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Wang Q, Liu H, Li Y, Li W, Sun D, Zhao H, Tie C, Gu J, Zhao Q. Predicting plateau atmospheric ozone concentrations by a machine learning approach: A case study of a typical city on the southwestern plateau of China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 363:125071. [PMID: 39368623 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.125071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 09/15/2024] [Accepted: 10/02/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric ozone (O3) has been placed on the priority control pollutant list in China's 14th Five-Year Plan. Due to their unique meteorological conditions, plateau regions contain high concentrations of atmospheric O3. However, traditional experimental methods for determining O3 concentrations using automatic monitoring stations cannot predict O3 trends. In this study, two machine learning models (a nonlinear auto-regressive model with external inputs (NARX) and a temporal convolution network (TCN)) were developed to predict O3 concentrations in a plateau area in the Kunming region by considering the effects of meteorological parameters, air quality parameters, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The plateau O3 prediction accuracy of the machine learning models was found to be much higher than those of numerical models that served as a comparison. The O3 values predicted by the machine learning models closely matched the actual monitoring data. The temporal distribution of plateau O3 displayed a high all-day peak from February to May. A correlation analysis between O3 concentrations and feature parameters demonstrated that humidity is the feature with the highest absolute correlation (-0.72), and was negatively correlated with O3 concentrations during all test periods. VOCs and temperatures were also found to have high positive correlation coefficients with O3 during periods of significant O3 pollution. After negating the effects of meteorological parameters, the predicted O3 concentrations decreased significantly, whereas they increased in the absence of NOx. Although individual VOCs were found to greatly affect the O3 concentration, the total VOC (TVOC) concentration had a relatively small effect. The proposed machine learning model was demonstrated to predict plateau O3 concentrations and distinguish how different features affect O3 variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan province, P.R. China, 650031
| | - Huaying Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan province, P.R. China, 650031
| | - Yingjie Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan province, P.R. China, 650031.
| | - Wenjie Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan province, P.R. China, 650031
| | - Donggou Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan province, P.R. China, 650031
| | - Heng Zhao
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 11428.
| | - Cheng Tie
- Yunnan Center of Environmental and Ecological Monitoring, Kunming, Yunnan province, P.R. China, 650034
| | - Jicang Gu
- Yunnan Center of Environmental and Ecological Monitoring, Kunming, Yunnan province, P.R. China, 650034
| | - Qilin Zhao
- Yunnan Center of Environmental and Ecological Monitoring, Kunming, Yunnan province, P.R. China, 650034
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2
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Li X, Wang W, Yang S, Cheng Y, Zeng L, Yu X, Lu S, Liu Y, Hu M, Xie S, Huang X, Zhou J, Shi L, Xu H, Lin S, Liu H, Feng M, Song D, Tan Q, Zhang Y. Ozone sensitivity regimes vary at different heights in the planetary boundary layer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 944:173712. [PMID: 38830412 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The sensitivity of tropospheric ozone (O3) to its precursors volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) determines the emission reduction strategy for O3 mitigation. Due to the lack of comprehensive vertical measurements of VOCs, the vertical distribution of O3 sensitivity regimes has not been well understood. O3 precursor sensitivity determined by ground-level measurements has been generally used to guide O3 control strategy. Here, to precisely diagnose O3 sensitivity regimes at different heights in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), we developed a vertical measurement system based on an unmanned aerial vehicle platform to conduct comprehensive vertical measurements of VOCs, NOX and other relevant parameters. Our results suggest that the O3 precursor sensitivity shifts from a VOC-limited regime at the ground to a NOX-limited regime at upper layers, indicating that the ground-level O3 sensitivity cannot represent the situation of the whole PBL. We also found that the state-of-the-art photochemical model tends to underestimate oxygenated VOCs at upper layers, resulting in overestimation of the degree of VOCs-limited regime. Therefore, thorough vertical measurements of VOCs to accurately diagnose O3 precursor sensitivity is in urgent need for the development of effective O3 control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100816, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Minerva Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany.
| | - Suding Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100816, China
| | - Yafang Cheng
- Minerva Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100816, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xuena Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Sihua Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100816, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100816, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100816, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Shaodong Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100816, China
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- Environmental Laboratory, PKU-HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institution, Shenzhen 518057, China; Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Quadrant Space (Tianjin) Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin 301700, China
| | - Haibin Xu
- Quadrant Space (Tianjin) Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin 301700, China
| | - Shuchen Lin
- Quadrant Space (Tianjin) Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin 301700, China
| | - Hefan Liu
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Miao Feng
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Danlin Song
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Qinwen Tan
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100816, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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3
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Tan Z, Feng M, Liu H, Luo Y, Li W, Song D, Tan Q, Ma X, Lu K, Zhang Y. Atmospheric Oxidation Capacity Elevated during 2020 Spring Lockdown in Chengdu, China: Lessons for Future Secondary Pollution Control. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:8815-8824. [PMID: 38733566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
This study presents the measurement of photochemical precursors during the lockdown period from January 23, 2020, to March 14, 2020, in Chengdu in response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. To derive the lockdown impact on air quality, the observations are compared to the equivalent periods in the last 2 years. An observation-based model is used to investigate the atmospheric oxidation capacity change during lockdown. OH, HO2, and RO2 concentrations are simulated, which are elevated by 42, 220, and 277%, respectively, during the lockdown period, mainly due to the reduction in nitrogen oxides (NOx). However, the radical turnover rates, i.e., OH oxidation rate L(OH) and local ozone production rate P(O3), which determine the secondary intermediates formation and O3 formation, only increase by 24 and 48%, respectively. Therefore, the oxidation capacity increases slightly during lockdown, which is partly attributed to unchanged alkene concentrations. During the lockdown, alkene ozonolysis seems to be a significant radical primary source due to the elevated O3 concentrations. This unique data set during the lockdown period highlights the importance of controlling alkene emission to mitigate secondary pollution formation in Chengdu and may also be applicable in other regions of China given an expected NOx reduction due to the rapid transformation to electrified fleets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofeng Tan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (Peking University), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Miao Feng
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Hefan Liu
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yina Luo
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Wei Li
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Danlin Song
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Qinwen Tan
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Xuefei Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (Peking University), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (Peking University), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (Peking University), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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4
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Yan D, Jin Z, Zhou Y, Li M, Zhang Z, Wang T, Zhuang B, Li S, Xie M. Anthropogenically and meteorologically modulated summertime ozone trends and their health implications since China's clean air actions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123234. [PMID: 38154777 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Elevated ozone (O3) has emerged as the major air quality concern since China's clean air actions, offsetting the health benefits gained from improved air quality. Given the shifted ozone chemical regimes and recently boosted extreme weather in China, it's essential to rethink the O3 trends since 2013 for evaluations of air pollution mitigation policy. Here, we examine the anthropogenically and meteorologically modulated summertime O3 trends across China at different stages of the clean air actions using multi-source observations combined with multi-model calculations. Ozone increases steadily in China between 2013-2022, with a fast increase rate of 4.4 μg m-3 yr-1 in Phase I and a much smaller 0.6 μg m-3 yr-1 in Phase II of Action Plan. Results highlight that the deteriorative O3 pollution in Phase I and early Phase II is dominated by the nonlinear O3-emission response. Persistent decline in O3 precursors has shifted its chemical regime in urban areas and began to show a positive influence on ozone mitigation in recent years. Meteorological influence on O3 variations is minor until 2019 (∼10%), but it greatly accelerates or relieves the O3 pollution after then, showing comparable contribution to emissions. Epidemiological model predicts totally 0.8-3.0 thousand yr-1 more deaths across China with altered anthropogenic emissions since clean air actions, and additional health burdens by -1.5-0.3 thousand yr-1 from perturbated meteorology. This study calls for stringent emission control and climate adaptation strategies to attain the ozone pollution mitigation in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yan
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhipeng Jin
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yiting Zhou
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Zihan Zhang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Tijian Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bingliang Zhuang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shu Li
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Min Xie
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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5
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Zhang Y, Gao J, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Li H, Yang X, Zhong X, Zhao M, Wang W, Che F, Zhou D, Wang S, Zhi G, Xue L, Li H. Evolution of Ozone Formation Sensitivity during a Persistent Regional Ozone Episode in Northeastern China and Its Implication for a Control Strategy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:617-627. [PMID: 38112179 PMCID: PMC10786154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the magnitude and frequency of regional ozone (O3) episodes have increased in China. We combined ground-based measurements, observation-based model (OBM), and the Weather Research and Forecasting and Community Multiscale Air Quality (WRF-CMAQ) model to analyze a typical persistent O3 episode that occurred across 88 cities in northeastern China during June 19-30, 2021. The meteorological conditions, particularly the wind convergence centers, played crucial roles in the evolution of O3 pollution. Daily analysis of the O3 formation sensitivity showed that O3 formation was in the volatile organic compound (VOC)-limited or transitional regime at the onset of the pollution episode in 92% of the cities. Conversely, it tended to be or eventually became a NOx-limited regime as the episode progressed in the most polluted cities. Based on the emission-reduction scenario simulations, mitigation of the regional O3 pollution was found to be most effective through a phased control strategy, namely, reduction of a high ratio of VOCs to NOx at the onset of the pollution and lower ratio during evolution of the O3 episode. This study presents a new possibility for regional O3 pollution abatement in China based on a reasonable combination of OBM and the WRF-CMAQ model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yujiao Zhu
- Environment
Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Nanjing CLIMBLUE Technology Co., LTD., Nanjing 211135, China
| | - Hong Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xin Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xuelian Zhong
- Environment
Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Environment
Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wan Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fei Che
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Derong Zhou
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System
Sciences & School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- China
National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Guorui Zhi
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment
Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Haisheng Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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6
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Yan R, Wang H, Huang C, An J, Bai H, Wang Q, Gao Y, Jing S, Wang Y, Su H. Impact of spatial scales of control measures on the effectiveness of ozone pollution mitigation in eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167521. [PMID: 37793456 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) pollution is becoming the primary air pollution issue with the large decrease in fine particulate concentrations in eastern China. The development of widely recognized policies for controlling O3 pollution episodes is urgent. This study aims to provide actionable and comprehensive suggestions for O3 control policy development, with an emphasis on the precursor emission reductions. Here, we compared the impacts of different spatial scale reductions on a widespread O3 pollution episode in eastern China by a state-of-the-art regional air quality model. We find that region-scale joint control (in >30 cities) is much more effective than city-scale sporadic reduction in reducing O3 concentration. Sporadic controls only reduce the maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) O3 by ∼1 μg/m3 in the controlled city, whereas regional controls lead to a MDA8 O3 decrease of ∼8 μg/m3 in the controlled region. In addition, the emission reduction effectiveness increased by 2.6 times from <5 cities to >30 cities. Continuous reductions have a cumulative effect on the decrease of MDA8 O3, showing the strongest effects within 24 h and diminishing after 48 h, which underscores the importance of reducing emissions 24 h prior to an episode. Moreover, the effect of control measures on MDA8 O3 varies spatially depending on the ratio of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to nitrogen oxides (NOx) (VOCs/NOx). Both the reductions of VOC and NOx emissions have a positive effect on the decrease of MDA8 O3 in summer, but the effects of VOC reductions are 1.2 to 1.7 times higher than those of NOx reductions. The residential sector, due to its high VOCs/NOx emission ratio, exhibits the highest efficiency in the reduction of O3 concentrations. Our results highlight the importance of regional joint control and synergistic reduction of VOCs and NOx in eastern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusha Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyu An
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Heming Bai
- Research Center for Intelligent Information Technology, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqin Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengao Jing
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyu Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Su
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China; Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
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7
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Zhao H, Meng P, Gao S, Wang Y, Sun P, Wu Z. Recent advances in simultaneous removal of NOx and VOCs over bifunctional catalysts via SCR and oxidation reaction. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167553. [PMID: 37802335 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are two major pollutants commonly found in industrial flue gas emissions. They play a significant role as precursors in the formation of ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5). The simultaneous removal of NOx and VOCs is crucial in addressing ozone and PM2.5 pollution. In terms of investment costs and space requirements, the development of bifunctional catalysts for the simultaneous selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx and catalytic oxidation of VOCs emerges as a viable technology that has garnered considerable attention. This review provides a summary of recent advances in catalysts for the simultaneous removal of NOx and VOCs. It discusses the reaction mechanisms and interactions involved in NH3-SCR and VOCs catalytic oxidation, the effects of catalyst acidity and redox properties. The insufficiency of bifunctional catalysts was pointed out, including issues related to catalytic activity, product selectivity, catalyst deactivation, and environmental concerns. Subsequently, potential solutions are presented to enhance catalyst performance, such as optimizing the redox properties and acidity, enhancing resistance to poisoning, substituting environment friendly metals and introducing hydrocarbon selective catalytic reduction (HC-SCR) reaction. Finally, some suggestions are given for future research directions in catalyst development are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyuan Zhao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Tianlan Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311202, China; Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Industrial Boiler & Furnace Flue Gas Pollution Control, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Pu Meng
- Zhejiang Tianlan Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311202, China; Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Industrial Boiler & Furnace Flue Gas Pollution Control, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Zhejiang Tianlan Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311202, China; Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Industrial Boiler & Furnace Flue Gas Pollution Control, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yuejun Wang
- Zhejiang Tianlan Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311202, China; Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Industrial Boiler & Furnace Flue Gas Pollution Control, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Pengfei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhongbiao Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Industrial Boiler & Furnace Flue Gas Pollution Control, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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8
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Zhao H, Wang Y, Zhang Z. Increased ground-level O 3 during the COVID-19 pandemic in China aggravates human health risks but has little effect on winter wheat yield. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 338:122713. [PMID: 37813142 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
In January 2020, the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak emerged in China, prompting the enforcement of stringent lockdown measures nationwide to contain its spread. Multiple studies have demonstrated that these measures successfully reduced the levels of air pollutants except for ozone (O3). However, the potential risks of nationwide O3 changes during this period remain uncertain. To address this gap, we evaluated the ecological and health effects of O3 using hourly O3 data from 1 January to 17 June in both 2020 and 2019. Our results indicated that all health and ecological indicators, except SUM06 (sum of all hourly O3 over 60 ppb), during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 increased most obviously in Stages 2 and 3 with the strictest control measures, compared to the same period in 2019. The national premature deaths due to short-term O3 exposure during Stages 2-3 in 2020 totaled 146,558 (95% CI: 79,386-213,730) for all non-accidental causes and 82,408 (95% CI: 30,522-134,295) for cardiovascular diseases, increasing by 18.78% and 18.76% in 2019, respectively. The most significant increase in health risks occurred in Hubei, followed by Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hunan, and Shaanxi. In addition, the estimated national winter wheat production losses (WWPL) attributable to O3 amounted to 50.6 and 51.1 million metric tons for 2019 and 2020, respectively. Among the major winter wheat-producing provinces, Anhui and Jiangsu experienced a larger increase in WWPL, while Shandong and Hebei suffered a greater decrease in 2020 compared to 2019, resulting in little overall change in WWPL between the two years. These findings provided direct evidence of the harmful effects of O3 during the COVID-19 pandemic and serve as a valuable reference for future air pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Yiyi Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Shaanxi Meteorological Service Center of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Economic Crops, Xi'an, 710014, China
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9
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Ma K, Lin Y, Fang F, Tan H, Li J, Ge L, Wang F, Yao Y. Spatiotemporal dynamics of near-surface ozone concentration and potential source areas in northern China during 2015-2020. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:89123-89139. [PMID: 37452250 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28713-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Near-surface ozone (O3) pollution has become one of the main factors hampering urban air quality in northern China. However, on a spatiotemporal scale, dynamic transport paths and potential source areas of O3 in northern China are ambiguous. In addition, we suspect that the contribution of transportation activities to urban O3 concentrations developed in northern China may be underestimated. In this study, the HYSPLIT, PSCF, CWT and GTWR model were used to study the transmission paths, potential source areas and driving factors of urban O3 concentration on a spatiotemporal scale. The average annual concentration of surface O3 (the 90th percentile of MDA8) was 172 ± 29 μg/m3 in northern China from 2015 to 2020. In terms of inter-annual variation, the urban O3 concentration increased from 2015 to 2018, and decreased after 2018. On the spatial scale, the areas with high O3 concentration were mainly clustered in industrial cities (Tangshan, Baoding, Shijiazhuang, Xingtai and Handan). During the study period, the area with high O3 concentration in northern China shifted from northwest to southeast. From 2015 to 2020, the influence of long-distance air mass trajectories from Xinjiang and Siberi on airflow transport in Beijing city dominates (78.60%) The average percentage of short-distance transport trajectories from Shandong Peninsula region is about 21.40%. The core potential source areas of O3 pollution shifted from northwest to southeast, but the contribution to O3 pollution in Beijing gradually weakened during the same period. Temperature and relative humidity were the main meteorological driving factors affecting O3 concentration in the study area, while population density, the proportion of secondary industry in GDP, industrial smoke (dust) emissions, and passenger traffic were the main non-meteorological factors. During the period study, the influence of industrial and traffic emissions had a more significant impact on O3 concentration in northern China, which will require that more attention be paid to emission mitigation in the regional industrial and passenger transportation sector, as well as the joint prevention and control of O3 pollution in northern China in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Ma
- School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
- Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Response in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Yuesheng Lin
- School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
- Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Response in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Fengman Fang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
- Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Response in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Huarong Tan
- School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Jingwen Li
- School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Lei Ge
- School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Youru Yao
- School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Response in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, Wuhu, 241002, China.
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10
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Su F, Xu Q, Yin S, Wang K, Liu G, Wang P, Kang M, Zhang R, Ying Q. Contributions of local emissions and regional background to summertime ozone in central China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 338:117778. [PMID: 37019021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Source contributions and regional transport of maximum daily average 8-h (MDA8) O3 during a high O3 month (June 2019) in Henan province in central China are explored using a source-oriented Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. The monthly average MDA8 O3 exceeds ∼70 ppb in more than half of the areas and shows a clear spatial gradient, with lower O3 concentrations in the southwest and higher in the northeast. Significant contributions of anthropogenic emissions to monthly average MDA8 O3 concentrations of more than 20 ppb are predicted in the provincial capital Zhengzhou, mostly due to emissions from the transportation sector (∼50%) and in the areas in the north and northeast regions where industrial and power generation-related emissions are high. Biogenic emissions in the region only contribute to approximately 1-3 ppb of monthly average MDA8 O3. In industrial areas north of the province, their contributions reach 5-7 ppb. Two CMAQ-based O3-NOx-VOCs sensitivity assessments (the local O3 sensitivity ratios based on the direct decoupled method and the production ratio of H2O2 to HNO3) and the satellite HCHO to NO2 column density ratio consistently show that most of the areas in Henan are in NOx-limited regime. In contrast, the high O3 concentration areas in the north and at the city centers are in the VOC-limited or transition regimes. The results from this study suggest that although reducing NOx emissions to reduce O3 pollution in the region is desired in most areas, VOC reductions must be applied to urban and industrial regions. Source apportionment simulations with and without Henan anthropogenic emissions show that the benefit of local anthropogenic NOx reduction might be lower than expected from the source apportionment results because the contributions of Henan background O3 increase in response to the reduced local anthropogenic emissions due to less NO titration. Thus, collaborative O3 controls in neighboring provinces are needed to reduce O3 pollution problems in Henan effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangcheng Su
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qixiang Xu
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shasha Yin
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Guangjin Liu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China; IRDR ICoE on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Mingjie Kang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3136, USA.
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11
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Ainur D, Chen Q, Sha T, Zarak M, Dong Z, Guo W, Zhang Z, Dina K, An T. Outdoor Health Risk of Atmospheric Particulate Matter at Night in Xi'an, Northwestern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37311058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The deterioration of air quality via anthropogenic activities during the night period has been deemed a serious concern among the scientific community. Thereby, we explored the outdoor particulate matter (PM) concentration and the contributions from various sources during the day and night in winter and spring 2021 in a megacity, northwestern China. The results revealed that the changes in chemical compositions of PM and sources (motor vehicles, industrial emissions, coal combustion) at night lead to substantial PM toxicity, oxidative potential (OP), and OP/PM per unit mass, indicating high oxidative toxicity and exposure risk at nighttime. Furthermore, higher environmentally persistent free radical (EPFR) concentration and its significant correlation with OP were observed, suggesting that EPFRs cause reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Moreover, the noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were systematically explained and spatialized to children and adults, highlighting intensified hotspots to epidemiological researchers. This better understanding of day-night-based PM formation pathways and their hazardous impact will assist to guide measures to diminish the toxicity of PM and reduce the disease led by air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyussenova Ainur
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Qingcai Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Tong Sha
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Mahmood Zarak
- UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Zipeng Dong
- Shaanxi Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Xi'an 710014, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Shaanxi Academy of Environmental Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zimeng Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Kukybayeva Dina
- Faculty of Tourism and Languages, Yessenov University, Aktau 130000, Kazakhstan
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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12
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Yao Y, Ma K, He C, Zhang Y, Lin Y, Fang F, Li S, He H. Urban Surface Ozone Concentration in Mainland China during 2015-2020: Spatial Clustering and Temporal Dynamics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3810. [PMID: 36900822 PMCID: PMC10001023 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Urban ozone (O3) pollution in the atmosphere has become increasingly prominent on a national scale in mainland China, although the atmospheric particulate matter pollution has been significantly reduced in recent years. The clustering and dynamic variation characteristics of the O3 concentrations in cities across the country, however, have not been accurately explored at relevant spatiotemporal scales. In this study, a standard deviational ellipse analysis and multiscale geographically weighted regression models were applied to explore the migration process and influencing factors of O3 pollution based on measured data from urban monitoring sites in mainland China. The results suggested that the urban O3 concentration in mainland China reached its peak in 2018, and the annual O3 concentration reached 157 ± 27 μg/m3 from 2015 to 2020. On the scale of the whole Chinese mainland, the distribution of O3 exhibited spatial dependence and aggregation. On the regional scale, the areas of high O3 concentrations were mainly concentrated in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Henan, and other regions. In addition, the standard deviation ellipse of the urban O3 concentration covered the entire eastern part of mainland China. Overall, the geographic center of ozone pollution has a tendency to move to the south with the time variation. The interaction between sunshine hours and other factors (precipitation, NO2, DEM, SO2, PM2.5) significantly affected the variation of urban O3 concentration. In Southwest China, Northwest China, and Central China, the suppression effect of vegetation on local O3 was more obvious than that in other regions. Therefore, this study clarified for the first time the migration path of the gravity center of the urban O3 pollution and identified the key areas for the prevention and control of O3 pollution in mainland China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youru Yao
- Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Regional Response in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Kang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Regional Response in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Cheng He
- Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Epidemiology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Yuesheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Regional Response in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Fengman Fang
- Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Regional Response in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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13
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Avdoulou MM, Golfinopoulos AG, Kalavrouziotis IK. Monitoring Air Pollution in Greek Urban Areas During the Lockdowns, as a Response Measure of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2022; 234:13. [PMID: 36575694 PMCID: PMC9782276 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-022-06024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) a pandemic. Countries all over the world imposed restriction measures, in an attempt to limit the expansion of the pandemic. Provided that human activities in large urban areas affect air quality, we studied the concentrations of gaseous pollutants ΝΟ, ΝΟ2, O3, C6H6, and particulate matter PM10 in the air, through gas pollution measuring stations in the center of Athens (Greek capital), the center of Piraeus (Greece's largest port), Athens International Airport (most international and domestic flights within Greece). We monitored and compared the concentrations of ΝΟ, ΝΟ2, O3, C6H6, and ΡΜ10, of 2020 to those of the previous years and found that the primary air pollutants, ΝΟ, ΝΟ2, and C6H6, recorded decreased compared to those of the past years. The O3, which is produced secondarily at the ground of the earth being inversely dependent on NO/NO2, had in most cases increased. The particulate matter PM10, although reduced by the cessation of human activities, was inextricably linked to natural conditions, such as wind velocity and direction transporting African desert dust masses through storms, during which at certain periods was showing increased in concentrations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11270-022-06024-7.
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14
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Wang J, Gao J, Che F, Wang Y, Lin P, Zhang Y. Dramatic changes in aerosol composition during the 2016-2020 heating seasons in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and its surrounding areas: The role of primary pollutants and secondary aerosol formation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157621. [PMID: 35901889 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the implementation of a series of air pollution mitigation strategies during the past decade, great air quality improvements have been observed in the BTH region. Despite of significant decreases in gaseous pollutants, such as SO2 and NO2, the enhancement of secondary aerosol formation was observed. NO3- has surpassed SO42- and OM to become the dominant PM2.5 component. We find that the reduction of POC mainly dominated the decreasing trend of OC. As for secondary inorganic components, the key processes or factors controlling the spatial-temporal variation characteristics were different. The areas with large SO42- concentrations corresponded well to those with high SO2 concentrations, while the synchronized NO3- better followed spatial patterns in O3 than NO2. From 2016 to 2020, the response of SO42- to SO2 was close to a linear function, while the reaction of NO3- to the decrease of NO2 displayed nonlinear behavior. Such different relationships indicated that SO42- was predominantly controlled by SO2, while NO3- was not only related to NO2 but also determined by the secondary conversion process. The ratios of SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, and OC to EC between 2016 and 2020 were generally higher than 1 in typical BTH cities, and the ratio of NO3- to EC was exceptionally high, with a range reaching up to 200 %. Besides, this ratio coincided well with the enhancement of Ox, indicating the potential role of Ox to secondary NO3- formation. The diurnal cycle of NO3-, O3, and NO2 concentration change rate indicated that the relative increase of O3 during nighttime may offset the effectiveness of NOX emission reduction. This study provided observational evidence of enhanced secondary NO3- formation with the rising trend of atmospheric oxidation and emphasized the importance of nighttime chemistry for NO3- formation in the BTH region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Fei Che
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Pengchuan Lin
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuechong Zhang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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15
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Chang Y, Du T, Song X, Wang W, Tian P, Guan X, Zhang N, Wang M, Guo Y, Shi J, Zhang L. Changes in physical and chemical properties of urban atmospheric aerosols and ozone during the COVID-19 lockdown in a semi-arid region. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2022; 287:119270. [PMID: 35818429 PMCID: PMC9259058 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The synergistic response of urban atmospheric aerosols and ozone (O3) to reduction of anthropogenic emissions is complicated and still needs further study. Thus, the changes in physical and chemical properties of urban atmospheric aerosols and O3 during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown were investigated at three urban sites and one rural site in Lanzhou with semi-arid climate. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) decreased at four sites by ∼ 20% while O3 increased by >100% at two urban sites during the COVID-19 lockdown. Both primary emissions and secondary formation of PM2.5 decreased during the lockdown. Significant increase in both sulfur and nitrogen oxidation ratios was found in the afternoon, which accounted for 48.7% of the total sulfate and 40.4% of the total nitrate, respectively. The positive matrix factorization source apportionment revealed increased contribution of secondary formation and decreased contribution of vehicle emissions. Aerosol scattering and absorption decreased by 33.6% and 45.3%, resulting in an increase in visibility by 30% and single scattering albedo (SSA) at 520 nm slightly increased by 0.02. The enhanced O3 production was explained by increased volatile organic compounds to nitrogen oxides ratio, decreased aerosol, as well as increased SSA. The primary emissions of secondary aerosol precursors significantly decreased while Ox (i.e., NO2 and O3) exhibited little change. Consequently, Ox to CO ratio, PM2.5 to elemental carbon (EC) ratio, secondary inorganic aerosols to EC ratio, and secondary organic carbon to EC ratio increased, confirming enhanced secondary aerosol production efficiency during the lockdown. Positive feedback among O3 concentration, secondary aerosol formation, and SSA was revealed to further promote O3 production and secondary aerosol formation. These results provide scientific guidance for collaborative management of O3 and particulate matter pollution for cities with semi-arid climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chang
- Gansu Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Tao Du
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wenfang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Pengfei Tian
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xu Guan
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Naiyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yumin Guo
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jinsen Shi
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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16
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Lin C, Song Y, Louie PKK, Yuan Z, Li Y, Tao M, Li C, Fung JCH, Ning Z, Lau AKH, Lao XQ. Risk tradeoffs between nitrogen dioxide and ozone pollution during the COVID-19 lockdowns in the Greater Bay area of China. ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 13:101549. [PMID: 36092859 PMCID: PMC9446283 DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2022.101549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical regime for ozone (O3) formation is complicated in the sense that reducing emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx) may increase O3 concentration. The lockdown due to COVID-19 pandemic affords a unique opportunity to use real observations to explore the O3 formation regime and the effectiveness of NOx emission control strategies. In this study, observations from ground networks during the lockdowns were used to assess spatial disparity of the Ratio of Ozone Formation (ROF) for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) reduction in the Greater Bay Area (GBA) of China. The health risk model from Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) system in Hong Kong was adopted to evaluate the risk tradeoffs between NO2 and O3. Results show that the levels of O3 increase and NO2 reduction were comparable due to high ROF values in urban areas of central GBA. The ozone reactivity to NO2 reduction gradually declined outwards from central GBA. Despite the O3 increases, the NOx emission controls reduced the Integrated Health Risk (IHR) of NO2 and O3 in most regions of the GBA. When risk coefficients from the AQHI in Canada or the global review were adopted in the risk analyses, the results are extremely encouraging because the controls of NOx emission reduced the IHR of NO2 and O3 almost everywhere in the GBA. Our results underscore the importance of using a risk-based method to assess the effectiveness of emission control measures and the overall health benefit from NOx emission controls in the GBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Lin
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yushan Song
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Peter K K Louie
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong Government SAR, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zibing Yuan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Minghui Tao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chengcai Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jimmy C H Fung
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Mathematics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhi Ning
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alexis K H Lau
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiang Qian Lao
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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17
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Li C, Zhu Q, Jin X, Cohen RC. Elucidating Contributions of Anthropogenic Volatile Organic Compounds and Particulate Matter to Ozone Trends over China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12906-12916. [PMID: 36083302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In China, emissions of ozone (O3)-producing pollutants have been targeted for mitigation to reduce O3 pollution. However, the observed O3 decrease is slower than/opposite to expectations affecting the health of millions of people. For a better understanding of this failure and its connection with anthropogenic emissions, we quantify the summer O3 trends that would have occurred had the weather stayed constant by applying a numerical tool that "de-weathers" observations across 31 urban regions (123 cities and 392 sites) over 8 years. O3 trends are significant (p < 0.05) over 234 sites after de-weathering, contrary to the directly observed trends (only 39 significant due to high meteorology-induced variability). The de-weathered data allow categorizing cities in China into four different groups regarding O3 mitigation, with group 1 exhibiting steady O3 reductions, while group 4 showing significant (p < 0.05) O3 increases. Analysis of the relationships between de-weathered odd oxygen and nitrogen oxides illustrates how the changes in NOx, in anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and reductions in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) affect the O3 trends differently in these groups. While this analysis suggests that VOC reductions are the main driver of O3 decreases in group 1, groups 3 and 4 are primarily affected by decreasing PM2.5, which results in enhanced O3 formation. Our analysis demonstrates both the importance of and possibility for isolating emission-driven changes from climate and weather for interpreting short-term air quality observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Qindan Zhu
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Xiaomeng Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ronald C Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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18
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Chen Z, Shi D. The Atmospheric Environment Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Metrological Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11111. [PMID: 36078825 PMCID: PMC9518114 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191711111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the COVID-19 outbreak, the scientific community has been trying to clarify various problems, such as the mechanism of virus transmission, environmental impact, and socio-economic impact. The spread of COVID-19 in the atmospheric environment is variable and uncertain, potentially resulting in differences in air pollution. Many scholars are striving to explore the relationship between air quality, meteorological indicators, and COVID-19 to understand the interaction between COVID-19 and the atmospheric environment. In this study, we try to summarize COVID-19 studies related to the atmospheric environment by reviewing publications since January 2020. We used metrological methods to analyze many publications in Web of Science Core Collection. To clarify the current situation, hotspots, and development trends in the field. According to the study, COVID-19 research based on the atmospheric environment has attracted global attention. COVID-19 and air quality, meteorological factors affecting the spread of COVID-19, air pollution, and human health are the main topics. Environmental variables have a certain impact on the spread of SARS-CoV-2, and the prevalence of COVID-19 has improved the atmospheric environment to some extent. The findings of this study will aid scholars to understand the current situation in this field and provide guidance for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Chen
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Dongping Shi
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
- Key Laboratory of Large Structure Health Monitoring and Control, Shijiazhuang 050043, China
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19
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Wang J, Gao J, Che F, Wang Y, Lin P, Zhang Y. Decade-long trends in chemical component properties of PM 2.5 in Beijing, China (2011-2020). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:154664. [PMID: 35314233 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A 10-year-long measurement of water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5 was made in Beijing from June 2011 to December 2020, to investigate the interannual trends of chemical characteristics of PM2.5 and to provide insights into the future prevention and control of PM2.5 pollution. From 2011 to 2020, with the implementation of strict air pollution control strategies, significant changes of PM2.5 have been observed in Beijing, with NO3-, SO42- and NH4+ decreasing at rates of 5.10, 8.80 and 7.64% yr-1 respectively. The percentages of NO3- and SO42- under elevated pollution levels were investigated. When PM2.5 values fell in the range of 0-400 μg m-3, NO3-/ SO42- values were mostly higher than 1 and showed upward trends from 2011 to 2020. However, under extremely heavy haze conditions, SO42- dominated PM2.5 formation. This result was closely related to the change characteristics of the oxidation ratio of sulfate (SOR), the oxidation ratio of nitrate (NOR) and gaseous precursors under different pollution levels. The change characteristics of NOR and SOR under elevated PM2.5 levels indicated that the aqueous phase oxidation was the key process driving SO42- formation; while as for NO3-, in addition to the availability of NH4+, the atmospheric oxidation capacity made crucial roles. The analysis of typical haze episodes during the past decade indicated that the emission reduction of gaseous pollutants, especially SO2, made great contributions to the improved PM2.5 air quality in Beijing. We highlighted that future efforts should focus on enhanced reduction of NO2 emission and control of atmospheric oxidation capacity to further reduce particulate nitrate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Fei Che
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Pengchuan Lin
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuechong Zhang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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20
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Luo H, Tang X, Wu H, Kong L, Wu Q, Cao K, Song Y, Luo X, Wang Y, Zhu J, Wang Z. The Impact of the Numbers of Monitoring Stations on the National and Regional Air Quality Assessment in China During 2013-18. ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES 2022; 39:1709-1720. [PMID: 35669259 PMCID: PMC9148413 DOI: 10.1007/s00376-022-1346-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
China national air quality monitoring network has become the core data source for air quality assessment and management in China. However, during network construction, the significant change in numbers of monitoring sites with time is easily ignored, which brings uncertainty to air quality assessments. This study aims to analyze the impact of change in numbers of stations on national and regional air quality assessments in China during 2013-18. The results indicate that the change in numbers of stations has different impacts on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone concentration assessments. The increasing number of sites makes the estimated national and regional PM2.5 concentration slightly lower by 0.6-2.2 µg m-3 and 1.4-6.0 µg m-3 respectively from 2013 to 2018. The main reason is that over time, the monitoring network expands from the urban centers to the suburban areas with low population densities and pollutant emissions. For ozone, the increasing number of stations affects the long-term trends of the estimated concentration, especially the national trends, which changed from a slight upward trend to a downward trend in 2014-15. Besides, the impact of the increasing number of sites on ozone assessment exhibits a seasonal difference at the 0.05 significance level in that the added sites make the estimated concentration higher in winter and lower in summer. These results suggest that the change in numbers of monitoring sites is an important uncertainty factor in national and regional air quality assessments, that needs to be considered in long-term concentration assessment, trend analysis, and trend driving force analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Luo
- LAPC & ICCES, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Xiao Tang
- LAPC & ICCES, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021 China
| | - Huangjian Wu
- LAPC & ICCES, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Lei Kong
- LAPC & ICCES, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Qian Wu
- LAPC & ICCES, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Kai Cao
- LAPC & ICCES, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Yating Song
- LAPC & ICCES, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Xuechun Luo
- LAPC & ICCES, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Yao Wang
- LAPC & ICCES, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- LAPC & ICCES, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Zifa Wang
- LAPC & ICCES, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021 China
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21
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Sharma GK, Tewani A, Gargava P. Comprehensive analysis of ambient air quality during second lockdown in national capital territory of Delhi. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 6:100078. [PMID: 36919145 PMCID: PMC9427329 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The lockdown imposed in Delhi, due to the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant gains in air quality. Under the lockdown, restrictions were imposed on movement of people, operation of industrial establishments and hospitality sector amongst others. In the study, Air Quality Index and concentration trends of six pollutants, i.e. PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, CO, and O3 were analysed for National Capital Territory of Delhi, India for three periods in 2021 (pre-lockdown: 15 March to 16 April 2021, lockdown: 17 April to 31 May 2021 and post-lockdown: 01 June to 30 June). Data for corresponding periods in 2018-2020 was also analysed. Lockdown period saw 6 days in satisfactory AQI category as against 0 days in the same category during the pre-lockdown period. Average PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and SO2 concentrations reduced by 22%, 31%, 25% and 28% respectively during lockdown phase as compared to pre-lockdown phase, while O3 was seen to increase. Variation in meteorological parameters and correlation of pollutants has also been examined. The significant improvement arising due to curtailment of certain activities in the lockdown period indicates the importance of local emission control, and helps improve the understanding of the dynamics of air pollution, thus highlighting policy areas to regulatory bodies for effective control of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar Sharma
- Central Pollution Control Board, Parivesh Bhawan, East Arjun Nagar, Delhi 110032, India
| | - Ankush Tewani
- Central Pollution Control Board, Parivesh Bhawan, East Arjun Nagar, Delhi 110032, India
| | - Prashant Gargava
- Central Pollution Control Board, Parivesh Bhawan, East Arjun Nagar, Delhi 110032, India
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22
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Wang F, Zhang Z, Wang G, Wang Z, Li M, Liang W, Gao J, Wang W, Chen D, Feng Y, Shi G. Machine learning and theoretical analysis release the non-linear relationship among ozone, secondary organic aerosol and volatile organic compounds. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 114:75-84. [PMID: 35459516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) pollutions are prevalent air quality issues in China. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have significant impact on the formation of O3 and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) contributing PM2.5. Herein, we investigated 54 VOCs, O3 and SOA in Tianjin from June 2017 to May 2019 to explore the non-linear relationship among O3, SOA and VOCs. The monthly patterns of VOCs and SOA concentrations were characterized by peak values during October to March and reached a minimum from April to September, but the observed O3 was exactly the opposite. Machine learning methods resolved the importance of individual VOCs on O3 and SOA that alkenes (mainly ethylene, propylene, and isoprene) have the highest importance to O3 formation; alkanes (Cn, n ≥ 6) and aromatics were the main source of SOA formation. Machine learning methods revealed and emphasized the importance of photochemical consumptions of VOCs to O3 and SOA formation. Ozone formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) calculated by consumed VOCs quantitatively indicated that more than 80% of the consumed VOCs were alkenes which dominated the O3 formation, and the importance of consumed aromatics and alkenes to SOAFP were 40.84% and 56.65%, respectively. Therein, isoprene contributed the most to OFP at 41.45% regardless of the season, while aromatics (58.27%) contributed the most to SOAFP in winter. Collectively, our findings can provide scientific evidence on policymaking for VOCs controls on seasonal scales to achieve effective reduction in both SOA and O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhongcheng Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Gen Wang
- State Key Laboratory on Odor Pollution Control, Tianjin Academy of Environmental Sciences, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Mei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution Jinan University, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Weiqing Liang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jie Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Trusted AI System Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Da Chen
- Key Laboratory of Civil Aviation Thermal Hazards Prevention and Emergency Response, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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23
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Kang M, Hu J, Zhang H, Ying Q. Evaluation of a highly condensed SAPRC chemical mechanism and two emission inventories for ozone source apportionment and emission control strategy assessments in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:151922. [PMID: 34826486 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The response of summertime O3 to changes in the nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions, and contributions of different NOx and VOC sources to O3 in China are studied using a highly condensed photochemical mechanism in the Statewide Air Pollution Research Center (SAPRC) family (CS07A) and two popular anthropogenic emission inventories, the Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC) and Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS). Although CS07A predicts slightly lower O3 concentrations than the standard fix-parameter version of the SAPRC-11 mechanism, the two mechanisms predict almost identical relative responses to daily maximum 8-hour O3 (O3-8h) due to NOx and VOC emission reductions. A source-oriented version of the CS07A is applied to determine source contributions of NOx and VOCs to O3 using MEIC and REAS. The two inventories lead to similar model performance of O3, with MEIC predicting higher O3 in Beijing and Shanghai, especially on high O3 days. Source apportionment results show that industry and transportation are the top two contributors to non-background O3 for both inventories, followed by power and biogenic emissions. In general, the two inventories lead to similar source contribution estimations to O3 attributable to NOx. However, their estimations of relative contributions to VOC-related O3 differ for the industrial and transportation sectors. Differences in the source apportionment results are more significant in some urban areas, although both emissions capture the spatial variations in the source contributions. Our results suggest that future emission control policies should be assessed using multiple emission inventories, and the condensed CS07A is suitable for policy applications when a large number of simulations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Kang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environment Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environment Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA.
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24
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Wang X, Yin S, Zhang R, Yuan M, Ying Q. Assessment of summertime O 3 formation and the O 3-NO X-VOC sensitivity in Zhengzhou, China using an observation-based model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:152449. [PMID: 34942256 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Zhengzhou, the provincial capital of Henan province in Central China and a major hub of the country's transportation network, has been suffering from severe summertime ozone (O3) pollution. Simultaneous field measurements of O3 and its precursors, including NOx, CO, HONO, and 106 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), were conducted at an urban site (the municipal environmental monitoring station, MEM) in Zhengzhou in July 2019. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, which incorporates the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCMv3.3.1), was modified to work as a 0-D observation-based photochemical box model to assess the sources and sinks of HOx radicals and O3, and the OH reactivity (KOH) and ozone formation potential (OFP) of major VOC groups. In addition, the O3-NOx-VOC sensitivity was evaluated using the relative incremental reactivity (RIR) and O3 formation isopleth techniques. The OH radicals were mainly generated from the propagation reaction of HO2 + NO (91-95%). The daily average mixing ratios of OH and HO2 radicals were significantly higher during high O3 days, reaching as high as 4.8 × 106 and 7.7 × 108 molecules cm-3, respectively. Photochemical O3 formation was mostly due to the conversion of NO to NO2 by HO2 radicals (52-54%), while the NO2 + OH reaction was the main contributor to O3 destruction (70- 76%). Alkenes and aromatics were the main anthropogenic VOC contributors to KOH and OFP. Contributions of biogenic VOCs became much more important on high O3 days, correlating with the increase in temperature and solar radiation. RIR analysis showed that the O3 formation was under the VOC-limited on low O3 days but was in the transition regime during the O3 pollution buildup and persisting days. These results are generally consistent with those based on the O3 formation isopleth. This paper provides important corroborative scientific evidence urgently needed by local governments to formulate O3 pollution control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Wang
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shasha Yin
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Minghao Yuan
- Environmental Protection Monitoring Center Station of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA.
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25
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Feng Z, Zheng F, Liu Y, Fan X, Yan C, Zhang Y, Daellenbach KR, Bianchi F, Petäjä T, Kulmala M, Bao X. Evolution of organic carbon during COVID-19 lockdown period: Possible contribution of nocturnal chemistry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:152191. [PMID: 34875334 PMCID: PMC8651497 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous aerosol is one of the main components of atmospheric particulate matter, which is of great significance due to its role in climate change, earth's radiation balance, visibility, and human health. In this work, carbonaceous aerosols were measured in Shijiazhuang and Beijing using the OC/EC analyzer from December 1, 2019 to March 15, 2020, which covered the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The observed results show that the gas-phase pollutants, such as NO, NO2, and aerosol-phase pollutants (Primary Organic Compounds, POC) from anthropogenic emissions, were significantly reduced during the lockdown period due to limited human activities in North China Plain (NCP). However, the atmospheric oxidation capacity (Ox/CO) shows a significantly increase during the lockdown period. Meanwhile, additional sources of nighttime Secondary Organic Carbon (SOC), Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA), and babs, BrC(370 nm) are observed and ascribed to the nocturnal chemistry related to NO3 radical. The Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) analysis indicates that the southeast areas of the NCP region contributed more to the SOC during the lockdown period than the normal period. Our results highlight the importance of regional nocturnal chemistry in SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Feng
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Feixue Zheng
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China.
| | - Xiaolong Fan
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yusheng Zhang
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kaspar R Daellenbach
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Federico Bianchi
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xiaolei Bao
- Hebei Provincial Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050037, China; Hebei Chemical & Pharmaceutical College, Shijiazhuang 050026, China.
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26
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Ding D, Xing J, Wang S, Dong Z, Zhang F, Liu S, Hao J. Optimization of a NO x and VOC Cooperative Control Strategy Based on Clean Air Benefits. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:739-749. [PMID: 34962805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Serious ambient PM2.5 and O3 pollution is one of the most important environmental challenges of China, necessitating an urgent cost-effective cocontrol strategy. Herein, we introduced a novel integrated assessment system to optimize a NOx and volatile organic compound (VOC) control strategy for the synergistic reduction of ambient PM2.5 and O3 pollution. Focusing on the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei cities and their surrounding regions, which are experiencing the most serious PM2.5 and O3 pollution in China, we found that NOx emission reduction (64-81%) is essential to attain the air quality standard no matter how much VOC emission is reduced. However, the synergistic VOC control is strongly recommended considering its substantially human health and crop production benefits, which are estimated up to 163 (PM2.5-related) and 101 (O3-related) billion CHY during the reduction of considerable emissions. Notably, such benefits will be greatly reduced if the synergistic VOC reduction is delayed. This study also highlights the necessity of simultaneous VOC and NOx emission control in winter while enhancing the NOx control in the summer, which is contrary to the current control strategy adopted in China. These findings point out the right pathways for future policy making on comitigating PM2.5 and O3 pollution in China and other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Ding
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jia Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhaoxin Dong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fenfen Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuchang Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
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27
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Wang P, Zhu S, Zhang M, Shao T, Ying Q, Zhang H. Atmospheric oxidation capacity and its contribution tosecondary pollutants formation. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2021. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2021-0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Balamurugan V, Chen J, Qu Z, Bi X, Gensheimer J, Shekhar A, Bhattacharjee S, Keutsch FN. Tropospheric NO 2 and O 3 Response to COVID-19 Lockdown Restrictions at the National and Urban Scales in Germany. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2021; 126:e2021JD035440. [PMID: 34926104 PMCID: PMC8667658 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd035440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study estimates the influence of anthropogenic emission reductions on nitrogen dioxide (N O 2 ) and ozone ( O 3 ) concentration changes in Germany during the COVID-19 pandemic period using in-situ surface and Sentinel-5 Precursor TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) satellite column measurements and GEOS-Chem model simulations. We show that reductions in anthropogenic emissions in eight German metropolitan areas reduced mean in-situ (& column)N O 2 concentrations by 23 % (& 16 % ) between March 21 and June 30, 2020 after accounting for meteorology, whereas the corresponding mean in-situ O 3 concentration increased by 4 % between March 21 and May 31, 2020, and decreased by 3 % in June 2020, compared to 2019. In the winter and spring, the degree ofN O X saturation of ozone production is stronger than in the summer. This implies that future reductions inN O X emissions in these metropolitan areas are likely to increase ozone pollution during winter and spring if appropriate mitigation measures are not implemented. TROPOMIN O 2 concentrations decreased nationwide during the stricter lockdown period after accounting for meteorology with the exception of North-West Germany which can be attributed to enhancedN O X emissions from agricultural soils.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jia Chen
- Environmental Sensing and ModelingTechnical University of Munich (TUM)MunichGermany
| | - Zhen Qu
- School of Engineering and Applied ScienceHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Xiao Bi
- Environmental Sensing and ModelingTechnical University of Munich (TUM)MunichGermany
| | - Johannes Gensheimer
- Environmental Sensing and ModelingTechnical University of Munich (TUM)MunichGermany
| | - Ankit Shekhar
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Frank N. Keutsch
- School of Engineering and Applied ScienceHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
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