1
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Akar S, Fardindoost S, Hoorfar M. High throughput microfluidics-based synthesis of PEGylated liposomes for precise size control and efficient drug encapsulation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 238:113926. [PMID: 38677154 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The low scalability and reproducibility of existing synthesis methods have hindered the translation of liposome nanoparticles as carriers for targeted drug delivery from conventional laboratory techniques to mass production. To this end, in this study, we present a high-throughput microfluidics-based approach for the synthesis of PEGylated liposomes with a primary focus on achieving precise size control and efficient encapsulation of hydrophobic drug molecules. In this platform, liposomes were self-assembled through a controllable mixing of lipids (EYPC, cholesterol, and DSPE-PEG 2000) dissolved in ethanol and an aqueous solution. The key parameters, including the chip design, total flow rate, flow rate ratio, lipid concentrations, as well as variations in buffer (HEPES and NaCl) and solvent composition (commercial and reagent-grade ethanol) were explored in detail. Through comprehensive parametric studies, we gained valuable insights into the influence of these variables on the size distribution of liposomes and succeeded in producing highly reproducible liposomes ranging from approximately 60 nm (corresponding to small unilamellar vesicles) to 150 nm (representing large unilamellar vesicles), all while maintaining a polydispersity index (PDI) of less than 0.2. To assess the encapsulation efficiency of hydrophobic drug molecules, Nile red (NR) was employed as a surrogate. We meticulously examined the impact of NR concentration on the drug encapsulation process, resulting in up to 74% drug encapsulation efficiency within the PEGylated liposomes. This research offers crucial advances in liposome synthesis and drug delivery, providing a high-throughput, controllable method for PEGylated liposomes with potential in pharmaceutical and biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Akar
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Somayeh Fardindoost
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Mina Hoorfar
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
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2
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Xu H, Wang Z, Wei W, Li T, Duan X. Microfluidic confined acoustic streaming vortex for liposome synthesis. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:2802-2810. [PMID: 38693825 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00184b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Liposomes have garnered significant attention owing to their favorable characteristics as promising carriers. Microfluidic based hydrodynamic flow focusing, or micro-mixing approaches enable precise control of liposome size during their synthesis due to the comparable size scale. However, current microfluidic approaches still have issues such as high flow rate dependency, complex chip structures, and ease of clogging. Herein, we present a novel microfluidic platform for size-tunable liposome synthesis based on an ultra-high-frequency acoustic resonator. By designing the shape and orientation of the acoustic resonator in the three-phase laminar flow, it combined the features of both hydrodynamic flow focusing and rapid micro-mixing. The distribution of lipid precursor solution in laminar flow and the mixing conditions could be regulated by the confined acoustic streaming vortex. We successfully synthesize liposomes with adjustable sizes and narrow size distributions. Notably, this platform regulates the product size by adjusting only the input power, which is less dependent on the flow rate. Furthermore, the vortex-like fluid flow generated along the device edge effectively prevents precipitation due to excessive lipid concentration or contact with the wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, College of Precision Instruments and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Zhaoxun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, College of Precision Instruments and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, College of Precision Instruments and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Tiechuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, College of Precision Instruments and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Xuexin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, College of Precision Instruments and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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3
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Chai C, Park J. Food liposomes: Structures, components, preparations, and applications. Food Chem 2024; 432:137228. [PMID: 37633138 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
This review explores liposomes, focusing on their structure, components, the characteristics influencing their stability and applicability in foods, and preparation methods. The role of phospholipids and liposome modulators in preparing liposomes of desired structure and size is emphasized. The potential of liposomes to enhance food value through liposomal encapsulation and delivery of functional substances is reviewed. Conventional and advanced liposome preparation methods are reviewed, underscoring their impact on the marketability of liposomes. The review highlights the need for research into lecithin properties and modulators that enhance liposome stability. The need to develop cost-effective and rapid liposome preparation methods is identified as a key factor in improving the marketability of food liposomes and promoting their use in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhoon Chai
- Department of Applied Animal Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinhyung Park
- Department of Applied Animal Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Republic of Korea
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4
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He Y, Grandi DD, Chandradoss S, LuTheryn G, Cidonio G, Nunes Bastos R, Pereno V, Carugo D. Rapid Production of Nanoscale Liposomes Using a 3D-Printed Reactor-In-A-Centrifuge: Formulation, Characterisation, and Super-Resolution Imaging. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1763. [PMID: 37763926 PMCID: PMC10535575 DOI: 10.3390/mi14091763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale liposomes have been extensively researched and employed clinically for the delivery of biologically active compounds, including chemotherapy drugs and vaccines, offering improved pharmacokinetic behaviour and therapeutic outcomes. Traditional laboratory-scale production methods often suffer from limited control over liposome properties (e.g., size and lamellarity) and rely on laborious multistep procedures, which may limit pre-clinical research developments and innovation in this area. The widespread adoption of alternative, more controllable microfluidic-based methods is often hindered by complexities and costs associated with device manufacturing and operation, as well as the short device lifetime and the relatively low liposome production rates in some cases. In this study, we demonstrated the production of liposomes comprising therapeutically relevant lipid formulations, using a cost-effective 3D-printed reactor-in-a-centrifuge (RIAC) device. By adjusting formulation- and production-related parameters, including the concentration of polyethylene glycol (PEG), temperature, centrifugation time and speed, and lipid concentration, the mean size of the produced liposomes could be tuned in the range of 140 to 200 nm. By combining selected experimental parameters, the method was capable of producing liposomes with a therapeutically relevant mean size of ~174 nm with narrow size distribution (polydispersity index, PDI ~0.1) at a production rate of >8 mg/min. The flow-through method proposed in this study has potential to become an effective and versatile laboratory-scale approach to simplify the synthesis of therapeutic liposomal formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK;
| | - Davide De Grandi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK;
| | - Stanley Chandradoss
- Oxford Nanoimaging Limited (ONI), Oxford OX2 8TA, UK; (S.C.); (R.N.B.); (V.P.)
| | - Gareth LuTheryn
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), The Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Oxford OX3 7HE, UK;
| | - Gianluca Cidonio
- 3D Microfluidic Biofabrication Laboratory, Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science—CLN2S, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Valerio Pereno
- Oxford Nanoimaging Limited (ONI), Oxford OX2 8TA, UK; (S.C.); (R.N.B.); (V.P.)
| | - Dario Carugo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK;
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), The Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Oxford OX3 7HE, UK;
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5
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Mendanha D, Gimondi S, Costa BM, Ferreira H, Neves NM. Microfluidic-derived docosahexaenoic acid liposomes for glioblastoma therapy. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2023; 53:102704. [PMID: 37582426 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2023.102704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent malignant primary brain tumor and currently lacks an effective treatment. In this study, we utilized a microfluidic system to synthesize docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) liposomes for GBM therapy. DHA is an omega-3 (ω3) polyunsaturated fatty acid commonly found in human dietary consumption that has demonstrated potential in mitigating cancer development. The microfluidic device employed allowed for precise fine-tuning of the physicochemical properties of liposomes by adjusting the flow rate ratios, flow rates, and lipid concentrations. Three distinct-sized liposomes, ranging from 80 nm and 130 nm, were successfully internalized by GBM cells, and demonstrated the ability to reduce the viability of these cells. Furthermore, DHA liposomes proved significantly more efficient in triggering apoptotic pathways, through caspase-3-dependent mechanisms, in comparison to free DHA. Thus, the nanomedicine platform established in this study presents new opportunities in the development of liposome formulations incorporating ω3 fatty acids for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mendanha
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - S Gimondi
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - B M Costa
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - H Ferreira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - N M Neves
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
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6
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Hinojosa-Ventura G, García-Ramírez MA, Acosta-Cuevas JM, González-Reynoso O. Generation of Photopolymerized Microparticles Based on PEGDA Hydrogel Using T-Junction Microfluidic Devices: Effect of the Flow Rates. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1279. [PMID: 37512590 PMCID: PMC10385006 DOI: 10.3390/mi14071279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The formation of microparticles (MPs) of biocompatible and biodegradable hydrogels such as polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) utilizing microfluidic devices is an attractive option for entrapment and encapsulation of active principles and microorganisms. Our research group has presented in previous studies a formulation to produce these hydrogels with adequate physical and mechanical characteristics for their use in the formation of MPs. In this work, hydrogel MPs are formed based on PEGDA using a microfluidic device with a T-junction design, and the MPs become hydrogel through a system of photopolymerization. The diameters of the MPs are evaluated as a function of the hydrodynamic condition flow rates of the continuous (Qc) and disperse (Qd) phases, measured by optical microscopy, and characterized through scanning electron microscopy. As a result, the following behavior is found: the diameter is inversely proportional to the increase in flow in the continuous phase (Qc), and it has a significant statistical effect that is greater than that in the flow of the disperse phase (Qd). While the diameter of the MPs is proportional to Qd, it does not have a significant statistical effect on the intervals of flow studied. Additionally, the MPs' polydispersity index (PDI) was measured for each experimental hydrodynamic condition, and all values were smaller than 0.05, indicating high homogeneity in the MPs. The microparticles have the potential to entrap pharmaceuticals and microorganisms, with possible pharmacological and bioremediation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Hinojosa-Ventura
- Chemical Engineering Department, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd.M. García Barragán # 1451, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Mario Alberto García-Ramírez
- Electronics Department, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd.M. García Barragán # 1451, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Acosta-Cuevas
- Chemical Engineering Department, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd.M. García Barragán # 1451, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Orfil González-Reynoso
- Chemical Engineering Department, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd.M. García Barragán # 1451, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico
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7
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Yao F, Zhu P, Chen J, Li S, Sun B, Li Y, Zou M, Qi X, Liang P, Chen Q. Synthesis of nanoparticles via microfluidic devices and integrated applications. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:256. [PMID: 37301779 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05838-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, nanomaterials have attracted the research intervention of experts in the fields of catalysis, energy, biomedical testing, and biomedicine with their unrivaled optical, chemical, and biological properties. From basic metal and oxide nanoparticles to complex quantum dots and MOFs, the stable preparation of various nanomaterials has always been a struggle for researchers. Microfluidics, as a paradigm of microscale control, is a remarkable platform for online stable synthesis of nanomaterials with efficient mass and heat transfer in microreactors, flexible blending of reactants, and precise control of reaction conditions. We describe the process of microfluidic preparation of nanoparticles in the last 5 years in terms of microfluidic techniques and the methods of microfluidic manipulation of fluids. Then, the ability of microfluidics to prepare different nanomaterials, such as metals, oxides, quantum dots, and biopolymer nanoparticles, is presented. The effective synthesis of some nanomaterials with complex structures and the cases of nanomaterials prepared by microfluidics under extreme conditions (high temperature and pressure), the compatibility of microfluidics as a superior platform for the preparation of nanoparticles is demonstrated. Microfluidics has a potent integration capability to combine nanoparticle synthesis with real-time monitoring and online detection, which significantly improves the quality and production efficiency of nanoparticles, and also provides a high-quality ultra-clean platform for some bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqi Yao
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengpeng Zhu
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Chen
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Suyang Li
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Sun
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, 310018, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingqiang Zou
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine (CAIQ), 100123, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Qi
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine (CAIQ), 100123, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Liang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiang Chen
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Numerical simulation of fluid flow mixing in flow-focusing microfluidic devices. CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND PROCESS MODELING 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/cppm-2022-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A numerical simulation through computational fluid dynamics is presented on the fluid flow mixing in a flow-focusing microfluidic device with three inlet channels confluence angles of 45, 67.5, and 90°. The effect of various parameters such as aspect ratio (0.5, 1, and 1.5), mixing channel length (1–4 mm), and Reynolds number (1–20) on the mixing efficiency, and the pressure drop are evaluated. The results demonstrate that the increase in mixing efficiency results from an increase in the Reynolds number and aspect ratio for all the angles. In addition, an increase in the pressure drop due to an increase in the Reynolds number and a decrease in the aspect ratio is observed. A longer length of the mixing channel indicates a higher mixing efficiency. The mixing efficiency is more suitable at an angle of 45° among the applied angles in terms of the operational and geometric parameters due to an increase in the contact surface of the flows at the inlet channels junction since the mixing index range is between 0.54 and 1 by varying the mentioned parameters.
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9
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Weaver E, Mathew E, Caldwell J, Hooker A, Uddin S, Lamprou DA. The manufacturing of 3D-printed microfluidic chips to analyse the effect upon particle size during the synthesis of lipid nanoparticles. J Pharm Pharmacol 2023; 75:245-252. [PMID: 36453867 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The process of 3D printing to produce microfluidic chips is becoming commonplace, due to its quality, versatility and newfound availability. In this study, a UV liquid crystal display (LCD) printer has been implemented to produce a progression of microfluidic chips for the purpose of liposomal synthesis. The emphasis of this research is to test the limitations of UV LCD printing in terms of resolution and print speed optimisation for the production of microfluidic chips. KEY FINDINGS By varying individual channel parameters such as channel length and internal geometries, the essential channel properties for optimal liposomal formulation are being investigated to act as a basis for future experimentation including the encapsulation of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Using the uniquely designed chips, liposomes of ≈120 nm, with polydispersity index values of ≤0.12 are able to be reproducibly synthesised. CONCLUSIONS The influence of total flow rates and lipid choice is investigated in depth, to provide further clarification on how a microfluidic setup should be optimised. In-depth explanations of the importance of each channel parameter are also explained throughout, with reference to their importance for the properties of a successful liposome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Weaver
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Jay Caldwell
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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10
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Obeid MA, Haifawi S, Khadra I. The impact of solvent selection on the characteristics of niosome nanoparticles prepared by microfluidic mixing. Int J Pharm X 2023; 5:100168. [PMID: 36852395 PMCID: PMC9957746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to assess the impact of solvent selection on the characteristics of niosomes prepared by microfluidic mixing. To achieve this, niosomes were manufactured using bench-scale microfluidic mixing systems by changing the type of aqueous and/or organic solvents used to prepare the particles. Niosomes were prepared using different non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol compositions with different solvents and evaluated to investigate the influence of organic and aqueous solvents on the particle's physiochemical characteristics. Here we demonstrated that the solvent selection is a key factor to be considered during the preparation of niosomes with microfluidic mixing. The type of organic solvent was shown to significantly affect the size and the size distribution of the prepared particles. In general, niosome size increased with increasing organic solvent polarity, without affecting the niosomes stability. Moreover, changing the aqueous solvent used to hydrate the lipid components significantly (p < 0.05) affected the characteristics of the prepared niosomes in terms of particles size, size distribution, and surface charge. This impact of solvent selection on the final product is dependent on the lipid components where niosomes prepared with different compositions will have different characteristics when changing the type of organic and/or aqueous solvents. The apparent encapsulation efficiency of quinine as a model hydrophobic drug was subsequently shown to be significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the type of the organic solvent used to prepare the niosomes, while the impact of the organic solvent had less impact on the apparent encapsulation of atenolol as a model hydrophilic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A. Obeid
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Saja Haifawi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ibrahim Khadra
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, G4 0RE Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Corresponding authors.
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11
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Protopapa G, Bono N, Visone R, D'Alessandro F, Rasponi M, Candiani G. A new microfluidic platform for the highly reproducible preparation of non-viral gene delivery complexes. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 23:136-145. [PMID: 36477137 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00744d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Transfection describes the delivery of exogenous nucleic acids (NAs) to cells utilizing non-viral means. In the last few decades, scientists have been doing their utmost to design ever more effective transfection reagents. These are eventually mixed with NAs to give rise to gene delivery complexes, which must undergo characterization, testing, and further refinement through the sequential reiteration of these steps. Unfortunately, although microfluidics offers distinct advantages over the canonical approaches to preparing particles, the systems available do not address the most frequent and practical quest for the simultaneous generation of multiple polymer-to-NA ratios (N/Ps). Herein, we developed a user-friendly microfluidic cartridge to repeatably prepare non-viral gene delivery particles and screen across a range of seven N/Ps at once or significant volumes of polyplexes at a given N/P. The microchip is equipped with a chaotic serial dilution generator for the automatic linear dilution of the polymer to the downstream area, which encompasses the NA divider to dispense equal amounts of DNA to the mixing area, enabling the formation of particles at seven N/Ps eventually collected in individual built-in tanks. This is the first example of a stand-alone microfluidic cartridge for the fast and repeatable preparation of non-viral gene delivery complexes at different N/Ps and their storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Protopapa
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Nina Bono
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Roberta Visone
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio D'Alessandro
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Rasponi
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Candiani
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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12
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Sommonte F, Weaver E, Mathew E, Denora N, Lamprou DA. In-House Innovative "Diamond Shaped" 3D Printed Microfluidic Devices for Lysozyme-Loaded Liposomes. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112484. [PMID: 36432675 PMCID: PMC9699034 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology applications have emerged as one of the most actively researched areas in recent years. As a result, substantial study into nanoparticulate lipidic systems and liposomes (LPs) has been conducted. Regardless of the advantages, various challenges involving traditional manufacturing processes have hampered their expansion. Here, the combination of microfluidic technology (MF) and 3D printing (3DP) digital light processing (DLP) was fruitfully investigated in the creation of novel, previously unexplored "diamond shaped" devices suitable for the production of LPs carrying lysozyme as model drug. Computer-aided design (CAD) software was used designing several MF devices with significantly multiple and diverse geometries. These were printed using a high-performance DLP 3DP, resulting in extremely high-resolution chips that were tested to optimize the experimental condition of MF-based LPs. Monodisperse narrow-sized lysozyme-loaded PEGylated LPs were produced using in-house devices. The developed formulations succumbed to stability tests to determine their consistency, and then an encapsulation efficacy (EE) study was performed, yielding good findings. The in vitro release study indicated that lysozyme-loaded LPs could release up to 93% of the encapsulated cargo within 72 h. Therefore, the proficiency of the association between MF and 3DP was demonstrated, revealing a potential growing synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sommonte
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Orabona Street, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Edward Weaver
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Essyrose Mathew
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Orabona Street, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: (N.D.); (D.A.L.); Tel.: +39-080-544-2767 (N.D.); +44-(0)28-9097-2617 (D.A.L.)
| | - Dimitrios A. Lamprou
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
- Correspondence: (N.D.); (D.A.L.); Tel.: +39-080-544-2767 (N.D.); +44-(0)28-9097-2617 (D.A.L.)
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13
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Han JY, La Fiandra JN, DeVoe DL. Microfluidic vortex focusing for high throughput synthesis of size-tunable liposomes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6997. [PMID: 36384946 PMCID: PMC9668976 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34750-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Control over vesicle size during nanoscale liposome synthesis is critical for defining the pharmaceutical properties of liposomal nanomedicines. Microfluidic technologies capable of size-tunable liposome generation have been widely explored, but scaling these microfluidic platforms for high production throughput without sacrificing size control has proven challenging. Here we describe a microfluidic-enabled process in which highly vortical flow is established around an axisymmetric stream of solvated lipids, simultaneously focusing the lipids while inducing rapid convective and diffusive mixing through application of the vortical flow field. By adjusting the individual buffer and lipid flow rates within the system, the microfluidic vortex focusing technique is capable of generating liposomes with precisely controlled size and low size variance, and may be operated up to the laminar flow limit for high throughput vesicle production. The reliable formation of liposomes as small as 27 nm and mass production rates over 20 g/h is demonstrated, offering a path toward production-scale liposome synthesis using a single continuous-flow vortex focusing device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Yeon Han
- grid.164295.d0000 0001 0941 7177Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA ,grid.164295.d0000 0001 0941 7177Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA ,grid.256155.00000 0004 0647 2973Present Address: Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Joseph N. La Fiandra
- grid.164295.d0000 0001 0941 7177Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Don L. DeVoe
- grid.164295.d0000 0001 0941 7177Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA ,grid.164295.d0000 0001 0941 7177Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA ,grid.164295.d0000 0001 0941 7177Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
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14
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Composite Norland Optical Adhesive (NOA)/silicon flow focusing devices for colloidal particle manipulation and synthesis. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Zhan QW, Gao J, Li D, Huang Y. High throughput onion-like liposome formation with efficient protein encapsulation under flash antisolvent mixing. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 618:185-195. [PMID: 35338925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Achieving a high encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of proteins in lecithin-based liposomes has always been a challenge. Here, we use Flash Nano-Precipitation (FNP) to produce liposomes and investigated the encapsulation of model protein (Bovine Serum Albumin, BSA). Through rapid turbulent mixing, we obtained liposomes with small size, low polydispersity, and good batch repeatability at a high production rate. We demonstrated that the bilayer of liposomes prepared solely using lecithin was defective, which led to the fusion, and increased size and polydispersity. When cholesterol was added to reach a lecithin-to-cholesterol molar ratio of 5:3, a compact bilayer formed to effectively inhibit liposome fusion. The encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of BSA was as high as ∼ 68% and ∼ 6% in lecithin-cholesterol liposome, respectively, far exceeding the values reported in the literature. Further study by Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM-D) revealed that the highly effective encapsulation was due to the rapid mutual adsorption between BSA and defective/curved lecithin double layers during the liposome formation. Such rapid mutual adsorption leads to the layer-by-layer assembly and formation of onion-like compact liposome structure as revealed by Cryo-TEM. This simple FNP method provides a scalable manufacturing approach for liposomes with efficient protein encapsulation. The revealed adsorption mechanism between protein and lecithin bilayers could also serve as a guide for similar studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang-Wei Zhan
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jun Gao
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Dongcui Li
- InCipirit Tech (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Huang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
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16
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Carvalho BG, Ceccato BT, Michelon M, Han SW, de la Torre LG. Advanced Microfluidic Technologies for Lipid Nano-Microsystems from Synthesis to Biological Application. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:141. [PMID: 35057037 PMCID: PMC8781930 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidics is an emerging technology that can be employed as a powerful tool for designing lipid nano-microsized structures for biological applications. Those lipid structures can be used as carrying vehicles for a wide range of drugs and genetic materials. Microfluidic technology also allows the design of sustainable processes with less financial demand, while it can be scaled up using parallelization to increase production. From this perspective, this article reviews the recent advances in the synthesis of lipid-based nanostructures through microfluidics (liposomes, lipoplexes, lipid nanoparticles, core-shell nanoparticles, and biomimetic nanovesicles). Besides that, this review describes the recent microfluidic approaches to produce lipid micro-sized structures as giant unilamellar vesicles. New strategies are also described for the controlled release of the lipid payloads using microgels and droplet-based microfluidics. To address the importance of microfluidics for lipid-nanoparticle screening, an overview of how microfluidic systems can be used to mimic the cellular environment is also presented. Future trends and perspectives in designing novel nano and micro scales are also discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna G. Carvalho
- Department of Material and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-852, Brazil; (B.G.C.); (B.T.C.)
| | - Bruno T. Ceccato
- Department of Material and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-852, Brazil; (B.G.C.); (B.T.C.)
| | - Mariano Michelon
- School of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande 96203-900, Brazil;
| | - Sang W. Han
- Center for Cell Therapy and Molecular, Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04044-010, Brazil;
| | - Lucimara G. de la Torre
- Department of Material and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-852, Brazil; (B.G.C.); (B.T.C.)
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17
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Heshmatnezhad F, Solaimany Nazar AR, Aghaei H, Varshosaz J. Production of doxorubicin-loaded PCL nanoparticles through a flow-focusing microfluidic device: encapsulation efficacy and drug release. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:10675-10682. [PMID: 34782908 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01070k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study shows a facile route for producing doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded polycaprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles using a microfluidic device with a flow-focusing platform in a single step. Indeed, the evaluation of the performance of the flow-focusing microfluidic device for the preparation of DOX-loaded PCL (DOX/PCL) nanoparticles with a uniform size distribution and high encapsulation efficiency (EE) by applying the liquid non-solvent precipitation process is very important. Accordingly, the physicochemical characteristics of the DOX/PCL nanoparticles such as their mean size, polydispersity index (PDI), and EE were investigated by studying different parameters such as the flow rate ratio (FRR) and DOX concentration. Also, the release study was carried out at two pH of 5.5 and 7.4. The mean size of DOX/PCL nanoparticles achieved was in the range of 120-320 nm with a PDI ≤ 0.29 and EE between 48% and 87%. Moreover, the release profile of DOX/PCL nanoparticles was sustained for 10 days (≤66%) at pH 7.4. This means that the production process can result in a high EE and low release of the DOX drug.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Halimeh Aghaei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Jaleh Varshosaz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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18
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Zhang G, Sun J. Lipid in Chips: A Brief Review of Liposomes Formation by Microfluidics. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:7391-7416. [PMID: 34764647 PMCID: PMC8575451 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s331639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomes are ubiquitous tools in biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, membrane science and artificial cell. Micro- and nanofabrication techniques have revolutionized the preparation of liposomes on the microscale. State-of-the-art liposomal formation on microfluidic chips and its associated applications are introduced in this review. We attempt to provide a reference for liposomal researchers by comparing various microfluidic techniques for liposomes formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaming Sun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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19
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Robinson AO, Venero OM, Adamala KP. Toward synthetic life: Biomimetic synthetic cell communication. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 64:165-173. [PMID: 34597982 PMCID: PMC8784175 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Engineering synthetic minimal cells provide a controllable chassis for studying the biochemical principles of natural life, increasing our understanding of complex biological processes. Recently, synthetic cell engineering has enabled communication between both natural live cells and other synthetic cells. A system such as these enable studying interactions between populations of cells, both natural and artificial, and engineering small molecule cell communication protocols for a variety of basic research and practical applications. In this review, we summarize recent progress in engineering communication between synthetic and natural cells, and we speculate about the possible future directions of this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbey O Robinson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Orion M Venero
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Katarzyna P Adamala
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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20
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Dimitriou P, Li J, Tornillo G, McCloy T, Barrow D. Droplet Microfluidics for Tumor Drug-Related Studies and Programmable Artificial Cells. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2021; 5:2000123. [PMID: 34267927 PMCID: PMC8272004 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Anticancer drug development is a crucial step toward cancer treatment, that requires realistic predictions of malignant tissue development and sophisticated drug delivery. Tumors often acquire drug resistance and drug efficacy, hence cannot be accurately predicted in 2D tumor cell cultures. On the other hand, 3D cultures, including multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTSs), mimic the in vivo cellular arrangement and provide robust platforms for drug testing when grown in hydrogels with characteristics similar to the living body. Microparticles and liposomes are considered smart drug delivery vehicles, are able to target cancerous tissue, and can release entrapped drugs on demand. Microfluidics serve as a high-throughput tool for reproducible, flexible, and automated production of droplet-based microscale constructs, tailored to the desired final application. In this review, it is described how natural hydrogels in combination with droplet microfluidics can generate MCTSs, and the use of microfluidics to produce tumor targeting microparticles and liposomes. One of the highlights of the review documents the use of the bottom-up construction methodologies of synthetic biology for the formation of artificial cellular assemblies, which may additionally incorporate both target cancer cells and prospective drug candidates, as an integrated "droplet incubator" drug assay platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantelitsa Dimitriou
- Applied Microfluidic LaboratorySchool of EngineeringCardiff UniversityCardiffCF24 3AAUK
| | - Jin Li
- Applied Microfluidic LaboratorySchool of EngineeringCardiff UniversityCardiffCF24 3AAUK
| | - Giusy Tornillo
- Hadyn Ellis BuildingCardiff UniversityMaindy RoadCardiffCF24 4HQUK
| | - Thomas McCloy
- Applied Microfluidic LaboratorySchool of EngineeringCardiff UniversityCardiffCF24 3AAUK
| | - David Barrow
- Applied Microfluidic LaboratorySchool of EngineeringCardiff UniversityCardiffCF24 3AAUK
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21
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Choudhary P, Dutta S, Moses JA, Anandharamakrishnan C. Nanoliposomal encapsulation of chia oil for sustained delivery of α‐linolenic acid. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pintu Choudhary
- Computational Modeling and Nanoscale Processing Unit Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology Ministry of Food Processing Industries Government of India Thanjavur 613005 India
| | - Sayantani Dutta
- Computational Modeling and Nanoscale Processing Unit Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology Ministry of Food Processing Industries Government of India Thanjavur 613005 India
| | - Jeyan A. Moses
- Computational Modeling and Nanoscale Processing Unit Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology Ministry of Food Processing Industries Government of India Thanjavur 613005 India
| | - Chinnaswamy Anandharamakrishnan
- Computational Modeling and Nanoscale Processing Unit Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology Ministry of Food Processing Industries Government of India Thanjavur 613005 India
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22
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Aghaei H, Solaimany Nazar AR, Varshosaz J. Double flow focusing microfluidic-assisted based preparation of methotrexate–loaded liposomal nanoparticles: Encapsulation efficacy, drug release and stability. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Advances in microfluidic synthesis and coupling with synchrotron SAXS for continuous production and real-time structural characterization of nano-self-assemblies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 201:111633. [PMID: 33639513 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic platforms have become highly attractive tools for synthesis of nanoparticles, including lipid nano-self-assemblies, owing to unique features and at least three important aspects inherent to miniaturized micro-devices. Firstly, the fluids flow under controlled conditions in the microchannels, providing well-defined flow profiles and shorter diffusion lengths that play important roles in enhancing the continuous production of lipid and polymer nanoparticles with relatively narrow size distributions. Secondly, various geometries adapted to microfluidic device designs can be utilized for enhancing the colloidal stability of nanoparticles and improving their drug loading. Thirdly, microfluidic devices are usually compatible with in situ characterization methods for real-time monitoring of processes occurring inside the microchannels. This is unlike conventional nanoparticle synthesis methods, where a final solution or withdrawn aliquots are separately analysed. These features inherent to microfluidic devices provide a tool-set allowing not only precise nanoparticle size control, but also real-time analyses for process optimization. In this review, we focus on recent advances and developments in the use of microfluidic devices for synthesis of lipid nanoparticles. We present different designs based on hydrodynamic flow focusing, droplet-based methods and controlled microvortices, and discuss integration of microfluidic platforms with synchrotron small-angle X ray scattering (SAXS) for in situ structural characterization of lipid nano-self-assemblies under continuous flow conditions, along with major challenges and future directions in this research area.
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24
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Heshmatnezhad F, Nazar ARS. Synthesis of Polycaprolactone Nanoparticles through Flow‐Focusing Microfluidic‐Assisted Nanoprecipitation. Chem Eng Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.202000222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fazlollah Heshmatnezhad
- University of Isfahan Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Hezar-Jerib Ave 817467344 Isfahan Iran
| | - Ali Reza Solaimany Nazar
- University of Isfahan Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Hezar-Jerib Ave 817467344 Isfahan Iran
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25
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Prediction of the enhanced insulin absorption across a triple co-cultured intestinal model using mucus penetrating PLGA nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2020; 585:119516. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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