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Sgreccia E, Gallardo Gonzalez FS, Prosposito P, Burratti L, Sisani M, Bastianini M, Knauth P, Di Vona ML. Heavy Metal Detection and Removal by Composite Carbon Quantum Dots/Ionomer Membranes. MEMBRANES 2024; 14:134. [PMID: 38921501 PMCID: PMC11205769 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14060134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The combination of ion exchange membranes with carbon quantum dots (CQDs) is a promising field that could lead to significant advances in water treatment. Composite membranes formed by sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) with embedded CQDs were used for the detection and removal of heavy metal ions, such as lead and cadmium, from water. SPEEK is responsible for the capture of heavy metals based on the cation exchange mechanism, while CQDs detect their contamination by exhibiting changes in fluorescence. Water-insoluble "red" carbon quantum dots (rCQDs) were synthesized from p-phenylenediamine so that their photoluminescence was shifted from that of the polymer matrix. CQDs and the composites were characterized by several techniques: FTIR, Raman, UV/VIS, photoluminescence, XPS spectroscopies, and AFM microscopy. The heavy metal ion concentration was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The concentration ranges were 10.8-0.1 mM for Pb2+ and 10.0-0.27 mM for Cd2+. SPEEK/rCQDs showed a more pronounced turn-off effect for lead. The composite achieved 100% removal efficiency for lead and cadmium when the concentration was below a half of the ion exchange capacity of SPEEK. The regeneration of membranes in 1 M NaCl was also studied. A second order law was effective to describe the kinetics of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Sgreccia
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy; (F.S.G.G.); (P.P.)
| | | | - Paolo Prosposito
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy; (F.S.G.G.); (P.P.)
| | - Luca Burratti
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Innovation of the University “Mercatorum”, 00186 Rome, Italy;
| | - Michele Sisani
- R & D Department, Prolabin & Tefarm S.r.l., 06134 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Maria Bastianini
- R & D Department, Prolabin & Tefarm S.r.l., 06134 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Philippe Knauth
- CNRS, MADIREL (UMR 7246) and International Laboratory: Ionomer Materials for Energy, Aix Marseille University, Campus St Jérôme, 13013 Marseille, France;
| | - Maria Luisa Di Vona
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy; (F.S.G.G.); (P.P.)
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2
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Lee JM, Kang MS. Heterogeneous Anion-Exchange Membranes with Enhanced Ion Conductivity for Continuous Electrodeionization. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:888. [PMID: 38132892 PMCID: PMC10744961 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13120888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the optimal fabrication parameters of a heterogeneous anion-exchange membrane (AEM) using an ionomer binder are investigated to improve the performance of continuous electrodeionization (CEDI) for producing ultrapure water. Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) is selected as the base material for preparing the ionomer binder and quaternized to have various ion exchange capacities (IECs). The optimal content of ion-exchange resin (IER) powder according to the IEC of the ionomer binder is then determined through systematic analyses. In conclusion, it is revealed that a heterogeneous AEM with optimal performance can be fabricated when the IEC of the ionomer binder is lowered and the content of IER powder is also lower than that of conventional heterogeneous membranes. Moreover, crosslinked quaternized PPO (QPPO) nanofiber powder is used as an additive to improve ion conductivity without deteriorating the mechanical properties of the membrane. The membrane fabricated under optimal conditions exhibits significantly lower electrical resistance (4.6 Ω cm2) despite a low IER content (30 wt%) compared to the commercial membrane (IONAC MA-3475, 13.6 Ω cm2) while also demonstrating moderate tensile strength (9.7 MPa) and a high transport number (ca. 0.97). Furthermore, it is proven that the prepared membrane exhibits a superior ion removal rate (99.86%) and lower energy consumption (0.35 kWh) compared to the commercial membrane (99.76% and 0.4 kWh, respectively) in CEDI experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moon-Sung Kang
- Department of Green Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sangmyung University, Cheonan 31066, Republic of Korea;
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3
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Giron Rodriguez C, Joensen BÓ, Moss AB, Larrazábal GO, Whelligan DK, Seger B, Varcoe JR, Willson TR. Influence of Headgroups in Ethylene-Tetrafluoroethylene-Based Radiation-Grafted Anion Exchange Membranes for CO 2 Electrolysis. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:1508-1517. [PMID: 36743393 PMCID: PMC9890565 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c06205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The performance of zero-gap CO2 electrolysis (CO2E) is significantly influenced by the membrane's chemical structure and physical properties due to its effects on the local reaction environment and water/ion transport. Radiation-grafted anion-exchange membranes (RG-AEM) have demonstrated high ionic conductivity and durability, making them a promising alternative for CO2E. These membranes were fabricated using two different thicknesses of ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene polymer substrates (25 and 50 μm) and three different headgroup chemistries: benzyl-trimethylammonium, benzyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium, and benzyl-N-methylpiperidinium (MPIP). Our membrane characterization and testing in zero-gap cells over Ag electrocatalysts under commercially relevant conditions showed correlations between the water uptake, ionic conductivity, hydration, and cationic-head groups with the CO2E efficiency. The thinner 25 μm-based AEM with the MPIP-headgroup (ion-exchange capacities of 2.1 ± 0.1 mmol g-1) provided balanced in situ test characteristics with lower cell potentials, high CO selectivity, reduced liquid product crossover, and enhanced water management while maintaining stable operation compared to the commercial AEMs. The CO2 electrolyzer with an MPIP-AEM operated for over 200 h at 150 mA cm-2 with CO selectivities up to 80% and low cell potentials (around 3.1 V) while also demonstrating high conductivities and chemical stability during performance at elevated temperatures (above 60 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos
A. Giron Rodriguez
- Surface
Physics and Catalysis (SurfCat) Section, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bjørt Óladottir Joensen
- Surface
Physics and Catalysis (SurfCat) Section, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Asger Barkholt Moss
- Surface
Physics and Catalysis (SurfCat) Section, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gastón O. Larrazábal
- Surface
Physics and Catalysis (SurfCat) Section, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Daniel K. Whelligan
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University
of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - Brian Seger
- Surface
Physics and Catalysis (SurfCat) Section, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - John R. Varcoe
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University
of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - Terry R. Willson
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University
of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K.
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4
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Prediction of equilibrium water uptake and ions diffusivities in ion-exchange membranes combining molecular dynamics and analytical models. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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5
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Study of the Electrical Conductivity of Ion-Exchange Resins and Membranes in Equilibrium Solutions of Inorganic Electrolytes. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12020243. [PMID: 35207164 PMCID: PMC8880273 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The study of the electrical conductivity of ion-exchange membranes in equilibrium electrolyte solutions is of great importance for the theory of membrane processes, in particular for practical electrodialysis. The purpose of the work is to determine the electrical conductivity of industrial ion-exchange membranes MK-40 and MA-40, as well as their basis—granules of a bulk layer of industrial ion exchangers KU-2-8 and EDE-10p, by differential and modified contact methods in electrolyte solutions and the development of a new methodology that will give the values that are closest to the true ones; determination of the dependence of electrical membrane conductivity depending on the type of counterion and concentration equilibrium solution and granules of a bulk layer of ion exchangers on the volume fraction of a dry ion exchanger with different degrees of compaction. It is shown that the dependence of the electrical conductivity of diaphragms on the electrolyte concentration, according to theoretical ideas, disappears under compression. It has been experimentally established that the difference method gives lower values of electrical conductivity in the region of low concentrations. The data obtained by the contact method are in good agreement with the results obtained for compressed diaphragms. The membrane conductivity decreases with increasing ion size.
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Yadav S, Ibrar I, Samal AK, Altaee A, Déon S, Zhou J, Ghaffour N. Preparation of fouling resistant and highly perm-selective novel PSf/GO-vanillin nanofiltration membrane for efficient water purification. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 421:126744. [PMID: 34333408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To meet the rising global demand for water, it is necessary to develop membranes capable of efficiently purifying contaminated water sources. Herein, we report a series of novel polysulfone (PSf)/GO-vanillin nanofiltration membranes highly permeable, selective, and fouling resistant. The membranes are composed of two-dimensional (2D) graphite oxide (GO) layers embedded with vanillin as porogen and PSf as the base polymer. There is a growing interest in addressing the synergistic effect of GO and vanillin on improving the permeability and antifouling characteristics of membranes. Various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques were used to perform detailed physicochemical and morphological analyses. The optimized PSf16/GO0.15-vanillin0.8 membrane demonstrated 92.5% and 25.4% rejection rate for 2000 ppm magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) and sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions respectively. Antifouling results showed over 99% rejection for BSA and 93.57% flux recovery ratio (FRR). Experimental work evaluated the antifouling characteristics of prepared membranes to treat landfill leachate wastewater. The results showed 84-90% rejection for magnesium (Mg+2) and calcium (Ca+2) with 90.32 FRR. The study experimentally demonstrated that adding GO and vanillin to the polymeric matrix significantly improves fouling resistance and membrane performance. Future research will focus on molecular sieving for industrial separations and other niche applications using mixed matrix membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudesh Yadav
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Ibrar Ibrar
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Akshaya K Samal
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Ramanagara, Bangalore 562112, India
| | - Ali Altaee
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Sébastien Déon
- Institut UTINAM (UMR CNRS 6213), Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| | - John Zhou
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Noreddine Ghaffour
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), 23955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Koók L, Žitka J, Szakács S, Rózsenberszki T, Otmar M, Nemestóthy N, Bélafi-Bakó K, Bakonyi P. Efficiency, operational stability and biofouling of novel sulfomethylated polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene cation exchange membrane in microbial fuel cells. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 333:125153. [PMID: 33866075 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel cation exchange membrane, PSEBS SU22 was deployed in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) to examine system efficacy in line with membrane characteristics and inoculum source. It turned out that compared to a reference membrane (Nafion), employing PSEBS SU22 resulted in higher current density and electricity generation kinetics, while the electron recoveries were similar (19-28%). These outcomes indicated more beneficial ion transfer features and lower mass transfer-related losses in the PSEBS SU22-MFCs, supported by membrane water uptake, ion exchange capacity, ionic conductivity and permselectivity. By re-activating the membranes after (bio)foulant removal, PSEBS SU22 regained nearly its initial conductivity, highlighting a salient functional stability. Although the particular inoculum showed a clear effect on the microbial composition of the membrane biofouling layers, the dominance of aerobic species was revealed in all cases. Considering all the findings, the PSEBS SU22 seems to be promising for application in MFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Koók
- Research Group on Bioengineering, Membrane Technology and Energetics, University of Pannonia, Egyetem ut 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Jan Žitka
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, AS CR, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Szabolcs Szakács
- Research Group on Bioengineering, Membrane Technology and Energetics, University of Pannonia, Egyetem ut 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Tamás Rózsenberszki
- Research Group on Bioengineering, Membrane Technology and Energetics, University of Pannonia, Egyetem ut 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Miroslav Otmar
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, AS CR, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Nándor Nemestóthy
- Research Group on Bioengineering, Membrane Technology and Energetics, University of Pannonia, Egyetem ut 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Katalin Bélafi-Bakó
- Research Group on Bioengineering, Membrane Technology and Energetics, University of Pannonia, Egyetem ut 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary.
| | - Péter Bakonyi
- Research Group on Bioengineering, Membrane Technology and Energetics, University of Pannonia, Egyetem ut 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
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8
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Hybrid ultrafiltration membranes based on PES and MOFs @ carbon quantum dots for improving anti-fouling performance. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Ramos-Garcés MV, Li K, Lei Q, Bhattacharya D, Kole S, Zhang Q, Strzalka J, Angelopoulou PP, Sakellariou G, Kumar R, Arges CG. Understanding the ionic activity and conductivity value differences between random copolymer electrolytes and block copolymer electrolytes of the same chemistry. RSC Adv 2021; 11:15078-15084. [PMID: 35424026 PMCID: PMC8697982 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02519h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, a systematic study where the macromolecular architectures of poly(styrene-block-2-vinyl pyridine) block copolymer electrolytes (BCE) are varied and their activity coefficients and ionic conductivities are compared and rationalized versus a random copolymer electrolyte (RCE) of the same repeat unit chemistry. By performing quartz crystal microbalance, ion-sorption, and ionic conductivity measurements of the thin film copolymer electrolytes, it is found that the RCE has higher ionic activity coefficients. This observation is ascribed to the fact that the ionic groups in the RCE are more spaced out, reducing the overall chain charge density. However, the ionic conductivity of the BCE is 50% higher and 17% higher after the conductivity is normalized by their ion exchange capacity values on a volumetric basis. This is attributed to the presence of percolated pathways in the BCE. To complement the experimental findings, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations showed that the BCE has larger water cluster sizes, rotational dynamics, and diffusion coefficients, which are contributing factors to the higher ionic conductivity of the BCE variant. The findings herein motivate the design of new polymer electrolyte chemistries that exploit the advantages of both RCEs and BCEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario V Ramos-Garcés
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Qi Lei
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Deepra Bhattacharya
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Subarna Kole
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Qingteng Zhang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory Lemont IL 60439 USA
| | - Joseph Strzalka
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory Lemont IL 60439 USA
| | | | - Georgios Sakellariou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens 15771 Athens Greece
| | - Revati Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Christopher G Arges
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
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Kingsbury R, Coronell O. Modeling and validation of concentration dependence of ion exchange membrane permselectivity: Significance of convection and Manning's counter-ion condensation theory. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Exploring the Function of Ion-Exchange Membrane in Membrane Capacitive Deionization via a Fully Coupled Two-Dimensional Process Model. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8101312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the arid west, the freshwater supply of many communities is limited, leading to increased interest in tapping brackish water resources. Although reverse osmosis is the most common technology to upgrade saline waters, there is also interest in developing and improving alternative technologies. Here we focus on membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI), which has attracted broad attention as a portable and energy-efficient desalination technology. In this study, a fully coupled two-dimensional MCDI process model capable of capturing transient ion transport and adsorption behaviors was developed to explore the function of the ion-exchange membrane (IEM) and detect MCDI influencing factors via sensitivity analysis. The IEM enhanced desalination by improving the counter-ions’ flux and increased adsorption in electrodes by encouraging retention of ions in electrode macropores. An optimized cycle time was proposed with maximal salt removal efficiency. The usage of the IEM, high applied voltage, and low flow rate were discovered to enhance this maximal salt removal efficiency. IEM properties including water uptake volume fraction, membrane thickness, and fixed charge density had a marginal impact on cycle time and salt removal efficiency within certain limits, while increasing cell length and electrode thickness and decreasing channel thickness and dispersivity significantly improved overall performance.
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12
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Co-ion specific effect on sodium halides sorption and transport in a cross-linked poly(p-styrene sulfonate-co-divinylbenzene) for membrane applications. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Izquierdo-Gil MA, Villaluenga JPG, Muñoz S, Barragán VM. The Correlation between the Water Content and Electrolyte Permeability of Cation-Exchange Membranes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165897. [PMID: 32824424 PMCID: PMC7460568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The salt permeability through three commercial cation-exchange membranes with different morphologies is investigated in aqueous NaCl solutions. Ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) find application in different processes such as electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, diffusion dialysis, membrane electrolysis, membrane fuel cells and ion exchange bioreactors. The aim of this paper is the experimental determination of the electrolyte permeability in the following membranes: MK-40 membrane, Nafion N324 membrane and Nafion 117 membrane. The latter is selected as being a reference membrane. The effect of an increase in the NaCl concentration in the solutions on membranes transport properties is analyzed. With regard to membranes sorption, a decrease in the water content was observed when the external electrolyte concentration is increased. Concerning permeation through the membranes, the salt permeability increased with concentration for the Nafion 117 membrane and remained nearly constant for the other two membranes. A close relation between the degree of liquid sorption by the membranes and the electrolyte permeability was observed.
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14
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Luo H, Agata WAS, Geise GM. Connecting the Ion Separation Factor to the Sorption and Diffusion Selectivity of Ion Exchange Membranes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxi Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers’ Way, P.O.
Box 400741, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Wendy-Angela Saringi Agata
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers’ Way, P.O.
Box 400741, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Geoffrey M. Geise
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers’ Way, P.O.
Box 400741, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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15
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Comparison of water and salt transport properties of ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and nanofiltration membranes for desalination and energy applications. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.117998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Luque Di Salvo J, De Luca G, Cipollina A, Micale G. Effect of ion exchange capacity and water uptake on hydroxide transport in PSU-TMA membranes: A DFT and molecular dynamics study. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.117837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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