainly comes from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels or biomass, is widely spread in source water and significantly contributes to the formation of dissolved organic matter (DOM). However, the origin of DBC in different types of source water in China has not been well studied, as well as its subsequent transformation and toxicity contribution during disinfection of source water DOM by chlor(am)ine. In this study, DBC from 17 different source water in East China at different seasons was collected. The δ13C compositions indicated that straw burning was the main origin of DBC in source water. After simulated chlor(am)ination of DBC, 5 categories of aliphatic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, haloketones, halonitromethanes and 6 categories of aromatic DBPs including halophenols, halonitrophenols, halohydroxybenzaldehyde, halohydroxybenzoic acid, halobenzoquinones and haloaniline were detected. Compared with chlorination of DBC, higher levels of nitrogenous DBPs and aromatic DBPs were generated during chloramination. Detected DBPs accounted for 42 % of total organic halogen. What's more, Chinese hamster ovary cells cytotoxicity tests showed that the cytotoxicity of DBPs formed by chlor(am)ination of DBC was 4 times higher than that by chlor(am)ination of DOM. Haloacetonitriles contributed to the highest cytotoxicity in the chloramination of DBC, and haloacetic acids contributed to the highest cytotoxicity in chlorination. 67 % of the total cytotoxicity attributed to the undetected DBPs. As a result, DBPs generated from DBC contributed to 11.7 % of the total cytotoxicity in the chlor(am)ination of the source water DOM although DBC only took up 2 % of DOC in the source water. Results obtained from this study systematically revealed the DBPs formation from DBC and their potential cytotoxicity contribution in the chlor(am)ination of source water DOM, which should not be ignored in drinking water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chuze Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiating Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Hu S, Li X, He F, Qi Y, Zhang B, Liu R. Cytotoxicity of emerging halophenylacetamide disinfection byproducts in drinking water: Mechanism and prediction. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 256:121562. [PMID: 38604064 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Halophenylacetamides (HPAcAms) have been identified as a new group of nitrogenous aromatic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water, but the toxicity mechanisms associated with HPAcAms remain almost completely unknown. In this work, the cytotoxicity of HPAcAms in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells was evaluated, intracellular oxidative stress/damage levels were analyzed, their binding interactions with antioxidative enzyme were explored, and a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was established. Results indicated that the EC50 values of HPAcAms ranged from 2353 μM to 9780 μM, and the isomeric structure as well as the type and number of halogen substitutions could obviously induce the change in the cytotoxicity of HPAcAms. Upon exposure to 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)acetamide (3,4-DCPAcAm), various important biomarkers linked to oxidative stress and damage, such as reactive oxygen species, 8‑hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, and cell apoptosis, exhibited a significant increase in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, 3,4-DCPAcAm could directly bind with Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase and induce the alterations in the structure and activity, and the formation of complexes was predominantly influenced by the van der Waals force and hydrogen bonding. The QSAR model supported that the nucleophilic reactivity as well as the molecular compactness might be highly important in their cytotoxicity mechanisms in HepG2 cells, and 2-(2,4-dibromophenyl)acetamide and 2-(3,4-dibromophenyl)acetamide deserved particular attention in future studies due to the relatively higher predicted cytotoxicity. This study provided the first comprehensive investigation on the cytotoxicity mechanisms of HPAcAm DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiangxiang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Falin He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yuntao Qi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Rutao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Wang Y, Wang F, Li L, Zhang L, Song M, Jiang G. Comprehensive Toxicological Assessment of Halobenzoquinones in Drinking Water at Environmentally Relevant Concentration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:9125-9134. [PMID: 38743861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c03308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Halobenzoquinones (HBQs), an emerging unregulated category of disinfection byproduct (DBP) in drinking water, have aroused an increasing concern over their potential health risks. However, the chronic toxicity of HBQs at environmentally relevant concentrations remains largely unknown. Here, the occurrence and concentrations of 13 HBQs in drinking water from a northern megacity in China were examined using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Four HBQs, including 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ), 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DBBQ), 2,3,6-trichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (TriCBQ), and 2,5-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone (2,5-DBBQ), were detected beyond 50% occurrence frequency and at median concentrations from 4 to 50 ng/L. The chronic toxicity of these four HBQs to normal human colon and liver cells (FHC and THLE-2) was investigated at these concentrations. After 90 days of exposure, 2,5-DBBQ and 2,6-DCBQ induced the highest levels of oxidative stress and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage in colon and liver cells, respectively. Moreover, 2,5-DBBQ and 2,6-DCBQ were also found to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in normal human liver cells via the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. Importantly, heating to 100 °C (boiling) was found to efficiently reduce the levels of these four HBQs in drinking water. These results suggested that environmentally relevant concentrations of HBQs could induce cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in normal human cells, and boiling is a highly efficient way of detoxification for HBQs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Fengbang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lulu Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Maoyong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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6
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Wang J, Jiang J, Zhao H, Li Z, Li X, Azam S, Qu B. Phototransformation of halobenzoquinones in aqueous solution under the simulate sunlight: Kinetics, mechanism and products. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141318. [PMID: 38311038 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Halobenzoquinones (HBQs) are a novel family of unregulated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Little is known about their phototransformation activities in natural water. Here, five HBQs with various halogenated substituent types, numbers, and structures positions were selected to investigate the kinetics of degradation in aqueous solutions at various concentrations and in the presence of common environmental variables (Cl-, NO2-, and humic acid). The results indicated that dichloride and dibromo-substituted HBQs were photolyzed, whereas tetrachloro-substituted HBQs showed little degradation. The photolysis rate constant (k) of HBQs decreased with increasing initial concentration. The presence of NO2- and Cl- promoted the degradation of HBQs mainly through the formation of hydroxyl radical (•OH), which were confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). In contrast, humic acid played a negative role on HBQs transformation due to the adsorption and quenching reactions. Possible conversion pathways for HBQs were proposed based on the identification of two major photodegradation products, hydroxylated HBQs and halogenated-benzenetriol, as well as reactive free radicals. This study provided meaningful insights into the environmental fates and risk assessments of HBQs in natural aquatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jingqiu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Zhansheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xintong Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Shafiul Azam
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Baocheng Qu
- College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116024, China.
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Gao X, Wang X, Jiang Y, Kong D, Pan X, Ma J, Liu Y. Chloro- and bromo-benzoquinone formation and transformation mechanisms in a drinking water-distribution system. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132692. [PMID: 37801978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated benzoquinones (HBQs) are frequently detected in tap water. HBQ levels are correlated with water age. As the water-transmission distance (water age) increases, the levels of bromo-benzoquinones (Br-BQs) decreased and those of chloro-benzoquinones (Cl-BQs) remained relatively stable in drinking water-distribution system in the presence of residual chlorine. 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone (TCBQ) and 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone (DBBQ) were the most abundant Cl-BQ and Br-BQ, with maximum concentrations of 60.2 and 181.4 ng/L, respectively. TCBQ and DBBQ were chosen as representatives of HBQs to investigate their reactions with chlorine, including kinetics, pathways, and changes in toxicity. The hydrolysis and chlorination rates of HBQs were significantly pH-dependent, and the kinetic rates of DBBQ were faster than TCBQ in the pH range of 5-10. Chlorination converted highly toxic TCBQ and DBBQ to less-toxic chlorinated/brominated aliphatic disinfection by-products (DBPs), thereby reducing the overall toxicity of water bodies. This study provides comprehensive insights into the distinct life cycles of TCBQ and DBBQ in drinking water, covering formation, transformation, and toxicity. These findings provide a nuanced understanding of the risks posed by HBQs at various locations within the drinking water distribution system, offering valuable guidance for improving the control of DBPs in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Gao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xianshi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Youwei Jiang
- College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dezhen Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xiangrui Pan
- Qihe County Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Dezhou 251100, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China; Shanghai institute of pollution control and ecological security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Zhang X, Liu L, Wang J, Liang L, Wang X, Wang G, He Z, Cui X, Du H, Pang B, Li J. The alternation of halobenzoquinone disinfection byproduct on toxicogenomics of DNA damage and repair in uroepithelial cells. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 183:108407. [PMID: 38150806 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Halobenzoquinones (HBQs) were recently discovered as an emerging class of drinking water disinfection byproducts with carcinogenic concern. However, the molecular mechanism underlying HBQs-induced DNA damage is not clear. In this study, we integrated in vitro genotoxicity, computational toxicology, and the quantitative toxicogenomic analysis of HBQs on DNA damage/repair pathways in human bladder epithelial cells SV-HUC-1. The results showed that HBQs could induce cytotoxicity with the descending order as 2,6-DIBQ > 2,6-DCBQ ≈ 2,6-DBBQ. Also, HBQs can increase DNA damage in SV-HUC-1 cells and thus generate genotoxicity. However, there is no significant difference in genotoxicity among the three HBQs. The results of molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation further confirmed that HBQs had high binding fractions and stability to DNA. Toxicogenomic analysis indicated that HBQs interfered with DNA repair pathways, mainly affecting base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair and homologous recombination repair. These results have provided new insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of HBQs-induced DNA damage, and contributed to the understanding of the relationship between exposure to DBPs and risks of developing bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Lifang Liu
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Lanqian Liang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China
| | - Gaihua Wang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Ziqiao He
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Xueting Cui
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Haiying Du
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Bo Pang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
| | - Jinhua Li
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
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Wang Y, Gao S, Yan X, Wang S, Zhang R, Zhou Y, Ren L, Li C. The impact of water quality on the formation of halogenated benzoquinones and the adsorption efficiency by activated carbon. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 135:693-702. [PMID: 37778839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated benzoquinones (HBQs) could cause bladder cancer, but there were few related studies on the generation and control. In this study, the impact of different precursors, pH, bromide concentration, and algae-derived organic matters on the formation of HBQs and the removal efficiency by activated carbon were investigated. It was found that the chlorination of bisphenol A produced the most 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ), reaching 14.86 µg/L at 1 hr, followed by tyrosine, 2-chlorophenol, P-hydroxybenzoic acid, trichlorophenol, and N-methylaniline. The production of 2,6-DCBQ increased first and then decreased from 0 to 36 hr (chlorination doses 0-20 mg/L), indicating that HBQs were unstable in water. Trihalomethanes (THMs) were detected during chlorination, and the concentration increased with prolongation of reaction time. 2,6-DCBQ production decreased and 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DBBQ) production increased with increment bromide concentration and the bromide promoted the formation of tribromomethane. The production of 2,6-DCBQ decreased with increase of pH, and the maximum production was 141.38 µg/L at pH of 5. Microcystis aeruginosa, Chlorella algae cells, and intracellular organic matters (IOM) could be chlorinated as potential precursors for HBQs. The most amount of 2,6-DCBQ was generated from algae cells of Microcystis aeruginosa, followed by Chlorella algae cells, Microcystis aeruginosa IOM, and Chlorella IOM. This study compared the removal efficiency of HBQs by granular activated carbon (GAC) and columnar activated carbon (CAC) under different carbon doses and initial concentrations of HBQs. It was found that the removal efficiency by GAC (80.1%) was higher than that by CAC (51.8%), indicating that GAC has better control for HBQs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjing Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Song Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xinyu Yan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Songtao Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ruolin Zhang
- Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lianhai Ren
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Cheng Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
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10
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Wang XS, Ma CN, Liu YL, Wang GJ, Tang B, Song H, Gao Z, Ma J, Wang L. High efficiency removal of organic and inorganic iodine with ferrate[Fe(VI)] through oxidation and adsorption. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 246:120671. [PMID: 37804804 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
I- is a halogen species existing in natural waters, and the transformation of organic and inorganic iodine in natural and artificial processes would impact the quality of drinking water. Herein, it was found that Fe(VI) could oxidize organic and inorganic iodine to IO3-and simultaneously remove the resulted IO3- through Fe(III) particles. For the river water, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, and shale gas wastewater treated by 5 mg/L of Fe(VI) (as Fe), around 63 %, 55 % and 71 % of total iodine (total-I) had been removed within 10 min, respectively. Fe(VI) was superior to coagulants in removing organic and inorganic iodine from the source water. Adsorption kinetic analysis suggested that the equilibrium adsorption amount of I- and IO3- were 11 and 10.1 μg/mg, respectively, and the maximum adsorption capacity of IO3- by Fe(VI) resulted Fe(III) particles was as high as 514.7 μg/mg. The heterogeneous transformation of Fe(VI) into Fe(III) effectively improved the interaction probability of IO3- with iron species. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation suggested that the IO3- was mainly adsorbed in the cavity (between the γ-FeOOH shell and γ-Fe2O3 core) of Fe(III) particles through electrostatic adsorption, van der Waals force and hydrogen bond. Fe(VI) treatment is effective for inhibiting the formation of iodinated disinfection by-products in chlor(am)inated source water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Shi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Cai-Ni Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yu-Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Gui-Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Bo Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Heng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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11
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Sun G, Kaw HY, Zhou M, Guo P, Zhu L, Wang W. Chlorinated nucleotides and analogs as potential disinfection byproducts in drinking water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131242. [PMID: 36963195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Identification of emerging disinfection byproducts (DBPs) of health relevance is important to uncover the health risk of drinking water observed in epidemiology studies. In this study, mutagenic chlorinated nucleotides were proposed as potential DBPs in drinking water, and the formation and transformation pathways of these DBPs in chlorination of nucleotides were carefully investigated. A total of eleven chlorinated nucleotides and analogs were provisionally identified as potential DBPs, such as monochloro uridine/cytidine/adenosine acid and dichloro cytidine acid, and the formation mechanisms involved chlorination, decarbonization, hydrolysis, oxidation and decarboxylation. The active sites of nucleotides that reacted with chlorine were on the aromatic heterocyclic rings of nucleobases, and the carbon among the two nitrogen atoms in the nucleobases tended to be transformed into carboxyl group or be eliminated, further forming ring-opening or reorganization products. Approximately 0.2-4.0 % (mol/mol) of these chlorinated nucleotides and analogs finally decomposed to small-molecule aliphatic DBPs, primarily including haloacetic acids, trichloromethane, and trichloroacetaldehyde. Eight intermediates, particularly chlorinated imino-D-ribose and imino-D-ribose, were tentatively identified in chlorination of uridine. This study provides the first set of preliminary evidence for indicating the promising occurrence of chlorinated nucleotides and analogs as potential toxicological-relevant DBPs after disinfection of drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangrong Sun
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Han Yeong Kaw
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Meijiao Zhou
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Pei Guo
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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12
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Jiang L, Luo J, Wei W, Song M, Shi W, Li A, Zhou Q, Pan Y. Comparative cytotoxicity analyses of disinfection byproducts in drinking water using dimensionless parameter scaling method: Effect of halogen substitution type and number. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 240:120087. [PMID: 37247438 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Up to date, over 700 disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have been detected and identified in drinking water. It has been recognized that cytotoxicity of DBPs varied significantly among groups. Even within the same group, cytotoxicity of different DBP species was also different due to different halogen substitution types and numbers. However, it is still difficult to quantitatively determine the inter-group cytotoxicity relationships of DBPs under the effect of halogen substitution in different cell lines, especially when a large number of DBP groups and multiple cytotoxicity cell lines are involved. In this study, a powerful dimensionless parameter scaling method was adopted to quantitatively determine the relationship of halogen substitution and the cytotoxicity of various DBP groups in three cell lines (i.e., the human breast carcinoma (MVLN), Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), and human hepatoma (Hep G2) cell cytotoxicity) with no need to consider their absolute values and other influences. By introducing the dimensionless parameters Dx-orn-speciescellline and D¯x-orn-speciescellline, as well as their corresponding linear regression equation coefficients ktypeornumbercellline and k¯typeornumbercellline, the strength and trend of halogen substitution influences on the relative cytotoxic potency could be determined. It was found that the effect of halogen substitution type and number on the cytotoxicity of DBPs followed the same patterns in the three cell lines. The CHO cell cytotoxicity was the most sensitive cell line to evaluate the effect of halogen substitution on the aliphatic DBPs, whereas the MVLN cell cytotoxicity was the most sensitive cell line to evaluate the effect of halogen substitution on the cyclic DBPs. Notably, seven quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) models were established, which could not only predict the cytotoxicity data of DBPs, but also help to explain and verify the patterns of halogen substitution effect on cytotoxicity of DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Jiayi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Wenzhe Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Maoyong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
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13
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Li J, Song Y, Jiang J, Yang T, Cao Y. Oxidative treatment of NOM by selective oxidants in drinking water treatment and its impact on DBP formation in postchlorination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159908. [PMID: 36336058 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM), as a ubiquitous component in aqueous environments, has raised continuous scientific concerns due to its role as an organic precursor to disinfection by-products (DBPs) in the subsequent chlorination process. Selective oxidants, including ozone (O3), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), permanganate (Mn(VII)), and ferrate (Fe(VI)) are widely used in the preoxidation stage in drinking water treatment. The selective reactivity of those oxidants toward NOM is expected to alternate NOM properties and consequently DBP formation in postchlorination. Despite extensive studies on the interactions of NOM with selective oxidants, there is currently a lack of an overview of this area. To fill this gap, this study presents the current knowledge of the modification of NOM properties by selective oxidants and its impact on DBP formation in postchlorination. The NOM property changes in three aspects, including bulk property (e.g., total organic carbon, ultraviolet absorbance), fractional constituent (e.g., molecular size, hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity), and elemental composition (e.g., functional group) by the four selective oxidants (i.e., O3, ClO2, Mn(VII), and Fe(VI)) were discussed. Thereafter, the impacts of alteration of NOM properties by those selective oxidants on DBP formation in the subsequent chlorination were summarized, wherein the key influencing factors were discussed. Finally, the future perspectives in this area were forwarded, which highlighted the significance of process optimization, the attention to the less studied but more toxic DBPs, and the need for the identification of unknown DBPs. This review presented a state-of-the-art knowledge pool of the fate of NOM in oxidation and chlorination processes, promoted our understanding of the relationship between NOM properties and DBP formation, and identified further research needs in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhu Hai 519087, China.
| | - Yang Song
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tao Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying Cao
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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14
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Li Y, Niu Z, Wang Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y. The convergence of 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone in the whole process of lignin phenol precursor chlorination. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137290. [PMID: 36403808 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The formation and decomposition of 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, an emerging disinfection byproduct (DBP), was studied in the chlorination of lignin phenol precursors. The results show that DCBQ and the related hydroxyl DCBQ (DCBQ-OH) acts as the intermediate products of the chlorination process of the three typical lignin phenol precursors (p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, and gallic acid). The contributions of lignin phenol precursors to the overall formation of the targeted DBPs were determined based on the observed abundances of individual lignin phenols and their DBP yields. DCBQ and DCBQ-OH were generated within 2-6 h, the relative abundance of the yields of mol carbon atoms in DCBQ corresponding to the mol carbon atoms in the three model precursors (DCBQ-C) was about 0.01%-14.37% under different pH conditions. With the chlorination reaction time increased (after two or four h), the concentrations of DCBQ and DCBQ-OH entirely decreased, and the decomposition of DCBQ do not follow a pseudo-first-order kinetics during chlorination. Conversely, the decomposition of DCBQ generated from p-hydroxybenzoic acid followed a pseudo-second-order kinetics. Moreover, the formation of trichloromethane (TCM), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) was also detected during the chlorination. The contribution of the decomposed DCBQ was mainly to TCAA and the unknown DBPs within 2-12 h, and DCBQ decomposition pathway was affected by pH. Moreover, except for DCBQ/DCBQ-OH and TCM/HAAs, there were still 73.6%-92.41% unknown products (including non-halogenated aromatic DBPs and chlorine-substituted DBPs) needing to identify during the chlorination process for lignin phenols. Overall, revealing the formation and decomposition of DCBQ during the chlorination of lignin phenol precursors would contribute to the effective development of drinking water treatment processes for the removal of highly toxic intermediates generated during disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhiguang Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; The International Joint Institute of Tianjin University, Fuzhou, 350207, China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lifen Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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15
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Wang J, Zhang M, Hu S, Xian Q, Chen H, Gong T. Occurrence and Cytotoxicity of Aliphatic and Aromatic Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts in Indoor Swimming Pool Water and Their Incoming Tap Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17763-17775. [PMID: 36475631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in swimming pool water are of wide concern for public health. In this study, the occurrence of five categories of aliphatic halogenated DBPs, i.e., trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), halonitromethanes (HNMs), and haloketones (HKs), and six categories of aromatic halogenated DBPs, i.e., halophenols (HPs), halonitrophenols (HNPs), halohydroxy-benzaldehydes (HBALs), halohydroxybenzoic acids (HBAs), halobenzoquinones (HBQs), and haloanilines (HAs), was examined in seven indoor swimming pool water and their incoming tap water. The correlations between the DBP concentrations and water quality parameters were explored. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of the aliphatic and aromatic halogenated DBPs was tested with human hepatoma (HepG2) cells, and the concentration-cytotoxicity contributions of different DBP categories were calculated. The results demonstrate that 24 aliphatic (5 THMs, 8 HAAs, 5 HANs, 4 HNMs, and 2 HKs) and 50 aromatic halogenated DBPs (9 HPs, 8 HNPs, 9 HBALs, 8 HBAs, 11 HBQs, and 5 HAs) were present in the swimming pool water, among which 41 aromatic halogenated DBPs were detected in swimming pool water for the first time. The average concentrations of the five categories of aliphatic halogenated DBPs in the swimming pool water were in the order of HAAs > HANs > HKs > THMs > HNMs, while those in their incoming tap water were in the order of THMs > HAAs > HKs > HANs > HNMs. The average concentrations of the aromatic halogenated DBPs in the swimming pool water were significantly lower than those of the aliphatic halogenated DBPs, following the order of HBQs > HPs > HBAs > HBALs > HAs > HNPs, while those in their incoming tap water were in the order of HBALs > HBQs > HPs > HBAs > HAs > HNPs. The average concentration-cytotoxicity contributions of different DBP categories in the swimming pool water followed the order of HAAs > HANs > HNMs > HKs > HBQs > THMs > HPs > HNPs > HBAs > HBALs > HAs, with HAAs, HANs, and HNMs possessing the main concentration-cytotoxicity contributions (93.2% in total) among all DBP categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Meiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Shaoyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Haoran Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Tingting Gong
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
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16
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Tu N, Liu H, Li W, Yao S, Liu J, Guo Z, Yu R, Du H, Li J. Quantitative structure-toxicity relationships of halobenzoquinone isomers on DNA reactivity and genotoxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136763. [PMID: 36209857 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Halobenzoquinones (HBQs) are an emerging class of drinking water disinfection byproducts that have been predicted as bladder carcinogens. However, data on the genotoxicity of HBQs are still scarce. This study performed a quantitative structure-toxicity relationship (QSTR) analysis of HBQ isomers on DNA reactivity and genotoxicity. The interaction of HBQs with calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) was studied using multi-spectroscopic and molecular docking techniques. UV-Vis absorption spectra observed a significant hyperchromic effect with the increase of HBQ concentration. The fluorescence intensity of both probe-ct-DNA decreased with the increasing concentration of HBQs, indicating that the interaction mode between each HBQs and DNA was quite complicated, and there were both minor groove binding and intercalation binding. Molecular docking showed that HBQs interacted with DNA predominantly via hydrogen bond at guanine-rich areas in the minor groove of DNA. The genotoxicity of HBQs on human hepatocytes (L-02) was evaluated by micronucleus test, and the results showed that HBQs could cause significant chromosomal damage. The rank order of HBQ isomers on DNA reactivity and genotoxicity was 2,5-HBQs > their corresponding 2,6-HBQs. QSTR analysis found that dipole moment is the key structural descriptor influencing both DNA reactivity and genotoxicity of HBQ isomers. This study suggested that HBQs have caused genotoxicity which was influenced by their isomeric effects, warranting a comprehensive understanding of the genotoxic and carcinogenic risks associated with HBQs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Tu
- Department of Health Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Health Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Wanling Li
- Department of Health Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Shuo Yao
- Department of Health Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Juanli Liu
- Department of Health Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Zhaoying Guo
- Department of Health Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Department of Health Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Haiying Du
- Department of Health Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- Department of Health Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China.
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17
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Hu S, Chen X, Zhang B, Liu L, Gong T, Xian Q. Occurrence and transformation of newly discovered 2-bromo-6-chloro-1,4-benzoquinone in chlorinated drinking water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129189. [PMID: 35739719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Halobenzoquinones (HBQs) have been reported as an emerging category of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water with relatively high toxicity, and the previously reported HBQs include 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, 2,3,6-trichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, 2,6-dichloro-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone, 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone, 2,6-diiodo-1,4-benzoquinone, 2-chloro-6-iodo-1,4-benzoquinone, and 2-bromo-6-iodo-1,4-benzoquinone. In this study, another HBQ species, 2-bromo-6-chloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-BCBQ), was newly detected and identified in drinking water. The occurrence frequency and levels of 2,6-BCBQ were investigated, and its cytotoxicity was evaluated. Since the formed 2,6-BCBQ was found to be not stable in chlorination, its transformation kinetics and mechanisms in chlorination were further studied. The results reveal that 2,6-BCBQ was generated from Suwannee River humic acid with concentrations in the range of 4.4-47.9 ng/L during chlorination within 120 h, and it was present in all the tap water samples with concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 15.7 ng/L. Among all the tested bromochloro-DBPs, 2,6-BCBQ showed the highest cytotoxicity on the human hepatoma cells. The transformation of 2,6-BCBQ in chlorination followed a pseudo-first-order decay, which was significantly affected by the chlorine dose, pH, and temperature. Seven polar chlorinated and brominated intermediates (including HBQs, halohydroxybenzoquinones, and halohydroxycyclopentenediones) were detected in chlorinated 2,6-BCBQ samples, according to which the transformation pathways of 2,6-BCBQ in chlorination were proposed. Besides, four trihalomethanes and four haloacetic acids were also generated during chlorination of 2,6-BCBQ with molar transformation percentages of 1.6-13.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Lower Changjiang River Bureau of Hydrological and Water Resources Survey, Nanjing 210011, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Lanyao Liu
- Water Resources Department of Linyi, Linyi 276037, China
| | - Tingting Gong
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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18
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Chen H, Wang J, Zhao X, Wang Y, Huang Z, Gong T, Xian Q. Occurrence of dissolved black carbon in source water and disinfection byproducts formation during chlorination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:129054. [PMID: 35650743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved black carbon (DBC), the water-soluble component of black carbon, which is formed by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels or biochar, takes up about 10% of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in river water. However, the distribution of DBC in water environment especially in source water is not clear and as an important component of DOM, whether DBC can produce disinfection byproducts (DBPs) like other DOM during disinfection remains unknown. In this study, the DBC concentrations in seventeen source water samples from East China were measured. The concentrations of DBC in the source water samples ranged from 60 to 270 μg/L, which were positively correlated with UV254 absorbance and chemical oxygen demand. The levels of DBC in wet season were higher than that in dry season. The average concentrations of DBC in different types of source water samples followed the order of reservoir > canal > lake > river. DBC could only be removed by 20% during the simulated coagulation, and further generate different categories of DBPs during chlorination, among which the concentrations of haloacetic acids (HAA) were the highest. The results indicated that DBC widely distributes in source water and is an important precursor of HAAs and THMs during chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiating Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhijun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tingting Gong
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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19
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Hu S, Kaw HY, Zhu L, Wang W. Halohydroxybenzonitriles as a new group of halogenated aromatic DBPs in drinking water: Are they of comparable risk to halonitrophenols? WATER RESEARCH 2022; 219:118547. [PMID: 35561620 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated aromatic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) exhibited similar total organic halogen levels in chlorinated drinking water samples as compared with aliphatic ones, and they predominantly accounted for the overall toxicity of the samples. Among the reported halogenated aromatic DBPs, halonitrophenols (HNPs) have received particular attention in recent years due to the relatively high risk in drinking water. In this study, a new group of halogenated aromatic DBPs were detected and then proposed to be halohydroxybenzonitriles (HHBNs) by employing the ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometers. Thereafter, the specific HHBN species in drinking water were theoretically speculated and then thoroughly identified with standard compounds. Their occurrence in drinking water was investigated, their cytotoxicity was evaluated, and their stability in the presence of chlorine was assessed. Seven newly identified HHBNs, including 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxybenzonitrile, 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzonitrile, 5-bromo-3-chloro-4-hydroxybenzonitrile, 5-bromo-3-chloro-2-hydroxybenzonitrile, 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile, 3,5-dibromo-2-hydroxybenzonitrile, and 3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile, showed 100% detection frequency in the collected drinking water samples with concentrations up to 36 ng/L. HHBNs exhibited significantly higher cytotoxicity in Chinese hamster ovary cells than regulated DBPs (e.g., trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids), which might be contributed by their cellular uptake efficiency and nucleophilicity. The seven HHBNs were proved to undergo transformation during chlorination following pseudo-first-order decay with half-lives in the range of 9-63 h. More importantly, in comparison to HNPs, which showed relatively high toxicity and strong stability among the halogenated aromatic DBPs, HHBNs presented comparable concentration-cytotoxicity contribution (50%) and slightly weaker stability (43%), suggesting that HHBNs should be a new group of DBPs of concern in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Hu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Han Yeong Kaw
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Lou J, Lu H, Wang W, He S, Zhu L. Quantitative identification of halo-methyl-benzoquinones as disinfection byproducts in drinking water using a pseudo-targeted LC-MS/MS method. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 218:118466. [PMID: 35483207 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Halobenzoquinones (HBQs) as disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water is prioritized for research due to their prevalent occurrence and high toxicity. However, only fifteen HBQs can be identified among a high diversity using targeted LC-MS/MS analysis in previous studies due to the lack of chemical standards. In this study, we developed a pseudo-targeted LC-MS/MS method for detecting and quantifying diverse HBQs. Distinct fragment characteristics of HBQs was observed according to the halogen substituent effects, and extended to the development of a multiple-reaction-monitoring (MRM) method for the quantification of the 46 HBQs that were observed in simulated drinking water using non-targeted analysis. The fragmentation mechanism was supported by the changes of Gibbs free energy (ΔG), and a linear relationship between the ΔG and the ionization efficiency of analytes was developed accordingly for quantification of these 46 HBQs, 30 of which were lack of chemical standards. It is noted that 29 of the 30 newly-identified HBQs were halo-methyl-benzoquinones (HMBQs), which were predicted to be carcinogens related with drinking-water bladder cancer risk and be more toxic than non-methyl HBQs. Using the new method, twelve HMBQs were detected in actual drinking water samples with concentrations up to 100.4 ng/L, 3 times higher than that reported previously. The cytotoxicity in CHO cells of HMBQs was over 1-fold higher than that of non-methyl-HBQs. Therefore, HMBQs are an essential, highly toxic group of HBQs in drinking water, which deserve particular monitoring and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiu Lou
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huijie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shichong He
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Jiang H, Kaw HY, Zhu L, Wang W. Halonaphthoquinones: A group of emerging disinfection byproducts of high toxicity in drinking water. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 217:118421. [PMID: 35429882 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have received particular attention in recent years due to their high toxicity. However, most relevant researches at present focused merely on halo-monocyclic DBPs, while halo-polycyclic DBPs were scarcely explored. In this study, a new group of halo-bicyclic DBPs termed as halonaphthoquinones (HNQs) was systematically studied. By coupling with vacuum centrifugal concentrator, a SPE-UPLC-MS/MS method with high accuracy and sensitivity was developed to detect five semi-volatile HNQs in drinking water, which achieved the detection limits in the range of 0.05-0.24 ng/L. Five HNQs were identified using this method with 100% detection frequency at concentrations up to 136.7 ng/L in drinking water originated from seven water treatment plants. The cytotoxicity of the five tested HNQs in CHO-K1 cells (IC50 from 3.17 to 13.18 μM) was comparable to the most toxic known carbonaceous DBP in drinking water, iodoacetic acid (IC50=2.95 μM). Meanwhile, the cytotoxicity of five tested HNQs were also higher than 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (IC50=21.73 μM) which is hundreds to thousands of times more toxic than regulated DBPs, indicating the significant toxicity risk of HNQ DBPs. To the best of our knowledge, this study presents the first analytical method for analysis of HNQ DBPs, and the first set of data on the occurrence and cytotoxicity of HNQ DBPs in drinking water. These findings are meaningful for probing deeply into the presence of varied halo-polycyclic DBPs in the aqueous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangcheng Jiang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Han Yeong Kaw
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Zhao J, Hu S, Zhu L, Wang W. Formation of chlorinated halobenzoquinones during chlorination of free aromatic amino acids. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:153904. [PMID: 35189221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated halobenzoquinones (HBQs) widely exist in drinking water as emerging disinfection byproducts (DBPs), which have attracted significant attention due to their wide occurrence and high toxicity. In this study, the formation of chlorinated HBQs from the three free aromatic amino acids, tryptophan (Trp), tyrosine (Tyr) and phenylalanine (Phe), during chlorination was investigated, the formation pathways of chlorinated HBQs were explained based on the detected intermediates and influence factors. The results revealed that four chlorinated HBQs, including 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ), 2,3,5-trichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone and 2,6-dichloro-3-methyl-1,4-benzonquinone, were formed in chlorination of the three free aromatic amino acids, and 2,6-DCBQ was the dominant species among the formed chlorinated HBQs. Of the three free aromatic amino acids, Trp and Tyr presented relatively high yields of chlorinated HBQs than Phe. Moreover, ten intermediates were successfully detected (e.g., N,2-dichloroaniline from Trp, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol from Tyr) according to the isotope and fragment information obtained using high resolution mass spectrometry. The formation pathways of chlorinated HBQs from Trp and Tyr were proposed to include electrophilic addition, electrophilic substitution, oxidation, deacidification and dehydration reaction, and further validated using theoretical calculation. The yields of chlorinated HBQs during chlorination of the free aromatic amino acids were significantly affected by free chlorine dosage, pH and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shaoyang Hu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Zhai H, Zhao J, Wang R, Yan Y, Yu S, Zhao Y. Formation of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids from 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone during chlorination: Decomposition kinetics, conversion rates, and pathways. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132729. [PMID: 34718017 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As a typical aromatic disinfection byproduct (DBP), 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ) attracts much concern due to the potential toxicity. To further evaluate the role of 2,6-DCBQ as an intermediate DBP in water with or without chlorine, their decomposition characteristics and transformation potential to the regulated DBPs (i.e., trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs)) were investigated under different chlorine doses, pH values, temperatures, contact times, and bromide levels. The decomposition of 2,6-DCBQ under different conditions all fit apparent first-order kinetics. The hydrolysis rate constants of 2,6-DCBQ significantly increased with pH. The half-live values of 2,6-DCBQ were 108.3-568.7 h at pH 6.0-6.5, and 1.8-31.1 h at pH 7.0-8.5. During the hydrolysis of 2,6-DCBQ, there was no THMs and HAAs generated. During chlorination, 2,6-DCBQ decayed rapidly accompanied by the fast formation of trichloromethane (TCM) and the gradual generation of dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid. The molar conversion rates of 2,6-DCBQ-to-THMs (i.e., TCM) and 2,6-DCBQ-to-HAAs were 2.9-10.0% and 0.1-2.2% under different conditions. The presence of bromide increased the conversion rates of 2,6-DCBQ-to-THMs and caused the generation of brominated THMs and HAAs. According to the decomposition characteristics of 2,6-DCBQ and the formation trends of THMs and HAAs under different conditions, multiple formation pathways from 2,6-DCBQ to THMs and HAAs were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Rumeng Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yuwei Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
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Hu S, Kaw HY, Zhu L, Wang W. Formation and Cytotoxicity of Halophenylacetamides: A New Group of Nitrogenous Aromatic Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3181-3192. [PMID: 35175050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogenous aromatic halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water have received considerable attention recently owing to their relatively high toxicity. In this study, a new group of nitrogenous aromatic halogenated disinfection byproducts, halophenylacetamides (HPAcAms), were successfully identified for the first time in both the laboratory experiments and realistic drinking water. The formation mechanism of HPAcAms during chlorination of phenylalanine in the presence of Br- and I-, occurrence frequencies, and concentrations in authentic drinking water were investigated, and a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was developed based on the acquired cytotoxicity data. The results demonstrated that HPAcAms could be formed from phenylalanine in chlorination via electrophilic substitution, decarboxylation, hydrochloric acid elimination, and hydrolysis. The HPAcAm yields from phenylalanine were significantly affected by contact time, pH, chlorine dose, and temperature. Nine HPAcAms with concentrations in the range of 0.02-1.54 ng/L were detected in authentic drinking water samples. Most tested HPAcAms showed significantly higher cytotoxicity compared with dichloroacetamide, which is the most abundant aliphatic haloacetamide DBP. The QSAR model demonstrated that the cellular uptake efficiency and the polarized distributions of electrons of HPAcAms play essential roles in their cytotoxicity mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Hu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Han Yeong Kaw
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
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25
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Lou J, Lu H, Wang W, Zhu L. Molecular composition of halobenzoquinone precursors in natural organic matter in source water. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 209:117901. [PMID: 34872027 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Halobenzoquinones (HBQs) are emerging disinfection byproducts generated during the reaction of chlorine disinfectant with natural organic matter (NOM) in source water. In this study, the correlations between molecular weight and HBQs generation of river NOM was evaluated. The compositional and functional characteristics of primary HBQs precursors were revealed by using Orbitrap mass spectrometry combined with molecular tagging. The NOM fraction larger than 50 kDa resulted in approximately 9 times more HBQs (50.9 ± 2.7 ng/mgC) than low molecular weight fractions. Significant correlations were found between the yields of HBQs and lignin-like and highly oxygen compounds in NOM, suggesting their critical roles in HBQs formation. Derivatizating the aldehydes, ketones, hydroxyl and carboxyl groups in NOM could reduce HBQs yields by 90.7%-100%. Unraveling the molecular characteristics of HBQs precursors in NOM would greatly benefit the prediction of HBQs yields of different source water, and develop more efficient disinfection byproduct control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiu Lou
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences and key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huijie Lu
- College of Environmental Resource Sciences and Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences and key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences and key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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26
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Wang Y, Zuo G, Kong J, Guo Y, Xian Z, Dai Y, Wang J, Gong T, Sun C, Xian Q. Sheet-on-sheet TiO 2/Bi 2MoO 6 heterostructure for enhanced photocatalytic amoxicillin degradation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 421:126634. [PMID: 34330077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Developing sheet-on-sheet (2D/2D) heterostructure with built-in electric field (BIEF) is effective in boosting the performance of photocatalysts for emerging contaminants degradation. Herein, the 2D/2D microtopography and (-)TiO2/(+)Bi2MoO6 BIEF were precisely integrated into hierarchical nanosheets, which can provide the basis and driving force for charge transfer both in in-plane and interface of heterojunction. The prepared photocatalyst (TiO2/Bi2MoO6) showed high-efficiency and stable performance for photocatalytic amoxicillin (AMX) degradation, which was 18.2 and 5.7 times higher than TiO2 and Bi2MoO6, respectively. More importantly, TiO2/Bi2MoO6 showed more efficient photocatalytic activity and photogenerated charge separation than TiO2@Bi2MoO6 (different morphology). Besides, four possible pathways of AMX degradation were proposed depending on Gaussian calculations and intermediates analysis by GC-MS and HPLC-TOFMS. This work sheds light on the design and construction of unique 2D/2D heterostructure photocatalysts for AMX degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Gancheng Zuo
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Jijie Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Zeyu Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yuxuan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Junjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Tingting Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Cheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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Xu S, Hu S, Zhu L, Wang W. Haloquinone Chloroimides as Toxic Disinfection Byproducts Identified in Drinking Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16347-16357. [PMID: 34881563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Haloquinone chloroimides (HQCs) are suspected to be highly toxic contaminants, and their production during drinking water disinfection is predicted. However, HQC disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have not been reported in drinking water to date because of analytical limitations. In this study, we developed an analytical method to detect five HQCs, including 2,6-dichloroquinone-4-chloroimide (2,6-DCQC), 2,6-dibromoquinone-4-chloroimide (2,6-DBQC), 2-chloroquinone-4-chloroimide (2-CQC), 3-chloroquinone-4-chloroimide (3-CQC), and 2,6-dichloroquinone-3-methyl-chloroimide (2,6-DCMQC). This method combined a derivatization reaction of HQCs with phenol in alkaline solutions to produce halogenated indophenols, a solid-phase extraction pretreatment using hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced (HLB) cartridges, and a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method for quantification. The method was demonstrated to be sensitive and accurate with recoveries of 71-85% and limits of detection of 0.1-0.2 ng/L for the five tested HQCs. Using this method, five tested HQCs were identified in drinking water samples from nine water treatment plants and water distribution systems as new DBPs at concentrations of up to 23.1 ng/L. The cytotoxicity of the five tested HQCs in HepG2 cells was higher than or comparable to that of 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ), an emerging DBP that was hundreds to thousands of times more toxic than regulated DBPs. This study presents the first analytical method for HQC DBPs in drinking water and the first set of occurrence and cytotoxicity data of HQC DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Xu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shaoyang Hu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Dummy template based molecularly imprinted solid-phase microextraction coating for analysis of trace disinfection by-product of 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone using high-performance liquid chromatography. Talanta 2021; 239:123065. [PMID: 34875523 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Trace disinfection by-products (DBPs) produced during the disinfection of drinking water are potentially carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic, which has aroused much attention recently. In this study, a molecularly imprinted (MIP) solid -phase microextraction (SPME) fiber coating was prepared by an in-situ polymerization method using a dummy template molecule for the analysis of trace 2,6-dichloroindole-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ), a typical DBP. The characterization results suggested that this monolithic SPME fiber under the optimized conditions had the porous structure, large surface area and good thermal stability. Due to the strong structural recognition and molecular interaction between MIP SPME coating and target molecule, it showed good extraction selectivity and capacity to trace 2,6-DCBQ with an imprinting factor of 4.7. Then, coupling with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-ultraviolet (UV) detection, a sensitive analytical method for trace 2,6-DCBQ in water samples was successfully established with a detection limit down to 2.3 ng/mL. The recoveries of the proposed method were in range of 84.4-122% with the relative standard deviations of 1.0-13% (n = 3). The results showed that this MIP SPME-HPLC-UV method possessed high analytical selectivity and sensitivity for trace 2,6-DCBQ in water, which would benefit the improvement of the practicability of DBPs monitoring and detection methodology.
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Mohan A, Reckhow DA. Hydrolysis and Chlorination of 2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone under conditions typical of drinking water distribution systems. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 200:117219. [PMID: 34038823 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Halobenzoquinones (HBQs) are emerging disinfection by-products (DBPs) that are postulated drivers of bladder carcinogenicity. Prior assessments of 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (DCBQ) occurrence in drinking water distribution systems have revealed a gradual decline with increasing distance from points of entry. While this signals a degradation pathway, there is limited quantitative data on rate of that degradation. A systematic evaluation of DCBQ hydrolysis was performed, resulting in a rate law that is first order in both hydroxide [OH-] and [DCBQ]. The impact of temperature on that rate was characterized according to the Arrhenius relationship. Under the conditions tested (pH~7.2, T = 20°C) chloramine did not significantly impact DCBQ concentrations. However, DCBQ was rapidly degraded in solutions containing free available chlorine (FAC). Kinetic analysis showed non-integer order with respect to FAC. Further investigation led to a model that invoked reaction with dichlorine monoxide (Cl2O) as well as FAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarthi Mohan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, United States.
| | - David A Reckhow
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, United States
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Wu H, Long K, Sha Y, Lu D, Xia Y, Mo Y, Yang Q, Zheng W, Yang M, Wei X. Occurrence and toxicity of halobenzoquinones as drinking water disinfection byproducts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:145277. [PMID: 33515874 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Halobenzoquinones (HBQs) are emerging unregulated drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) that are more toxic than regulated DBPs. This study aimed to determine the distribution and formation of HBQs in drinking water from water treatment plants in China, compare their chronic cytotoxicity and their induction of chromosomal damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells, and analyze the correlation of HBQ toxicity with their physicochemical parameters. Two HBQs, 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ) and 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DBBQ), were detected in finished water and tap water in China. The concentrations were in the ranges of <2.6-19.70 ng/L for 2,6-DCBQ and <0.38-1.8 ng/L for 2,6-DBBQ. Chemical oxygen demand and residual chlorine were positively correlated with HBQ formation. The HBQ concentration was lower in a drinking water treatment plant using chlorine dioxide. High Ca2+ in tap water decreased the HBQ level. The rank order of HBQ by cytotoxicity was 2-chloro-1,4-benzoquinone > 2,3-diiodo-1,4-benzoquinone > 2,6-diiodo-1,4-benzoquinone > 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone > 2,5-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone > 2,5-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone > 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone > tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone > 2,3,6-trichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, and for their genotoxicity, 2,5-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone > 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone > 2,3-diiodo-1,4-benzoquinone > 2,6-diiodo-1,4-benzoquinone > tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone > 2,5-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone > 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone > 2,3,6-trichloro-1,4-benzoquinone. The cytotoxicity of six dihalo-HBQs was negatively correlated with the octanol-water partition coefficient (r = -0.971, P < 0.05), molar refractivity (r = -0.956, P < 0.05), energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (EHOMO) (r = -0.943, P < 0.05), and polar surface area (r = -0.829, P < 0.05). The genotoxicity of these three pairs of dihalo-HBQ isomers followed the same order as their EHOMO values. This study reveals the occurrence and formation of HBQs in drinking water in China and systematically evaluates the chromosomal damage caused by nine HBQs in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, PR China
| | - Kunling Long
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, PR China
| | - Yujie Sha
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, PR China
| | - Du Lu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, PR China
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, PR China
| | - Yan Mo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, PR China
| | - Qiyuan Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, PR China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Mengting Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
| | - Xiao Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, PR China.
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Li Z, Song G, Bi Y, Gao W, He A, Lu Y, Wang Y, Jiang G. Occurrence and Distribution of Disinfection Byproducts in Domestic Wastewater Effluent, Tap Water, and Surface Water during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4103-4114. [PMID: 33523638 PMCID: PMC7875339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Intensified efforts to curb transmission of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 might lead to an elevated concentration of disinfectants in domestic wastewater and drinking water in China, possibly resulting in the generation of numerous toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs). In this study, the occurrence and distribution of five categories of DBPs, including six trihalomethanes (THMs), nine haloacetic acids (HAAs), two haloketones, nine nitrosamines, and nine aromatic halogenated DBPs, in domestic wastewater effluent, tap water, and surface water were investigated. The results showed that the total concentration level of measured DBPs in wastewater effluents (78.3 μg/L) was higher than that in tap water (56.0 μg/L, p = 0.05), followed by surface water (8.0 μg/L, p < 0.01). Moreover, HAAs and THMs were the two most dominant categories of DBPs in wastewater effluents, tap water, and surface water, accounting for >90%, respectively. Out of the regulated DBPs, none of the wastewater effluents and tap water samples exceeded the corresponding maximum guideline values of chloroform (300 μg/L), THM4 (80 μg/L), NDMA (100 ng/L), and only 2 of 35 tap water samples (67.6 and 63.3 μg/L) exceeded the HAA5 (60 μg/L) safe limit. HAAs in wastewater effluents showed higher values of risk quotient for green algae. This study illustrates that the elevated use of disinfectants within the guidance ranges during water disinfection did not result in a significant increase in the concentration of DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Li
- School of Environment, Hangzhou
Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000,
People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for
Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100085, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Gaofei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater
Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater
Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for
Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100085, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Anen He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for
Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100085, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Yao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for
Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100085, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Yawei Wang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou
Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000,
People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for
Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100085, People’s
Republic of China
- University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for
Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100085, People’s
Republic of China
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Zhang D, Bond T, Li M, Dong S, Pan Y, Du E, Xiao R, Chu W. Ozonation Treatment Increases Chlorophenylacetonitrile Formation in Downstream Chlorination or Chloramination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3747-3755. [PMID: 33595294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophenylacetonitriles (CPANs) are an emerging group of aromatic nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (DBPs). However, their dominant precursors and formation pathways remain unclear, which hinders the further development of effective control strategies. For the first time, CPAN precursors were screened by conducting formation potential (FP) tests on real water samples from six drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). The average overall removal of CPAN precursors across all six DWTPs was only 10%. Moreover, ozonation increased CPAN precursors by 140% on average. Fluorescence spectroscopy showed a dramatic reduction in aromatic proteins, tyrosine-like proteins, and tryptophan-like proteins following ozonation. Low-apparent-molecular-weight (AMW) (<1 kDa) substances were correlated with the CPAN FP in these samples. We therefore hypothesized that protein fragments with low AMW, such as amino acids, are important CPAN precursors during downstream chlor(am)ination. Two aromatic free amino acids, tyrosine and tryptophan, were selected to investigate the formation of CPANs during chlor(am)ination. Both amino acids were found to act as CPAN precursors for the first time. CPAN formation pathways from these model precursors were proposed based on the frontier molecular orbital theory and intermediate products identified using high-resolution mass spectrometry. This study provides a powerful theoretical foundation for controlling CPAN formation in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tom Bond
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, U.K
| | - Mingli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shengkun Dong
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Water Security in Southern China of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Erdeng Du
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
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